Uguquko Lwesimo Sezulu Olwandle kanye Nesimo Sezulu
BUYELA OCWANINGO
Okuqukethwe
1. Isingeniso
2. Izisekelo Zokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu kanye Nolwandle
3. Ukufuduka Kwezilwane Zasogwini Nezasolwandle ngenxa Yokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu
4. I-Hypoxia (Izindawo Ezifile)
5. Imiphumela Yamanzi Afudumalayo
6. Ukulahleka Kwezinto Eziphilayo Zasolwandle Ngenxa Yokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu
7. Imithelela Yokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu Ezifuleni Zamakhorali
8. Imithelela Yokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu e-Arctic nase-Antarctic
9. Ukususwa Kwe-Carbon Dioxide Esekelwe Olwandle
10. Ukuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu Nokwehlukahlukana, Ukulingana, Ukufakwa, kanye Nobulungiswa
11. Inqubomgomo kanye Nezincwadi Zikahulumeni
12. Izixazululo Ezihlongozwayo
13. Ufuna Okuningi? (Izinsiza Ezengeziwe)
I-Ocean Njengomfelandawonye Wezixazululo Zesimo Sezulu
Funda nge #KhumbulaUlwandle umkhankaso wesimo sezulu.
1. Isingeniso
Ulwandle lwakha u-71% weplanethi futhi luhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo eziningi emiphakathini yabantu kusukela ekwehliseni isimo sezulu esibi kuya ekukhiqizeni umoya-mpilo esiwuphefumulayo, kusukela ekukhiqizeni ukudla esikudlayo kuye ekugcineni isikhutha eseqile esisikhiqizayo. Nokho, imiphumela yokwanda kwesisi esingcolisa umoya isongela imvelo yasogwini nasolwandle ngokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa lolwandle nokuncibilika kweqhwa, okubuye kuthinte imisinga yolwandle, izimo zezulu nezinga lolwandle. Futhi, ngenxa yokuthi umthamo wokucwila kwekhabhoni olwandle weqiwe, sibona nokushintsha kwamakhemikhali olwandle ngenxa yokukhishwa kwekhabhoni yethu. Eqinisweni, isintu senyuse i-asidi yolwandle lwethu ngama-30% eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili edlule. (Lokhu kufakwe ekhasini lethu locwaningo ku Ukuqina kolwandle). Ulwandle nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuxhumene ngendlela engenakuhlukaniswa.
Ulwandle ludlala indima ebalulekile ekwehliseni ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ngokusebenza njengendawo yokushisa enkulu kanye ne-carbon sink. Ulwandle luphinde luthwale ubunzima bokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, okufakazelwa ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, imisinga kanye nokukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle, konke okuthinta impilo yezilwane zasolwandle, ugu oluseduze nolwandle olujulile. Njengoba ukukhathazeka ngokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kwanda, ukuxhumana phakathi kolwandle nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kufanele kuqashelwe, kuqondwe, futhi kufakwe emigomeni kahulumeni.
Kusukela kuNguquko Yezimboni, inani le-carbon dioxide emkhathini wethu lenyuke ngaphezu kwama-35%, ikakhulukazi ekushisweni kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi. Amanzi olwandle, izilwane zasolwandle, kanye nezindawo ezihlala olwandle konke kusiza ulwandle ukuthi lumunce ingxenye enkulu yekhabhoni dioxide ephuma emisebenzini yabantu.
Ulwandle lwembulunga yonke seluvele lubhekene nomthelela omkhulu wokuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nemiphumela yako ehambisana naso. Kuhlanganisa ukufudumala kokushisa komoya namanzi, ukushintsha kwezinkathi ezithile zonyaka ezilwaneni, ukushibilika kwamakhorali, ukuphakama kwezinga lolwandle, ukuguguleka kogu, ukuguguleka kolwandle, ukuqhakaza kwe-algal okuyingozi, izindawo ezine-hypoxic (noma ezifile), izifo ezintsha zasolwandle, ukulahlekelwa izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle, izinguquko emazingeni ezilwane ezincelisayo. imvula, kanye nokwehla kwemboni yokudoba. Ukwengeza, singalindela izehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu (isomiso, izikhukhula, iziphepho), ezithinta izindawo zokuhlala kanye nezinhlobo zezilwane ngokufanayo. Ukuze sivikele imvelo yethu ebalulekile yasolwandle, kumelwe sithathe isinyathelo.
Isixazululo esiphelele soguquko lwesimo sezulu siwukunciphisa kakhulu ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa. Isivumelwano sakamuva samazwe ngamazwe sokubhekana nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, iSivumelwano saseParis, saqala ukusebenza ngowezi-2016. Ukuhlangabezana nemigomo yeSivumelwano SaseParis kuzodinga isinyathelo emazingeni omhlaba, kazwelonke, endawo kanye nomphakathi emhlabeni jikelele. Ukwengeza, ikhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ingase inikeze indlela yokuthathwa nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni isikhathi eside. I-“Blue Carbon” i-carbon dioxide ebanjwa ulwandle kanye nemvelo yasogwini lomhlaba. Le khabhoni igcinwa isesimweni se-biomass nezinsalela ezivela emihlumeni, emaxhaphozini olwandle, nasezindaweni ezinotshani basolwandle. Olunye ulwazi mayelana Blue Carbon kungaba utholwe lapha.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kubalulekile empilweni yolwandle-kanye nathi-ukuthi ezinye izinsongo zigwenywe, nokuthi i-ecosystem yethu yasolwandle ilawulwa ngokucophelela. Kuyacaca futhi ukuthi ngokunciphisa izingcindezi ezisheshayo ezivela emisebenzini yabantu eyeqile, singakwazi ukukhulisa ukuqina kwezinhlobo zasolwandle kanye nemvelo. Ngale ndlela, singatshala empilweni yasolwandle kanye “nasohlelo lwalo lwamasosha omzimba” ngokuqeda noma ngokunciphisa inqwaba yezifo ezincane oluhlushwa yikho. Ukubuyisela inala yezinhlobo zasolwandle—imihlume, izimfunda zasolwandle, amakhorali, amahlathi enkezo, izinhlanzi, nazo zonke izinto eziphilayo zasolwandle—kuzosiza ulwandle luqhubeke lunikeza izinkonzo ukuphila konke okuncike kuzo.
I-Ocean Foundation ibisebenza ngezilwandle kanye nezindaba zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kusukela ngo-1990; kwi-Ocean Acidification kusukela ngo-2003; nasezindabeni ezihlobene "nekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" kusukela ngo-2007. I-Ocean Foundation isingathe i-Blue Resilience Initiative efuna ukuthuthukisa inqubomgomo ethuthukisa indima edlalwa imvelo yasogwini nolwandle njengokucwila kwekhabhoni yemvelo, okungukuthi i-carbon eluhlaza futhi yakhulula i-Blue Carbon Offset yokuqala ngqa. I-Calculator yango-2012 yokuhlinzeka ngeminikelo ye-carbon offset kubanikeli ngabanye, izisekelo, izinkampani, kanye nemicimbi ngokubuyiselwa nokongiwa kwezindawo ezibalulekile zasogwini ezithatha futhi zigcine ikhabhoni, okuhlanganisa izimfunda zasolwandle, amahlathi omhlume, nezizalo zotshani ezinotshani be-saltmarsh. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe, sicela ubone I-Ocean Foundation's Blue Resilience Initiative ukuze uthole ulwazi ngamaphrojekthi aqhubekayo nokufunda ukuthi ungawususa kanjani unyawo lwakho lwekhabhoni usebenzisa I-TOF's Blue Carbon Offset Calculator.
Abasebenzi base-Ocean Foundation basebenza ebhodini labaluleki le-Collaborative Institute for Oceans, Climate and Security, kanti i-Ocean Foundation iyilungu le I-Ocean & Climate Platform. Kusukela ngowezi-2014, i-TOF ihlinzeke ngezeluleko eziqhubekayo zezobuchwepheshe mayelana neGlobal Environment Facility (GEF) indawo okugxilwe kuyo Amanzi Amazwe Ngamazwe okwenze i-GEF Blue Forests Project ihlinzeke ngokuhlolwa kokuqala komhlaba wonke kwamagugu ahlobene ne-carbon yasogwini kanye nezinsiza ze-ecosystem. Njengamanje i-TOF ihola iphrojekthi yokubuyisela utshani basolwandle nomhlume eJobos Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve ngokubambisana noMnyango Wezemvelo Nezemvelo wasePuerto Rico.
Buyela Ekuqaleni
2. Izisekelo Zokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu kanye Nolwandle
U-Tanaka, K., no-Van Houtan, K. (2022, February 1). Ukujwayela Kwakamuva Kokushisa Kwasolwandle Okudlulele. Isimo Sezulu se-PLOS, 1(2), e0000007. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000007
IMonterey Bay Aquarium ithole ukuthi kusukela ngo-2014 izinga lokushisa elingaphezu kwesigamu solwandle emhlabeni belilokhu lidlula umkhawulo wokushisa okwedlulele oyingqophamlando. Ngo-2019, ama-57% amanzi olwandle aqopha ukushisa okwedlulele. Ngokuqhathaniswa, ngesikhathi soguquko lwesibili lwezimboni, ama-2% kuphela ezindawo aqopha amazinga okushisa anjalo. Lawa maza okushisa okwedlulele adalwe ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu asongela imvelo yasolwandle futhi asongela ikhono lawo lokuhlinzeka ngezinsiza emiphakathini yasogwini.
Garcia-Soto, C., Cheng, L., Caesar, L., Schmidtko, S., Jewett, EB, Cheripka, A., … & Abraham, JP (2021, Septhemba 21). Uhlolojikelele Lwezinkomba Zokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Olwandle: Izinga Lokushisa Lomhlaba Wasolwandle, Okuqukethwe Kokushisa Kolwandle, I-Ocean pH, I-Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, I-Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Ukuqina Nomthamo, Izinga Lolwandle kanye namandla e-AMOC (i-Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation). Imingcele kuSayensi Yasolwandle. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.642372
Izinkomba eziyisikhombisa zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu olwandle, I-Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness, and Volume, kanye ne-Strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation yizinyathelo ezibalulekile zokulinganisa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ukuqonda izinkomba zomlando nezamanje zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kubalulekile ekubikezeleni izitayela zesikhathi esizayo kanye nokuvikela izinhlelo zethu zasolwandle emiphumeleni yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
I-World Meteorological Organization. (2021). 2021 Izinkonzo Zesimo Sezulu: Amanzi. I-World Meteorological Organization. PDF.
I-World Meteorological Organization ihlola ukufinyeleleka kanye namandla abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zesimo sezulu esihlobene namanzi. Ukufeza izinjongo zokuzivumelanisa nezimo emazweni asathuthuka kuzodinga izimali ezengeziwe ezibalulekile kanye nezinsiza zokuqinisekisa ukuthi imiphakathi yabo ingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nemithelela ehlobene namanzi kanye nezinselele zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ngokusekelwe kulokho okutholakele umbiko unikeza izincomo zamasu ayisithupha zokuthuthukisa izinsiza zesimo sezulu emanzini emhlabeni jikelele.
I-World Meteorological Organization. (2021). Ukubumbana Kwezesayensi 2021: Ukuhlanganiswa Kwezinga Eliphakeme Kwezinhlangano Eziningi Kolwazi Lwakamuva Lwesayensi Yesimo Sezulu. I-World Meteorological Organization. PDF.
I-World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) ithole ukuthi izinguquko zakamuva ohlelweni lwesimo sezulu azikaze zibe khona ngaphambili njengoba ukukhishwa kwegesi kuqhubeka nokukhuphuka okubhebhethekisa izingozi zezempilo futhi kungenzeka kuholele esimweni sezulu esibi kakhulu (bona ngenhla infographic ukuthola okutholakele okubalulekile). Umbiko ogcwele uhlanganisa idatha ebalulekile yokuqapha isimo sezulu ehlobene nokukhipha isisi esibamba ukushisa, ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa, ukunukubezeka komoya, izehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu, ukukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle, nomthelela wasogwini. Uma ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa kuqhubeka nokukhuphuka kulandela ukuthambekela kwamanje, ukuphakama kwezinga lolwandle emhlabeni jikelele cishe kuzoba phakathi kwamamitha angu-0.6-1.0 ngo-2100, okubangela imiphumela eyinhlekelele emiphakathini yasogwini.
I-National Academy of Sciences. (2020). Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu: Ubufakazi Nezimbangela Buyekezwa ngo-2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25733.
Isayensi icacile, abantu bayashintsha isimo sezulu soMhlaba. Umbiko ohlanganyelwe we-US National Academy of Sciences kanye ne-UK Royal Society uthi ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwesikhathi eside kuzoncika enanini eliphelele le-CO.2 – kanye namanye amagesi abamba ukushisa (GHGs) – akhishwa ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu. Ama-GHG aphezulu azoholela ekufudumaleni kolwandle, ukuphakama kwezinga lolwandle, ukuncibilika kweqhwa lase-Arctic, kanye nokwanda kwemvamisa yamagagasi okushisa.
U-Yozell, S., Stuart, J., kanye no-Rouleau, T. (2020). I-Climate and Ocean Risk Vulnerability Index. Isimo Sezulu, Ingozi Yasolwandle, Nokuqina Kwephrojekthi. I-Stimson Center, Uhlelo Lokuphepha Kwemvelo. PDF.
I-Climate and Ocean Risk Vulnerability Index (CORVI) iyithuluzi elisetshenziselwa ukuhlonza ubungozi bezezimali, ezombusazwe, kanye nemvelo ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu okubabangelayo emadolobheni asogwini. Lo mbiko usebenzisa indlela ye-CORVI emadolobheni amabili ase-Caribbean: Castries, Saint Lucia kanye ne-Kingston, Jamaica. I-Castries ithole impumelelo embonini yayo yokudoba, nakuba ibhekene nenselelo ngenxa yokuthembela kakhulu kwezokuvakasha kanye nokuntuleka kokulawula okusebenzayo. Idolobha liyathuthuka kodwa kusekuningi okudingeka kwenziwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhlelwa kwedolobha ikakhulukazi ngezikhukhula kanye nemiphumela yezikhukhula. I-Kingston inomnotho ohlukahlukene osekela ukwethembela okwengeziwe, kodwa ukuthuthela emadolobheni ngokushesha kwasongela izinkomba eziningi ze-CORVI, i-Kingston isendaweni enhle yokubhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kodwa ingase ikhungatheke uma izinkinga zomphakathi ngokuhambisana nemizamo yokunciphisa isimo sezulu zingalungiswa.
Figueres, C. and Rivett-Carnac, T. (2020, February 25). Ikusasa Esilikhethayo: Ukusinda Enhlekeleleni Yesimo Sezulu. I-Vintage Publishing.
Ikusasa Esilikhethayo liyinganekwane eyisixwayiso yamakusasa amabili oMhlaba, isimo sokuqala ukuthi yini engenzeka uma sihluleka ukuhlangabezana nezinjongo zeSivumelwano saseParis futhi isimo sesibili sibheka ukuthi umhlaba ubungabukeka kanjani uma imigomo yokukhipha isikhutha wahlangana. U-Figueres no-Rivett-Carnac baphawula ukuthi ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni sinenhloko-dolobha, ubuchwepheshe, izinqubomgomo, nolwazi lwesayensi ukuze siqonde ukuthi thina njengomphakathi kufanele sibe ingxenye yokukhishwa kwethu ngo-2050. Izizukulwane ezedlule bezingenalo lolu lwazi futhi kuzobe sekudlule isikhathi ezinganeni zethu, isikhathi sokuthatha isinyathelo manje.
U-Lenton, T., Rockström, J., Gaffney, O., Rahmstorf, S., Richardson, K., Steffen, W. kanye no-Schellnhuber, H. (2019, November 27). Amaphuzu Okusikisela Isimo Sezulu - Kuyingozi Kakhulu Ukubhejela: Isibuyekezo sango-Ephreli 2020. Umagazini Wemvelo. PDF.
Amaphuzu athiphu, noma izehlakalo lapho isistimu Yomhlaba engeke ikwazi ukululama, ingamathuba aphezulu kunomcabango ongaholela ezinguqukweni zesikhathi eside ezingenakuhlehliswa. Ukubhidlika kweqhwa e-cryosphere kanye noLwandle i-Amundsen eNtshonalanga ye-Antarctic kungenzeka ukuthi sekudlulile amaphuzu akho okuphumula. Amanye amaphuzu abalulekile - njengokugawulwa kwamahlathi e-Amazon kanye nemicimbi yokwenziwa mhlophe e-Australia's Great Barrier Reef - kuyasondela ngokushesha. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe ludinga ukwenziwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqonda kwalezi zinguquko ezibonwayo kanye nokwenzeka kwemiphumela edabukisayo. Isikhathi sokuthatha isinyathelo manje ngaphambi kokuba Umhlaba udlule endaweni yokungabuyi.
Peterson, J. (2019, Novemba). Ugu Olusha: Amasu Okubhekana Neziphepho Ezibhubhisayo Nolwandle Olukhuphukayo. I-Island Press.
Imiphumela yeziphepho ezinamandla nezilwandle ezikhuphukayo azibonakali futhi ngeke zikwazi ukuziba. Ukonakala, ukulahleka kwempahla, nokwehluleka kwengqalasizinda ngenxa yeziphepho ezisogwini nolwandle olukhuphukayo akunakugwenywa. Kodwa-ke, isayensi ithuthuke kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva futhi kuningi okungenziwa uma uhulumeni wase-United States ethatha izinyathelo ezisheshayo nezicatshangelwayo zokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Ugu luyashintsha kodwa ngokwandisa umthamo, ukusebenzisa izinqubomgomo ezinobuhlakani, kanye nokuxhasa ngezimali izinhlelo zesikhathi eside ubungozi bungalawuleka futhi izinhlekelele zingavinjelwa.
U-Kulp, S. no-Strauss, B. (2019, Okthoba 29). Izilinganiso Ezintsha Ezikathathu Zokuphakama Kwedatha Yobungozi Bomhlaba Wonke Ekukhuphukeni kwezinga Lolwandle kanye Nezikhukhula Zasogwini. Ukuxhumana Kwemvelo 10, 4844. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12808-z
U-Kulp no-Strauss baphakamisa ukuthi ukukhishwa kwegesi okuphezulu okuhlobene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuzoholela ekukhuphukeni kwezinga lolwandle okungaphezu kwalokho okulindelekile. Balinganisela ukuthi abantu abayizigidi eziyinkulungwane bazothintwa yizikhukhula zaminyaka yonke ngo-2100, kulabo, abayizigidi ezingu-230 abahlala ezweni elingaphakathi kwemitha elilodwa lemigqa yamagagasi aphezulu. Izilinganiso eziningi zibeka izinga lolwandle eliphakathi kwamamitha angu-2 phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elizayo, uma u-Kulp no-Strauss beqinisile ngakho amakhulu ezigidi zabantu azoba sengcupheni yokulahlekelwa amakhaya abo olwandle.
Powell, A. (2019, Okthoba 2). Amafulegi Abomvu Aphakama Ekufudumeni Kwembulunga Yonke Nasolwandle. I-Harvard Gazette. PDF.
Umbiko we-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) mayelana ne-Oceans and Cryosphere - eyanyatheliswa ngo-2019 - yaxwayisa ngemiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nokho, oprofesa baseHarvard baphendule ngokuthi lo mbiko ungase ubukeke phansi ukuphuthuma kwenkinga. Iningi labantu manje libika ukuthi liyakholelwa ekuguquguqukeni kwesimo sezulu nokho, ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi abantu bakhathazeke kakhulu ngezindaba ezivame kakhulu empilweni yabo yansuku zonke njengemisebenzi, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, izidakamizwa, njll. okubaluleke kakhulu njengoba abantu bebhekana namazinga okushisa aphezulu, iziphepho ezinamandla, nemililo esabalele. Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi kunokuqwashisa umphakathi okuningi manje kunanini ngaphambili futhi kukhona umnyakazo okhulayo "osuka phansi" woshintsho.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Caldeira, K., Chopin, T., Gaines, S., Haugan, P., Hemer, M., …, & Tyedmers, P. (2019, Septhemba 23) I-Ocean njengesixazululo Ekuguqukeni Kwesimo Sezulu: Amathuba Amahlanu Okwenza. Iphaneli Yezinga Eliphezulu Lomnotho Wasolwandle Esimeme. Kubuyiselwe kusuka ku: https://dev-oceanpanel.pantheonsite.io/sites/default/files/2019-09/19_HLP_Report_Ocean_Solution_Climate_Change_final.pdf
Isenzo sesimo sezulu esizinze olwandle singadlala indima enkulu ekwehliseni izinga le-carbon footprint emhlabeni lilethe kufika ku-21% wokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa kwaminyaka yonke njengoba kwafungelwa yiSivumelwano saseParis. Ishicilelwe yi-High-Level Panel for Sustainable Ocean Economy, ithimba lezinhloko zezifundazwe ezingu-14 nohulumeni eNgqungqutheleni kaNobhala-Jikelele we-UN ye-Climate Action Summit lo mbiko ojulile ugqamisa ubudlelwano phakathi kolwandle nesimo sezulu. Lo mbiko wethula izindawo ezinhlanu zamathuba okuhlanganisa amandla avuselelekayo azinze olwandle; ezokuthutha ezisekelwe olwandle; imvelo yasogwini neyasolwandle; ukudoba, ukufuya izilwane zasemanzini, nokudla okushintshashintshayo; kanye nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni olwandle.
Kennedy, KM (2019, Septhemba). Ukubeka Intengo Kukhabhoni: Ukuhlola Intengo Yekhabhoni Nezinqubomgomo Ezihambisanayo Zomhlaba ongu-1.5 degree Celsius. I-World Resources Institute. Kubuyiselwe kusuka ku: https://www.wri.org/publication/evaluating-carbon-price
Kuyadingeka ukubeka inani kukhabhoni ukuze kwehliswe ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kumazinga abekwe yiSivumelwano saseParis. Intengo yekhabhoni inkokhiso esetshenziswa ezinkampanini ezikhiqiza isisi esingcolisa umoya ukuze zisuse izindleko zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu zisuka emphakathini ziye ezinkampanini ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhipha ukungcola kuyilapho zinikeza isisusa sokunciphisa ukungcola. Izinqubomgomo ezengeziwe nezinhlelo zokugqugquzela ukuqamba izinto ezintsha nokwenza ezinye izindlela zekhabhoni yendawo zihehe ngokwezomnotho nazo ziyadingeka ukuze kuzuzwe imiphumela yesikhathi eside.
Macreadie, P., Anton, A., Raven, J., Beaumont, N., Connolly, R., Friess, D., …, & Duarte, C. (2019, September 05) Ikusasa LeBlue Carbon Science. Ukuxhumana Kwemvelo, 10(3998). Kubuyiswe kusuka: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-11693-w
Iqhaza leBlue Carbon, umqondo wokuthi imvelo emilayo yasogwini inikela ngokulinganayo kokuthathwa kwekhabhoni emhlabeni wonke, idlala indima enkulu ekunciphiseni nasekuzivumelaniseni nesimo sezulu samazwe ngamazwe. Isayensi ye-Blue Carbon iyaqhubeka nokukhula ekusekelweni futhi inethuba elikhulu lokunwetshwa kobubanzi ngokusebenzisa ukubonwa nokuhlola okwengeziwe kwekhwalithi ephezulu nokunokwehla nokwenyuka kososayensi bemikhakha eminingi abavela emazweni ahlukahlukene.
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Ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kuyindaba eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu eyenza izinguquko ezingenakubalwa emhlabeni wonke; ikakhulukazi kubangele izinguquko ezimbi kakhulu ekwakhekeni nasekusebenzeni kwezimiso zemvelo zasolwandle. Le ndatshana ihlaziya ukuthi ilensi engasetshenziswa kancane yosayizi wobuningi be-spectrum inganikeza kanjani ithuluzi elisha lokuqapha ukuzivumelanisa ne-ecosystem.
I-Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. (2019). Ukuqonda Ukunyuka Kwezinga Lolwandle: Ukubheka kabanzi ngezinto ezintathu ezinomthelela ekukhuphukeni kwezinga lolwandle eduze ne-US East Coast nokuthi ososayensi bacwaninga kanjani lesi sigameko. Ikhiqizwe ngokubambisana noChristopher Piecuch, iWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution. I-Woods Hole (MA): WHOI. I-DOI 10.1575/1912/24705
Selokhu amazinga olwandle ekhulunyaka lama-20 enyuke amayintshi ayisithupha kuya kwayisishiyagalombili emhlabeni jikelele, nakuba leli zinga lingazange lilingane. Ukwehluka kokukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle kungenzeka kube ngenxa yokubuya kweqhwa ngemuva, izinguquko ekuhambeni kolwandle i-Atlantic Ocean, kanye nokuncibilika kwe-Antarctic Ice Sheet. Ososayensi bayavumelana ngokuthi amazinga amanzi omhlaba azoqhubeka ekhuphuka amakhulu eminyaka, kodwa ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukuze kubhekwane nezikhala zolwazi nokubikezela kangcono izinga lokukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle esikhathini esizayo.
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Itshelwe ngesethulo somuntu wokuqala, umbhali u-Elizabeth Rush uxoxa ngemiphumela imiphakathi esengozini ebhekana nayo ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ukulandisa kwesitayela sobuntatheli kuhlanganisa ndawonye izindaba zangempela zemiphakathi yaseFlorida, eLouisiana, eRhode Island, eCalifornia, naseNew York ehlangabezane nemiphumela edabukisayo yeziphepho, isimo sezulu esibi kakhulu, nokukhuphuka kwamagagasi ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
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Ucwaningo oluhlanganyelwe lweGeorge Mason University kanye neYale luthole amaphesenti angu-90 abantu baseMelika abazi ukuthi kukhona ukuvumelana phakathi komphakathi wesayensi ukuthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu okubangelwa abantu kungokoqobo. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo luvumile ukuthi cishe ama-70% abantu baseMelika bakholelwa ukuthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuyenzeka ngezinga elithile. Bangama-17% kuphela abantu baseMelika “abakhathazeke kakhulu” ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, abangama-57% “bakhathazeke ngandlela thize,” futhi iningi libona ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke njengosongo olukude.
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Ilandiswa ngendaba yomuntu siqu, umbhali uJeff Goodell ubheka ukukhuphuka kwamagagasi emhlabeni wonke kanye nemithelela yawo yesikhathi esizayo. Egqugquzelwe iSiphepho uSandy eNew York, ucwaningo lukaGoodell lumyisa emhlabeni wonke ukuze acabangele isenzo esimangalisayo esidingekayo ukuze azivumelanise namanzi akhuphukayo. Esanduleleni, uGoodell usho ngokunembile ukuthi lena akuyona incwadi yalabo abafuna ukuqonda ukuxhumana phakathi kwesimo sezulu nesikhutha, kodwa indlela okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu kuyobukeka ngayo njengoba amazinga olwandle ekhuphuka.
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I-International Union for Conservation of Nature yethula umbiko onemininingwane osuselwe emaqinisweni mayelana nesimo solwandle. Lo mbiko uthola ukuthi izinga lokushisa lolwandle, izwekazi lokushisa lolwandle, ukukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle, ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa namashidi eqhwa, ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 nokugxila komkhathi kukhuphuka ngesivinini esinemiphumela ebalulekile esintwini nasezinhlotsheni zasolwandle kanye nesimiso semvelo solwandle. Lo mbiko uncoma ukuqashelwa kobunzima bodaba, isinyathelo esihlanganyelwe senqubomgomo yokuvikela okuphelele kolwandle, ukuhlaziya ubungozi obubuyekeziwe, ukubhekana nezikhala zezidingo zesayensi namandla, ukusebenza ngokushesha, kanye nokuzuza ukusikeka okukhulu kwamagesi abamba ukushisa. Udaba lokufudumala kolwandle luwudaba oluyinkimbinkimbi oluzoba nemiphumela ehlukahlukene, eminye ingase ibe nenzuzo, kodwa imiphumela eminingi iyoba mibi ngezindlela ezingakaqondwa ngokugcwele.
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Izinhlobo zasolwandle zisabela emiphumeleni yokukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngezindlela ezilindelekile. Ezinye izimpendulo zifaka phakathi ukushintsha kwe-poleward nokujula kokusabalalisa, ukwehla ekubaleni, ukwanda kwezinhlobo zamanzi afudumele, nokulahlekelwa kwawo wonke ama-ecosystem (isb. izixhobo zamakhorali). Ukuhlukahluka kokusabela kwempilo yasolwandle ekushintsheni kokubala, izibalo zabantu, inala, ukusatshalaliswa, isayensi yezinto eziphilayo kungenzeka kuholele ekushintsheni kabusha kwesimiso sezinto eziphilayo kanye nezinguquko ekusebenzeni okudinga ukucwaninga okwengeziwe.
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Iziqhingi ezinhlanu (ihektha elilodwa kuya kwezinhlanu ngobukhulu) eSolomon Islands zilahlekile ngenxa yokukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle kanye nokuguguleka kogu. Lobu bekuwubufakazi bokuqala besayensi bemiphumela yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ogwini nakubantu. Kukholakala ukuthi amandla amagagasi adlala indima enqumayo ekugugulekeni kwesiqhingi. Ngalesi sikhathi ezinye iziqhingi eziyisishiyagalolunye zamadwala ziguguleka kakhulu futhi cishe zizoshabalala eminyakeni ezayo.
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Ukuze uvumelane nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu se-anthropogenic, ulwandle kuye kwadingeka luguqule ngokujulile i-physics, amakhemikhali, i-ecology, kanye nezinkonzo. Izilinganiso zamanje ezikhishwayo zizoshintsha ngokushesha nangokuphawulekayo i-ecosystem abantu abathembele kuyo kakhulu. Izinketho zokuphatha ukubhekana nokushintsha kolwandle ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ziba mncane njengoba ulwandle luqhubeka nokufudumala kanye ne-asidi. I-athikili ihlanganisa ngempumelelo izinguquko zakamuva nezesikhathi esizayo olwandle kanye ne-ecosystem yalo, kanye nasezimpahleni namasevisi lezo zinhlelo zemvelo ezinikeza abantu.
I-Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations. (2015, Septhemba). I-Intertwined Ocean kanye Nesimo Sezulu: Imithelela Yezingxoxo Zesimo Sezulu Samazwe Ngamazwe. Isimo Sezulu – Izilwandle kanye Nezindawo Ezisogwini: Inqubomgomo Kafushane. Kubuyiselwe kusuka ku: https://www.iddri.org/en/publications-and-events/policy-brief/intertwined-ocean-and-climate-implications-international
Ihlinzeka ngokubukezwa kwenqubomgomo, lo mfushane ubeka imvelo ehlangene yolwandle nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ibiza ukuncipha ngokushesha kwe-CO2. I-athikili ichaza ukubaluleka kwalezi zinguquko ezihlobene nesimo sezulu olwandle futhi iphikisana nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi okufisayo ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe, njengoba ukwanda kwe-carbon dioxide kuzoba nzima ukubhekana nayo.
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Ulwandle luhlinzeka ngezinkonzo ezibalulekile emhlabeni nakubantu ezibalulekile emhlabeni wonke, zonke eziza nenani elikhuphukayo elibangelwa imisebenzi yabantu kanye nokukhuphuka kokukhishwa kwekhabhoni. Umbhali ugcizelela ukuthi isidingo sokuthi abantu babhekisise imithelela yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu olwandle uma becubungula ukujwayela kanye nokunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu se-anthropogenic, ikakhulukazi izinhlangano ezisebenzisana nohulumeni.
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Ulwandle olujulile, naphezu kwezinsizakalo zalo ezibucayi ze-ecosystem, ngokuvamile alunakwa endaweni yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokunciphisa. Ekujuleni okungamamitha angu-200 nangaphansi, ulwandle lumunca inani elikhulu le-carbon dioxide futhi ludinga ukunakwa okukhethekile kanye nocwaningo olwandisiwe ukuze luvikele ubuqotho kanye nenani lalo.
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Abantu bashintsha inani le-nitrogen etholakalayo ukudoba olwandle ngokwandisa inani le-CO2 emkhathini wethu. Okutholakele kubonisa ukuthi kuzothatha amakhulu eminyaka ukuze ulwandle lulinganise umjikelezo we-nitrogen. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nezinga lamanje le-CO2 engena emkhathini wethu futhi kukhombisa ukuthi ulwandle lungashintsha kanjani ngamakhemikhali ngezindlela ebesingazilindele.
Isihloko esingenhla sinikeza isingeniso esifushane ngobudlelwano phakathi kwe-acidification yolwandle kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe sicela ubheke amakhasi wezinsiza ze-The Ocean Foundation ku. I-Ocean Acidification.
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Kusukela ekugcineni kwe-Ice Age amazinga olwandle akhuphuke ngamamitha angu-122 futhi azoqhubeka nokukhuphuka. I-Fagan ithatha abafundi emhlabeni wonke isuka e-Doggerland yangaphambi komlando endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi i-North Sea, iya e-Mesopotamia yasendulo ne-Egypt, i-Portugal yamakoloni, i-China, ne-United States yanamuhla, i-Bangladesh, ne-Japan. Imiphakathi yabazingeli yayihamba phambili futhi yayikwazi ukuhambisa kalula izindawo zokuhlala ezindaweni eziphakeme, nokho yabhekana nokuphazamiseka okwandayo njengoba inani labantu lalincipha kakhulu. Namuhla izigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke kungenzeka zibhekane nokufuduka eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu ezayo njengoba amazinga olwandle eqhubeka nokukhuphuka.
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Ezindaweni ezizungezile zasolwandle, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuhlotshaniswa nokushintsha okufanayo kwezinga lokushisa, ukujikeleza kwegazi, ukuhlukaniswa, okokufaka izakhi, okuqukethwe komoyampilo, kanye ne-acidification yolwandle. Kukhona futhi ukuxhumana okuqinile phakathi kokusatshalaliswa kwesimo sezulu nezinhlobo zezilwane, i-phenology, kanye nezibalo zabantu. Lokhu ekugcineni kungathinta ukusebenza kwe-ecosystem iyonke kanye nezinsizakalo umhlaba oncike kuzo.
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Kunobudlelwano obuqinile obuxhumene phakathi kwesimo sezulu nolwandle olukhonjiswa ngolimi olulula kanye nemidwebo yemiqondo yesayensi okuhlanganisa nezinhlelo zomoya nemisinga phakathi kolwandle. Idalwe njengesiqalo esinezithombe, Isimo Sezulu kanye Nolwandle isebenza njengesethulo endimeni yolwandle njengomengameli wesimiso sezulu soMhlaba. Le ncwadi ivumela abafundi ukuthi bazenzele ezabo izahlulelo, kodwa ngolwazi lokuqonda ngokuvamile isayensi engemuva kwesimo sezulu.
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I-Carbon dioxide imuncwa ulwandle futhi ithinte i-pH yamanzi ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-acidification yolwandle. Imithetho yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nemithetho yasekhaya e-United States, ngesikhathi sokubhala, inamandla okufaka izinqubomgomo ze-acidification olwandle, okuhlanganisa I-UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, i-UN Convention on the Laws of the Sea, i-London Convention and Protocol, kanye noMthetho we-US Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring (FOARAM) Act. Izindleko zokungenzi lutho zizodlula kude izindleko zezomnotho zokubamba, futhi izinyathelo zanamuhla ziyadingeka.
Spalding, MJ (2011). Uguquko Lolwandle Oluhlanekezelwe: Amagugu Amasiko Angaphansi Kwamanzi Olwandle Abhekene Nezinguquko Zamakhemikhali Nezemvelo. Ukubuyekezwa Kwamagugu Ezamasiko Nobuciko, 2(1). PDF.
Izindawo zamagugu zamasiko angaphansi kwamanzi zisongelwa ukugcwala kwe-asidi olwandle kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuya kushintsha kakhulu ukuthakwa kwamakhemikhali olwandle, ukukhuphuka kwamazinga olwandle, ukufudumala kwamazinga okushisa olwandle, ukuguquguquka kwemisinga kanye nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu okwandayo; konke okuthinta ukulondolozwa kwezindawo zomlando ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Ukulimala okungenakulungiseka kungenzeka, nokho, ukubuyisela imvelo yasogwini, ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa komhlaba, ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO2, ukunciphisa izingcindezi zasolwandle, ukwandisa ukuqapha indawo eyingqophamlando kanye nokuthuthukisa amasu omthetho kunganciphisa ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zamagugu zamasiko angaphansi kwamanzi.
U-Hoegh-Guldberg, O., & Bruno, J. (2010, Juni 18). Umthelela Wokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu Ezinhlelweni Zomhlaba Zasolwandle. Isayensi, i-328(5985), 1523-1528. Kubuyiswe kusuka: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
Ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa ekhuphuka ngokushesha kushayela ulwandle ezimweni ezingakaze zibonwe izigidi zeminyaka futhi kubangela imiphumela eyinhlekelele. Kuze kube manje, ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu se-anthropogenic kubangele ukwehla kokukhiqiza olwandle, ukushintshashintsha kwewebhu yokudla, ukunciphisa inala yezinhlobo ezakha indawo yokuhlala, ukuguquguquka kokusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo zezilwane, kanye nezigameko ezinkulu zezifo.
Spalding, MJ, & de Fontaubert, C. (2007). Ukuxazululwa Kwezingxabano Zokubhekana Nokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu Ngemiklamo Yokushintsha Ulwandle. Izindaba Nokuhlaziya Umthetho Wezemvelo. Kubuyiselwe kusuka ku: https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/ocean_climate_3.pdf
Kukhona ukulingana okucophelelayo phakathi kwemiphumela yasendaweni kanye nezinzuzo zomhlaba jikelele, ikakhulukazi uma kucatshangelwa imiphumela eyingozi yamaphrojekthi wamandla omoya namagagasi. Kunesidingo sokuthi kusetshenziswe izinqubo zokuxazulula ukungqubuzana okufanele zisetshenziswe kumaphrojekthi asogwini nasolwandle okungenzeka acekele phansi indawo ezungezile kodwa adingekayo ukuze kuncishiswe ukuthembela emafutheni ezinto ezimbiwa phansi. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kufanele kuxazululwe futhi ezinye zezixazululo zizokwenzeka ezindaweni zasolwandle nasogwini, ukunciphisa izingxoxo zokungqubuzana kufanele kubandakanye abenzi bezinqubomgomo, izinhlangano zendawo, izinhlangano zomphakathi, kanye nezinga lamazwe ngamazwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kuzothathwa izinyathelo ezingcono kakhulu ezitholakalayo.
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Ulwandle lunikeza izinzuzo eziningi mayelana nezinsiza, ukulinganisela kwesimo sezulu, nobuhle bobuhle. Kodwa-ke, ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa okuvela emisebenzini yabantu kulindeleke ukuthi kuguqule i-ecosystem yasogwini neyasolwandle futhi kubhebhethekise izinkinga zasolwandle zendabuko (ukudoba ngokweqile kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala). Kodwa-ke, kunethuba loshintsho ngokusekela ngosizo lokuhlanganisa ulwandle nesimo sezulu ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusimama kwesimiso semvelo esisengozini enkulu yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
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Ulwandle luyingxenye ebalulekile yesimiso sezulu. Kubalulekile ekushintshaneni komhlaba wonke kanye nokwabiwa kabusha kokushisa, amanzi, amagesi, izinhlayiya, kanye nomfutho. Isabelomali samanzi ahlanzekile olwandle siyehla futhi siyisici esibalulekile ngezinga kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
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Ukuthathwa kwe-carbon dioxide emanzini olwandle kungathonywa kakhulu izinguquko zemvula yesifunda kanye namaphethini okuhwamuka okulethwa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Kusukela ngo-1990, kube nokuncipha okukhulu kwamandla osinki we-CO2, okungenxa yokwanda kokucindezela okuyingxenye kolwandle i-CO2 okubangelwa ukuhwamuka kanye nokugcwala okuhambisana nezinyibiliki emanzini.
U-Revelle, R., & Suess, H. (1957). Ukushintshana Kwe-Carbon Dioxide Phakathi Kwe-Atmosphere kanye Nolwandle kanye Nombuzo Wokwenyuka Kwe-Atmospheric CO2 phakathi Namashumi eminyaka Adlule. La Jolla, California: Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California.
Inani le-CO2 emkhathini, amanani kanye nezindlela zokushintshana kwe-CO2 phakathi kolwandle nomoya, kanye nokuguquguquka kwekhabhoni ephilayo yasolwandle kuye kwafundwa kusukela maduze nje ngemva kokuqala kweNguquko Yezimboni. Ukushiswa kukaphethiloli wezimboni kusukela kwaqala iNguquko Yezimboni, eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-150 edlule, kuye kwabangela ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa lolwandle, ukuncipha kokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni enhlabathini, kanye noshintsho enanini lezinto eziphilayo olwandle. Lo mbhalo usebenze njengengqophamlando ocwaningweni lokuguquka kwesimo sezulu futhi ube nomthelela omkhulu ezifundweni zesayensi engxenyeni yekhulu leminyaka kusukela washicilelwa.
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3. Ukufuduka Kwezilwane Zasogwini Nezasolwandle ngenxa Yemithelela Yokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu
Hu, S., Sprintall, J., Guan, C., McPhaden, M., Wang, F., Hu, D., Cai, W. (2020, February 5). Ukusheshiswa Okujule Kokuzungeza Kolwandle Kwembulunga yonke kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule. Intuthuko Yesayensi. EAAX7727. https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/6/eaax7727
Ulwandle seluqale ukuhamba ngesivinini kule minyaka engu-30 edlule. Amandla e-kinetic anda emisinga yolwandle kungenxa yokwanda komoya ovela phezulu obangelwa amazinga okushisa afudumele, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo. Ithrendi inkulu kakhulu kunanoma yikuphi ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo okuphakamisa isivinini samanje esizoqhubeka esikhathini eside.
Whitcomb, I. (2019, Agasti 12). Inqwaba Yama-Blacktip Sharks Asehlobo E-Long Island Okokuqala ngqa. I-LiveScience. Kubuyiselwe kusuka ku: livescience.com/sharks-vacation-in-hamptons.html
Minyaka yonke, oshaka abamnyama bafudukela enyakatho ehlobo befuna amanzi apholile. Esikhathini esidlule, oshaka babechitha ihlobo labo ngasogwini lwaseCarolinas, kodwa ngenxa yamanzi ashisayo olwandle, kufanele baqhubeke beya enyakatho eLong Island ukuze bathole amanzi apholile anele. Ngesikhathi sokushicilela, ukuthi oshaka bafudukela kude le enyakatho bebodwa noma balandela inyamazane yabo enyakatho ekude akwaziwa.
Ukwesaba, D. (2019, Julayi 31). Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuzovusa inkalankala. Khona-ke izilwane ezidla ezinye zizosuka eningizimu zizidle. I-Washington Post. Kubuyiselwe kusuka ku: https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2019/07/31/climate-change-will-spark-blue-crab-baby-boom-then-predators-will-relocate-south-eat-them/?utm_term=.3d30f1a92d2e
Izinkalankala eziluhlaza ziyachuma emanzini ashisayo e-Chesapeake Bay. Ngokuthambekela kwamanje kwamanzi afudumalayo, ngokushesha izinkalankala eziluhlaza ngeke zisadinga ukumba ebusika ukuze ziphile, okuzokwenza inani labantu linyuke. Ukwanda kwenani labantu kungase kuhehe ezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye emanzini amasha.
U-Furby, K. (2018, Juni 14). Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuhambisa izinhlanzi ngokushesha kunemithetho engakwazi ukuyiphatha, kusho ucwaningo. I-Washington Post. Kubuyiselwe kusuka ku: washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2018/06/14/climate-change-is-moving-fish-around-faster-than-laws-can-handle-study-says
Izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezibalulekile njenge-salmon kanye ne-mackerel zifudukela ezindaweni ezintsha ezidinga ukubambisana okwandisiwe kwamanye amazwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe inala. I-athikili ikhombisa ukungqubuzana okungavela lapho izinhlobo zezilwane zeqa imingcele kazwelonke ngokombono wenhlanganisela yomthetho, inqubomgomo, ezomnotho, i-oceanography, ne-ecology.
Poloczanska, ES, Burrows, MT, Brown, CJ, García Molinos, J., Halpern, BS, Hoegh-Guldberg, O., … & Sydeman, WJ (2016, May 4). Izimpendulo Zezinto Eziphilayo Zasolwandle Ekuguqukeni Kwesimo Sezulu Kuzo zonke Izilwandle. Imingcele kuSayensi Yasolwandle, 62. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00062
Isizindalwazi Semithelela Yokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu Sasolwandle (i-MCID) kanye Nombiko Wokuhlola Wesihlanu Wephaneli Yohulumeni Bezizwe Ngezinguquko Zesimo Sezulu uhlola izinguquko zesimiso semvelo sasolwandle esiqhutshwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ngokuvamile, izimpendulo zezinhlobo zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu zihambisana nokulindelwe, okuhlanganisa ukuguquguquka okujulile nokujulile kokusabalalisa, ukuthuthuka kwe-phenology, ukwehla ekubalweni, kanye nokwanda kobuningi bezinhlobo zamanzi afudumele. Izindawo nezinhlobo ezingenayo imithelela ehlobene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ebhaliwe, akusho ukuthi azithinteki, kodwa kunalokho kusenezikhala ocwaningweni.
I-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2013, Septhemba). Ukuthatha Okubili Ngokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Olwandle? I-National Ocean Service: Umnyango Wezohwebo wase-United States. Kubuyiselwe kusuka ku: http://web.archive.org/web/20161211043243/http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2013/09/9_30_13two_takes_on_climate_change_in_ocean.html
Izilwane zasolwandle kuzo zonke izingxenye zochungechunge lokudla zishintshela emapalini ukuze zihlale zipholile njengoba izinto zishisa futhi lezi zinguquko zingaba nemiphumela ebalulekile yezomnotho. Izinhlobo ezishintshayo emkhathini nesikhathi azenzeki zonke ngesivinini esifanayo, ngakho-ke kuphazamisa iwebhu yokudla kanye namaphethini empilo athambile. Manje kunanini ngaphambili kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukudoba ngokweqile nokuqhubeka nokweseka izinhlelo zokuqapha zesikhathi eside.
Poloczanska, E., Brown, C., Sydeman, W., Kiessling, W., Schoeman, D., Moore, P., …, & Richardson, A. (2013, Agasti 4). Umthelela wokuguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele empilweni yasolwandle. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, 3, 919-925. Kubuyiswe kusuka: https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1958
Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, kuye kwaba noshintsho olusabalele lwesistimu ku-phenology, i-demography, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle. Lolu cwaningo luhlanganise zonke izifundo ezitholakalayo zokubhekwa kwemvelo yasolwandle ngokulindelwe ngaphansi kokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu; bathole izimpendulo zebhayoloji zasolwandle eziyi-1,735 okwakungumthombo wokushintsha kwesimo sezulu sendawo noma somhlaba wonke.
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4. I-Hypoxia (Izindawo Ezifile)
I-Hypoxia amazinga aphansi noma anciphile omoya-mpilo emanzini. Ngokuvamile kuhlotshaniswa nokukhula ngokweqile kolwelwe oluholela ekuncipheni komoyampilo lapho ulwelwe lufa, lucwila phansi, futhi lubole. I-Hypoxia ibuye ibhebhethekiswe amazinga aphezulu omsoco, amanzi afudumele, nokunye ukuphazamiseka kwe-ecosystem ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Slabosky, K. (2020, Agasti 18). Ingabe Ulwandle Lungaphelelwa Umoya-mpilo?. TED-Ed. Kubuyiswe kusuka: https://youtu.be/ovl_XbgmCbw
Ividiyo yopopayi ichaza ukuthi i-hypoxia noma izindawo ezifile zidalwa kanjani eGulf of Mexico nangale kwayo. Ukugeleza kwezakhi zezolimo kanye nomanyolo kunomthelela omkhulu ezindaweni ezifile, futhi kufanele kwethulwe izindlela zokulima ezivuselelayo ukuze kuvikelwe izindlela zethu zamanzi kanye nemvelo yasolwandle esengozini. Nakuba kungashiwongo kuvidiyo, amanzi afudumalayo adalwe ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nawo andisa imvamisa nokuqina kwezindawo ezifile.
U-Bates, N., kanye no-Johnson, R. (2020) Ukusheshiswa Kokufudumala Kolwandle, Ukufakwa Kosawoti, Ukukhipha Umoya Ohlanzekile kanye Nokufakwa Kwe-Acid ku-Surface Subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. Ezokuxhumana Umhlaba Nemvelo. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00030-5
Amakhemikhali olwandle nezimo zomzimba ziyashintsha. Amaphuzu edatha aqoqwe oLwandle lwaseSargasso ngeminyaka yo-2010 ahlinzeka ngolwazi olubalulekile lwamamodeli wolwandle-omkhathi kanye nokuhlolwa kwedatha yeminyaka eyishumi kuya kweyishumi yomjikelezo wekhabhoni womhlaba. U-Bates noJohnson bathola ukuthi amazinga okushisa nosawoti e-Subtropical North Atlantic Ocean kuyahlukahluka eminyakeni engamashumi amane edlule ngenxa yezinguquko zesizini kanye nezinguquko ku-alkalinity. Inani eliphakeme kakhulu lama-CO2 futhi i-acidification yolwandle yenzeka ngesikhathi se-CO ebuthakathaka kakhulu emkhathini2 ukukhula.
I-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2019, Meyi 24). Iyini i-Dead Zone? I-National Ocean Service: Umnyango Wezohwebo wase-United States. Kubuyiselwe kusuka ku: oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/deadzone.html
Indawo efile igama elivamile le-hypoxia futhi libhekisela ezingeni elincishisiwe lomoya-mpilo emanzini okuholela ogwadule lwebhayoloji. Lezi zindawo ziyenzeka ngokwemvelo, kodwa ziyakhuliswa futhi zithuthukiswe umsebenzi womuntu ngokusebenzisa amazinga okushisa afudumele amanzi okubangwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Umsoco oweqile ogeleza emhlabathini nasemizileni yamanzi yimbangela eyinhloko yokwanda kwezindawo ezifile.
I-Ejensi Yokuvikela Imvelo. (2019, Ephreli 15). Ukungcoliswa Komsoco, Imiphumela: Imvelo. I-United States Environmental Protection Agency. Kubuyiselwe kusuka ku: https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/effects-environment
Ukungcoliswa komsoco kukhuthaza ukukhula kwezimbali eziyingozi ze-algal blooms (HABs), ezinomthelela ongemuhle ezindaweni eziphila emanzini. Ngezinye izikhathi ama-HAB angadala ubuthi obudliwa izinhlanzi ezincane futhi akhuphukele ochungechungeni lokudla futhi abe yingozi empilweni yasolwandle. Ngisho noma zingabukhi ubuthi, zivimbela ukukhanya kwelanga, zivale amathumbu ezinhlanzi, futhi zidale izindawo ezifile. Izindawo ezifile yizindawo ezisemanzini ezinomoya-mpilo omncane noma ezingenawo nhlobo ezakheka lapho ukuqhakaza kwe-algal kudla umoya-mpilo njengoba kufa okubangela ukuthi izilwane zasolwandle ziphume endaweni ethintekile.
I-Blaszczak, JR, Delesantro, JM, Urban, DL, Doyle, MW, & Bernhardt, ES (2019). Ihlutshiwe noma iminyene: Imvelo yokusakaza yasemadolobheni izulazula phakathi kwe-hydrologic kanye nokuncibilika komoyampilo. I-Limnology kanye ne-Oceanography, 64 (3), 877-894. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11081
Izifunda ezisogwini akuzona kuphela izindawo lapho izimo ezifana nezindawo ezifile zanda ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Imifudlana yasemadolobheni kanye nemifula ekhipha amanzi ezindaweni ezishushumbiswe kakhulu kuzo izindawo ezivamile zezindawo ezifile ezine-hypoxic, okushiya isithombe esifiphele ezintweni eziphila emanzini ahlanzekile ezibiza imigwaqo yasemadolobheni ekhaya. Iziphepho ezinamandla zidala amachibi okugijima okugcwele izakhamzimba ahlala e-hypoxic kuze kube isiphepho esilandelayo sikhipha amachibi.
Breitburg, D., Levin, L., Oschiles, A., Grégoire, M., Chavez, F., Conley, D., …, & Zhang, J. (2018, January 5). Ukuncipha komoyampilo olwandle emhlabeni wonke kanye namanzi asogwini. Isayensi, i-359(6371). Kubuyiswe kusuka: doi.org/10.1126/science.aam7240
Ikakhulukazi ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu eye yandisa izinga lokushisa emhlabeni wonke kanye nenani lemisoco elikhishelwa emanzini asogwini, okuqukethwe komoyampilo olwandle lulonke kuyehla futhi bekulokhu kuncipha okungenani iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu edlule. Izinga elincipha lomoya-mpilo olwandle linemiphumela yebhayoloji neyemvelo kuzo zombili izikali zesifunda nezomhlaba.
Breitburg, D., Grégoire, M., & Isensee, K. (2018). Ulwandle luphelelwa umoya: Ukuncipha komoyampilo olwandle emhlabeni nasemanzini asogwini. I-IOC-UNESCO, IOC Technical Series, 137. Kubuyiselwe kusuka ku: https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/232562/1/Technical%20Brief_Go2NE.pdf
Umoya-mpilo uyancipha olwandle futhi abantu bayimbangela enkulu. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho kusetshenziswa umoya-mpilo omningi kunokugcwalisa lapho ukufudumala nokwanda kwezakhi kubangela amazinga aphezulu okusetshenziswa komoya-mpilo ngamagciwane. Ukukhipha umoya-mpilo kungaba kubi kakhulu ngokufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini okuminyene, okuholela ekukhuleni okuncishisiwe, izinguquko zokuziphatha, ukwanda kwezifo, ikakhulukazi kuma-finfish nama-crustaceans. I-Deoxygenation ibikezelwa ukuthi izoba nzima eminyakeni ezayo, kodwa izinyathelo zingathathwa ukulwa nalolu songo kuhlanganise nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa, kanye nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni emnyama nezakhi zomzimba.
UBryant, L. (2015, Ephreli 9). Ulwandle 'izindawo ezifile' inhlekelele ekhulayo yezinhlanzi. I-Phys.org. Kubuyiselwe kusuka ku: https://phys.org/news/2015-04-ocean-dead-zones-disaster-fish.html
Ngokomlando, izitezi zasolwandle zithathe izinkulungwane zeminyaka ukuthi zilulame ezikhathini ezedlule zomoya ophansi, owaziwa nangokuthi izindawo ezifile. Ngenxa yezinto ezenziwa abantu kanye nokukhuphuka kwamazinga okushisa izindawo ezifile njengamanje zenza u-10% kanye nokukhuphuka kwendawo engaphezulu kolwandle lomhlaba. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-agrochemical kanye neminye imisebenzi yabantu kuholela ekukhuphukeni kwamazinga e-phosphorus ne-nitrogen emanzini ondla izindawo ezifile.
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5. Imiphumela Yamanzi Afudumalayo
Schartup, A., Thackray, C., Quershi, A., Dassuncao, C., Gillespie, K., Hanke, A., & Sunderland, E. (2019, Agasti 7). Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokudoba ngokweqile kwandisa i-neurotoxicant ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye zasolwandle. Imvelo, 572, 648-650. Kubuyiswe kusuka: doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1468-9
Izinhlanzi ziwumthombo oyinhloko wokuchayeka kwabantu ku-methylmercury, okungaholela ekushoda kwe-neurocognitive yesikhathi eside ezinganeni eziqhubeka nokuba abantu abadala. Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970 kube nokukhuphuka okulinganiselwa ku-56% kwezicubu ze-methylmercury e-Atlantic bluefin tuna ngenxa yokwenyuka kwamazinga okushisa olwandle.
Smale, D., Wernberg, T., Oliver, E., Thomsen, M., Harvey, B., Straub, S., …, & Moore, P. (2019, March 4). Amagagasi okushisa olwandle asongela ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo emhlabeni wonke kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo ze-ecosystem. Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu, 9, 306-312. Kubuyiswe kusuka: nature.com/articles/s41558-019-0412-1
Ulwandle luye lwafudumala kakhulu phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Amagagasi okushisa olwandle, izikhathi zokufudumala okudlulele kwesifunda, athinte ikakhulukazi izinhlobo eziyisisekelo ezifana namakhorali notshani basolwandle. Njengoba ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu se-anthropogenic kukhula, ukufudumala kwasolwandle namagagasi okushisa kunamandla okuhlela kabusha i-ecosystem futhi kuphazamise ukuhlinzekwa kwezimpahla nezinsiza zemvelo.
Sanford, E., Sones, J., Garcia-Reyes, M., Goddard, J., & Largier, J. (2019, March 12). Amashifu asabalele ku-biota yasogwini enyakatho ye-California phakathi namagagasi okushisa olwandle ka-2014-2016. Imibiko Yesayensi, i-9(4216). Kubuyiswe kusuka: doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40784-3
Ukusabela kumagagasi okushisa asolwandle ahlala isikhathi eside, ukwanda kokuhlakazeka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye noshintsho olukhulu lokushisa kwamanzi olwandle kungase kubonakale esikhathini esizayo. Amagagasi okushisa anamandla olwandle adale ukufa kwabantu abaningi, ukuqhakaza kwe-algal okuyingozi, ukuncipha kwemibhede ye-kelp, kanye nezinguquko ezinkulu ekusabalaleni kwezinhlobo zezilwane.
Pinsky, M., Eikeset, A., McCauley, D., Payne, J., & Sunday, J. (2019, Ephreli 24). Ukuba sengozini okukhulu ekufudumaleni kolwandle uma kuqhathaniswa nama-ectotherm asemhlabeni. Imvelo, 569, 108-111. Kubuyiswe kusuka: doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1132-4
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezilwane kanye nemvelo ezothinteka kakhulu ngenxa yokufudumala ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphathwa ngempumelelo. Amazinga aphezulu okuzwela ekufudumaleni kanye namazinga asheshayo okuba amakholoni ezindaweni eziphila olwandle aphakamisa ukuthi ukuqothulwa kuzoba njalo kanye nokushintsha kwezinhlobo zezilwane ngokushesha olwandle.
Morley, J., Selden, R., Latour, R., Frolicher, T., Seagraves, R., & Pinsky, M. (2018, May 16). Ukubikezela amashifu endaweni eshisayo yezinhlobo ezingama-686 eshalofini lezwekazi laseNyakatho Melika. I-PLOS EYODWA. Kubuyiselwe kusuka ku: doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196127
Ngenxa yokushintsha kwamazinga okushisa olwandle, izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo seziqala ukushintsha ukusakazeka kwazo kwezindawo ziye ezigxotsheni. Kwenzelwe izilinganiso zezinhlobo zasolwandle ezingama-686 okungenzeka ukuthi zithinteke ngokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa lolwandle. Ukuqagela kokushintsha kwendawo okuzayo kwakuvame ukubheke phezulu futhi kulandele ugu futhi kwasiza ekuboneni ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezilwane ezisengozini enkulu yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
U-Laffoley, D. & Baxter, JM (abahleli). (2016). Ukuchaza Ukufudumala Kolwandle: Izimbangela, Isikali, Imiphumela kanye Nemiphumela. Umbiko ogcwele. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 456 iphe. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2016.08.en
Ukufudumala kolwandle kukhula ngokushesha okungenye yezinsongo ezinkulu zesizukulwane sethu njengoba i-IUCN incoma ukwanda kokuqashelwa kobunzima bomthelela, isenzo senqubomgomo yomhlaba wonke, ukuvikela nokuphatha okuphelele, ukuhlolwa okuthuthukisiwe kobungozi, ukuvala izikhala zocwaningo kanye nezidingo zamakhono, kanye nokwenza ngokushesha ukuze kwenziwe ukuncishiswa okukhulu kokukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa.
Hughes, T., Kerry, J., Baird, A., Connolly, S., Dietzel, A., Eakin, M., Heron, S., …, & Torda, G. (2018, Ephreli 18). Ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kuguqula ama-coral reef assemblages. Imvelo, 556, 492-496. Kubuyiswe kusuka: nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0041-2?dom=scribd&src=syn
Ngo-2016, iGreat Barrier Reef yahlangabezana nerekhodi eliqopha umlando wokushisa olwandle. Ucwaningo luthemba ukuvala igebe phakathi kwethiyori nokusebenza kokuhlola ubungozi bokuwohloka kwe-ecosystem ukuze kubikezelwe ukuthi izenzakalo zokufudumala kwekusasa zingayithinta kanjani imiphakathi yezixhobo zamakhorali. Bachaza izigaba ezihlukene, bahlonze umshayeli omkhulu, futhi bamise ama-threshold wokuwa kwenani.
Gramling, C. (2015, Novemba 13). Indlela Izilwandle Ezifudumalayo Ezidedela Ngayo I-Ice Stream. Isayensi, i-350(6262), 728. Ithathwe ku: DOI: 10.1126/science.350.6262.728
Iqhwa laseGreenland lichitha amakhilomitha eqhwa olwandle unyaka nonyaka njengoba amanzi afudumele olwandle elucekela phansi. Okwenzeka ngaphansi kweqhwa kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu, njengoba amanzi olwandle afudumele egugule iqhwa ukuze alisuse onqenqemeni. Lokhu kuzodala ukuthi iqhwa lihlehle ngokushesha futhi kudala i-alamu enkulu mayelana nokukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle okungaba khona.
Precht, W., Gintert, B., Robbart, M., Fur, R., & van Woesik, R. (2016). I-Coral Mortality Ehlobene Nezifo Ezingakaze Zibonwe eSoutheastern Florida. Imibiko Yesayensi, i-6(31375). Kubuyiswe kusuka: https://www.nature.com/articles/srep31374
Ukushisa kwamakhorali, izifo zamakhorali, kanye nezenzakalo zokufa kwamakhorali ziyanda ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphezulu okubangelwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Uma sibheka amazinga aphezulu ngokungavamile esifo samakhorali esithathelwanayo eningizimu-mpumalanga yeFlorida kulo lonke elase-2014, lesi sihloko sixhumanisa izinga eliphezulu lokufa kwamakhorali kumakholoni amakhorali agcizelelwe ngokushisa.
Friedland, K., Kane, J., Hare, J., Lough, G., Fratantoni, P., Fogarty, M., & Nye, J. (2013, September). Izithiyo zendawo eshisayo ezinhlotsheni ze-zooplankton ezihlotshaniswa ne-Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) e-US Northeast Continental Shelf. Inqubekelaphambili ku-Oceanography, 116, 1-13. Kubuyiswe kusuka: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.05.011
Ngaphakathi kwe-ecosystem ye-US Northeast Continental Shelf kunezindawo zokuhlala ezishisayo ezihlukene, futhi izinga lokushisa elikhulayo lamanzi lithinta ubuningi balezi zindawo. Amanani ezindawo zokuhlala ezifudumele, ezingaphezulu anyukile kuyilapho izindawo ezihlala emanzini apholile zehlile. Lokhu kunamandla okwehlisa kakhulu amanani e-Atlantic Cod njengoba i-zooplankton yabo yokudla ithintwa ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa.
IBUYELA TOP
6. Ukulahleka Kwezinto Eziphilayo Zasolwandle Ngenxa Yokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu
Brito-Morales, I., Schoeman, D., Molinos, J., Burrows, M., Klein, C., Arafeh-Dalmau, N., Kaschner, K., Garilao, C., Kesner-Reyes, K. , kanye no-Richardson, A. (2020, Mashi 20). Isivinini Sesimo Sezulu Sembula Ukuchayeka Okwandayo Kwezinto Eziphilayo Ezijulile Zolwandle Ekufudumeni Kwesikhathi Esizayo. Imvelo. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0773-5
Abacwaningi bathole ukuthi isivinini sezulu samanje - amanzi okufudumala - ayashesha ekujuleni kolwandle kunaphezu komhlaba. Ucwaningo manje lubikezela ukuthi phakathi kuka-2050 no-2100 ukufudumala kuzokwenzeka ngokushesha kuwo wonke amazinga ekholomu yamanzi, ngaphandle kwendawo. Ngenxa yokufudumala, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zizosongelwa kuwo wonke amazinga, ikakhulukazi ekujuleni okuphakathi kwamamitha angu-200 no-1,000. Ukunciphisa izinga lokufudumala kwemikhawulo kufanele kubekwe ekuxhashazweni kwemithombo yolwandle ejulile ngemikhumbi yokudoba kanye nezimayini, i-hydrocarbon kanye neminye imisebenzi yokukhipha. Ukwengeza, inqubekelaphambili ingenziwa ngokwandisa amanethiwekhi ama-MPA amakhulu ekujuleni kolwandle.
Riskas, K. (2020, Juni 18). I-Shellfish Efuywayo Ayigonyelwe Ukuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu. I-Coastal Science nemiphakathi i-Hakai Magazine. PDF.
Izigidigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke zithola amaprotheni azo endaweni yasolwandle, kodwa izindawo zokudoba zasendle ziyancishiswa. I-aquaculture iya ngokuya ivala igebe futhi ukukhiqizwa okulawulwayo kungase kuthuthukise izinga lamanzi futhi kunciphise imisoco eyeqile ebangela ukuqhakaza kwe-algal eyingozi. Kodwa-ke, njengoba amanzi eba ne-asidi kakhulu futhi njengoba ukufudumala kwamanzi kushintsha ukukhula kwe-plankton, ukukhiqizwa kwezilwane zasemanzini kanye ne-mollusk kuyasongelwa. I-Riskas ibikezela ukuthi i-mollusk aquaculture izoqala ukwehla ekukhiqizeni ngo-2060, namanye amazwe athinteke ngaphambili kakhulu, ikakhulukazi amazwe asathuthuka kanye namazwe athuthukile kancane.
Record, N., Runge, J., Pendleton, D., Balch, W., Davies, K., Pershing, A., …, & Thompson C. (2019, May 3). Izinguquko Ezisheshayo Zokujikeleza Okuqhutshwa Yisimo Sezulu Zisongela Ukulondolozwa Kwemikhomo YaseNyakatho Atlantic Esengcupheni yokushabalala. I-Oceanography, i-32(2), 162-169. Kubuyiswe kusuka: doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2019.201
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kubangela ukuthi izimiso zemvelo zishintshe ngokushesha izimo, okwenza amasu amaningi okonga asekelwe emaphethini omlando angasebenzi. Ngokufudumala kwamanzi ajulile ngezinga eliphakeme ngokuphindwe kabili kunamanzi angaphezulu, izinhlobo ezifana ne-Calanus finmarchicus, ukudla okubalulekile kwemikhomo yaseNyakatho ye-Atlantic right, ziguqule amaphethini azo okufuduka. Ama-right whale aseNyakatho ye-Atlantic alandela inyamazane yawo ephuma emzileni wawo womlando wokufuduka, eshintsha iphethini, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ewabeka engcupheni yokushayeka ngomkhumbi noma ekuboshweni kwamagiya ezindaweni amasu okulondoloza imvelo angazivikeli.
Díaz, SM, Settele, J., Brondízio, E., Ngo, H., Guèze, M., Agard, J., … & Zayas, C. (2019). Umbiko Wokuhlola IGlobal Assessment on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Isifinyezo Sabenzi Bezinqubomgomo. IPBES. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3553579.
Izinhlobo eziphakathi kwengxenye yesigidi nesigidi zisengozini yokushabalala emhlabeni wonke. Olwandle, imikhuba yokudoba engalawuleki, izinguquko zokusetshenziswa komhlaba ogwini nolwandle, kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kubangela ukulahlekelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zemvelo. Ulwandle ludinga ukuvikeleka okwengeziwe kanye nokuvikeleka okwengeziwe kweNdawo Yasolwandle Evikelekile.
U-Abreu, A., Bowler, C., Claudet, J., Zinger, L., Paoli, L., Salazar, G., no-Sunagawa, S. (2019). Ososayensi Abaxwayisa Ngokusebenzisana Phakathi kwe-Ocean Plankton kanye Nokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu. Isisekelo Tara Ocean.
Izifundo ezimbili ezisebenzisa idatha ehlukene zombili zibonisa ukuthi umthelela wokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ekusabalaliseni kanye namanani ezinhlobo ze-planktonic uzoba mkhulu ezindaweni ezipholile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amazinga okushisa olwandle aphezulu (okuzungeze inkabazwe) aholela ekwandeni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo ze-planktonic ezingase zibe maningi amathuba okuba zisinde ekushintsheni okushisa kwamanzi, nakuba yomibili imiphakathi ye-planktonic ingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo. Ngakho, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kusebenza njengesici esingeziwe sokucindezeleka kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Uma kuhlanganiswe nezinye izinguquko ezindaweni zokuhlala, iwebhu yokudla, kanye nokusabalalisa kwezinhlobo zezilwane ukucindezeleka okwengeziwe kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungase kubangele izinguquko ezinkulu kuzakhiwo ze-ecosystem. Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga ekhulayo kudingeka kube nokusebenzelana kwesayensi/kwenqubomgomo okuthuthukisiwe lapho imibuzo yocwaningo iklanywa ososayensi nabakhi bezinqubomgomo bendawonye.
Bryndum-Buchholz, A., Tittensor, D., Blanchard, J., Cheung, W., Coll, M., Galbraith, E., …, & Lotze, H. (2018, November 8). Umthelela wokuguquka kwesimo sezulu wekhulunyaka lamashumi amabili nanye ku-biomass yezilwane zasolwandle kanye nesakhiwo se-ecosystem kuzo zonke izilwandle. I-Global Change Biology, 25(2), 459-472. Kubuyiswe kusuka: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14512
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuthinta izimiso zemvelo zasolwandle ngokuphathelene nokukhiqizwa okuyisisekelo, izinga lokushisa lolwandle, ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kanye nobuningi esikalini sasekhaya nesomhlaba. Lezi zinguquko zishintsha kakhulu ukwakheka nokusebenza kwe-ecosystem yasolwandle. Lolu cwaningo luhlaziya izimpendulo ze-biomass yezilwane zasolwandle ekuphenduleni lezi zingcindezi zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Niiler, E. (2018, Mashi 8). Oshaka Abengeziwe Bayeka Ukufuduka Kwaminyaka Yonke Njenge-Ocean Warms. I-National Geographic. Kubuyiselwe kusuka ku: nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/03/animals-sharks-oceans-global-warming/
Oshaka be-blacktip besilisa ngokomlando baye bafudukela eningizimu phakathi nezinyanga ezibandayo zonyaka beyohlangana nabesifazane ogwini lwaseFlorida. Lab' oshaka babalulekile ohlelweni lwendalo lwasogwini lwaseFlorida: Ngokudla izinhlanzi ezibuthakathaka nezigulayo, basiza ukulinganisela ukucindezela kwezixhobo zamakhorali notshani basolwandle. Muva nje, oshaka besilisa baye bahlala kude enyakatho njengoba amanzi asenyakatho eba nokufudumala. Ngaphandle kokufudukela eningizimu, abesilisa ngeke balingane noma bavikele i-ecosystem yasogwini lwaseFlorida.
I-Worm, B., & Lotze, H. (2016). Ukuguquka Kwesimo Sezulu: Imithelela Ebhekiwe Eplanethini Yomhlaba, Isahluko 13 – Izinhlobonhlobo Zezinto Eziphilayo Zasolwandle kanye Nokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu. Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada. Kubuyiswe kusuka: sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444635242000130
Idatha yesikhathi eside yokuqapha izinhlanzi kanye ne-plankton inikeze ubufakazi obuqand' ikhanda bezinguquko eziqhutshwa isimo sezulu ekuhlanganiseni kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Isahluko siphetha ngokuthi ukonga izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle kungase kunikeze isivimbeli esingcono kakhulu ngokumelene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okusheshayo.
McCauley, D., Pinsky, M., Palumbi, S., Estes, J., Joyce, F., & Warner, R. (2015, January 16). I-Marine defaunation: Ukulahlekelwa kwezilwane olwandle olwandle. Isayensi, i-347(6219). Kubuyiswe kusuka: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6219/1255641
Abantu bazithinte kakhulu izilwane zasendle zasolwandle kanye nokusebenza nokwakheka kolwandle. Ukonakala olwandle, noma ukulahleka kwezilwane okubangelwa abantu olwandle, kwavela emakhulwini eminyaka edlule. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kusongela ukusheshisa ukonakala olwandle phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elizayo. Esinye sezizathu eziyinhloko zokulahlekelwa kwezilwane zasendle zasolwandle ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, okugwemeka ngokungenelela okuqinile nokubuyiselwa.
Deutsch, C., Ferrel, A., Seibel, B., Portner, H., & Huey, R. (2015, June 05). Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuqinisa isithiyo se-metabolic ezindaweni zasolwandle. Isayensi, i-348(6239), 1132-1135. Kubuyiswe kusuka: science.sciencemag.org/content/348/6239/1132
Kokubili ukufudumala kolwandle nokulahlekelwa komoyampilo oncibilikile kuzoshintsha kakhulu imvelo yasolwandle. Kuleli khulu leminyaka, inkomba ye-metabolic yolwandle olungenhla ibikezelwa ukuthi izokwehla ngo-20% emhlabeni jikelele kanye nama-50% ezifundeni ezisenyakatho ze-latitude. Lokhu kuphoqelela ukufinyela okuqondile nokuma mpo kwezindawo zokuhlala ezisebenza kahle nge-metabolic kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo. Ithiyori ye-metabolic ye-ecology ikhombisa ukuthi usayizi womzimba nezinga lokushisa lithonya amazinga ezinto eziphilayo, okungase kuchaze ukuguquguquka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane eziphilayo lapho izinga lokushisa lishintsha ngokunikeza izimo ezingcono kakhulu eziphilayo ezithile.
Marcogilese, DJ (2008). Umthelela wokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kuma-parasites kanye nezifo ezithathelwanayo zezilwane zasemanzini. Ukubuyekezwa Kwesayensi Nobuchwepheshe kwe-Office International des Epizooties (Paris), 27(2), 467-484. Kubuyiswe kusuka: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/219d/8e86f333f2780174277b5e8c65d1c2aca36c.pdf
Ukusatshalaliswa kwezimuncagazi kanye namagciwane kuzothikamezeka ngokuqondile nangokungaqondile ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke, okungase kudlule kumawebhu okudla kube nemiphumela yawo wonke ama-ecosystem. Amazinga okudlulisela ama-parasites namagciwane ahlotshaniswa ngokuqondile nezinga lokushisa, izinga lokushisa elikhulayo liyakhula amazinga okudlulisela. Obunye ubufakazi buphinde buphakamise ukuthi i-virulence nayo ihlotshaniswa ngokuqondile.
Barry, JP, Baxter, CH, Sagarin, RD, & Gilman, SE (1995, February 3). Izinguquko ezihlobene nesimo sezulu, zesikhathi eside zezilwane emphakathini onamadwala ase-California. Isayensi, i-267(5198), 672-675. Kubuyiswe kusuka: doi.org/10.1126/science.267.5198.672
Izilwane ezingenamgogodla emphakathini ophakathi kwamadwala aseCalifornia ziye zashintshela enyakatho lapho ziqhathanisa izikhathi zokutadisha ezimbili, eyodwa kusukela ngo-1931-1933 kanti enye kusukela ngo-1993-1994. Lokhu kushintshela enyakatho kuyahambisana nezibikezelo zoshintsho oluhambisana nokufudumala kwesimo sezulu. Uma kuqhathaniswa amazinga okushisa avela ezikhathini zokutadisha ezimbili, isilinganiso samazinga okushisa asehlobo phakathi nenkathi ka-1983-1993 ayefudumele ngo-2.2˚C kunesilinganiso samazinga okushisa asehlobo aphezulu kusukela ngo-1921-1931.
IBUYELA TOP
7. Imithelela Yokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu Ezifuleni Zamakhorali
U-Figueiredo, J., Thomas, CJ, Deleersnijder, E., Lambrechts, J., Baird, AH, Connolly, SR, & Hanert, E. (2022). Ukufudumala Kwembulunga yonke Kwehlisa Ukuxhumana Phakathi Kwabantu Bama-Coral. Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu, 12(1), 83-87
Ukwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa emhlabeni wonke kubulala amakhorali futhi kunciphisa ukuxhumana kwabantu. Ukuxhumana kwamakhorali yindlela amakhorali angawodwana kanye nezakhi zawo zofuzo ezishintshaniswa ngayo phakathi kwabantu abancane abahlukanisiwe ngokwendawo, okungaba nomthelela omkhulu ekutheni amakhorali alulame ngemva kweziphazamiso (njengalezo ezibangelwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu) kuncike kakhulu ekuxhumekeni kwezixhobo zamatshe. Ukwenza izivikelo zisebenze kakhudlwana izikhala phakathi kwezindawo ezivikelwe kufanele zincishiswe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuxhumana kwezixhobo.
I-Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN). (2021, Okthoba). Isimo Sesithupha Samakhorali Omhlaba: Umbiko wango-2020. I-GCRMN. PDF.
Ukufakwa kwezixhobo zamakhorali olwandle kwehle ngo-14% kusukela ngo-2009 ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Lokhu kuncipha kuyimbangela yokukhathazeka okukhulu njengoba amakhorali engenaso isikhathi esanele sokululama phakathi kwezenzakalo zokushibilika kobuningi.
U-Principe, SC, Acosta, AL, Andrade, JE, & Lotufo, T. (2021). Ukushintsha Okubikezelwe Ekusatshalalisweni Kwamakhorali Okwakha Izinto Ezingumthombo Wase-Atlantic Lapho Kubhekene Nokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu. Imingcele kuSayensi Yasolwandle, 912.
Izinhlobo ezithile zamakhorali zidlala indima ekhethekile njengabakhi bezixhobo zokusebenza, futhi izinguquko ekusabalaliseni kwazo ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuza nemiphumela ye-ecosystem ewohlokayo. Lolu cwaningo luhlanganisa ukuqagela kwamanje nokuzayo kwezinhlobo ezintathu ze-Atlantic reef builder ezibalulekile empilweni ye-ecosystem isiyonke. Izixhobo zamakhorali ngaphakathi kolwandle lwe-Atlantic zidinga izinyathelo eziphuthumayo zokongiwa kwemvelo kanye nokubusa okungcono ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphila kwazo nokuvuselelwa ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Brown, K., Bender-Champ, D., Kenyon, T., Rémond, C., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., & Dove, S. (2019, February 20). Imiphumela yesikhashana yokufudumala kolwandle kanye ne-acidification emqhudelwaneni wama-coral-algal. I-Coral Reefs, i-38(2), 297-309. Kubuyiswe kusuka: link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00338-019-01775-y
Izixhobo zamakhorali kanye ne-algae zibalulekile kuma-ecosystem olwandle futhi ziyaqhudelana ngenxa yezinsiza ezilinganiselwe. Ngenxa yokufudumala kwamanzi kanye ne-asidi ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, lo mncintiswano uyashintshwa. Ukuze kuncishiswe imiphumela ehlanganisiwe yokufudumala kolwandle kanye ne-asidi, ukuhlolwa kwenziwa, kodwa ngisho ne-photosynthesis ethuthukisiwe yayinganele ukulungisa imiphumela futhi kokubili amakhorali nolwelwe kuye kwanciphisa ukusinda, ukubala, kanye nekhono le-photosynthetic.
Bruno, J., Côté, I., & Toth, L. (2019, January). Ukuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu, Ukulahleka Kwe-Coral, kanye Nendaba Enelukuluku ye-Parrotfish Paradigm: Kungani Izindawo Zasolwandle Ezivikelekile Zingathuthukisi Ukusimama Kwezidwala? Ukubuyekezwa Konyaka Kwesayensi Yasolwandle, 11, 307-334. Kubuyiswe kusuka: yearreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-marine-010318-095300
Amakhorali akha izixhobo acekelwa phansi ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ukuze kuliwe nalokhu, kwamiswa izindawo ezivikelwe zasolwandle, kwalandela nokuvikelwa kwezinhlanzi ezidla uhlaza. Abanye bathi lawa maqhinga abe nomthelela omncane ekuqineni kwamakhorali kukonke ngoba ukucindezeleka kwabo okuyinhloko izinga lokushisa lolwandle elikhuphukayo. Ukusindisa amakhorali okwakha izixhobo, imizamo idinga ukudlula ezingeni lendawo. Ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu se-anthropogenic kumele kusukunyelwe ngqo njengoba kuyimbangela yokwehla kwamakhorali emhlabeni jikelele.
Cheal, A., MacNeil, A., Emslie, M., & Sweatman, H. (2017, January 31). Usongo lwezixhobo zamakhorali ngenxa yeziphepho ezinamandla kakhulu ngaphansi kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Global Change Biology. Kubuyiselwe kusuka ku: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.13593
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kukhulisa amandla eziphepho ezibangela ukucekelwa phansi kwamakhorali. Yize imvamisa yesishingishane mancane amathuba okuthi inyuke, umfutho wesishingishane uzokwanda ngenxa yokufudumala kwesimo sezulu. Ukwanda komfutho wesiphepho kuzosheshisa ukucekelwa phansi kwezixhobo zamakhorali kanye nokululama kancane ngemva kwesiphepho ngenxa yokuqothula kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nesiphepho.
Hughes, T., Barnes, M., Bellwood, D., Cinner, J., Cumming, G., Jackson, J., & Scheffer, M. (2017, May 31). Izixhobo zamakhorali e-Anthropocene. Imvelo, 546, 82-90. Kubuyiswe kusuka: nature.com/articles/nature22901
Izixhobo zolwandle ziwohloka ngokushesha ngenxa yochungechunge lwezishayeli ze-anthropogenic. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukubuyisela izixhobo ekucushweni kwazo okwedlule akuyona inketho. Ukuze kuliwe nokucekelwa phansi kwezixhobo, lesi sihloko sidinga izinguquko ezinkulu kusayensi nokuphatha ukuze kuqondiswe izixhobo zokusebenza kule nkathi kuyilapho kugcinwa umsebenzi wazo webhayoloji.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Poloczanska, E., Skirving, W., & Dove, S. (2017, May 29). I-Coral Reef Ecosystems ngaphansi kokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye ne-Ocean Acidification. Imingcele Yesayensi Yasolwandle. Kubuyiselwe kusuka ku: frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2017.00158/full
Ucwaningo seluqalile ukubikezela ukuqedwa kwezixhobo eziningi zamakhorali amanzi afudumele ngo-2040-2050 (nakuba amakhorali amanzi abandayo esengozini encane). Bagomela ngokuthi ngaphandle uma kwenziwa intuthuko esheshayo ekunciphiseni ukungcola, imiphakathi ethembele ezixhobo zamakhorali ukuze iphile ingase ibhekane nobumpofu, ukuphazamiseka komphakathi, nokungavikeleki kwesifunda.
Hughes, T., Kerry, J., & Wilson, S. (2017, March 16). Ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kanye nokuphindaphindeka kwenqwaba yamakhorali. Imvelo, 543, 373-377. Kubuyiswe kusuka: nature.com/articles/nature21707?dom=icopyright&src=syn
Izehlakalo zakamuva zokufiphala kwamakhorali eziphindaphindekayo ziye zahluka kakhulu ngokuqina. Isebenzisa uhlolo lwezixhobo zase-Australian namazinga okushisa olwandle, i-athikili ichaza ukuthi ikhwalithi yamanzi nokucindezela kokudoba kube nemiphumela emincane ekushiseni ngo-2016, okuphakamisa ukuthi izimo zendawo zinikeza ukuvikeleka okuncane emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
Torda, G., Donelson, J., Aranda, M., Barshis, D., Bay, L., Berumen, M., …, & Munday, P. (2017). Izimpendulo eziguqukayo ezisheshayo ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kumakhorali. Imvelo, 7, 627-636. Kubuyiswe kusuka: nature.com/articles/climate3374
Ikhono lezixhobo zamakhorali lokuzivumelanisa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu lizobaluleka ekuvezeni isiphetho sezixhobo. Le ndatshana ingena phakathi kwe-transgenerational plasticity phakathi kwamakhorali kanye nendima ye-epigenetics kanye nama-microbes ahambisana namakhorali kule nqubo.
Anthony, K. (2016, Novemba). I-Coral Reefs Ngaphansi Kokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu kanye Ne-Ocean Acidification: Izinselele Namathuba Okuphatha Nenqubomgomo. Ukubuyekezwa Konyaka Kwendawo Ezungezile Nezinsiza. Kubuyiselwe kusuka ku: yearreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085610
Uma kucatshangelwa ukuwohloka okusheshayo kwezixhobo zamakhorali ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye ne-acidification yolwandle, lesi sihloko siphakamisa imigomo engokoqobo yezinhlelo zokuphatha zesikali zesifunda nezendawo ezingase zithuthukise izinyathelo zokusimama.
Hoey, A., Howells, E., Johansen, J., Hobbs, JP, Messmer, V., McCowan, DW, & Pratchett, M. (2016, May 18). Intuthuko Yakamuva Yokuqonda Imithelela Yokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu Ezifuleni Zamakhorali. Ukwehluka. Kubuyiselwe kusuka ku: mdpi.com/1424-2818/8/2/12
Ubufakazi buphakamisa ukuthi izixhobo zamakhorali zingase zibe namandla okuphendula ukufudumala, kodwa akucaci ukuthi lezi zimo zingahambisana yini nesivinini esikhula ngokushesha sokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Kodwa-ke, imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ihlanganiswa nezinye iziphazamiso ezihlukahlukene ze-anthropogenic okwenza kube nzima ngamakhorali ukuphendula.
Ainsworth, T., Heron, S., Ortiz, JC, Mumby, P., Grech, A., Ogawa, D., Eakin, M., & Leggat, W. (2016, April 15). Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kukhubaza ukuvikelwa kokufiphala kwamakhorali ku-Great Barrier Reef. Isayensi, i-352(6283), 338-342. Kubuyiswe kusuka: science.sciencemag.org/content/352/6283/338
Isimo samanje sokufudumala kwamazinga okushisa, okuvimbela ukujwayeleka, kuye kwaphumela ekwenyukeni kokukhanya nokushona kwezinto eziphilayo zamakhorali. Le miphumela ibidlulele kakhulu ngemuva konyaka we-El Nino ka-2016.
Graham, N., Jennings, S., MacNeil, A., Mouillot, D., & Wilson, S. (2015, February 05). Ukubikezela umbuso oqhutshwa yisimo sezulu uyagudluka uqhathanisa namandla okuphindaphinda kwezixhobo zamakhorali. Imvelo, 518, 94-97. Kubuyiswe kusuka: nature.com/articles/nature14140
Ukufiphala kwamakhorali ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungenye yezinsongo ezinkulu ezibhekene nezixhobo zamakhorali. Le ndatshana icubungula izimpendulo zamadwala esikhathi eside ekuncibilikeni okukhulu kwekhorali okubangelwe yisimo sezulu wamakhorali ase-Indo-Pacific futhi ihlonze izici zamadwala ezithanda ukuphindeka kabusha. Ababhali bahlose ukusebenzisa abakutholile ukwazisa izinqubo zokuphatha ezihamba phambili zesikhathi esizayo.
Spalding, MD, & B. Brown. (2015, Novemba 13). Izixhobo zamakhorali ezinamanzi afudumele kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Isayensi, i-350(6262), 769-771. Kubuyiswe kusuka: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/350/6262/769
Izixhobo zamakhorali zisekela izinhlelo ezinkulu zokuphila zasolwandle kanye nokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezibalulekile ze-ecosystem ezigidini zabantu. Nokho, izinsongo ezaziwayo ezinjengokudoba ngokweqile nokungcoliswa kwemvelo zihlanganiswa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ikakhulukazi ukufudumala nokugcwala kwe-asidi olwandle ukuze kwandiswe umonakalo ezitsheni zamakhorali. Lesi sihloko sinikeza umbono omfishane wemiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ezindaweni zamakhorali.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Eakin, CM, Hodgson, G., Sale, PF, & Veron, JEN (2015, Disemba). Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Kusongela Ukusinda Kwezixhobo Zamakhorali. Isitatimende Sesivumelwano se-ISRS Ngokushiswa Kwe-Coral Nokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu. Kubuyiselwe kusuka ku: https://www.icriforum.org/sites/default/files/2018%20ISRS%20Consensus%20Statement%20on%20Coral%20Bleaching%20%20Climate%20Change%20final_0.pdf
Izixhobo zamakhorali zihlinzeka ngezimpahla namasevisi enani okungenani ama-US$30 wezigidigidi ngonyaka futhi zisekela okungenani abantu abayizigidi ezingu-500 emhlabeni wonke. Ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, izixhobo ezisetshenziswayo zisengozini enkulu uma izinyathelo zokunqanda ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni zingathathwa ngokushesha. Lesi sitatimende sikhishwe ngokuhambisana neNkomfa Yokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu yaseParis ngoDisemba 2015.
IBUYELA TOP
8. Imithelela Yokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu e-Arctic nase-Antarctic
Sohail, T., Zika, J., Irving, D., and Church, J. (2022, February 24). Ibhekwe Ezokuthutha Zamanzi Ahlanzekile e-Poleward Kusukela ngo-1970. Nature. Vol. 602, 617-622. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04370-w
Phakathi kuka-1970 no-2014 amandla omjikelezo wamanzi emhlabeni wonke akhuphuke ngamaphesenti angama-7.4, lapho ukumodela kwangaphambilini kwaphakamisa izilinganiso zokunyuka kwama-2-4%. Amanzi ahlanzekile afudumele adonselwa ngasezigxotsheni ashintsha izinga lokushisa lolwandle lwethu, okuqukethwe kwamanzi ahlanzekile, nosawoti. Ukushintsha kwamandla okwandayo kumjikelezo wamanzi womhlaba wonke kungenzeka kwenze izindawo ezomile zome nezindawo ezimanzi zibemanzi.
Inyanga, TA, ML Druckenmiller., kanye no-RL Thoman, Eds. (2021, Disemba). Ikhadi Lombiko We-Arctic: Isibuyekezo sango-2021. NOAA. https://doi.org/10.25923/5s0f-5163
I-2021 Arctic Report Card (ARC2021) kanye nevidiyo enamathiselwe ikhombisa ukuthi ukufudumala okusheshayo nokuzwakalayo kuyaqhubeka nokudala ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kwempilo yasolwandle yase-Arctic. Amathrendi e-Arctic ebanzi ahlanganisa ukuhlaza kwe-tundra, ukwanda kokuphuma kwemifula ye-Arctic, ukulahlekelwa umthamo weqhwa olwandle, umsindo wolwandle, ukunwetshwa kohla lwama-beaver, kanye nezingozi zeqhwa.
Strycker, N., Wethington, M., Borowicz, A., Forrest, S., Witharana, C., Hart, T., kanye no-H. Lynch. (2020). Ukuhlolwa Kwesibalo Sabantu Emhlabeni Wonke kweChinstrap Penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica). Umbiko Wesayensi Umq. 10, Isigaba 19474. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76479-3
Ama-penguin ama-Chinstrap ajwayelene nemvelo yawo e-Antarctic ngendlela ehlukile; nokho, abacwaningi babika ukuncipha kwenani labantu kuma-45% wamakoloni epenguin kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1980. Abacwaningi bathola ezinye izakhamuzi ezingu-23 zamaphengwini e-chinstrap angasekho phakathi nohambo lwangoJanuwari ka-2020. Nakuba ukuhlola okuqondile kungatholakali ngalesi sikhathi, ukuba khona kwezindawo ezilahliwe zokuzalela kubonisa ukuthi ukwehla kusabalele. Kukholelwa ukuthi amanzi afudumalayo anciphisa iqhwa lasolwandle kanye ne-phytoplankton i-krill ethembele kuyo ukuze iwudle ukudla okuyinhloko kwama-chinstrap penguin. Kuphakanyiswa ukuthi i-acidification yolwandle ingase ithinte ikhono lepenguin lokuzala.
Smith, B., Fricker, H., Gardner, A., Medley, B., Nilsson, J., Paolo, F., Holschuh, N., Adusumilli, S., Brunt, K., Csatho, B., U-Harbeck, K., Markus, T., Neumann, T., Siegfried M., no-Zwally, H. (2020, Ephreli). I-Pervasive Ice Sheet Ukulahlekelwa Okuningi Kubonisa Izinqubo Eziqhudelanayo Zasolwandle Nomkhathi. Umagazini Wesayensi. I-DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz5845
I-NASA's Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite-2, noma i-ICESat-2, eyethulwe ngo-2018, manje isihlinzeka ngedatha yoguquko mayelana nokuncibilika kwe-glacial. Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi phakathi kuka-2003 no-2009 iqhwa elanele lancibilika ukuze likhuphule amazinga olwandle ngamamilimitha angu-14 ukusuka eGreenland nase-Antarctica.
Rohling, E., Hibbert, F., Grant, K., Galaasen, E., Irval, N., Kleiven, H., Marino, G., Ninnemann, U., Roberts, A., Rosenthal, Y., Schulz, H., Williams, F., kanye no-Yu, J. (2019). Iminikelo ye-Asynchronous Antarctic kanye ne-Greenland Ice-volume ku-Last Interglacial Sea-ice Highstand. Ukuxhumana Kwemvelo 10:5040 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12874-3
Isikhathi sokugcina lapho amazinga olwandle ephakama ngaphezu kwezinga lawo lamanje kwakungenkathi yokugcina yokuhlangana kweqhwa, cishe eminyakeni eyi-130,000-118,000 edlule. Abacwaningi bathole ukuthi indawo ephakeme yokuqala yezinga lolwandle (ngaphezulu kuka-0m) ku-~129.5 kuya ku-~124.5 ka kanye nezinga le-interglacial interglacial sea-level liyakhuphuka ngezinga lezehlakalo zokukhuphuka okungu-2.8, 2.3, kanye no-0.6mc−1. Ukukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle esikhathini esizayo kungase kushukunyiswe ukulahlekelwa okukhulu okusheshayo okuvela eNtshonalanga ye-Antarctic Ice Sheet. Kunamathuba akhulayo okukhuphuka ngokwedlulele kwezinga lolwandle esikhathini esizayo ngokusekelwe kudatha yomlando kusukela esikhathini sokugcina se-interglazing.
Imithelela Yokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Ezinhlotsheni Ze-Arctic. (2019) Iphepha leqiniso elivela I-Aspen Institute & SeaWeb. Kubuyiselwe kusuka ku: https://assets.aspeninstitute.org/content/uploads/files/content/upload/ee_3.pdf
Iphepha leqiniso elinezithombe eligqamisa izinselelo zocwaningo lwe-Arctic, isikhathi esifushane uma kuqhathaniswa nocwaningo lwezinhlobo zezilwane eziye lwenziwa, kanye nokubeka imiphumela yokulahlekelwa yiqhwa olwandle neminye imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Christian, C. (2019, January) Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu kanye ne-Antarctic. I-Antarctic & Southern Ocean Coalition. Ibuyiselwe kusuka https://www.asoc.org/advocacy/climate-change-and-the-antarctic
Lesi sihloko esifingqiwe sinikeza umbono omuhle kakhulu wemiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu e-Antarctic kanye nomthelela wako ezinhlotsheni zasolwandle lapho. I-West Antarctic Peninsula ingenye yezindawo ezishisa kakhulu eMhlabeni, inezindawo ezithile kuphela ze-Arctic Circle ezithola amazinga okushisa akhuphuka ngokushesha. Lokhu kufudumala ngokushesha kuthinta wonke amaleveli ewebhu yokudla emanzini ase-Antarctic.
Katz, C. (2019, May 10) Alien Waters: Izilwandle Ezingomakhelwane Zigelezela Olwandle Olufudumele lwe-Arctic. I-Yale Environment 360. Ibuyiselwe kusuka https://e360.yale.edu/features/alien-waters-neighboring-seas-are-flowing-into-a-warming-arctic-ocean
Isihloko sidingida "i-Atlantification" kanye "nePacification" yoLwandlekazi i-Arctic njengamanzi afudumalayo avumela izinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane ukuba zifudukele enyakatho futhi ziphazamise imisebenzi ye-ecosystem nemijikelezo yokuphila eye yavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi phakathi kwe-Arctic Ocean.
MacGilchrist, G., Naveira-Garabato, AC, Brown, PJ, Juillion, L., Bacon, S., & Bakker, DCE (2019, Agasti 28). Ukwenza kabusha umjikelezo wekhabhoni we-subpolar Southern Ocean. Intuthuko Yesayensi, 5(8), 6410. Kutholwe: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav6410
Isimo sezulu somhlaba sizwela kakhulu ku-physical and biogeochemical dynamics in the subpolar Southern Ocean, ngoba kulapho lezo zingqimba ezijulile, ezinothe ngekhabhoni zolwandle lomhlaba zishintshana ngekhabhoni nomkhathi. Ngakho-ke, ukuthi ukumuncwa kwekhabhoni kusebenza kanjani lapho kufanele kuqondwe kahle njengendlela yokuqonda ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu okwedlule nesikhathi esizayo. Ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni lwabo, ababhali bakholelwa ukuthi uhlaka oluvamile lomjikelezo wekhabhoni we-subpolar Southern Ocean ngokuyisisekelo lumelela kabi abashayeli besifunda sokutholwa kwekhabhoni. Okuphawuliwe ku-Weddell Gyre kubonisa ukuthi izinga lokuthathwa kwekhabhoni lihlelwa ngokuhlangana phakathi kokuzungeza okuvundlile kwe-Gyre kanye nokwenziwa kabusha kwe-remineralization phakathi nokujula kwe-organic carbon etholakala ekukhiqizweni kwe-biological ku-central gyre.
I-Woodgate, R. (2018, Januwari) Ikhula ngokungena kwe-Pacific ukuya e-Arctic kusukela ngo-1990 kuya ku-2015, kanye nemininingwane yamathrendi esizini nezindlela zokushayela kusukela kudatha yonyaka wonke ye-Bering Strait. Inqubekelaphambili ku-Oceanography, 160, 124-154 Kubuyiswe ku: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079661117302215
Ngalolu cwaningo, olwenziwa kusetshenziswa idatha evela kuma-mooring buoys unyaka wonke eBering Strait, umbhali wathola ukuthi ukugeleza kwamanzi enyakatho ngendlela eqondile kuye kwanda kakhulu eminyakeni eyi-15, nokuthi ushintsho alubangelwanga umoya wendawo noma esinye isimo sezulu. imicimbi, kodwa ngenxa yamanzi afudumele. Ukwanda kwezokuthutha kuphumela ekugelezeni okuqinile okuya enyakatho (hhayi izehlakalo ezimbalwa zokugeleza okuya eningizimu), okuletha ukwanda ngo-150% kumandla e-kinetic, okungenzeka kube nomthelela ekumisweni okuphansi, ukuxubana, kanye nokuguguleka komhlabathi. Kuphinde kwaphawulwa ukuthi izinga lokushisa lamanzi ageleza abheke enyakatho lalifudumele kune-0 degrees C ezinsukwini eziningi ngo-2015 kunasekuqaleni kwesethi yedatha.
Stone, DP (2015). I-Arctic Environment Eshintshayo. ENew York, eNew York: I-Cambridge University Press.
Kusukela inguquko yezimboni, imvelo yase-Arctic iba noshintsho olungakaze lubonwe ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu. Imvelo ebonakala ihlanzekile yase-arctic futhi ikhombisa amazinga aphezulu amakhemikhali anobuthi kanye nokufudumala okwandayo okuqale ukuba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu esimweni sezulu kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba. Etshelwa nge-Arctic Messenger, umbhali uDavid Stone uhlola ukuqapha kwesayensi futhi amaqembu anethonya aholele ezenzweni zomthetho zamazwe omhlaba zokunciphisa ukulimala endaweni yase-arctic.
Wohlforth, C. (2004). Umkhomo kanye ne-Supercomputer: ENyakatho Front of Climate Change. ENew York: I-North Point Press.
Umkhomo kanye ne-Supercomputer baluka izindaba zomuntu siqu zososayensi abacwaninga ngesimo sezulu ngesipiliyoni se-Inupiat yasenyakatho ye-Alaska. Le ncwadi ichaza ngokulinganayo imikhuba yokudoba imikhomo nolwazi lwendabuko lwe-Inupiaq njengezinyathelo eziqhutshwa idatha zeqhwa, ukuncibilika kweqhwa, i-albedo -okungukuthi, ukukhanya okuboniswa iplanethi- kanye nezinguquko zebhayoloji ezibonakala ezilwaneni nasezinambuzaneni. Incazelo yala masiko amabili ivumela abangebona ososayensi ukuthi bahlobane nezibonelo zakuqala zokuguquka kwesimo sezulu okuthinta imvelo.
IBUYELA TOP
9. Ukususwa Kwe-Carbon Dioxide Esekelwe Olwandle (CDR)
U-Tyka, M., Arsdale, C., no-Platt, J. (2022, Januwari 3). I-CO2 Thwebula Ngokumpompa I-Acidity Yomhlaba kuya ku-Deep Ocean. Amandla Nesayensi Yezemvelo. I-DOI: 10.1039/d1ee01532j
Kunethuba lobuchwepheshe obusha - njengokumpompa i-alkalinity - ukufaka isandla kwiphothifoliyo yobuchwepheshe bokususwa kwe-Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR), nakuba kungenzeka bubize kakhulu kunezindlela zasogwini ngenxa yezinselele zobunjiniyela basolwandle. Kudingeka ucwaningo olwengeziwe ukuze kuhlolwe ukuba nokwenzeka kanye nezingozi ezihlobene nokuguqulwa kwe-alkalinity yolwandle nezinye izindlela zokususa. Ukulingisa nokuhlola okuncane kunemikhawulo futhi akukwazi ukubikezela ngokugcwele ukuthi izindlela ze-CDR zizoyithinta kanjani i-ecosystem yolwandle uma ibekwa esilinganisweni sokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 kwamanje.
Castañón, L. (2021, Disemba 16). Ulwandle Lwethuba: Ukuhlola Izingozi Ezingaba Khona kanye Nemivuzo Yezixazululo Ezisekelwe Olwandle Zokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu. I-Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Kubuyiswe kusuka: https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/an-ocean-of-opportunity/
Ulwandle luyingxenye ebalulekile yenqubo yokuthathwa kwekhabhoni yemvelo, lusakaza ikhabhoni eyeqile emoyeni iye emanzini futhi ekugcineni iyicwilise olwandle. Amanye amabhondi e-carbon dioxide anamatshe aguquguqukayo noma amagobolondo ayikhiyela esimweni esisha, futhi ulwelwe lwasolwandle luthatha amanye amabhondi ekhabhoni, luwahlanganise nomjikelezo wemvelo wemvelo. Izixazululo ze-Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) zihlose ukulingisa noma ukuthuthukisa le mijikelezo yemvelo yokugcina ikhabhoni. Lesi sihloko sigqamisa ubungozi nokuguquguquka okuzothinta impumelelo yamaphrojekthi e-CDR.
Cornwall, W. (2021, Disemba 15). Ukuze Udwebe Ikhabhoni Phansi futhi Upholise Iplanethi, Ukuvundisa Olwandle Kuthola Okunye Ukubukeka. Isayensi, 374. Kutholwe ku: https://www.science.org/content/article/draw-down-carbon-and-cool-planet-ocean-fertilization-gets-another-look
I-Ocean fertilization iwuhlobo olunepolitiki lokususwa kwe-Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) olwalubhekwa njengobudedengu. Manje, abacwaningi bahlela ukuthela amathani ayi-100 ensimbi endaweni engamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-1000 oLwandle lwase-Arabia. Umbuzo obalulekile obuzwayo ukuthi ingakanani ikhabhoni emuncwe eyenza ingene ekujuleni kolwandle kunokuba idliwe ezinye izinto eziphilayo futhi iphinde ikhishwe endaweni ezungezile. Abagxeki bendlela yokuzala bayaqaphela ukuthi ukuhlola kwakamuva kokuhlolwa kwe-13 okudlule kokuvundisa kuthole eyodwa kuphela eyandisa amazinga ekhabhoni yolwandle ejulile. Nakuba imiphumela engaba khona ikhathaza abanye, abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ukulinganisa ubungozi obungaba khona kungesinye isizathu sokuqhubekela phambili nocwaningo.
Izikhungo Zikazwelonke Zesayensi, Ubunjiniyela, Nezokwelapha. (2021, Disemba). Isu Lokucwaninga Lokususwa Kwe-Carbon Dioxide Esekelwe Olwandle Nokuthunjwa. Washington, DC: I-National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26278
Lo mbiko uncoma ukuthi i-United States yenze uhlelo locwaningo lwezigidi ezingu-$125 oluzinikele ekuhloleni izinselele zokuqonda zezindlela zokususa i-CO2 ezisekelwe olwandle, okuhlanganisa izithiyo zomnotho nezenhlalo. Izindlela eziyisithupha zokususwa kwe-Carbon Dioxide (CDR) ezisekelwe olwandle zahlolwa embikweni okuhlanganisa ukuvundiswa kwezakhi, ukukhushulwa nokwehliswa kokwenziwa, ukutshalwa kwezimila zasolwandle, ukubuyiswa kwe-ecosystem, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-alkalinity yolwandle, nezinqubo ze-electrochemical. Kusenemibono engqubuzanayo mayelana nezindlela ze-CDR phakathi komphakathi wesayensi, kodwa lo mbiko uphawula isinyathelo esiphawulekayo engxoxweni ngezincomo ezinesibindi ezibekwe ososayensi basolwandle.
I-Aspen Institute. (2021, Disemba 8). Isiqondiso Semiklamo Yokususa I-Carbon Dioxide Esekelwe Olwandle: Indlela Yokuthuthukisa Ikhodi Yokuziphatha. I-Aspen Institute. Kubuyiswe Ku: https://www.aspeninstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/files/content/docs/pubs/120721_Ocean-Based-CO2-Removal_E.pdf
Amaphrojekthi asekelwe e-Ocean-based Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) angaba nenzuzo enkulu kunamaphrojekthi asekelwe emhlabeni, ngenxa yokutholakala kwendawo, amathuba emisebenzi eyenziwa ezindaweni ezihlangene, kanye namaphrojekthi ahlomula ngokubambisana (okuhlanganisa ukunciphisa ukugcwala kolwandle, ukukhiqizwa kokudla, nokukhiqizwa kwe-biofuel. ). Kodwa-ke, amaphrojekthi e-CDR abhekene nezinselelo ezihlanganisa imithelela engaba khona engaba khona engafundwanga kahle, imithetho nezindawo ezingaqinisekile, ubunzima bokusebenza, namazinga ahlukahlukene empumelelo. Ucwaningo oluningi oluncane luyadingeka ukuze kuchazwe futhi kuqinisekiswe amandla okususwa kwe-carbon dioxide, kukhathalogi okungenzeka kube khona kwezemvelo nenhlalo yomphakathi, kanye nokulandisa ngokubusa, uxhaso, kanye nezindaba zokuyeka.
Batres, M., Wang, FM, Buck, H., Kapila, R., Kosar, U., Licker, R., … & Suarez, V. (2021, July). Ubulungiswa Bezemvelo Nesimo Sezulu kanye Nokususwa Kwekhabhoni Yezobuchwepheshe. I-Electricity Journal, 34(7), 107002.
Izindlela Zokususa I-Carbon Dioxide (CDR) kufanele zisetshenziswe kucatshangelwa ubulungiswa nokulingana, futhi imiphakathi yendawo lapho amaphrojekthi angase akhiwe kufanele ibe wumnyombo wokuthatha izinqumo. Imiphakathi ivamise ukuntula izinsiza nolwazi lokubamba iqhaza nokutshala imali emizamweni ye-CDR. Ubulungiswa bezemvelo kufanele buhlale buhamba phambili ekuqhubekeleni phambili kwephrojekthi ukuze kugwenywe imiphumela emibi emiphakathini evele isithwele kanzima.
Fleming, A. (2021, Juni 23). Ukufafaza Kwamafu Nokubulawa Kwesiphepho: Indlela I-Ocean Geoengineering Eba Ngayo Umngcele Wenkinga Yesimo Sezulu. The Guardian. Kubuyiswe kusuka: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jun/23/cloud-spraying-and-hurricane-slaying-could-geoengineering-fix-the-climate-crisis
U-Tom Green unethemba lokucwilisa amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ze-CO2 phansi olwandle ngokuphonsa isihlabathi sedwala lentaba-mlilo olwandle. Uhlaza luthi uma isihlabathi sifakwe ku-2% wogu lomhlaba singathatha u-100% wekhabhoni yethu yaminyaka yonke ekhishwa minyaka yonke. Ubukhulu bamaphrojekthi e-CDR adingekayo ukuze kubhekwane namazinga ethu amanje okukhipha umoya kwenza wonke amaphrojekthi abe nzima ukukalwa. Kungenjalo, ukulungisa kabusha ugu olunemihlume, amaxhaphozi kasawoti, notshani basolwandle kokubili kubuyisela imvelo futhi kubambe i-CO2 ngaphandle kokubhekana nezingozi ezinkulu zokungenelela kwe-CDR yobuchwepheshe.
Gertner, J. (2021, Juni 24). Ingabe I-Carbontech Revolution isiqalile? I-New York Times.
Ubuchwepheshe be-Direct carbon capture (DCC) bukhona, kodwa buhlala bubiza. Imboni yeCarbonTech manje isiqala ukudayisela kabusha ikhabhoni ethathiwe emabhizinisini angayisebenzisa emikhiqizweni yawo bese enciphisa ukukhishwa kwawo. Imikhiqizo engathathi hlangothi noma ene-carbon-negative ingaba ngaphansi kwesigaba esikhulu semikhiqizo esetshenziswa ikhabhoni eyenza ukubanjwa kwekhabhoni kube nenzuzo ngenkathi ikhanga emakethe. Nakuba ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kungeke kulungiswe ngamata namateku e-CO2 yoga, kumane nje kungesinye isinyathelo esincane endleleni efanele.
Hirschlag, A. (2021, Juni 8). Ukuze Balwe Nokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu, Abacwaningi Bafuna Ukudonsa I-Carbon Dioxide Olwandle Bayiguqule Ibe Yidwala. Smithsonian. Kubuyiswe kusuka: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/combat-climate-change-researchers-want-to-pull-carbon-dioxide-from-ocean-and-turn-it-into-rock-180977903/
Enye indlela ehlongozwayo Yokukhipha I-Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) iwukwethula i-mesor hydroxide (izinto ezine-alkali) eshajwa ngogesi olwandle ukuze kuqalise ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okungaholela ematsheni e-carbonate limestone. Itshe lalingase lisetshenziselwe ukwakha, kodwa cishe amadwala ayezophelela olwandle. Ukukhishwa kwe-limestone kungaphazamisa imvelo yasolwandle yasendaweni, kunqande impilo yezitshalo futhi kuguqule kakhulu izindawo zokuhlala ezingaphansi kolwandle. Kodwa-ke, abacwaningi baveza ukuthi amanzi aphumayo azoba ne-alkaline kancane enamandla okunciphisa imiphumela ye-acidification yolwandle endaweni yokwelapha. Ukwengeza, igesi ye-hydrogen ingaba umkhiqizo ongathengiswa ukuze usize ukunciphisa izindleko zesitolimende. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukukhombisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe busebenza ngezinga elikhulu futhi bunomnotho.
Healey, P., Scholes, R., Lefale, P., & Yanda, P. (2021, May). Ukukhipha Ikhabhoni Ebusayo Ye-Net-Zero Ukugwema Ukungalingani Okugxilile. Imingcele Yesimo Sezulu, I-3, i-38. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.672357
Ubuchwepheshe bokususwa kwe-Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR), njengokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, buhlanganiswe nezingozi nokungalingani, futhi lesi sihloko sihlanganisa izincomo ezisebenzayo zesikhathi esizayo ukubhekana nalokhu kungalingani. Njengamanje, ulwazi olukhulayo kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kubuchwepheshe be-CDR kugxile enyakatho yomhlaba. Uma le phethini iqhubeka, izokwandisa kuphela ukungabi nabulungisa kwemvelo emhlabeni wonke kanye negebe lokufinyeleleka uma kuziwa ekuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu kanye nezixazululo zesimo sezulu.
Meyer, A., & Spalding, MJ (2021, March). Ukuhlaziywa Okubalulekile Kwemiphumela Yasolwandle Yokususwa KweCarbon Dioxide Nge-Direct Air kanye ne-Ocean Capture - Ingabe Isixazululo Esiphephile Nesimeme? I-Ocean Foundation.
Ubuchwepheshe obusafufusa bokususa i-Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) bungadlala indima esekelayo ezisombululweni ezinkulu ekuguqukeni ekushiseni izibaseli ezimbiwa phansi kuye kugridi yamandla ehlanzekile, elinganayo, eqhubekayo. Phakathi kwalobu buchwepheshe kubalwa i-direct air capture (DAC) kanye ne-direct ocean capture (DOC), zombili ezisebenzisa umshini ukukhipha i-CO2 emkhathini noma olwandle bese ziyihambisa ezindaweni zokugcina ezingaphansi komhlaba noma zisebenzise ikhabhoni ebanjiwe ukuze kutholwe uwoyela emithonjeni edabukile. Njengamanje, ubuchwepheshe bokuthwebula ikhabhoni buyabiza kakhulu futhi bubeka engcupheni izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle, imvelo yasolwandle kanye nasogwini, kanye nemiphakathi egudle ugu kuhlanganisa nabantu boMdabu. Ezinye izixazululo ezisekelwe emvelweni ezihlanganisa: ukubuyiselwa kwemihlume, ukulima kabusha, kanye nokutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi kusalokhu kunenzuzo ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, umphakathi, kanye nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwezingozi eziningi ezihambisana ne-DAC/DOC yobuchwepheshe. Nakuba ubungozi kanye nokuba nokwenzeka kobuchwepheshe bokususwa kwekhabhoni bucutshungulwa ngokufanelekile ukuya phambili, kubalulekile “okokuqala, ungalimazi” ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi imiphumela emibi ayivezwa emhlabeni wethu oyigugu nasezisimisweni zemvelo zasolwandle.
Isikhungo Somthetho Wezemvelo Wamazwe Ngamazwe. (2021, Mashi 18). I-Ocean Ecosystems & Geoengineering: Inothi lesethulo.
Izindlela zokususa i-Carbon Dioxide (CDR) ezisekelwe emvelweni endaweni yasolwandle zihlanganisa ukuvikela nokubuyisela imihlume yasogwini, imibhede yotshani basolwandle, namahlathi e-kelp. Noma zenza ubungozi obuncane kunezindlela zobuchwepheshe, kusenomonakalo ongaba ku-ecosystem yasolwandle. Izindlela zobuchwepheshe ezisekelwe olwandle ze-CDR zifuna ukuguqula i-chemistry yasolwandle ukuze ithathe i-CO2 eyengeziwe, okuhlanganisa nezibonelo okuxoxwe ngazo kabanzi zokuvundiswa kolwandle kanye ne-alkalinization yolwandle. Kumelwe kugxilwe ekuvimbeleni ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ebangelwa umuntu, kunezindlela eziguquguqukayo ezingenabufakazi zokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni emhlabeni.
Gattuso, JP, Williamson, P., Duarte, CM, & Magnan, AK (2021, January 25). Amathuba Esenzo Sesimo Sezulu Esisekelwe Olwandle: Ubuchwepheshe Bokungcoliswa Komsi Okubi kanye Nangaphezulu. Imingcele Yesimo Sezulu. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2020.575716
Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zokususwa kwe-carbon dioxide (CDR), izindlela ezine eziyinhloko ezisekelwe olwandle yilezi: i-bioenergy yasolwandle enokubanjwa nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni, ukubuyisela nokwandisa uhlaza olusogwini, ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqiza olwandle oluvulekile, ukuthuthukisa isimo sezulu kanye ne-alkaline. Lo mbiko uhlaziya lezi zinhlobo ezine bese uphikisa ukukhushulwa okubalulekile kocwaningo nentuthuko ye-CDR. Amasu asafika nokungaqiniseki okuningi, kodwa anamandla okusebenza ngempumelelo kakhulu endleleni yokunciphisa ukufudumala kwesimo sezulu.
Buck, H., Aines, R., et al. (2021). Imiqondo: I-Carbon Dioxide Removal Primer. Kubuyiswe Ku: https://cdrprimer.org/read/concepts
Umbhali uchaza ukususwa kwe-Carbon dioxide (CDR) njenganoma yimuphi umsebenzi osusa i-CO2 emkhathini futhi uyigcine ngokuqhubekayo ezindaweni ezigcina imvelo, zasemhlabeni, noma zasolwandle, noma emikhiqizweni. I-CDR ihlukile kune-geoengineering, njengoba, ngokungafani ne-geoengineering, amasu e-CDR asusa i-CO2 emkhathini, kodwa i-geoengineering imane igxile ekwehliseni izimpawu zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Amanye amagama amaningi abalulekile afakiwe kulo mbhalo, futhi usebenza njengesengezo esiwusizo engxoxweni enkulu.
Keith, H., Vardon, M., Obst, C., Young, V., Houghton, RA, & Mackey, B. (2021). Ukuhlola Izixazululo Ezisekelwe Emvelweni Zokunciphisa Isimo Sezulu Nokulondoloza Kudinga Ukubalwa Kwekhabhoni Okuphelele. Isayensi Yendawo Ephelele, I-769, i-144341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144341
Izixazululo ze-Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) ezisekelwe emvelweni ziyindlela ezuzisayo yokubhekana nenkinga yesimo sezulu, ehlanganisa i-carbon stocks nokugeleza. I-Flow-based carbon accounting ikhuthaza izixazululo zemvelo kuyilapho igqamisa ubungozi bokushiswa kwezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi.
Bertram, C., & Merk, C. (2020, Disemba 21). Imibono Yomphakathi Yokususwa Kwe-Carbon Dioxide Esekelwe Olwandle: I-Nature-Engineering Divide?. Imingcele Yesimo Sezulu, 31. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2020.594194
Ukwamukeleka komphakathi kwamasu okususa i-Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) esikhathini esiyi-15 edlule kuhlale kuphansi ezinhlelweni zobunjiniyela besimo sezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezixazululo ezisekelwe emvelweni. Ucwaningo lwemibono lugxile kakhulu kumbono womhlaba wonke wezindlela zobunjiniyela besimo sezulu noma umbono wendawo wezindlela zekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Imibono iyahluka kakhulu ngokuya ngendawo, imfundo, imali engenayo, njll. Zombili izindlela zobuchwepheshe nezemvelo zingase zibe negalelo kuphothifoliyo yezixazululo ze-CDR esetshenzisiwe, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukucabangela imibono yamaqembu azothinteka ngokuqondile.
ClimateWorks. (2020, Disemba 15). Ukususwa kwe-Ocean Carbon Dioxide (CDR). ClimateWorks. Kubuyiswe kusuka: https://youtu.be/brl4-xa9DTY.
Le vidiyo yopopayi yemizuzu emine ichaza imijikelezo yemvelo yekhabhoni yolwandle futhi yethula izindlela ezijwayelekile zokususa i-Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR). Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le vidiyo ayikhulumi ngezingozi zemvelo nezomphakathi zezindlela zobuchwepheshe ze-CDR, futhi ayifaki ezinye izixazululo ezisekelwe emvelweni.
Brent, K., Burns, W., McGee, J. (2019, Disemba 2). Ukubuswa Kwe-Marine Geoengineering: Umbiko Okhethekile. Centre for International Governance Innovation. Kubuyiswe kusuka: https://www.cigionline.org/publications/governance-marine-geoengineering/
Ukukhuphuka kobuchwepheshe be-marine geoengineering cishe kuzobeka izimfuno ezintsha ezinhlelweni zethu zomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ukuze zilawule ubungozi namathuba. Ezinye izinqubomgomo ezikhona zemisebenzi yasolwandle zingasebenza ku-geoengineering, nokho, imithetho yadalwa futhi kwaxoxiswana ngayo ngezinye izinjongo ngaphandle kwe-geoengineering. I-London Protocol, ukuchitshiyelwa kuka-2013 mayelana nokulahlwa kolwandle kuwumsebenzi wasemapulazini ofaneleka kakhulu kwezobunjiniyela basolwandle. Izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ezengeziwe ziyadingeka ukugcwalisa igebe ekubusweni kwe-marine geoengineering.
U-Gattuso, JP, Magnan, AK, Bopp, L., Cheung, WW, Duarte, CM, Hinkel, J., no-Rau, GH (2018, Okthoba 4). Izixazululo Zasolwandle Zokubhekana Nokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu kanye Nemiphumela Yaso Ezindaweni Eziphila Ngasolwandle. Imingcele kuSayensi Yasolwandle, 337. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00337
Kubalulekile ukunciphisa imithelela ehlobene nesimo sezulu kuhlelo lwendalo yasolwandle ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ukuvikelwa kwe-ecosystem endleleni yesixazululo. Kanjalo ababhali balolu cwaningo bahlaziye izindlela ezisuselwe olwandle eziyi-13 zokunciphisa ukufudumala kolwandle, i-acidification yolwandle, kanye nokukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle, okuhlanganisa izindlela zokuvundiswa kweCarbon Dioxide Removal (CDR), i-alkalinization, izindlela ezixubile zomhlaba-ocean, kanye nokubuyiselwa kwezixhobo. Ukuqhubekela phambili, ukuthunyelwa kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene ngezinga elincane kuzonciphisa izingozi nokungaqiniseki okuhambisana nokusatshalaliswa kwenani elikhulu.
UMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wocwaningo. (2015). Ukungenelela kwesimo sezulu: Ukususwa kwe-Carbon Dioxide kanye Nokuthunjwa Okuthembekile. I-National Academies Press.
Ukuthunyelwa kwanoma iyiphi indlela yokususwa kwe-Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) ihambisana nokungaqiniseki okuningi: ukusebenza kahle, izindleko, ukuphatha, izinto zangaphandle, izinzuzo ezihlangene, ukuphepha, ukulingana, njll. Incwadi, Ukungenelela Kwesimo Sezulu, ikhuluma ngokungaqiniseki, ukucatshangelwa okubalulekile, nezincomo zokuqhubekela phambili. . Lo mthombo uhlanganisa ukuhlaziya okuhle okuyisisekelo kobuchwepheshe obuyinhloko obusafufusa be-CDR. Amasu e-CDR angase angakhuli ukuze asuse inani elikhulu le-CO2, kodwa asadlala indima ebalulekile ohambweni oluya ku-net-zero, futhi kufanele kunakwe.
I-London Protocol. (2013, Okthoba 18). Ukuchitshiyelwa Kokulawula Ukubekwa Kodaba Lokuvundisa Olwandle kanye neminye Imisebenzi Ye-Marine Geoengineering. Isijobelelo 4.
Isichibiyelo sango-2013 se-London Protocol siyakwenqabela ukulahlwa kwemfucuza noma ezinye izinto olwandle ukuze kulawulwe futhi kukhawulelwe ukuvundiswa kolwandle namanye amasu e-geoengineering. Lesi sichibiyelo siyisichibiyelo sokuqala samazwe ngamazwe esidingida noma yimaphi amasu e-geoengineering azothinta izinhlobo zamaphrojekthi okususwa kwe-carbon dioxide angase ethulwe futhi ahlolwe endaweni ezungezile.
IBUYELA TOP
10. Ukuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu Nokwehlukahlukana, Ukulingana, Ukufakwa, Nobulungiswa (DEIJ)
Phillips, T. kanye neNkosi, F. (2021). Izinsiza Ezingu-5 Eziphezulu Zokubandakanyeka Komphakathi Ngokubuka Kwe-Deij. Iqembu Lokusebenza Lokuhlukahluka Kohlelo lwe-Chesapeake Bay. PDF.
I-Chesapeake Bay Programme's Diversity Workgroup ihlanganise inkomba yensiza yokuhlanganisa i-DEIJ kumaphrojekthi okubandakanya umphakathi. Iphepha lamaqiniso lihlanganisa izixhumanisi zolwazi ngobulungiswa bezemvelo, ukuchema okungacacile, nokulingana ngokwezinhlanga, kanye nezincazelo zamaqembu. Kubalulekile ukuthi i-DEIJ ihlanganiswe kuphrojekthi kusukela esigabeni sokuqala sokuthuthuka ukuze kube nokubandakanyeka okuphusile kwabo bonke abantu nemiphakathi ehilelekile.
Gardiner, B. (2020, Julayi 16). I-Ocean Justice: Lapho Ukulingana Komphakathi kanye Nokulwa Kwesimo Sezulu Kuhlangana khona. Ingxoxo no-Ayana Elizabeth Johnson. I-Yale Environment 360.
Ubulungiswa basolwandle busempambanweni yokongiwa kolwandle kanye nobulungiswa bezenhlalo, futhi izinkinga imiphakathi ezobhekana nazo ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu azipheli. Ukuxazulula inkinga yesimo sezulu akuyona nje inkinga yobunjiniyela kodwa inkinga evamile yomphakathi eshiya abaningi ngaphandle kwengxoxo. Inhlolokhono ephelele inconywa kakhulu futhi itholakala kusixhumanisi esilandelayo: https://e360.yale.edu/features/ocean-justice-where-social-equity-and-the-climate-fight-intersect.
Rush, E. (2018). Ukukhuphuka: Izimpahla ezivela ogwini olusha lwaseMelika. ECanada: I-Milkweed Editions.
Itshelwe ngesethulo somuntu wokuqala, umbhali u-Elizabeth Rush uxoxa ngemiphumela imiphakathi esengozini ebhekana nayo ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ukulandisa kwesitayela sobuntatheli kuhlanganisa ndawonye izindaba zangempela zemiphakathi yaseFlorida, eLouisiana, eRhode Island, eCalifornia, naseNew York ehlangabezane nemiphumela edabukisayo yeziphepho, isimo sezulu esibi kakhulu, nokukhuphuka kwamagagasi ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
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11. Inqubomgomo kanye Nezincwadi Zikahulumeni
I-Ocean & Climate Platform. (2023). Izincomo zenqubomgomo zamadolobha angasogwini ukuze avumelane nokukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle. I-Sea'ties Initiative. 28 pp. Kubuyiselwe kusuka ku: https://ocean-climate.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Policy-Recommendations-for-Coastal-Cities-to-Adapt-to-Sea-Level-Rise-_-SEATIES.pdf
Ukuqagela kokukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle kufihla ukungaqiniseki okuningi nokuhluka emhlabeni wonke, kodwa kuqinisekile ukuthi lesi simo asinakuhlehliswa futhi sizoqhubeka amakhulu eminyaka kanye nezinkulungwane zeminyaka. Embulungeni yonke, amadolobha angasogwini, asemgqeni okhulayo wokuhlasela kolwandle, afuna izixazululo zokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-Ocean & Climate Platform (OCP) yethula ngo-2020 uhlelo lwe-Sea’ties lokweseka amadolobha asogwini asongelwa ukukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle ngokwenza kube lula ukwakheka nokusebenzisa amasu okuzivumelanisa nezimo. Ekuphetheni iminyaka emine yohlelo lwe-Sea'ties, "Izincomo Zenqubomgomo Emadolobheni Asogwini Ukuze Ajwayelane Nokuphakama Kwezinga Lasolwandle" zithathela ochwepheshe besayensi kanye nolwazi lwangempela lwabasebenzi abangaphezu kuka-230 abahlangane ezingqungqutheleni zezifunda ezinhlanu ezihlelwe eNyakatho Yurophu, iMedithera, eNyakatho Melika, eNtshonalanga Afrika nasePacific. Manje isekelwa izinhlangano ezingama-5 emhlabeni wonke, izincomo zenqubomgomo zihloselwe abathatha izinqumo basekhaya, bezwe, besifunda nabamazwe ngamazwe, futhi zigxile ezintweni ezine ezibalulekile.
IZizwe Ezihlangene. (2015). Isivumelwano saseParis. Bonn, eJalimane: Unobhala we-United National Framework Convention on Climate Change, i-UN Climate Change. Kubuyiselwe kusuka ku: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement
ISivumelwano saseParis saqala ukusebenza mhla zizi-4 kuLwezi 2016. Inhloso yaso kwakuwukuhlanganisa amazwe ngomzamo omkhulu wokunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokuzivumelanisa nemiphumela yako. Umgomo oyinhloko uwukugcina izinga lokushisa lomhlaba likhuphuka lingaphansi kuka-2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) ngaphezu kwamazinga angaphambi kwemboni futhi ukhawule ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa libe ngaphansi kuka-1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit). Lokhu kudidiyelwe yiqembu ngalinye ngeminikelo ethile Kazwelonke Enqunyelwe (ama-NDC) edinga ukuthi iqembu ngalinye libike njalo ngezinto ezikhishwayo kanye nemizamo yokuyisebenzisa. Kuze kube manje, Izinhlaka eziyi-196 zisiqinisekisile isivumelwano, nakuba kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-United States ibikade isayine okokuqala kodwa inikeze isaziso sokuthi izohoxa esivumelwaneni.
Sicela uqaphele ukuthi le dokhumenti ukuphela komthombo ongalandelani ngokulandelana kwezikhathi. Njengokuzinikela kwamazwe ngamazwe okuphelele kakhulu okuthinta inqubomgomo yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, lo mthombo ufakiwe ngokulandelana kwesikhathi.
Ithimba Lezinhlaka Zikahulumeni Eziphathelene Nokuguquka Kwesimo Sezulu, Iqembu Elisebenzayo II. (2022). Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Imithelela, Ukuzijwayeza, nokuba sengcupheni: Isifinyezo Sabenzi Benqubomgomo. IPCC. PDF.
Ithimba Lohulumeni Bamazwe Ngamazwe Lombiko Wokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu liyisifinyezo sezinga eliphezulu sabenzi benqubomgomo beminikelo yeQembu Elisebenzayo II kuMbiko Wokuhlola Wesithupha we-IPCC. Ukuhlola kuhlanganisa ulwazi ngamandla kunokuhlola kwangaphambilini, futhi kubhekana nemithelela yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, ubungozi, kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo okwenzeka kanyekanye. Ababhali bakhiphe 'isixwayiso esibi' mayelana nesimo samanje nesizayo sendawo yethu.
Uhlelo Lwezemvelo Lwezizwe Ezihlangene. (2021). Umbiko we-Emissions Gap 2021. izizwe Ezihlangene. PDF.
Umbiko we-United Nations Environment Programme 2021 ukhombisa ukuthi izithembiso zesimo sezulu zikazwelonke ezikhona njengamanje zibeka umhlaba ethubeni lokushaya izinga lokushisa lomhlaba wonke elingu-2.7 degrees celsius ekupheleni kwekhulunyaka. Ukugcina izinga lokushisa lomhlaba likhuphuka lingaphansi kuka-1.5 degrees celsius, kulandela umgomo weSivumelwano saseParis, umhlaba udinga ukunqamula ukukhishwa kwesisi esingcolisa umoya emhlabeni ngesigamu eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili ezayo. Esikhathini esifushane, ukuncishiswa kokukhishwa kwe-methane okuvela kuphethiloli wezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi, imfucuza, kanye nezolimo kunamandla okunciphisa ukufudumala. Izimakethe zekhabhoni ezichazwe ngokucacile zingasiza futhi umhlaba ukuthi uhlangabezane nemigomo yokukhipha umoya.
I-United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (2021, Novemba). Isivumelwano Sesimo Sezulu saseGlasgow. izizwe Ezihlangene. PDF.
I-Glasgow Climate Pact idinga ukuthi kukhushulwe isenzo sezulu ngaphezu kweSivumelwano Sesimo Sezulu saseParis sika-2015 ukuze kugcinwe umgomo wokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa elingu-1.5C kuphela. Lesi sivumelwano sisayinwe cishe amazwe angama-200 futhi siyisivumelwano sokuqala sesimo sezulu sokuhlela ngokucacile ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamalahle, futhi sibeka imithetho ecacile yemakethe yesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke.
Umgwamanda Ongaphansi Wezeluleko Zesayensi Nezobuchwepheshe. (2021). Ingxoxo Yoguquko Lwesimo Sezulu Yolwandle Nesimo Sezulu Yokucabangela Indlela Yokuqiniswa Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo kanye Nesenzo Sokunciphisa. Inhlangano Yezizwe. PDF.
Umgwamanda Ongaphansi Wezeluleko Zesayensi Nobuchwepheshe (i-SBSTA) uwumbiko wokuqala oyisifinyezo walokho manje okuzoba inkhulumomphendvulwano yaminyaka yonke yolwandle kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Umbiko uyisidingo se-COP 25 ngezinjongo zokubika. Le ngxoxo yabe yemukelwa yi-2021 Glasgow Climate Pact, futhi igqamisa ukubaluleka kokuthi Ohulumeni baqinise ukuqonda kwabo kanye nokwenza okuthile ngolwandle nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
IKhomishana Yezocwaningo Lwezimboni Ezingaphansi Kukahulumeni. (2021). Iminyaka Eyishumi Yesayensi Yasolwandle Yentuthuko Esimeme (2021-2030): Uhlelo Lokusebenza, Isifinyezo. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000376780
I-United Nations isimemezele ukuthi unyaka ka-2021-2030 uzoba yi-Ocean Decade. Kuyo yonke le minyaka eyishumi iNhlangano Yezizwe isebenza ngalé kwamandla esizwe esisodwa ukuze ihlanganise ucwaningo, ukutshalwa kwezimali, kanye nezinhlelo eziphathelene nezinto eziza kuqala emhlabeni. Bangaphezu kuka-2,500 ababambiqhaza ababambe iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni Kweminyaka Eyishumi Yesayensi Yasolwandle Yentuthuko Esimeme ebeka izinto ezibalulekile zesayensi ezizoqalisa izixazululo ezisekelwe kwisayensi yolwandle ukuze kube nentuthuko esimeme. Izibuyekezo zezinhlelo ze-Ocean Decade zingatholakala lapha.
Umthetho Wasolwandle Nokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu. (2020). Ku-E. Johansen, S. Busch, & I. Jakobsen (Eds.), Umthetho Wolwandle Nokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu: Izixazululo Nezingqinamba (ikhasi I-Ii). I-Cambridge: I-Cambridge University Press.
Kunokuxhumana okuqinile phakathi kwezixazululo zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nemithelela yomthetho wesimo sezulu wamazwe ngamazwe kanye nomthetho wolwandle. Nakuba zithuthukiswa kakhulu ngezinhlangano ezisemthethweni ezihlukene, ukubhekana nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ngemithetho yasolwandle kungaholela ekufinyeleleni izinjongo ezihlomula ngokubambisana.
Uhlelo Lwezemvelo Lwezizwe Ezihlangene (2020, Juni 9) Ubulili, Isimo Sezulu Nokuvikeleka: Ukugcina Ukuthula Okubandakanyayo Emigqeni Ephambili Yokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu. Izizwe Ezihlangene. https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/gender-climate-security-sustaining-inclusive-peace-frontlines-climate-change
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwandisa izimo ezisongela ukuthula nokulondeka. Izinkambiso zobulili nezinhlaka zamandla zibeka indima ebalulekile ekutheni abantu bathinteke kanjani futhi basabele kanjani kule nkinga ekhulayo. Umbiko weZizwe Ezihlangene uncoma ukuhlanganisa ama-ajenda enqubomgomo ahambisanayo, ukukhulisa izinhlelo ezididiyelwe, kwandiswe uxhaso oluqondiwe, futhi kwandiswe isisekelo sobufakazi bezilinganiso zobulili zezingozi zokuphepha ezihlobene nesimo sezulu.
I-United Nations Water. (2020, Mashi 21). Umbiko Wokuthuthukiswa Kwamanzi Womhlaba WeNhlangano Yezizwe 2020: Amanzi Nokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu. I-United Nations Water. https://www.unwater.org/publications/world-water-development-report-2020/
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuzothinta ukutholakala, ikhwalithi, kanye nenani lamanzi ezidingweni eziyisisekelo zabantu ezisongela ukuphepha kokudla, impilo yabantu, izindawo zokuhlala zasemadolobheni nezasemaphandleni, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla, nokwandisa imvamisa nobukhulu bezehlakalo ezimbi kakhulu njengamagagasi okushisa neziphepho. Ukweqisa okuhlobene namanzi okuba kubi kakhulu ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwandisa ubungozi kungqalasizinda yamanzi, ukukhucululwa kwendle, kanye nenhlanzeko (WASH). Amathuba okubhekana nenkinga yesimo sezulu ekhulayo kanye nenkinga yamanzi ahlanganisa ukujwayela okuhlelekile kanye nokuhlelwa kokunciphisa ekutshalweni kwezimali emanzini, okuzokwenza ukutshalwa kwezimali kanye nemisebenzi ehambisana nayo ihehe kakhulu kubaxhasi besimo sezulu. Isimo sezulu esishintshayo sizothinta okungaphezu nje kwezilwane zasolwandle, kodwa cishe yonke imisebenzi yabantu.
Blunden, J., kanye no-Arndt, D. (2020). Isimo Sezulu ngo-2019. American Meteorological Society. Izikhungo Zikazwelonke ze-NOAA Zolwazi Lwezemvelo.https://journals.ametsoc.org/bams/article-pdf/101/8/S1/4988910/2020bamsstateoftheclimate.pdf
I-NOAA ibike ukuthi u-2019 bekungunyaka oshisa kakhulu emlandweni selokhu amarekhodi aqala maphakathi nawo-1800s. Unyaka ka-2019 uphinde wabona amazinga amarekhodi amagesi abamba ukushisa, ukukhuphuka kwamazinga olwandle, kanye namazinga okushisa akhuphukayo aqoshwa kuzo zonke izifunda zomhlaba. Kulo nyaka bekungokokuqala ngqa ukuthi umbiko we-NOAA uhlanganise namagagasi okushisa olwandle akhombisa ukukhula okukhulayo kwamagagasi okushisa olwandle. Lo mbiko ugcwalisa i-Bulletin ye-American Meteorological Society.
Ulwandle kanye Nesimo Sezulu. (2019, Disemba) Izincomo Zenqubomgomo: Ulwandle olunempilo, isimo sezulu esivikelekile. I-Ocean and Climate Platform. https://ocean-climate.org/?page_id=8354&lang=zu
Ngokusekelwe kuzibophezelo ezenziwe ngesikhathi se-COP2014 yowezi-21 kanye neSivumelwano sase-Paris sika-2015, lo mbiko ubeka izinyathelo zolwandle olunempilo nesimo sezulu esivikelekile. Amazwe kufanele aqale ngokunciphisa, bese evumelana nezimo, futhi ekugcineni amukele izimali ezisimeme. Izenzo ezinconyiwe zifaka: ukukhawulela ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa libe ngu-1.5°C; ukuqeda uxhaso lokukhiqizwa kukaphethiloli; ukuthuthukisa amandla olwandle avuselelekayo; ukusheshisa izinyathelo zokuzivumelanisa nezimo; ukuqinisa imizamo yokuqeda ukudoba okungekho emthethweni, okungabikwanga nokungalawulwa (IUU) ngo-2020; zamukele isivumelwano esibophezelayo ngokomthetho sokongiwa ngendlela efanele kanye nokulawulwa okusimeme kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezilwandle; ukulandela okuhlosiwe okungama-30% olwandle oluvikelwe ngo-2030; qinisa ucwaningo lwamazwe ngamazwe lwe-transdisciplinary ngezindikimba zesimo sezulu solwandle ngokufaka isici senhlalonhle-yemvelo.
I-World Health Organization. (2019, Ephreli 18). Impilo, Imvelo kanye Nokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu Isu Lomhlaba Wonke Lezempilo, Imvelo kanye Nokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu: Uguquko Luyadingeka Ukuze Kuthuthukiswe Izimpilo Nenhlalakahle Ngokuzinzile Ngezindawo Ezinempilo. Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba, i-Seventh-Second World Health Assembly A72/15, into ye-ajenda yesikhashana 11.6.
Izingozi ezaziwayo zemvelo ezigwemekayo zibangela cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezine yakho konke ukufa nezifo emhlabeni wonke, ukufa okuqhubekayo kwezigidi ezingu-13 unyaka ngamunye. Ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kuya ngokuya kuba nesibopho, kodwa usongo empilweni yabantu ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu lungancishiswa. Kumele kuthathwe izinyathelo ezigxile ezinqumweni zezempilo ezikhuphuka nomfula, izinto ezinquma ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, kanye nemvelo ngendlela edidiyelwe elungiselelwa izimo zendawo futhi isekelwe yizinqubo zokuphatha ezanele.
UHlelo Lokuthuthukiswa KweNhlangano Yezizwe. (2019). Isethembiso Sesimo Sezulu se-UNDP: I-Ajenda Yokuvikela 2030 Ngesenzo Sesimo Sezulu Esiqinile. UHlelo Lokuthuthukiswa KweNhlangano Yezizwe. PDF.
Ukuze kuzuzwe izinjongo ezibekwe kuSivumelwano SaseParis, UHlelo Lokuthuthukiswa KweNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene luzosekela amazwe ayi-100 ngenqubo yokuxoxisana ebandakanya bonke futhi esobala eMinikelo Kazwelonke Enqunyiwe (ama-NDC). Ukunikezwa kwezinsizakalo kubandakanya ukwesekwa kokwakhiwa kwentando yezombusazwe kanye nobunikazi bomphakathi emazingeni kazwelonke nangaphansi kwamazwe; ukubuyekezwa kanye nokubuyekezwa kokuhlosiwe okukhona, izinqubomgomo, nezinyathelo; ukufaka imikhakha emisha kanye noma amazinga egesi ebamba ukushisa; hlola izindleko namathuba okutshala imali; qaphela inqubekelaphambili futhi uqinise ukubonakala.
Pörtner, HO, Roberts, DC, Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., …, & Weyer, N. (2019). Umbiko Okhethekile Ophathelene Nolwandle kanye Nesibhakabhaka Esishintshashintshayo Isimo Sezulu. Ithimba Lohulumeni Bezizwe Ngezinguquko. PDF
I-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ikhiphe umbiko okhethekile obhalwe ngososayensi abangaphezu kwe-100 abavela emazweni angaphezu kuka-36 mayelana nezinguquko ezihlala njalo olwandle kanye ne-cryosphere-izingxenye eziyiqhwa zeplanethi. Okutholakele okubalulekile ukuthi izinguquko ezinkulu ezindaweni eziphakeme zezintaba zizothinta imiphakathi ezansi nomfula, izinguzunga zeqhwa kanye namashidi eqhwa ayancibilika okunomthelela ekwandeni kwamazinga okuphakama kwezinga lolwandle okubikezelwe ukuthi kuzofinyelela ku-30-60 cm (11.8 - 23.6 amayintshi) ngo-2100 uma kukhishwa igesi ebamba ukushisa. zigwetshwe ngokucijile futhi zingu-60-110cm (23.6 – 43.3 amayintshi) uma ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa kuqhubeka nokukhuphuka kwakho kwamanje. Kuzoba khona izehlakalo ezivame kakhulu zezinga lolwandle, izinguquko ku-ecosystem yolwandle ngokufudumala kolwandle kanye ne-asidi futhi iqhwa lasolwandle i-Arctic liyancipha nyanga zonke kanye nokuncibilika kwe-permafrost. Umbiko uthola ukuthi ukunciphisa kakhulu ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa, ukuvikela nokubuyisela imvelo kanye nokuphathwa ngokucophelela kwezinsiza kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukulondoloza ulwandle kanye ne-cryosphere, kodwa kufanele kuthathwe isinyathelo.
UMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-US. (2019, Januwari). Umbiko Ngemiphumela Yesimo Sezulu Esishintshayo eMnyangweni Wezokuvikela. Ihhovisi likaNobhala Ongaphansi Wezokuvikela Wokutholwa Nokusimamiswa. Kubuyiselwe kusuka ku: https://climateandsecurity.files.wordpress.com/2019/01/sec_335_ndaa-report_effects_of_a_changing_climate_to_dod.pdf
Umnyango Wezokuvikela wase-US ubheka ubungozi bezokuphepha bukazwelonke obuhlobene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nezehlakalo ezilandelayo ezifana nezikhukhula eziphindelelayo, isomiso, ugwadule, imililo yequbula, kanye nokuncibilika kwemiphumela ye-permafrost ekuvikelekeni kwezwe. Umbiko uthola ukuthi ukumelana nesimo sezulu kumele kufakwe ezinhlelweni zokuhlela kanye nokwenziwa kwezinqumo futhi akukwazi ukusebenza njengohlelo oluhlukile. Umbiko uthola ukuthi kukhona ubungozi obukhulu bokuvikeleka obuvela ezenzakalweni ezihlobene nesimo sezulu mayelana nokusebenza nemishini.
I-Wuebbles, DJ, Fahey, DW, Hibbard, KA, Dokken, DJ, Stewart, BC, & Maycock, TK (2017). Umbiko Okhethekile Wesayensi Yesimo Sezulu: Ukuhlolwa Kwesimo Sezulu Kazwelonke Kwesine, Umqulu I. Washington, DC, USA: US Global Change Research Programme.
Njengengxenye Yokuhlolwa Kwesimo Sezulu Kazwelonke okuyalelwe yi-US Congress ukuthi kwenziwe njalo eminyakeni emine yakhelwe ukuthi ibe ukuhlola okugunyaziwe kwesayensi yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu okugxilwe e-United States. Okunye okutholakele okubalulekile kuhlanganisa lokhu okulandelayo: ikhulu leminyaka elidlule lishisa kakhulu emlandweni wempucuko; umsebenzi womuntu -ikakhulukazi ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa - kuyimbangela eyinhloko yokufudumala okubonwayo; isilinganiso solwandle somhlaba wonke sikhuphuke ngamasentimitha angu-7 ekhulwini elidlule; izikhukhula ziyanda futhi amazinga olwandle kulindeleke ukuthi aqhubeke nokukhuphuka; amagagasi okushisa azovame kakhulu, njengoba kuzoba nemililo yamahlathi; futhi ubukhulu boshintsho buzoncika kakhulu emazingeni omhlaba wokukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa.
Cicin-Sain, B. (2015, Ephreli). Umgomo 14—Londoloza Futhi Usebenzise Ngokuzinzile Izilwandle, Izilwandle Nezinsiza Zasolwandle Ukuze Uthuthuke Okusimeme. I-United Nations Chronicle, LI(4). Ithathwe ku: http://unchronicle.un.org/article/goal-14-conserve-and-sustainably-useoceans-seas-and-marine-resources-sustainable/
Umgomo we-14 we-United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) ugqamisa isidingo sokongiwa kolwandle kanye nokusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwemithombo yasolwandle. Ukwesekwa okunamandla kakhulu kokuphathwa kolwandle kuvela eziqhingini ezincane ezisathuthuka kanye namazwe athuthuke kancane athintwa kabi ubudedengu basolwandle. Izinhlelo ezibhekana ne-Goal 14 nazo zisebenzela ukuhlangabezana nezinye izinjongo ze-UN SDG eziyisikhombisa ezihlanganisa ubumpofu, ukuvikeleka kokudla, amandla, ukukhula komnotho, ingqalasizinda, ukunciphisa ukungalingani, amadolobha kanye nezindawo zokuhlaliswa kwabantu, ukusetshenziswa nokukhiqiza okusimeme, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo, kanye nezindlela zokuqaliswa. kanye nokusebenzisana.
Izizwe Ezihlangene. (2015). Umgomo 13—Thatha Isinyathelo Esiphuthumayo Ukuze Ulwe Nokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu kanye Nemithelela Yaso. I-United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Knowledge Platform. Kubuyiselwe kusuka ku: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg13
Umgomo we-13 we-United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) ugqamisa isidingo sokubhekana nemiphumela ekhulayo yokukhishwa kwesisi esingcolisa umoya. Kusukela kuSivumelwano saseParis, amazwe amaningi athathe izinyathelo ezinhle zezimali zesimo sezulu ngokusebenzisa iminikelo enqunywe yizwe lonke, sisekhona isidingo esikhulu sokuthatha isinyathelo sokunciphisa nokuzivumelanisa nezimo, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka kancane kanye namazwe aseziqhingini ezincane.
UMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-US. (2015, Julayi 23). Ukuvikeleka Kukazwelonke Kwezingozi Ezihlobene Nesimo Sezulu kanye Nesimo Sezulu Esishintshayo. IKomidi Lezigele Lezabelo. Kubuyiselwe kusuka ku: https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/150724-congressional-report-on-national-implications-of-climate-change.pdf
UMnyango Wezokuvikela ubona ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu njengosongo olukhona lwezokuphepha olunemiphumela ebonakalayo ekushaqisweni nasekucindezeleni izizwe nemiphakathi esengozini, kubandakanya ne-United States. Izingozi ngokwazo ziyahlukahluka, kodwa bonke babelana ngokuhlolwa okufanayo kokubaluleka kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Pachauri, RK, & Meyer, LA (2014). Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu 2014: Umbiko Wokuhlanganiswa. Igalelo LamaQembu Asebenzayo I, II kanye no-III eMbikweni Wokuhlola Wesihlanu Wethimba Lezinhlaka Zohulumeni Ngokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu. Ithimba Lohulumeni Bezizwe Ngezizwe Ngezinguquko Zesimo Sezulu, e-Geneva, e-Switzerland. Kubuyiselwe kusuka ku: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/
Ithonya lomuntu ohlelweni lwezulu licacile futhi ukukhishwa kwakamuva kwamagesi abamba ukushisa kuphakeme kakhulu emlandweni. Amathuba asebenzayo wokuzivumelanisa nezimo nawokunciphisa ayatholakala kuyo yonke imikhakha emikhulu, kodwa izimpendulo zizoncika kuzinqubomgomo nezinyathelo kuwo wonke amazinga omhlaba, kazwelonke, nawendawo. Umbiko ka-2014 usuphenduke ucwaningo oluqondile mayelana nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu.
U-Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Cai, R., Poloczanska, E., Brewer, P., Sundby, S., Hilmi, K., …, & Jung, S. (2014). Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu 2014: Imithelela, Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, nokuba sengcupheni. Ingxenye B: Izici Zesifunda. Igalelo leQembu Elisebenzayo II eMbikweni Wokuhlola Wesihlanu Wethimba Lezinhlaka Zikahulumeni Eziphathelene Nokuguquka Kwesimo Sezulu. Cambridge, UK naseNew York, New York USA: I-Cambridge University Press. 1655-1731. Kubuyiswe kusuka: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap30_FINAL.pdf
Ulwandle lubalulekile esimweni sezulu soMhlaba futhi lumunce u-93% wamandla akhiqizwe kumphumela we-greenhouse othuthukisiwe kanye nama-30% we-anthropogenic carbon dioxide emkhathini. Isilinganiso sokushisa kolwandle emhlabeni wonke senyuke sisuka ku-1950-2009. Amakhemikhali olwandle ayashintsha ngenxa yokuthatha i-CO2 okwehlisa i-pH yolwandle iyonke. Lokhu, kanye neminye imiphumela eminingi yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu se-anthropogenic, kunenqwaba yemiphumela elimazayo olwandle, izilwane zasolwandle, imvelo, nakubantu.
Sicela wazi ukuthi lokhu kuhlobene noMbiko Wokuhlanganisa ochazwe ngenhla, kodwa uqondene ngqo noLwandle.
Griffis, R., & Howard, J. (Eds.). (2013). Izilwandle Nezinsiza Zasolwandle Esimeni Sezulu Esishintshayo; Igalelo Lobuchwepheshe Ocwaningweni Lwesimo Sezulu Kazwelonke luka-2013. TI-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press.
Njengomngane Wombiko Kazwelonke Wokuhlolwa Kwesimo Sezulu 2013, lo mbhalo ubheka izinto ezicatshangelwayo zobuchwepheshe kanye nokutholakele okuqondene nendawo yolwandle nemvelo yasolwandle. Lo mbiko uthi izinguquko eziqhutshwa yisimo sezulu namakhemikhali zibangela umonakalo omkhulu, zizoba nomthelela omubi olwandle, ngaleyo ndlela kube ne-ecosystem yomhlaba. Kusenamathuba amaningi okuzivumelanisa nokubhekana nalezi zinkinga okuhlanganisa ukwanda kobambiswano lwamazwe ngamazwe, amathuba okudliwa kwempahla, kanye nenqubomgomo nokuphathwa kwasolwandle okuthuthukisiwe. Lo mbiko uhlinzeka ngolunye lophenyo olunzulu kakhulu ngemiphumela yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nemiphumela yako olwandle olwesekwa ucwaningo olunzulu.
Warner, R., & Schofield, C. (Eds.). (2012). Ukuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu Nolwandle: Ukulinganisa Izimo Zezomthetho Nenqubomgomo e-Asia Pacific naNgaphesheya. Northampton, Massachusetts: Edwards Elgar Publishing, Inc.
Leli qoqo lezindatshana libheka ukuhlangana kokubusa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu endaweni yase-Asia-Pacific. Incwadi iqala ngokudingida imiphumela ebonakalayo yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu okuhlanganisa nemiphumela ezinhlobonhlobo zemvelo kanye nemithelela yenqubomgomo. Ukudlulela ezingxoxweni zendawo yokulawula olwandle e-Southern Ocean nase-Antarctic kulandelwa ingxoxo yemingcele yezwe neyolwandle, okulandelwa ukuhlaziya ezokuphepha. Izahluko zokugcina zixoxa ngemiphumela yamagesi abamba ukushisa kanye namathuba okunciphisa. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kunikeza ithuba lokubambisana komhlaba wonke, kukhombisa isidingo sokuqapha nokulawula imisebenzi ye-geo-engineering yasolwandle ukuze kuphendulwe imizamo yokunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, futhi kuthuthukiswe indlela ehambisanayo yokusabela kwenqubomgomo yamazwe ngamazwe, yesifunda, kanye nekazwelonke eqaphela indima yolwandle ekuguquleni kwesimo sezulu.
Izizwe Ezihlangene. (1997, Disemba 11). I-Kyoto Protocol. I-United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Kubuyiswe kusuka: https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol
I-Kyoto Protocol iwukuzibophezela kwamazwe ngamazwe ekubekeni imigomo ebophezelayo emhlabeni wonke yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwesisi esingcolisa umoya. Lesi sivumelwano sagunyazwa ngo-1997 futhi saqala ukusebenza ngo-2005. Isichibiyelo sase-Doha samukelwa ngoZibandlela, 2012 ukuze kunwetshwe isimiso somthetho kuze kube zingama-31 kuZibandlela wezi-2020 futhi sibuyekeze uhlu lwamagesi abamba ukushisa (GHG) okumele kubikwe yiqembu ngalinye.
IBUYELA TOP
12. Izixazululo Ezihlongozwayo
Ruffo, S. (2021, Okthoba). Izixazululo Zesimo Sezulu Ezihlakaniphile Zasolwandle. I-TED. https://youtu.be/_VVAu8QsTu8
Kufanele sicabange ngolwandle njengomthombo wezixazululo kunenye ingxenye yemvelo okudingeka siyilondoloze. Ulwandle njengamanje yilo olugcina isimo sezulu sizinzile ukuze sisekele isintu, futhi luyingxenye ebalulekile yokulwa nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Izixazululo zesimo sezulu semvelo ziyatholakala ngokusebenzisana nezinhlelo zethu zamanzi, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo sinciphisa ukukhishwa kwethu kwamagesi abamba ukushisa.
UCarlson, D. (2020, Okthoba 14) Phakathi neminyaka engama-20, Amazinga Olwandle Akhuphukayo Azofika Cishe Kuzo zonke Izifunda Zasogwini - kanye namaBond azo. Ukutshalwa Kwezimali Okusimeme.
Ukwenyuka kwezingozi zezikweletu ezivela ezikhukhuleni ezivame kakhulu nezibi kakhulu zingalimaza omasipala, udaba oluye lwabhebhethekiswa yinkinga ye-COVID-19. Amazwe anabantu abaningi abasogwini kanye nezomnotho abhekene nezingozi zezikweletu zeminyaka eyishumi ngenxa yomnotho obuthakathaka kanye nezindleko eziphezulu zokukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle. Izifundazwe zase-US ezisengozini enkulu yiFlorida, New Jersey, neVirginia.
Johnson, A. (2020, Juni 8). Ukuze Usindise Isimo Sezulu Bheka Olwandle. Isayensi yaseMelika. PDF.
Ulwandle lusebunzimeni obukhulu ngenxa yezinto ezenziwa abantu, kodwa akhona amathuba emandleni avuselelwe asogwini, ukuthathwa kwekhabhoni, i-algae biofuel, kanye nokulima kabusha kolwandle olwandle. Ulwandle luwusongo ezigidini ezihlala ogwini ngezikhukhula, isisulu sezinto ezenziwa abantu, kanye nethuba lokusindisa iplanethi, konke ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kudingeka I-Blue New Deal ngaphezu kwe-Green New Deal ehlongozwayo yokubhekana nenkinga yesimo sezulu futhi iguqule ulwandle lusuke esongo lube yisixazululo.
Ceres (2020, Juni 1) Ukubhekana Nesimo Sezulu Njengengcuphe Ehlelekile: Ubizo Esenzweni. Ceres. https://www.ceres.org/sites/default/files/2020-05/Financial%20Regulator%20Executive%20Summary%20FINAL.pdf
Ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kuyingozi ehleliwe ngenxa yamandla ako okuthunaza izimakethe zezimali okungase kuholele emiphumeleni emibi kakhulu emnothweni. I-Ceres inikeza izincomo ezingaphezu kuka-50 zemithethonqubo ebalulekile yezezimali ukuze kuthathwe izinyathelo zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Lokhu kufaka phakathi: ukuvuma ukuthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kubangela ubungozi ekuzinzeni kwezimakethe zezimali, kudinga izikhungo zezezimali ukuthi zenze izivivinyo zokucindezeleka kwesimo sezulu, zidinga ukuthi amabhange ahlole futhi adalule ubungozi besimo sezulu, njengokukhishwa kwekhabhoni emisebenzini yabo yokuboleka nokutshala izimali, ukuhlanganisa ubungozi besimo sezulu ekutshalweni kabusha komphakathi. izinqubo, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini ehola kancane, futhi bahlanganyele emizamweni yokukhuthaza imizamo ehlangene ezingozini zesimo sezulu.
U-Gattuso, J., Magnan, A., Gallo, N., Herr, D., Rochette, J., Vallejo, L., no-Williamson, P. (2019, November) Amathuba Okwandisa Isenzo Solwandle Esifitshaneni Senqubomgomo Yezinhlelo Zezulu . I-IDDRI Development Sustainable & International Relations.
Ishicilelwe ngaphambi kwe-2019 Blue COP (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-COP25), lo mbiko uphikisa ukuthi ulwazi oluthuthukisiwe nezisombululo ezisekelwe olwandle zingagcina noma zandise izinsizakalo zasolwandle naphezu kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Njengoba kuvezwa amaphrojekthi amaningi abhekana nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu futhi amazwe esebenzela ekufezeni Iminikelo Yawo Kazwelonke Enqunyelwe (ama-NDC), amazwe kufanele abeke eqhulwini ukukhushulwa kwezinyathelo zesimo sezulu futhi abeke eqhulwini amaphrojekthi anqumayo naphansi anokuzisola.
Gramling, C. (2019, Okthoba 6). Enkingeni Yesimo Sezulu, Ingabe I-Geoengineering Iyazifanela Izingozi? Izindaba Zesayensi. PDF.
Ukulwa nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu abantu baphakamise amaphrojekthi amakhulu we-geoengineering ukunciphisa ukufudumala kolwandle kanye ne-sequester carbon. Amaphrojekthi aphakanyisiwe ahlanganisa: ukwakha izibuko ezinkulu emkhathini, ukwengeza ama-aerosol ku-stratosphere, kanye nembewu yolwandle (ukwengeza insimbi njengomanyolo olwandle ukuze kugqugquzele ukukhula kwe-phytoplankton). Abanye basikisela ukuthi le miklamo ye-geoengineering ingaholela ezindaweni ezifile futhi isongele izilwane zasolwandle. Ukuvumelana okuvamile ukuthi ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ngenxa yokungaqiniseki okukhulu emiphumeleni yesikhathi eside yama-geoengineers.
U-Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Northrop, E., kanye no-Lubehenco, J. (2019, Septhemba 27). I-Ocean Iyisihluthulelo Sokufeza Izinjongo Zesimo Sezulu Nomphakathi: I-Approached Esekelwe Olwandle ingasiza ukuvala amaGebe Okunciphisa. I-Insights Policy Forum, i-Science Magazine. 265(6460), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz4390.
Nakuba ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuthinta kabi ulwandle, ulwandle lusebenza njengomthombo wezixazululo: amandla avuselelekayo; ezokuthutha nezokuthutha; ukuvikelwa kanye nokubuyiselwa kwemvelo yasogwini neyasolwandle; ukudoba, ukufuya izilwane zasemanzini, nokudla okushintshashintshayo; kanye nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni olwandle. Lezi zisombululo zonke bezihlongozwe ngaphambilini, nokho ambalwa kakhulu amazwe afake ngisho nesisodwa salezi ku-Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) ngaphansi kweSivumelwano saseParis. I-NDC eyisishiyagalombili kuphela ehlanganisa izilinganiso ezingalinganiseka zokuthathwa kwekhabhoni, ezimbili zisho amandla avuselelekayo asuselwe olwandle, kanye nemikhumbi eyodwa kuphela eshiwo esimeme. Kusenethuba lokuqondisa okuhlosiwe okunqunyelwe isikhathi kanye nezinqubomgomo zokunciphisa okusekelwe olwandle ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinjongo zokunciphisa ukungcola ziyafinyelelwa.
Cooley, S., BelloyB., Bodansky, D., Mansell, A., Merkl, A., Purvis, N., Ruffo, S., Taraska, G., Zivian, A. kanye noLeonard, G. (2019, Meyi 23). Kushaywe indiva amasu olwandle okubhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101968.
Amazwe amaningi azibophezele ekubekeni imingcele kumagesi abamba ukushisa ngeSivumelwano saseParis. Ukuze sibe amaqembu aphumelelayo esivumelwaneni saseParis kumele: avikele ulwandle futhi asheshise izifiso zesimo sezulu, agxile ku-CO.2 ukunciphisa, ukuqonda nokuvikela ukugcinwa kwe-carbon dioxide esekwe ohlelweni lwendalo olwandle, nokuphishekela amasu okuzivumelanisa nezimo azisekelwe olwandle.
I-Helvorg, D. (2019). Ukutshuza Ohlelweni Lwesenzo Sesimo Sezulu Olwandle. I-Alert Diver Online.
Abatshuzi banombono oyingqayizivele mayelana nemvelo yasolwandle eyonakele ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Kanjalo, u-Helvarg uthi abatshuzi kufanele bahlangane ukuze basekele i-Ocean Climate Action Plan. Uhlelo lokusebenza luzogqamisa isidingo sokuguqulwa kohlelo lwe-US National Flood Insurance Program, utshalomali olukhulu lwengqalasizinda yasogwini olugxile emigomeni yemvelo kanye nezindawo ezihlala ogwini, imihlahlandlela emisha yamandla avuselelekayo olwandle, inethiwekhi yezindawo ezivikelwe zasolwandle (ama-MPAs), usizo ukutshala amachweba nemiphakathi edobayo eluhlaza, ukwanda kokutshalwa kwezimali kwezilwane zasemanzini, kanye noHlaka Lukazwelonke Lokubuyisela Izinhlekelele.
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13. Ufuna Okuningi? (Izinsiza Ezengeziwe)
Leli khasi locwaningo lakhelwe ukuthi libe uhlu olukhethiwe lwezinsiza zokushicilelwa okunomthelela omkhulu olwandle nesimo sezulu. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe ngezihloko ezithile sincoma amajenali alandelayo, isizindalwazi, namaqoqo:
- Meyer, A. and Spalding, M. (2021, March). Ukuhlaziywa Okubalulekile Kwemiphumela Yasolwandle Yokususwa KweCarbon Dioxide Nge-Direct Air kanye ne-Ocean Capture- Ingabe Isixazululo Esiphephile Nesimeme? (Ingxenye yokuthunyelwa okusemthethweni ku-National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine ukuze kucatshangelwe efayeleni lokufinyelela emphakathini Ucwaningo lwe-NASEM yolwandle lwe-CDR)
- Ijenali Yolwandle kanye Nesimo Sezulu
- Ukuphathwa koLwandle nogu
- I-NOAA's 1991 Oceans and Climate Bibliography
- Umlando Wokutholwa Kokufudumala Komhlaba
- Iqoqo leNyuvesi yaseNew York leMithetho Yomhlaba Wonke ehlobene Nokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu
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