I-Ocean Governance ku-Anthropocene

Ababhali: Ruben Zondervan, Leopoldo Cavaleri Gerhardinger, Isabel Torres de Noronha, Mark Joseph Spalding , Oran R Young
Igama Lokushicilela: International Geosphere‑Biosphere Programme, Global Change Magazine, Issue 81
Usuku Lokushicilela: ULwesibili, Okthoba 1, 2013

Kwake kwacatshangwa ukuthi ulwandle luwumthombo ongagcwali, ongahlukaniswa futhi usetshenziswe izizwe nabantu bazo. Manje sesazi kangcono. U-Ruben Zondervan, u-Leopoldo Cavaleri Gerhardinger, u-Isabel Torres de Noronha, u-Mark Joseph Spalding no-Oran R Young bahlola indlela yokubusa nokuvikela indawo yasolwandle yomhlaba wethu. 

Thina bantu sake sacabanga ukuthi uMhlaba uyisicaba. Besingazi ukuthi izilwandle zidlulele ngale komkhathizwe, zimboze cishe amaphesenti angama-70 obuso beplanethi, equkethe amanzi angaphezu kwama-95%. Lapho abahloli bamazwe bakuqala befunda ukuthi iplanethi enguMhlaba iyindilinga, izilwandle zashintsha zaba indawo enkulu enezinhlangothi ezimbili, ezingakacaciswanga - a i-incognitum.

Namuhla, silandelele izifundo kulo lonke ulwandle futhi sagxilisa okunye ukujula okukhulu kolwandle, sifika embonweni wezinto ezintathu-ntathu wamanzi amboze iplanethi. Manje sesiyazi ukuthi ukuxhumana kwala manzi nezinhlelo kusho ukuthi uMhlaba unolwandle olulodwa kuphela. 

Nakuba singakaqondi ukujula kanye nobucayi bezinsongo ezibangelwa ukuguquka komhlaba ezinhlelweni zasolwandle zeplanethi yethu, sazi ngokwanele ukuqaphela ukuthi ulwandle lusengozini ngenxa yokuxhashazwa ngokweqile, ukungcola, ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala kanye nemithelela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Futhi sazi ngokwanele ukuvuma ukuthi ukubusa kolwandle okukhona akwanele ngokudabukisayo ukubhekana nalezi zinsongo. 

Lapha, sichaza izinselele ezintathu ezinkulu ekubusweni kolwandle, bese sibeka izinkinga ezinhlanu zokuhlaziya ezidinga ukubhekwana nazo, ngokwe-Earth System Governance Project, ukuze kuvikelwe ulwandle oluyinkimbinkimbi oluxhumene loMhlaba. 

Ukwendlala izinselelo
Lapha, sibheka izinselele ezintathu ezibalulekile ekubusweni kolwandle: izingcindezi ezikhulayo, isidingo sokuthuthuka kokuxhumana emhlabeni wonke ezimpendulweni zokuphatha, kanye nokuxhunywa kwezinhlelo zasolwandle.

Inselele yokuqala ihlobene nesidingo sokulawula ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwabantu kwezinhlelo zasolwandle eziqhubeka nokuxhashazwa kwethu ngokweqile kwemithombo yolwandle. Ulwandle luyisibonelo esiphelele sendlela impahla yomhlaba wonke engaphelelwa ngayo amandla ngisho nalapho eminye imithetho yokuvikela isikhona, noma ngabe imithetho esemthethweni noma ukuzibusa komphakathi okungakahleleki. 

Ngokwendawo, izwe ngalinye lesizwe esisogwini linobukhosi phezu kwamanzi asogwini. Kodwa ngale kwamanzi kazwelonke, izimiso zasolwandle zihlanganisa ulwandle oluphakeme kanye nolwandle, okungaphansi kweNgqungquthela Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yomthetho Wasolwandle (UNCLOS), eyasungulwa ngo-1982. ukwazisa umphakathi ngokuzibusa; ngakho, imithetho esebenzisa izinhlawulo ngaphansi kwalezi zimo ingaba usizo kakhulu ekunqandeni ukuxhashazwa ngokweqile. 

Amacala okuhweba olwandle, ukungcoliswa kolwandle, nezilwane ezifudukayo kanye nezinhlanzi ezinqamula umngcele zibonisa ukuthi izinkinga eziningi zinqamula imingcele yamanzi asogwini nezilwandle. Lezi zimpambanomgwaqo zikhiqiza isethi yesibili yezinselelo, ezidinga ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezizwe ezisogwini ngazinye kanye nomphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe uwonke. 

Amasistimu olwandle nawo axhumene nezinhlelo zomkhathi kanye nezasemhlabeni. Ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa kushintsha imijikelezo ye-biogeochemical yomhlaba kanye ne-ecosystem. Emhlabeni jikelele, i-acidification yolwandle kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuyimiphumela ebaluleke kakhulu yalokhu kukhishwa. Lolu hlelo lwesithathu lwezinselelo ludinga izinhlelo zokubusa ezikwaziyo ukubhekana nokuxhumana phakathi kwezingxenye ezinkulu zezinhlelo zemvelo zomhlaba kulesi sikhathi soshintsho oluphawulekayo nolusheshisayo. 

Ingxubevange yasolwandle: amasampula ezinhlangano zikahulumeni wamazwe ngamazwe, kazwelonke kanye nowesifunda, izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni, abacwaningi, amabhizinisi nabanye ababamba iqhaza ezindabeni zokubusa kolwandle. 

Ukuhlaziya izinkinga okufanele zixazululwe
I-Earth System Governance Project ithatha izinyathelo zokubhekana nezinselele ezintathu ezinkulu esizethula ngenhla. Yaqalwa ngo-2009, iphrojekthi ewumnyombo yeminyaka eyishumi yoHlelo Lokulinganiswa Kwabantu Ngamazwe Ngamazwe Oshintsho Lwendawo Ezungezile ihlanganisa ndawonye amakhulukhulu abacwaningi emhlabeni wonke. Ngosizo lwethimba elisebenza ngokubusa kolwandle, iphrojekthi izohlanganisa ucwaningo lwesayensi yezenhlalo ngezindikimba ezihambisana nezinselele zethu, okuhlanganisa ukuhlukana kwemibuso; ukubuswa kwezindawo ezingale kwemingcele kazwelonke; izinqubomgomo zokudoba kanye nezimbiwa phansi; kanye neqhaza lababambe iqhaza kwezohwebo noma abangekho kuhulumeni (njengabadobi noma amabhizinisi ezokuvakasha) ekuthuthukisweni okusimeme. 

Ithimba elisebenzayo lizophinde lithuthukise uhlaka locwaningo lwephrojekthi, olubeka eqhulwini izinkinga ezinhlanu zokuhlaziya ezincikene ezindabeni eziyinkimbinkimbi zokubusa kolwandle. Ake sihlole lezi kafushane.

Inkinga yokuqala wucwaningo lwezakhiwo zokuphatha eziphelele noma izakhiwo ezihlobene nolwandle. "Umthethosisekelo wolwandle", i-UNCLOS, ibeka yonke imigomo yezinkomba zokubusa kolwandle. Izici ezibalulekile ze-UNCLOS zifaka phakathi ukunqunywa kwemingcele yezindawo zasolwandle, ukuthi amazwe ezizwe kufanele asebenzisane kanjani, kanye nezinjongo zizonke zokuphathwa kolwandle, kanye nokwabela izibopho ezithile ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni. 

Kodwa lolu hlelo seluphelelwe yisikhathi njengoba abantu sebesebenza kahle kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili ekuvuneni izinsiza zasolwandle, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwabantu kwezinhlelo zasolwandle (njengokumba uwoyela, ukudoba, ukuvakasha kwama-coral reef kanye nezindawo ezivikelwe zasolwandle) manje kuyahambisana futhi kuyashayisana. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, uhlelo luhlulekile ukubhekana nemithelela ebingahlosiwe yemisebenzi yabantu olwandle kusuka ekusebenzelaneni komhlaba nomoya: ukukhishwa kwe-anthropogenic greenhouse. 

Inkinga yesibili yokuhlaziya yileyo ye-ejensi. Namuhla, ulwandle nezinye izinhlelo zoMhlaba zithintwa izikhulu zikahulumeni, ohulumeni basekhaya noma bezinga lomphakathi, ubambiswano lomphakathi nezizimele kanye namanethiwekhi esayensi. Izilwandle ziphinde zithinteke ngabalingisi abazimele, njengezinkampani ezinkulu, abadobi kanye nongoti ngabanye. 

Ngokomlando, amaqembu anjalo angekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni, futhi ikakhulukazi ubambiswano oluyingxube phakathi komphakathi nezizimele, abe nomthelela onamandla ekubuseni kolwandle. Isibonelo, i-Dutch East India Company, eyasungulwa ngo-1602, yanikezwa igunya lokuhwebelana ne-Asia nguhulumeni waseDashi, kanye negunya elivame ukugcinelwa izifundazwe, okuhlanganisa igunya lokuxoxisana ngezivumelwano, ukuhlanganisa imali nokusungula amakoloni. Ngaphezu kwamandla ayo afana nombuso phezu kwezinsiza zasolwandle, inkampani ibiqale ukwabelana ngenzuzo yayo nabantu abazimele. 

Namuhla, abatshalizimali abazimele bafolile ukuze bavune izinsiza zemvelo zemithi futhi baqhube izimayini ezijulile, benethemba lokuzuza kulokho okufanele kubhekwe njengokuhle emhlabeni wonke. Lezi zibonelo nezinye zenza kucace ukuthi ukubusa kolwandle kungaba neqhaza ekulungiseni inkundla.

Inkinga yesithathu ukuguquguquka. Leli gama lihlanganisa imiqondo ehlobene echaza indlela amaqembu omphakathi asabela ngayo noma alindele izinselele ezidalwe ngokushintsha kwemvelo. Le mibono ihlanganisa ukuba sengozini, ukuqina, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, ukuqina, namandla okuguquguquka noma ukufunda komphakathi. Uhlelo olulawulayo kumele luzivumelanise nezimo ngokwalo, luphinde lulawule ukuthi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kwenzeka kanjani. Isibonelo, ngenkathi indawo yokudoba i-pollock oLwandle iBering ijwayele ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ngokuthuthela enyakatho, ohulumeni base-US kanye nohulumeni waseRussia babonakala bengenayo: lezi zizwe ezimbili ziphikisana ngamalungelo okudoba ngokusekelwe endaweni yendawo yokudoba kanye nemingcele ephikisanayo yamanzi asogwini. .

Okwesine ukuziphendulela nokuba semthethweni, hhayi ngokwemibandela yezombangazwe kuphela, kodwa nangomqondo wendawo yolwandle: lawa manzi angaphezu kombuso wesizwe, avulekele wonke umuntu futhi awekho. Kodwa ulwandle olulodwa lusikisela ukuhlangana kokuma kwezwe noquqaba lwamanzi, abantu, nemithombo yemvelo ephilayo nengaphili. Lokhu kuxhumana kubeka izimfuno ezengeziwe ezinqubweni zokuxazulula izinkinga, ukubhekana namakhono ahlukahlukene ababambiqhaza, izibopho kanye nezintshisakalo. 

Isibonelo uhlolo lwakamuva lokuvundiswa kolwandle 'olukhohlakele' ogwini lwase-Canada, lapho inkampani ezimele ihlwanyele amanzi olwandle ngensimbi ukuze kwandiswe ukuthathwa kwekhabhoni. Lokhu kubikwe kabanzi njengokuhlola okungalawulwa 'kwe-geoengineering'. Ubani onelungelo lokuhlola ulwandle? Futhi ubani ongajeziswa uma kukhona okungahambi kahle? Lezi zingxabano eziqhubekayo zinikeza inkulumo-mpikiswano enengqondo mayelana nokuziphendulela nokuba semthethweni. 

Inkinga yokugcina yokuhlaziya ukwabiwa nokufinyelela. Ubani uthola ini, nini, kuphi futhi kanjani? Isivumelwano esilula samazwe amabili esihlukanisa ulwandle ukuze sizuze amazwe amabili ngezindleko zawo wonke amanye asizange sisebenze, njengoba iSpanishi nesiPutukezi sathola emakhulwini eminyaka adlule. 

Ngemuva kokuhlola kukaColumbus, la mazwe womabili angena esivumelwaneni sika-1494 saseTordesillas kanye neSivumelwano Sango-1529 saseSaragossa. Kodwa amandla olwandle aseFrance, eNgilandi naseNetherlands akushaya indiva ukuhlukana kwamazwe amabili. Ukubusa kolwandle ngaleso sikhathi kwakusekelwe eqinisweni ezimisweni ezilula njengokuthi “owinile uthatha konke”, “ofike kuqala, anikezwe kuqala” kanye “nenkululeko yolwandle”. Namuhla, izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ziyadingeka ukuze kwabelwane ngezibopho, izindleko kanye nezingozi ezihlobene nolwandle, kanye nokunikeza ukufinyelela okulinganayo nokwabiwa kwezinkonzo nezinzuzo zolwandle. 

Inkathi entsha ekuqondeni
Ngokuqwashisa okwengeziwe ngezinselele ezikhona, ososayensi bemvelo nezenhlalo bafuna ukuvumelana ukuze kuphathwe ngempumelelo ulwandle. Baphinde bahlanganyele nababambe iqhaza ukwenza ucwaningo lwabo. 

Isibonelo, iphrojekthi ye-IGBP ye-Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER) yenza uhlaka olubizwa nge-IMBER-ADapt lokuhlola ukwenziwa kwenqubomgomo ukuze kuphathwe kangcono ulwandle. I-Future Ocean Alliance (FOA) esanda kusungulwa ihlanganisa izinhlangano, izinhlelo kanye nabantu ngabanye ukuze bahlanganise imikhakha ethile nolwazi lwabo, ukuze kwenziwe ngcono izingxoxo zokubusa kolwandle kanye nokusiza abakhi benqubomgomo. 

Umgomo we-FOA “ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bolwazi olusha ukuze kwakhiwe umphakathi obandakanyayo – inethiwekhi yolwazi lwasolwandle emhlabeni wonke – ekwazi ukubhekana nezindaba ezisafufusa zokubusa kolwandle ngokushesha, ngempumelelo, nangokungakhethi”. Umfelandawonye uzofuna ukusiza ezigabeni zokuqala zokuthatha izinqumo, ukuthuthukisa intuthuko esimeme yolwandle kusukela endaweni yasekhaya kuye ezingeni lomhlaba jikelele. I-FOA ihlanganisa ndawonye abakhiqizi nabathengi bolwazi futhi ikhuthaza ukubambisana phakathi kwezinhlangano eziningi nabantu ngabanye. Izinhlangano zifaka i-UN Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission; iKhomishini yaseBenguela; Iphrojekthi ye-Agulhas kanye neSomali Currents Large Marine Ecosystem; ukuhlolwa kokubusa kolwandle koHlelo Lokuhlola Amanzi Okweqa Imingcele Yendawo Yomhlaba Wonke; i-Land-Ocean Interactions kuphrojekthi yeNdawo yasoGwini; i-Portuguese Directorate General for Ocean Policy; iLuso-American Foundation for Development; kanye neThe Ocean Foundation, phakathi kokunye. 

Amalungu e-FOA, okuhlanganisa ne-Earth System Governance Project, ahlola izindlela zokufaka isandla ekwakhiweni kwe-ajenda yocwaningo lwasolwandle yohlelo lwe-Future Earth. Eshumini leminyaka elizayo, uhlelo lwe-Future Earth luzoba inkundla ekahle yokuhlanganisa abacwaningi, abenzi bezinqubomgomo kanye nabanye ababambiqhaza ukuze kuthuthukiswe izixazululo zezinkinga zasolwandle. 

Ndawonye, ​​singahlinzeka ngolwazi namathuluzi adingekayo ukuze kuphathwe ngempumelelo ulwandle ku-Anthropocene. Lesi sikhathi esithintekayo yi-mare incognitum - ulwandle olungaziwa. Njengoba izinhlelo zemvelo eziyinkimbinkimbi esiphila kuzo zishintsha nemithelela yabantu, asazi ukuthi kuzokwenzekani, ikakhulukazi olwandle loMhlaba. Kodwa izinqubo zokubusa kolwandle ezifika ngesikhathi futhi eziguquguqukayo zizosisiza ukuthi sizulazule ku-Anthropocene.

Ukufunda Okwengeziwe

• U-Biermann F (2012) Ukutshala i-Green Charter yeZizwe Ezihlangene. Ipolitiki Yomhlaba ku-Anthropocene. Iphepha Lokusebenza Lokulawulwa Kwesistimu Yomhlaba No. 21. I-Lund ne-Amsterdam: Iphrojekthi Yokubusa Kwesistimu Yomhlaba.
• Spalding, Mark J. “Ukusebenzisa amalungelo ukukhuthaza ubuphathi kunesidingo sokuqala: Ukuphatha okuthembekile”, Iphepha Elimhlophe: The Ocean Foundation March 2013
• Ukubusa Kwesistimu Yomhlaba
• I-Future Ocean Alliance