Sisebenzela Ekumisweni Kwenqubekela-phambili kwe-DSM: Imigomo Yethu Yeziphathimandla Ze-Seabed Nangaphandle

Njengengxenye yethu umsebenzi oqhubekayo wokutshela iqiniso lesayensi, lezezimali, nezomthetho mayelana nezimayini ezijulile zolwandle (DSM), I-Ocean Foundation ibambe iqhaza emihlanganweni yakamuva kakhulu ye-International Seabed Authority (ISA) phakathi neNgxenye II yeSeshini yama-27 (ISA-27 Ingxenye II). Siyajabula ngokuthi Amazwe Angamalungu e-ISA agunyaze isicelo sethu sesimo Se-Observer esisemthethweni phakathi nalo mhlangano. Manje, i-TOF ingabamba iqhaza njenge-Observer ngesikhundla sayo, ngaphezu kokuhlanganyela njengengxenye ye-Deep Sea Conservation Coalition (DSCC). Njengababukeli, singabamba iqhaza emsebenzini we-ISA, okuhlanganisa nokunikeza umbono wethu phakathi nezingxoxo, kodwa awukwazi ukuba nengxenye ekuthathweni kwezinqumo. Nokho, ukwazisa kwethu ngokuba i-Observer entsha kwehliswa ukungabikho okusobala kwamanye amazwi amaningi abalulekile ababambiqhaza.

I-United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea (UNCLOS) yachaza indawo engaphansi kolwandle ngale kwanoma yiliphi izwe elilawulwa izwe ngokuthi “Indawo.” Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNdawo nezinsiza zayo “iyifa elivamile [lomuntu]” okufanele liphathwe ukuze kuzuze wonke umuntu. I-ISA yasungulwa ngaphansi kwe-UNCLOS ukuze ilawule izinsiza zeNdawo kanye “nokuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa okusebenzayo kwemvelo yasolwandle.” Kuze kube manje, i-ISA isungule imithetho yokuhlola futhi ibisebenzela ukuthuthukisa imithetho yokuxhashazwa.

Ngemva kweminyaka yomnyakazo onzima wokuthuthukisa leyo mithetho ukuze ibuse ekujuleni kolwandle njengefa elivamile lesintu, isizwe saseNauru esiQhingini SasePacific siye sabeka ingcindezi (ngalokho abanye abakubiza ngokuthi "umthetho weminyaka emibili") ku-ISA ukuze kuphothulwe imithethonqubo - kanye nezindinganiso ezihambisanayo neziqondiso - ngoJulayi 2023 (Ngenkathi abanye bekholelwa ukuthi i-ISA manje isiphambene newashi, amazwe amaningi angamaLungu futhi Izingqapheli ziye zazwakalisa umbono wazo wokuthi “umthetho weminyaka emibili” awuzibophezeli amazwe ukuba agunyaze ukumba izimayini). Lo mzamo wokusheshisa ukuphothulwa kwemithethonqubo uhambisana nendaba engelona iqiniso, eqhutshwa ngamandla yilowo owayezoba umsebenzi wasezimayini wasolwandle i-The Metals Company (TMC) kanye nabanye, ukuthi amaminerali olwandle olujulile ayadingeka ukuze kuqedwe ukutholakala kwamandla ethu emhlabeni jikelele. I-Decarbonization ayincikile kumaminerali asolwandle njenge-cobalt ne-nickel. Eqinisweni, abenzi bebhethri nabanye basungula izinto ezintsha kude nalezo zinsimbi, ngisho I-TMC iyavuma ukuthi izinguquko ezisheshayo zezobuchwepheshe zinganciphisa isidingo samaminerali asolwandle.

I-ISA-27 Ingxenye II yayimatasa, futhi kukhona izifinyezo ezinhle ezitholakala ku-inthanethi, kuhlanganise neyodwa I-Earth Negotiations Bulletin. Le mihlangano ikwenze kwacaca ukuthi kuncane kangakanani ongoti basolwandle abakwaziyo: izingxoxo zesayensi, ezobuchwepheshe, ezezimali, kanye nezomthetho zibusa izingxoxo. Lapha e-TOF, sithatha ithuba lokwabelana ngamaphuzu ambalwa abaluleke kakhulu emsebenzini wethu, okuhlanganisa ukuthi izinto zimi kuphi nokuthi senzani ngakho.

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Bonke ababambiqhaza abadingekayo abekho e-ISA. Futhi, labo ababa khona njengababukeli abasemthethweni abanikezwa isikhathi abasidingayo ukuze banikeze imibono yabo.

Ku-ISA-27 Ingxenye II, kwaba nokuqashelwa okukhulayo kwababambiqhaza abaningi abahlukahlukene abanentshisekelo ekubusweni kolwandle kanye nezinsiza zalo. Kodwa imibuzo iyanda mayelana nokuthi bangabathola kanjani labobabambiqhaza egumbini, futhi i-ISA-27 Ingxenye II, ngeshwa, yabhukhwa ngokwehluleka okusobala ukubafaka.

Ngosuku lokuqala lwemihlangano, i-ISA Secretariat yasika ukudla kokusakaza bukhoma. Izithunywa zeZwe elingamalungu, Izibukeli, abezindaba, nabanye ababambiqhaza abakwazanga ukuba khona - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngenxa yokukhathazeka nge-COVID-19 noma umthamo olinganiselwe endaweni - bashiywe bengazi ukuthi kwenzekeni noma kungani. Phakathi nokuhlehla okukhulu, futhi esikhundleni sokuthi Amazwe Angamalungu avotele ukuthi ayisakaze yini imihlangano, ukusakazwa kwewebhu kwabuye kwavulwa. Kwesinye isigameko, izithunywa zentsha ezimbili kuphela zaphazanyiswa futhi zanqanyulwa yiBamba likaMongameli WoMkhandlu. Kuphinde kwaba nokukhathazeka mayelana nokungafaneleki kokuthi uNobhala Jikelele udlulisele kanjani kubabambiqhaza be-ISA, okuhlanganisa nabaxoxisana nabo abavela emazweni angamaLungu ngokwawo, ngevidiyo nakwezinye izimo. Ngosuku lokugcina lwemihlangano, imikhawulo yesikhathi engafanele yabekwa ezitatimendeni ze-Observer ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuba ababukele banikezwe indawo, futhi labo ababedlula kubo babecishiwe imibhobho. 

I-Ocean Foundation yangenela (yanikeza isitatimende esisemthethweni) ku-ISA-27 Ingxenye II ukuze iqaphele ukuthi ababambiqhaza abafanelekile bamagugu afanayo esintu, okungenzeka, bangathi sonke. Sinxuse i-ISA Secretariat ukuthi imeme amazwi ahlukene engxoxweni ye-DSM - ikakhulukazi intsha kanye namazwi aboMdabu - futhi ivule umnyango kubo bonke abasebenzisa ulwandle njengabadobi, abahambi, ososayensi, abahloli bamazwe, namaciko. Sinalokho engqondweni, sacela i-ISA ukuthi ifune ngokushesha laba ababambiqhaza futhi yamukele imibono yabo.

Umgomo we-Ocean Foundation: Ukuze bonke ababambiqhaza abathintekile bazibandakanye ezimayini ezijulile olwandle.

Ngokubambisana nabanye abaningi, sisakaza igama lokuthi i-DSM izosithinta kanjani sonke. Sizosebenza ngokuqhubekayo nangobuciko ukwenza itende libe likhulu. 

• Siphakamisa izingxoxo ezizungeze i-DSM lapho singakwazi khona, futhi sikhuthaza nabanye ukuba benze okufanayo. Sonke sinesethi ehlukile yezithakazelo kanye noxhumana nabo.
• Ngenxa yokuthi i-ISA ayizange ibafune ngokuqhubekayo bonke ababambiqhaza, futhi ngenxa yokuthi i-DSM - ukube iqhubekela phambili - izothinta wonke umuntu emhlabeni, sisebenzela ukuxoxa nge-DSM, nokuthi kungani sisekela ukumiswa (ukuvinjelwa kwesikhashana), kwabanye. izingxoxo zamazwe ngamazwe: I-United Nations General Assembly (i-UNGA), iSeshini yesi-5 yeNgqungquthela Yamazwe ngamazwe (i-IGC) mayelana Ukongiwa kanye nokusetshenziswa okusimeme kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle ngale kwezindawo ezingaphansi kombuso kazwelonke (i-BBNJ), iNgqungquthela yeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu (i-UNFCCC) Yamaqembu (i-COP27), kanye Nenkundla Yezepolitiki Yezinga Eliphezulu Yentuthuko Esimeme. I-DSM idinga ukudingidwa kuzo zonke izinhlaka zomthetho zamazwe ngamazwe futhi kukhulunywe ngayo ngokuhlanganyela nangokuphelele.
• Sikhuthaza izinkundla ezincane njengezindawo ezibalulekile kule ngxoxo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izishayamthetho zikazwelonke nezamazwe angaphansi ezizweni ezigudle ugu ezizungeze i-Clarion Clipperton Zone, amaqembu abadobi (okuhlanganisa neziNhlangano Zokulawulwa Kwezokudoba Zesifunda- ezithatha izinqumo mayelana nokuthi obani abadoba kuphi, ziphi igiya abazisebenzisayo futhi bangaki izinhlanzi abangazibamba), kanye nemihlangano yentsha yemvelo.
• Sakhela phezu kolwazi lwethu olujulile ekwakhiweni kwamandla ukuze sihlonze ababambiqhaza - futhi sisize labo ababambiqhaza bazulazule izinketho zokuxoxisana e-ISA, okuhlanganisa kodwa kungagcini nje ngohlelo olusemthethweni lwesicelo se-Observer.

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Amalungelo abantu, ubulungiswa bezemvelo, amalungelo omdabu nolwazi, kanye nokulingana kwesizukulwane bekugqama ezingxoxweni phakathi nawo womathathu amasonto emihlangano.

Amazwe amaningi Angamalungu kanye Nababukeli baxoxe ngemithelela esekelwe kumalungelo ye-DSM engaba khona. Ukukhathazeka kwaphakanyiswa mayelana nokungalungi okucatshangwayo ngendlela uNobhala Jikelele we-ISA aye wabonisa ngayo umsebenzi oqhubekayo e-ISA kwezinye izinkundla zamazwe ngamazwe, izinsolo noma ebonisa ukuvumelana mayelana nokuphothula imithetho kanye nokugunyaza i-DSM lapho lokho kuvumelana kungekho. 

I-Ocean Foundation ikholelwa ukuthi i-DSM iwusongo kumagugu amasiko angaphansi kwamanzi, imithombo yokudla, indlela yokuziphilisa, isimo sezulu esiphilayo, kanye nezakhi zofuzo zasolwandle zemithi yesikhathi esizayo. Ku-ISA-27 Ingxenye II, sigcizelele ukuthi i-United Nations General Assembly Resolution 76/75 muva nje lihlonishwe ilungelo lendawo ehlanzekile, enempilo, nesimeme njengelungelo lomuntu, iphawula ukuthi leli lungelo lihlobene namanye amalungelo kanye nomthetho okhona wamazwe ngamazwe. Umsebenzi we-ISA awukho endaweni engenalutho, futhi kufanele - njengomsebenzi owenziwe ngaphansi kwazo zonke izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ngokungaguquki ohlelweni lwe-UN - uqhubekisele phambili leli lungelo.

Umgomo we-Ocean Foundation: Ukubona ukuhlanganiswa okuqhubekayo kwe-DSM kanye nemithelela yayo engaba khona olwandle lwethu, isimo sezulu, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezingxoxweni zemvelo zomhlaba wonke.

Sikholelwa ukuthi umfutho wamanje womhlaba wonke wokudiliza izisele futhi sibone ukubusa komhlaba wonke njengokuxhumene ngempela (ngokwesibonelo, ngokusebenzisa Izingxoxo Zokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Olwandle Nesimo Sezulu) igagasi elikhuphukayo elizophakamisa zonke izikebhe. Ngamanye amazwi, ukusebenzelana kanye nokwakhiwa kwengqikithi ngaphakathi kombuso wemvelo womhlaba ngeke kubukele phansi, kodwa kunalokho kuqinise, Isivumelwano Sezizwe Ezihlangene Somthetho Wasolwandle (i-UNCLOS). 

Ngenxa yalokho, sikholelwa ukuthi Amazwe Angamalungu e-ISA azokwazi ukuhlonipha nokuhlonipha i-UNCLOS kuyilapho enza ngokukhathalela nenhlonipho emazweni asathuthuka, imiphakathi yoMdabu, izizukulwane ezizayo, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kanye nezinsizakalo ze-ecosystem - konke kuyilapho ethembele kusayensi engcono kakhulu etholakalayo. I-Ocean Foundation isekela ngokuqinile izingcingo zokumiswa kwe-DSM ukuze kufakwe izinto ezikhathaza ababambiqhaza nesayensi.

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I-Underwater Cultural Heritage ayikutholi ukunakwa okufanele ezingxoxweni ze-ISA.

Nakuba ukubaluleka kwamasiko kuxoxiwe ngakho njengesevisi ye-ecosystem, amagugu amasiko angaphansi kwamanzi awabalulekile ezingxoxweni zakamuva ze-ISA. Kwesinye isibonelo, naphezu kokuphawula kwababambiqhaza ukuthi Uhlelo Lwesifunda Lokuphathwa Kwemvelo kufanele lucabangele amagugu aphathekayo nangaphatheki kanye nolwazi lwendabuko, uhlaka lwakamuva lwalolu hlelo lubhekisela kuphela “ngezinto zemivubukulo.” I-TOF yangenelela kabili ku-ISA-27 Ingxenye II ukuze icele ukuqashelwa okwengeziwe kwamagugu amasiko angaphansi kwamanzi futhi iphakamise ukuthi i-ISA ifinyelele ngokushesha kubabambiqhaza abafanelekile.

Umgomo we-Ocean Foundation: Ukuphakamisa amagugu amasiko angaphansi kwamanzi futhi uqiniseke ukuthi kuyingxenye ecacile yengxoxo ye-DSM ngaphambi kokuthi ichithwe kungahlosiwe.

• Sizosebenzela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amasiko ethu ayingxenye ebalulekile yezingxoxo ze-DSM. Lokhu kuhlanganisa: 
  • amagugu esiko aphathekayo, njengemikhumbi yezempi eyehlisiwe phezu kwePacific, noma ukuphahlazeka komkhumbi nezinsalela zabantu e-Atlantic I-Middle Passage, lapho phakathi nokuhweba ngezigqila ngaphesheya kwe-atlantic, abantu base-Afrika abalinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-1.8+ abazange basinde kulolu hambo.
  • amagugu angaphatheki amasiko,njenge amasiko aphilayo kwabantu basePacific, kuhlanganise nokufuna izindlela. 
• Sisanda kuthumela isimemo esisemthethweni sokubambisana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwe-ISA ne-UNESCO, futhi sizoqhubeka nokuphakamisa ingxoxo yokuthi singawavikela kanjani kangcono amagugu amasiko angaphansi kwamanzi.
• I-TOF yenza ucwaningo olumayelana namagugu amasiko aphathekayo nangaphatheki ePacific nase-Atlantic.
• I-TOF ixoxa nabanye ababambiqhaza mayelana namagugu amasiko angaphansi kwamanzi, futhi izokwenza ukuthi kube nokuxoxisana okwengeziwe phakathi kwalabo ababambiqhaza kanye ne-ISA.

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Kukhona ukuqashelwa kwezikhala olwazini mayelana nokulimala kwe-DSM.

Ku-ISA-27 Ingxenye II, kwaba nokuqashelwa okwengeziwe Amazwe Angamalungu kanye Nababukeli ukuthi, nakuba kungase kube nezikhala ezinkulu zesayensi olwazini esiludingayo ukuze siqonde ulwandle olujulile kanye nemvelo yalo, kunolwazi olungaphezu kokwanele ukwazi ukuthi i-DSM izokwazi limaza utwa. Simele ukucekela phansi i-ecosystem eyingqayizivele inikeza izinsiza eziningi ezibalulekile ze-ecosystem okuhlanganisa izinhlanzi nezimbaza ukudla; imikhiqizo evela ezintweni eziphilayo ezingase zisetshenziselwe imithi; ukulawulwa kwesimo sezulu; kanye nenani lomlando, lamasiko, lenhlalo, lezemfundo, nesayensi kubantu emhlabeni wonke.

I-TOF ingenelele ku-ISA-27 Ingxenye II ukusho ukuthi siyazi ukuthi i-ecosystem ayisebenzi yodwa, ngisho noma kusenezikhala ekuqondeni ukuthi zixhuma kanjani. Izimiso zemvelo ezingase ziphazamise ngaphambi kokuba siziqonde - nokwenza sazi - zingabhekana nakho kokubili ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamalungelo abantu ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Ngokuqondile, ukwenza kanjalo kuzongqubuzana ngqo neziNhloso Zokuthuthukiswa Okusimeme.

Umgomo we-Ocean Foundation: Ukungabhubhisi i-ecosystem yethu yolwandle olujulile ngaphambi kokuthi sazi ukuthi iyini, nokuthi isenzelani.

• Sisekela ukusebenzisa i-United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development njengenkundla yokuqoqwa kwedatha nokuchazwa.
• Sizosebenzela ukuphakamisa isayensi esezingeni eliphezulu, okukhombisa lokho amagebe olwazi azungeze utwa lolwandle maningi kakhulu futhi kuzothatha amashumi eminyaka ukuwavala.

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Ababambiqhaza basibhekisisa kahle isimo sezimali sokumbiwa phansi olwandle kanye nemithelela yomhlaba wangempela.

Phakathi namaseshini e-ISA akamuva, izithunywa bezilokhu zibheka izindaba ezibalulekile zezimali futhi zibona ukuthi usemkhulu umsebenzi okufanele wenziwe ngaphakathi. Ku-ISA-27 Ingxenye II, i-TOF, i-Deep Sea Conservation Coalition (DSCC), kanye nabanye Abaqapheli banxuse amalungu e-ISA ukuthi nawo abheke ngaphandle futhi abone ukuthi isithombe sezezimali sifiphele ku-DSM. Ama-Multiple Observers aqaphele ukuthi i-DSM itholwe yi-United Nations Environmental Program Sustainable Finance Initiative ukuthi ayihambisani nomnotho oluhlaza osimeme.

I-TOF iphawule ukuthi noma yimuphi umthombo ongase ube khona wokuxhasa ngezimali imisebenzi ye-DSM cishe kuzodingeka uthobele izibopho zangaphakathi nezangaphandle Zezemvelo, Ezenhlalakahle, Nokubusa (ESG) okungenzeka zivimbele uxhaso lwe-DSM yezentengiselwano. I-DSCC kanye nezinye Izingqapheli ziveze ukuthi i-TMC, umsekeli oyinhloko womugqa wesikhathi osheshisiwe wemithetho ye-DSM, isesimweni esibucayi sezezimali nokuthi ukungaqiniseki kwezezimali kunemithelela yomhlaba wangempela yokuziphendulela, ukulawula okuphumelelayo, kanye nesibopho sezomthetho.

Umgomo we-Ocean Foundation: Ukuqhubeka nokusebenzisana okuqinile nezimboni zezezimali nezomshwalense mayelana nokuthi i-DSM iphathekayo yini ngokwezimali noma ayinamshwalense.

• Sizokhuthaza amabhange kanye neminye imithombo engase ibe khona yoxhaso lwezimali ukuthi ibheke i-ESG yawo yangaphakathi neyangaphandle kanye nokuzibophezela kokusimama ukuze kutholakale ukuthi ayahambisana yini noxhaso lwe-DSM.
• Sizoqhubeka nokweluleka izikhungo zezezimali kanye nezisekelo mayelana namazinga okutshalwa kwezimali okusimeme komnotho oluhlaza.
• Sizoqhubeka nokuqapha ukuntengantenga kwezimali kanye izitatimende eziphikisanayo weThe Metals Company.

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Umsebenzi oqhubekayo wokumisa i-DSM:

Engqungqutheleni ye-United Nations Ocean e-Lisbon, e-Portugal ngoJuni 2022, ukukhathazeka okucacile mayelana ne-DSM zakhuliswa isonto lonke. I-TOF ibambe iqhaza ekusekeleni ukumiswa ngaphandle kwalapho futhi kuze kube yilapho i-DSM ingaqhubeka ngaphandle kokulimaza imvelo yasolwandle, ukulahlekelwa izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, usongo efa lethu eliphathekayo nelingabonakali, noma ingozi ezinsizeni ze-ecosystem.

Ku-ISA-27 Ingxenye II, e-Chile, e-Costa Rica, e-Spain, e-Ecuador, nase-Federated States of Micronesia konke kubize inguqulo ethile yokumisa isikhashana. I-Federated States of Micronesia yamemezela ukuthi yayiyingxenye ye-Alliance of Countries ibiza i-Deep-Sea Mining Moratorium eyethulwe yi-Palau ku-UN Ocean Conference.

Umgomo we-Ocean Foundation: Ukuqhubeka nokukhuthaza ukumiswa kwe-DSM.

Ukungafihli olimini kusemqoka kulezi zingxoxo. Nakuba abanye belibalekela leli gama, ukumisa okwesikhashana kuchazwa “njengokwenqatshelwa kwesikhashana.” Sizoqhubeka nokwabelana ngolwazi namazwe kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi mayelana nezinye izinqumo ezikhona nokuthi kungani ukumiswa kwe-DSM kunengqondo.

• Siyakweseka, futhi sizoqhubeka nokweseka, ukuvinjelwa kwe-DSM kuzwelonke nakwamanye amazwe.
• Ngaphambilini siye saphakamisa usongo esimisweni sethu semvelo solwandle ekujuleni kwethu ekuthumeleni kwethu Izingxoxo Zezingxoxo Zokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu ze-UN, futhi sizoqhubeka nokwenza kanjalo kwezinye izinkundla zamazwe ngamazwe.
• Sinobudlelwano bokusebenza nabenzi bezinqumo zemvelo emazweni emhlabeni jikelele, futhi sisebenzela ukuphakamisa usongo olulethwa i-DSM kuzo zonke izingxoxo ezimayelana nempilo yolwandle, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, nokusimama.
• Sizothamela umhlangano olandelayo we-ISA, ISA-27 Part III, obanjelwe eKingston, Jamaica kusukela ngomhlaka-31 Okthoba - 11 Novemba, ukuze silethe ukungenelela mathupha.