Ingxenye 1 - Ukucabanga Ngamapaki Olwandle: Kanjani, Kungani, Kuphi

Ngu: Mark J. Spalding, uMongameli, I-Ocean Foundation

KUNGANI ama-MPA?

Ekuqaleni kukaDisemba, ngachitha amasonto amabili e-San Francisco ngemihlangano emibili nge-Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), okuyigama elivamile lezindlela eziningi ezahlukene zokubeka eceleni izingxenye zolwandle nezindawo ezisogwini ukuze kusekelwe impilo izitshalo zasolwandle nezilwane. I-Wild Aid isingathe eyokuqala, okwakuyi-Global MPA Enforcement Conference. Eyesibili kwakuyi-Aspen Institute Ocean Dialogue, inkhulumomphendvulwano eyagqugquzelwa ngokucela bonke abamenyiwe ukuba bacabange ngeqhaza lama-MPA kanye nokunye ukuphathwa kwendawo ekubhekaneni nokudoba ngokweqile. Ngokusobala, ukongiwa kwasolwandle (okuhlanganisa nokusetshenziswa kwama-MPA) AKUHLANGANISIWE kuphela kwezokudoba; kufanele sibhekane nazo zonke izingcindezi eziphathelene nemvelo yasolwandle - kanti nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukudoba ngokweqile kuwusongo lwesibili olukhulu olwandle (ngemuva kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu). Nakuba izindawo eziningi zasolwandle ezivikelwe zingase futhi kufanele zakhelwe izinjongo eziningi (isb. ukuvikelwa kokuzalanisa, i-eco-tourism, ukuzijabulisa noma ukudoba ngobuciko), ake ngichaze ukuthi kungani sibheka ama-MPA njengethuluzi lokuphatha izindawo zokudoba futhi.

Izindawo Zasolwandle Ezivikelwe zinemingcele yendawo, zenzelwe ukuphatha umthelela womuntu kuzinto eziphilayo zasolwandle, futhi zithathe indlela yesikhathi eside. Lolu hlaka luhlinzeka ngemibandela esivumela ukuthi silawule nezindawo zokudoba. Kuma-MPA, njengasembonini yokudoba, silawula izenzo zabantu ngokuphathelene nemvelo (kanye nezinsizakalo ze-ecosystem); sivikela ama-ecosystems (noma cha), ASINGAPHATHI imvelo:

• Ama-MPA akufanele abe mayelana nohlobo olulodwa (lohwebo).
• Ama-MPA akufanele abe mayelana nokuphatha umsebenzi owodwa kuphela

Ama-MPA ekuqaleni aqanjwa njengendlela yokubeka eceleni izindawo ezithile nokuvikela izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezimele olwandle, ngokuhlala njalo noma okwesizini, noma inhlanganisela yeminye imikhawulo emisebenzini yabantu. Uhlelo lwethu lukazwelonke lwezindawo ezingcwele zasolwandle luvumela imisebenzi ethile futhi luvimbele eminye (ikakhulukazi ukukhishwa kukawoyela negesi). Ama-MPA aphinde abe yithuluzi lalabo abasebenzela ukuphatha izindawo zokudoba ngendlela ekhuthaza ukugcwala okunempilo kwezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezithengiswayo. Ekusebenzelaneni nezindawo zokudoba, ama-MPA angasetshenziswa ukwakha izindawo okungenwa kuzo, izindawo zokudoba zokungcebeleka kuphela, noma ukukhawulela izinhlobo zezimpahla zokudoba ezingasetshenziswa. Bangase futhi babeke imingcele lapho kudotshwa ezindaweni ezithile—ngokwesibonelo, ukuvala ngesikhathi sokuzala kwezinhlanzi, noma mhlawumbe ukuze kugwenywe izinkathi zokuzalela kofudu lwasolwandle. Ingase futhi isetshenziselwe ukubhekana neminye yemiphumela yokudoba ngokweqile.

Imiphumela Yokudoba Ngokweqile

Ukudoba ngokweqile akukubi nje kuphela, kodwa kubi kakhulu kunalokho ebesikucabanga. Ukudoba yigama esilisebenzisa emzamweni wokudoba uhlobo oluthile. Amaphesenti angu-80 ezindawo zokudoba ziye zahlolwa—okusho ukuthi ziye zacutshungulwa ukuze kutholakale ukuthi zinabo yini abantu abaqinile abanamazinga amahle okuzala nokuthi ingabe ingcindezi yokudoba idinga ukuncishiswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukwakhiwa kabusha kwabantu. Ezimbonini ezisele zokudoba, inani lezinhlanzi liyehla ngezinga eliphazamisayo, kokubili ku-10% wezindawo zokudoba ezingakahlolwa, kanye nengxenye (10%) yezindawo zokudoba ezihloliwe. Lokhu kusishiya no-XNUMX% nje kuphela wezindawo zokudoba ezinganciphisi okwamanje—nakuba kukhona intuthuko yangempela eyenziwe endleleni esiphatha ngayo ukudoba, ikakhulukazi e-US Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imizamo yokudoba iye yanda kakhulu futhi iyaqhubeka ukwanda. unyaka ngamunye.

Izimpahla ezibhubhisayo kanye nezindawo ezibanjwayo ezingabanjwanga zilimaza nezilwane zasendle kuzo zonke izindawo zokudoba. Ukubamba ngengozi noma ukubanjwa okungaqondile wukuthatha izinhlanzi okungahlosiwe nezinye izilwane ngengozi njengengxenye yokudonsa amanetha—inkinga ethile ngawo womabili amanetha adonsayo (okungaba amamayela angu-35 ubude) kanye nezimpahla ezilahlekile ezifana namanetha nezinhlanzi ezilahlekile. izicupho eziqhubeka nokusebenza ngisho noma zingasasetshenziswa abantu—kanye nasekufakeni imigqa emide—uhlobo lokudoba olusebenzisa imigqa ephakathi kwemayela namamayela angu-50 ubude ukuze kubanjwe izinhlanzi ochungechungeni lwezingwegwe eziboshwe entanjeni. I-bycatch ingaba amakhilogremu angu-9 kuphawundi ngalinye lohlobo oluqondiwe, olufana nezimfanzi, ezilenza libe etafuleni. Ukulahlekelwa kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo, ukuhudulwa kwamanetha, nokucekelwa phansi kwezinhlanzi ezincane, izimfudu zasolwandle nezinye izinhlobo okungahlosiwe ngazo zonke izindlela eziba nemiphumela enkulu, ukudoba ezimbonini okuthinta kokubili izinhlanzi ezizayo kanye nemizamo ekhona yokulawula. kangcono.

Cishe abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1 bathembele ezinhlanzini ukuze bathole amaprotheni nsuku zonke futhi isidingo somhlaba wonke sezinhlanzi siyakhula. Nakuba ingxenye engaphezudlwana kwengxenye yalesi sidingo okwamanje ihlangatshezwa ukufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini, sisathatha cishe amathani ayizigidi ezingama-80 ezinhlanzi olwandle minyaka yonke. Ukukhula kwenani labantu, kuhlanganiswe nokuceba okwandayo kusho ukuthi singalindela ukwanda kwesidingo sezinhlanzi esikhathini esizayo. Siyazi ukuthi uyini umonakalo ovela ezindaweni zokudoba, futhi singalindela ukuthi lokhu kukhula kwenani labantu kuqhubeke nokuhlanganisa ukudoba ngokweqile okukhona, ukulahlekelwa indawo yokuhlala ngenxa yezinto ezibhubhisayo esivame ukuzisebenzisa, kanye nokwehla okuphelele kwezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezithengiswayo ngenxa yokuthi sihlose amadala amakhulu. inhlanzi yobudala yokuzala. Njengoba sike sabhala kumabhulogi adlule, ukuvunwa kwezimboni zezinhlanzi zasendle ukuze zisetshenziswe emhlabeni wonke akusimeme emvelweni, kuyilapho abadobi abadobela ukuziphilisa abalawulwa umphakathi bangasimama.

Enye imbangela yokudoba ngokweqile ukuthi simane sinezikebhe eziningi kakhulu, sijaha izinhlanzi ezihlala zincipha. Kukhona imikhumbi yokudoba elinganiselwa ezigidini ezine emhlabeni—cishe iphindwe kahlanu kunalokho esikudingayo ukuze sisimame ngokwezinye izilinganiso. Futhi laba badobi bathola uxhaso lukahulumeni (cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-25 ngonyaka emhlabeni wonke) ukuze kwandiswe imboni yokudoba. Lokhu kumele kume uma silindele ukuthi imiphakathi emincane, engayodwa engasogwini kanye naseziqhingini izohlala incike ekukwazini ukubamba izinhlanzi. Izinqumo zezombangazwe zokudala amathuba emisebenzi, ukukhuthaza ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe, noma ukuthola izinhlanzi ezizosetshenziswa kanye nezinqumo zemakethe yezinkampani zisho ukuthi sitshala imali ekudaleni imikhumbi eminingi yokudoba yezimboni. Futhi iyaqhubeka ikhula naphezu komthamo omkhulu. Izikhungo zemikhumbi zakha imishini emikhulu, esheshayo yokubulala izinhlanzi, enezelwa i-radar yezinhlanzi engcono nengcono kanye nobunye ubuchwepheshe. Ukwengeza, sinokudoba okuzinze emphakathini eduze nogu kanye nokudoba ngezingcweti, okudinga nokuqapha izindlela ezingcono kakhulu nokucabanga kwesikhathi eside.

Ngikholwa futhi ukuthi kufanele sicacise ukuthi asifuni ukuphindaphinda kwezindawo zokudoba ngezikali zezentengiselwano emhlabeni wonke ziye ezingeni lapho zonke izidingo zamaprotheni ezinhlanzi zesigidigidi noma ngaphezulu abantu zingahlangatshezwa izinhlanzi ezidotshwe zasendle—akunakwenzeka. Noma ngabe izinhlanzi zibuya zibuya, kufanele siqondiswe izigwegwe ukuze noma iziphi izindawo zokudoba ezivuselelwe ziqhubeke zisimeme futhi ngaleyo ndlela zishiye izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo olwandle, futhi sikhuthaze ukuphepha kwezilwane zasolwandle zasendaweni ngokukhetha umdobi ngamunye kanye nabadobi abasemphakathini, esikhundleni sezimboni zomhlaba wonke. ukuxhashazwa ngezikali. Futhi, sidinga ukukhumbula ukuthi kungakanani ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho esikutholayo njengamanje ngenxa yezinhlanzi esezikhishiwe olwandle (izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ezokuvakasha, izinsiza ze-ecosystem, namanye amanani okuba khona), nokuthi imbi kangakanani inzuzo yethu ekutshalweni kwezimali uma sixhasa imikhumbi yokudoba. Ngakho-ke, sidinga ukugxila endimeni yezinhlanzi njengengxenye yezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukuvikela izilwane ezidla ezinye ezisezingeni eliphezulu ukuze zilingane futhi sivimbele ama-trophic cascades aphezulu (okungukuthi, kudingeka sivikele ukudla kwazo zonke izilwane zasolwandle).

Ngakho-ke, i-recap: ukuze sisindise izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle kanjalo nokusebenza kwe-ecosystem yalo kanye nezinkonzo ezinganikezwa yilezo zinhlelo zemvelo, sidinga ukunciphisa kakhulu ukudoba, sibeke izinhlanzi ezidotshiwe ezingeni eliqhubekayo, futhi sinqande imisebenzi yokudoba ebhubhisayo neyingozi. Lezo zinyathelo zilula kakhulu kimi ukuba ngizibhale kunokuba zifezeke, futhi eminye imizamo emihle kakhulu iyaqhubeka endaweni, esifundeni, kuzwelonke, nasemhlabeni jikelele. Futhi, ithuluzi elilodwa laligxile eSan Francisco, inkhulumomphendvulwano yolwandle ye-Aspen Institute: ukuphatha indawo kanye nezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

Ukusebenzisa Izindawo Zasolwandle Ezivikelwe Ukubhekana Nengozi Ephezulu

Njengoba nje emhlabeni sinesimiso sezindawo ezizimele nezikahulumeni ezinamazinga ahlukahlukene okuvikela emisebenzini eminingi yabantu, ngokufanayo, singasebenzisa isimiso esinjalo olwandle. Ezinye izenzo zokuphatha izindawo zokudoba ziphinde zigxile ekuphathweni kwendawo okuvimbela umzamo wokudoba (MPAs). Kwamanye ama-MPA imikhawulo ilinganiselwe ekungadobini uhlobo olulodwa oluthile. Sidinga nje ukuqinisekisa ukuthi asisusi umzamo kwezinye izindawo/izinhlobo; ukuthi sikhawulela ukudoba ezindaweni ezifanele kanye nezikhathi ezifanele zonyaka; kanye nokuthi silungisa isimiso sokuphatha uma kwenzeka kuba noshintsho olukhulu lokushisa, phansi olwandle, noma ikhemistri yolwandle. Futhi, sidinga ukukhumbula ukuthi ama-MPA anikeza usizo olulinganiselwe ngezinhlobo zeselula (pelagic) (njenge-tuna noma izimfudu zasolwandle)—imikhawulo yamagiya, imikhawulo yesikhashana, kanye nemikhawulo yokubamba esimweni se-tuna konke kusebenza kangcono.

Ukuphila kahle kwabantu nakho kubalulekile njengoba siklama ama-MPA. Ngakho-ke noma yiluphi uhlelo olusebenzayo ludinga ukufaka izici zemvelo, inhlalo namasiko, ubuhle kanye nezomnotho. Siyazi ukuthi imiphakathi edobayo inesandla esikhulu ekusimameni, futhi ngokuvamile, izindlela ezimbalwa zezomnotho nezendawo esikhundleni sokudoba. Kodwa, kunomehluko phakathi kokusatshalaliswa kwezindleko kanye nezinzuzo zama-MPA. Izindleko zasendaweni, zesikhathi esifushane (imikhawulo yokudoba) zokukhiqiza izinzuzo zesikhathi eside emhlabeni wonke (i-biodiversity rebound of biodiversity) kunzima ukuthengisa. Futhi, izinzuzo zasendaweni (izinhlanzi eziningi kanye nemali engenayo eyengeziwe) zingathatha isikhathi eside ukuba zenzeke. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuhlonza izindlela zokuhlinzeka ngazo izinzuzo zesikhashana ezinciphisa ngokwanele izindleko ukuze kubandakanye ababambiqhaza bendawo. Ngeshwa, siyazi ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwethu kuze kube manje ukuthi uma kungekho ukuthengwa kwababambiqhaza, kusho ukuthi kukhona ukwehluleka okuphelele kwemizamo ye-MPA.

Ukuphatha kwethu izenzo zomuntu kufanele kugxile ekuvikeleni i-ecosystem yonkana, ngisho noma ukuphoqelela (okwamanje) kukhawulelwe ku-MPA (njenge-subset ye-ecosystem). Imisebenzi eminingi yabantu (eminye ikude nama-MPA) ithinta impumelelo yemvelo ye-MPA. Ngakho-ke uma senza umklamo wethu ngendlela efanele, ububanzi bethu kufanele buvuleke ngokwanele ukuze siqinisekise ukucatshangelwa komonakalo ongase ube khona njengalowo ovela kumanyolo wamakhemikhali okuhloswe ngawo ukuhlinzeka ngemisoco ezitshalweni ezikhuphuka nomfula lapho zikhukhulwa emhlabeni futhi zehla nomfula futhi zingene olwandle lwethu. .

Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi ama-MPA ayasebenza. Zivikela izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo futhi zisize ekugcineni iwebhu yokudla iqinile. Futhi, kunobufakazi obuqinile bokuthi lapho ukudoba kumisiwe, noma kunqunyelwe ngandlela thize, izinhlobo zenzuzo yezentengiselwano ziyabuya kanye nezinye izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Futhi, ucwaningo olwengeziwe luphinde lwasekela umqondo ovamile wokuthi izinhlanzi nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziphindaphindayo ngaphakathi kwe-MPA zichithekela phezu kwemingcele yakhona. Kodwa okuncane kakhulu kolwandle kuvikelwe, empeleni kuphela i-1% yama-71% eplanethi yethu eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka engaphansi kohlobo oluthile lokuvikelwa, futhi amaningi alawo ma-MPA angamapaki amaphepha, ngoba atholakala ephepheni kuphela futhi awaphoqelelwa. Isibuyekezo: Kukhulu okufeziwe kule minyaka eyishumi edlule ekuvikelweni kolwandle, nokho ngamaphesenti angu-1.6 kuphela olwandle “oluvikelwe ngokuqinile,” inqubomgomo yokongiwa komhlaba isasekude kakhulu, ithola isivikelo esisemthethweni cishe ngamaphesenti ayi-15 omhlaba.  Isayensi yezindawo ezivikelekile zasolwandle manje isivuthiwe futhi ibanzi, futhi izinsongo eziningi ezibhekene nolwandle Lomhlaba kusukela ekudobeni ngokweqile, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukulahlekelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukufakwa kwe-asidi nezinye izindaba eziningi zifuna ukusheshisa, isenzo esiqhutshwa yisayensi. Ngakho-ke sikusebenzisa kanjani esikwaziyo ekuvikelweni okusemthethweni, okusemthethweni?

Ama-MPA ewodwa ngeke aphumelele. Kumele zihlanganiswe namanye amathuluzi. Kudingeka sinake ukungcola, ukuphathwa kwenhlabathi nezinye izici. Kudingeka senze umsebenzi ongcono ukuze siqiniseke ukuthi ukuphathwa kwezindawo zasolwandle kusebenzisana kahle nezinye izinhlobo zokuphatha (izinqubomgomo zokongiwa kolwandle kanye nokuvikelwa kwezilwane ngokuvamile), kanye nezindima zama-ejensi amaningi. Ukwengeza, sidinga ukuvuma ukuthi i-asidi yolwandle eqhutshwa yikhabhoni kanye nokufudumala kolwandle kusho ukuthi sibhekene nokushintsha kwesikali sezwe. Umphakathi wethu uyavuma ukuthi sidinga ukudala ama-MPA amaningi amasha ngangokunokwenzeka, njengoba nje siqapha akhona ukuze sithuthukise ukwakheka nokusebenza kwawo ngempumelelo. Ukuvikelwa olwandle kudinga indawo yezepolitiki enkulu kakhulu. Sicela ujoyine umphakathi wethu (ngokunikela noma ngokubhalisela iphephandaba lethu) futhi usize ekwenzeni indawo yabavoti ibe nkulu futhi ibe namandla ukuze senze izinguquko zenzeke.