Ingxenye 2: Ukucabanga Ngokugubha iminyaka engu-30 yeNgqungquthela ye-UN Yomthetho Wasolwandle

Ngu: Matthew Cannistraro

Ukuphikisa kwe-Reagan ngokwengqondo kwesivumelwano kufihlwe ngaphansi kwe-patina ye-pragmatism yomphakathi. Le ndlela yokwenza kanjalo yafiphaza imigomo yenkulumo-mpikiswano UNCLOS okwalandela isikhundla sakhe sobumongameli okwaholela ekuphikisaneni okusekelwe emicabangweni yemibono hhayi izithakazelo zezimboni zethu zasolwandle. Lokhu kuphikisa kube yimpumelelo ngoba izikhundla zabo zihambisana kahle namasenenja ambalwa abalulekile. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukukhathazeka kwe-pragmatic kuzodlula okungokwengqondo futhi laba baphikisi bazolahlekelwa ukuhambisana kwabo.

Izikhundla zikaReagan esidlangalaleni ku-UNCLOS azizange zifane nemibono yakhe yangasese ngesivumelwano. Esidlangalaleni, wakhomba ukubuyekezwa okukhethekile okuyisithupha okuzokwenza isivumelwano samukeleke, kuqinise i-pragmatism yakhe. Ngaseceleni, wabhala ukuthi “wayengeke asisayine isivumelwano, ngisho noma ingekho ingxenye yezimayini engaphansi kolwandle.” Ngaphezu kwalokho, waqoka abaphikisi besivumelwano samazwi, bonke ababenemibono engabaza, njengezithunywa zakhe ezingxoxweni. Naphezu kokubonakala kwe-pragmatism yomphakathi, imibhalo kaReagan yangasese kanye nokuqokwa kwezithunywa kuqinisekisa ukubhukha kwakhe okujulile kwemibono.

Izenzo zika-Reagan zisize ekuhlanganiseni ukuvumelana okuqinile okumelene ne-UNCLOS phakathi kongqondongqondo abalandela imithetho egxilile embonweni wokucabanga kodwa ombozwe nge-pragmatism. Ngo-1994, ukuxoxisana kabusha kwe-UNCLOS kwaveza isivumelwano esibuyekeziwe esabhekana nokukhathazeka okukhulu kukaReagan mayelana nengxenye yezimayini engaphansi kolwandle. Nokho, eminyakeni eyishumi ngemva kokuxoxisana kabusha, uJean Kirkpatrick, inxusa likaReagan ku-UN waphawula ngesivumelwano esibuyekeziwe, “Umbono wokuthi izilwandle noma umkhathi 'ziyifa elivamile lesintu' wawu—futhi uwu—ukwehlukana okuphawulekayo emicabangweni evamile yaseNtshonalanga. impahla yangasese.” Lesi sitatimende siqinisa ukuphikisa kwakhe kwemibono esisekelweni sesivumelwano, ngokuhambisana nezinkolelo zangasese zikaReagan.

Ulwandle alukaze lube “impahla”. U-Kirkpatrick, njengabaphikisi abaningi besivumelwano, ufaka ulwandle kumbono wakhe, esikhundleni sokuhlakulela isikhundla esisekelwe kumaqiniso okusetshenziswa kolwandle. Izimpikiswano eziningi eziphikisana nesivumelwano zilandela iphethini efanayo. Esinye isazi seHeritage Foundation safingqa ukuphikiswa kwamaqiniso alandelanayo, sabhala ukuthi “Ibutho Lezempi Lasemanzini Lase-US 'livalela' amalungelo nenkululeko yalo...ngekhono lalo lokucwilisa noma yimuphi umkhumbi ongazama ukwenqaba lawo malungelo,” hhayi ngokugunyaza i-UNCLOS. Nakuba lokhu kungase kube yiqiniso kuMbutho Wasolwandle, njengoba sibonile e-Ecuador, imikhumbi yethu yokudoba neyohwebo ayinakuba nabaphelezeli bezempi yonke futhi ukwamukela i-UNCLOS kuzosiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha kwayo.

I-Isolationists ithi i-UNCLOS izoba ngenabungane e-US njengoba i-UN injalo e-US ngokwayo. Kodwa ulwandle luwumthombo womhlaba wonke, futhi ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kuyadingeka ukuze kulawuleke. Ukugomela okuhlangene kobukhosi okwalandela izimemezelo zikaTruman kuholele ekungazinzini nasekungqubuzaneni emhlabeni jikelele. Ukudiliza i-UNCLOS, njengoba laba bantu abazihlukanisayo bephakamisa, kuzongenisa inkathi entsha yokungazinzi okusikhumbuza isikhathi esilandela izimemezelo zika-Truman. Lokhu kungazinzi kwadala ukungaqiniseki nengozi, kwavimbela ukutshalwa kwezimali.

Ama-conservatives emakethe yamahhala aphikisana nesistimu efanayo ivimbela ukuncintisana. Baqinisile, nokho ukuncintisana okungavinjelwe kwezinsiza zolwandle akuyona indlela ephumelelayo. Ngokuhlanganisa abaholi abavela emhlabeni wonke ukuze baphathe amaminerali angaphansi kolwandle, singazama ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amafemu awakwazi ukukhipha inzuzo ngaphansi kolwandle, ngokunganaki inhlalakahle yezizukulwane zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, i-ISA ihlinzeka ngokuzinza okudingekayo ukuze kutshalwe imali ecishe ibe ngamabhiliyoni adingekayo ukuze kuqalwe izimayini. Ngamafuphi, abaphikisi be-UNCLOS basebenzisa imibono yezepolitiki yasemhlabeni esisetshenziswa esingaphezu kobubanzi baleyo nkulumo. Ngokwenza kanjalo, azinaki nezidingo zezimboni zethu zasolwandle, zonke ezeseka ukugunyazwa. Ukuthatha isikhundla esihambisana namaSenator aseRiphabhlikhi aqinile, aqale ukuphikisa okwanele ukuvimbela ukuqinisekiswa.

Isifundo esibalulekile esingasithatha kulo mzabalazo ukuthi njengoba ulwandle nendlela esilusebenzisa ngayo lushintsha, kumele siguqule ukubusa kwethu, ubuchwepheshe kanye nemibono yethu ukuze sibhekane nezinselelo ezikhona lezo zinguquko. Emakhulwini eminyaka, imfundiso yeNkululeko Yolwandle yayinengqondo, kodwa njengoba ukusetshenziswa kolwandle kwashintsha, yalahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwayo. Ngesikhathi uTruman ekhipha izimemezelo zakhe zango-1945, umhlaba wawudinga indlela entsha yokuphatha ulwandle. I-UNCLOS ayisona isixazululo esiphelele senkinga yokuphatha, kodwa akukho okunye osekuhlongoziwe. Uma sivuma isivumelwano, singaxoxisana ngezichibiyelo ezintsha futhi siqhubeke nokuthuthukisa i-UNCLOS. Ngokuhlala ngaphandle kwesivumelwano, singabuka kuphela njengoba umhlaba wonke uxoxisana ngekusasa lokubusa kolwandle. Ngokuthikameza ukuqhubeka, silahlekelwa yithuba lethu lokuyilungisa.

Namuhla, izinhlanganisela zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ziyashintsha ekusetshenzisweni kolwandle, okuqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili ulwandle nendlela esilusebenzisa ngayo kuguquka ngokushesha kunangaphambili. Endabeni ye-UNCLOS, abaphikisi baye baphumelela ngoba isimo sabo sengqondo sihambisana kahle nosopolitiki, kodwa ithonya labo liyama eSenate. Impumelelo yabo yesikhathi esifushane ithungele imbewu yokushona okuvelele, njengoba intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe izosiphoqa ukuthi samukele isivumelwano uma ukusekelwa kwemboni sekungenakunqotshwa. Laba baphikisi bazoba nokuncane ukuhambisana ezingxoxweni ngemva kwalolu shintsho; njengoba nje ithimba likaReagan lilahlekelwe ukwesekwa kwalo ezingxoxweni ngemva kokuhlehla. Nokho, labo abamukela izinto ezingokoqobo zezombangazwe, ezomnotho, nezemvelo zokusetshenziswa kolwandle bayoba nenzuzo enkulu ekulolongeni ikusasa lalo.

Uma sicabanga ngeminyaka engamashumi amathathu kusukela ku-UNCLOS, ukwehluleka kwethu ukuqinisa isivumelwano kuzokwenzeka kukhulu. Lokhu kwehluleka kwaba umphumela wokungakwazi ukumisa kahle inkulumo-mpikiswano ngokwemibandela ye-pragmatic. Esikhundleni salokho, amakhampasi emibono ayenganaki amaqiniso ezomnotho nawemvelo okusetshenziswa kolwandle asiqondise ekugcineni. Odabeni lwe-UNCLOS, abalandeli bakugwema ukukhathazeka kwezepolitiki futhi bahluleka ukuthola ukuqinisekiswa ngenxa yalokho. Ukuqhubekela phambili, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi inqubomgomo yolwandle ephusile izokwakhiwa ngokukhumbula amaqiniso ezombusazwe, ezomnotho, kanye nemvelo.

U-Matthew Cannistraro usebenze njengomsizi wocwaningo e-Ocean Foundation entwasahlobo ka-2012. Njengamanje usesikhundleni esiphezulu e-Claremont McKenna College lapho enza khona izifundo ezinkulu eMlandweni futhi ebhala ithisisi yokuhlonishwa mayelana nokudalwa kwe-NOAA. Intshisekelo kaMatthew ngenqubomgomo yezilwandle isukela othandweni lwakhe lokuhamba ngomkhumbi, ukudoba emanzini anosawoti, kanye nomlando wezombangazwe waseMelika. Ngemva kokuthweswa iziqu, unethemba lokuthi uzosebenzisa ulwazi nothando lwakhe ukwenza ushintsho oluhle endleleni esisebenzisa ngayo ulwandle.