Passion for Coral Reefs

Ekupheleni kukaJuni, ngaba nenjabulo nelungelo lokuhambela i-13th International Coral Reef Symposium (ICRS), inkomfa kaNdunankulu yososayensi bezixhobo zamakhorali abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba ebanjwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine. Bengilapho noFernando Bretos, umqondisi wohlelo lweCubaMar.

Ngahambela i-ICRS yami yokuqala ngethula njengomfundi we-PhD ngo-Okthoba 2000 e-Bali, e-Indonesia. Ngibone ngeso lengqondo: umfundi we-grad ovule amehlo olambile ukugcwalisa ilukuluku lami mayelana nazo zonke izinto zamakhorali. Leyo ngqungquthela yokuqala ye-ICRS yangivumela ukuba ngikucwilise futhi ngigcwalise ingqondo yami ngemibuzo okufanele ngiyiphenye kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Kwahlanganisa indlela yami yokusebenza njengokungekho omunye umhlangano wochwepheshe phakathi neminyaka yami yokuphothula esikoleni. Umhlangano waseBali - nabantu engahlangana nabo lapho, kanye nengakufunda - yilapho kwangicacela khona ukuthi ukufunda ngezixhobo zamakhorali impilo yami yonke ngempela kungaba umsebenzi owanelisa kakhulu.

"Ngishesha iminyaka engu-16, futhi ngiphila lelo phupho ngokugcwele ngisebenza njengesazi sezinto eziphilayo ze-coral reef ku-Cuba Marine Research and Conservation Programme ye-The Ocean Foundation." – Daria Siciliano

Ngokushesha phambili eminyakeni engu-16, futhi ngiphila lelo phupho ngokugcwele ngisebenza njengesazi sezinto eziphilayo zamakhorali kuhlelo lweCuba Marine Research and Conservation Programme. (I-CariMar) weThe Ocean Foundation. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengomcwaningi ohlangene, ngisebenzisa ilabhorethri emangalisayo nezinsiza zokuhlaziya ze-Institute of Marine Sciences yaseNyuvesi yaseCalifornia Santa Cruz ukuze ngenze umsebenzi walebhu odingekayo ophenyweni lwethu lwezixhobo zamakhorali zaseCuba.

Umhlangano we-ICRS ngenyanga edlule, owawuse-Honolulu, eHawaii, wawumnandi kancane. Ngaphambi kokuba ngizinikele emifuleni yamakhorali yaseCuba engafundi kahle futhi engapheli, ngachitha iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-15 ngifunda izixhobo zamakhorali zasePacific. Eminingi yaleyo minyaka yayinikezelwe ekuhloleni iqoqo leziqhingi ezikude zaseNyakatho-ntshonalanga yeHawaiian Islands, manje ebizwa ngokuthi i-Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, imingcele lapho ozakwethu bezokongiwa kwemvelo kanye ne-Pew Charitable Trusts okwamanje becela ukunwetshwa. Baqoqe amasignesha alo mzamo emhlanganweni we-ICRS ngenyanga edlule, engawusayina ngomdlandla. At lokhu inkomfa Ngibe nethuba lokukhumbula izigigaba eziningi zangaphansi kwamanzi kulelo qoqo leziqhingi elithakazelisayo nozakwethu bangaphambili, abahlanganyeli nabangane. Ezinye zazo ngase ngineminyaka eyishumi noma ngaphezulu ngingaziboni.

U-Daria, u-Fernando no-Patricia beSikhungo saseCuban Socwaningo Lwasolwandle e-ICRSA

Ngamaseshini angu-14 ahambisanayo kusukela ngo-8AM edlule ngo-6PM anezingxoxo ezibuyela emuva ngezihloko ezisukela ku-geology kanye ne-paleoecology yezixhobo zamakhorali kuya ekukhiqizeni amakhorali kuya ku-coral genomics, ngangichitha isikhathi esanele ngaphambi kosuku ngalunye ngihlela isimiso sami. Ubusuku ngabunye ngangihlela uhlelo lohambo lwangakusasa ngokucophelela, ngilinganisela isikhathi okwakuzongithatha ngaso ukuhamba ngisuka kwelinye ihholo leseshini ngiye kwelinye… (Ngempela ngingusosayensi). Kodwa okwakuvame ukuphazamisa uhlelo lwami lokucophelela kwaba iqiniso elilula lokuthi le mihlangano emikhulu imayelana nokuhlangana nozakwethu abadala nabasha, njengoba kuwukuzwa ngempela izethulo ezihleliwe. Nempela senza kanjalo.

Nginozakwethu uFernando Bretos, indoda esebenze amashumi eminyaka e-US ukuze ivale igebe phakathi kwesayensi ye-coral reef yaseCuba neMelika, saba nemihlangano eminingi enezithelo, eminingi yayo engahleliwe. Sihlangane nozakwethu baseCuba, abathanda ukuqala kabusha kwamakhorali (yebo, isiqalo esinjalo sikhona ngempela!), abafundi abathole iziqu, kanye nososayensi abangomakadebona be-coral reef. Le mihlangano igcine igqamile kule ngqungquthela.

Ngosuku lokuqala lwengqungquthela, nganamathela kakhulu ezikhathini ze-biogeochemistry kanye ne-paleoecology, njengoba nje omunye wemigqa yethu yocwaningo yamanje e-CubaMar ukwakhiwa kabusha kwesimo sezulu esidlule kanye nokufaka kwe-anthropogenic ezixhobo zamakhorali zaseCuba kusetshenziswa amasu e-geochemical kuma-coral cores. Kodwa ngakwazi ukukhuluma ngalolo suku mayelana nokungcola okuvela emikhiqizweni yokunakekelwa komuntu siqu njengezithako zokuvikela ilanga nezinsipho. Isethulo sangena shí kukhemistri kanye ne-toxicology yemikhiqizo esetshenziswayo evamile, njenge-oxybenzone evela ezikhiqizweni zelanga, nokubonisa imiphumela enobuthi enayo kumakhorali, imibungu ye-sea urchin, nezibungu zezinhlanzi nezimfanzi. Ngafunda ukuthi ukungcola akubangelwa nje kuphela imikhiqizo esuswa esikhumbeni sethu njengoba sigeza olwandle. Iphinde iqhamuke kulokho esikudonsa ngesikhumba bese sikukhiphela emchamweni, ekugcineni kufinyelele ogwini. Sekuyiminyaka ngilwazi lolu daba, kodwa bekuqala ngqa ukubona imininingwane ye-toxicology yamakhorali nezinye izinto eziphila emanzini - bekukhathaza kakhulu.

UDaria uhlola izixhobo zaseJardines de la Reina, eSouthern Cuba, ngo-2014 

Enye yezindikimba ezihamba phambili zale ngqungquthela kwakuwumcimbi ongakaze ubonwe emhlabeni wonke wokufiphala kwamakhorali ama-coral abhekene nawo njengamanje. Isiqephu samanje se-coral bleaching saqala phakathi no-2014, okwenza kube umcimbi omude futhi osabalele kakhulu wokufiphaliswa kwamakhorali kwirekhodi, njengoba i-NOAA yamemezela. Ngokwesifunda, kuthinte iGreat Barrier Reef ngezinga elingakaze libonwe ngaphambili. UDkt. Terry Hughes wase-James Cook University e-Australia wethule ukuhlaziya kwakamuva mayelana nomcimbi wokufiphala okukhulu kwe-Great Barrier Reef (GBR) owenzeka ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka. Ukushisa okunzima nokusabalele kwenzeka e-Australia ngenxa yamazinga okushisa e-summer sea surface (SSF) kusukela ngoFebhuwari kuya ku-April 2016. Umphumela wokufiphala kwenqwaba womcimbi washaya ingxenye ekude esenyakatho ye-GBR kanzima kakhulu. Kusuka kuzinhlolovo zasemoyeni ezihambisanayo futhi zaqinisekiswa izinhlolovo ezingaphansi kwamanzi, uDkt. Hughes unqume ukuthi u-81% wezixhobo zokusebenza ezisesigabeni esikude saseNyakatho ye-GBR afakwe bleach kakhulu, no-1% kuphela ophunyule engakathintwa. Emkhakheni oPhakathi noseNingizimu amatshe acwebe kakhulu amele u-33% no-1% ngokulandelana.

U-81% wezixhobo zezixhobo ezisezindaweni ezikude zaseNyakatho yeGreat Barrier Reef zifakwe ama-bleach kakhulu, kanti u-1% kuphela uphunyukile ungakathintwa. - UDkt. Terry Hughes

Umcimbi wango-2016 wokufiphalisa amehlo ungowesithathu ukwenzeka ku-GBR (ezandulele zenzeka ngo-1998 nango-2002), kodwa yiwona onzima kakhulu. Amakhulu ezixhobo zamatshe ashibilike okokuqala ngqa ngo-2016. Phakathi nemicimbi emibili yangaphambili yokufiphala okukhulu, indawo ekude nehlanzekile yaseNorthern Great Barrier Reef yasinda futhi yathathwa njengendawo yokubalekela ukubola, namakoloni ayo amaningi amakhulu, ahlala isikhathi eside. Ngokusobala akunjalo namuhla. Amaningi alawo makoloni aphila isikhathi eside alahlekile. Ngenxa yalokhu kulahlekelwa "i-Northern GBR ngeke iphinde ibukeke njengoba yenza ngoFebhuwari 2016 esikhathini sethu sokuphila" kusho u-Hughes.

"I-Northern GBR ngeke isabukeka njengoba yenza ngoFebhuwari 2016 ekuphileni kwethu." – UDkt Terry Hughes

Kungani umkhakha waseNingizimu we-GBR wasinda kulo nyaka? Singabonga isishingishane uWinston ngoFebhuwari 2016 (esona esakhukhula eFiji). Yehlela eningizimu ye-GBR futhi yehlisa amazinga okushisa olwandle ngokuphawulekayo, ngaleyo ndlela yehlisa imiphumela yokuba mhlophe. Kulokhu, uDkt. Hughes wanezela ngokubhuqa: “Sasivame ukukhathazeka ngezishingishane zamadwala, manje sethemba kuzo!” Izifundo ezimbili ezitholwe kumcimbi wesithathu wokufiphala kwenqwaba ku-GBR ukuthi abaphathi bendawo abakuthuthukisi ukufiphala; nokuthi ukungenelela kwendawo kungasiza ekukhuthazeni (ingxenye) ukululama, kodwa wagcizelela ukuthi izixhobo zamadwala azikwazi nje “ukuvikela isimo sezulu.” UDkt Hughes usikhumbuze ukuthi sesivele singena enkathini lapho isikhathi sokubuya kwezenzakalo zokushisa okukhulu okubangelwa ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke sifushane kunesikhathi sokuvuselela ama-coral ahlala isikhathi eside. Ngakho iGreat Barrier Reef iye yashintsha unomphela.

Kamuva kuleli sonto, uDkt. Jeremy Jackson ubike ngemiphumela yokuhlaziya kusukela ngo-1970 kuya ku-2012 kusukela e-Caribbean ebanzi, futhi esikhundleni salokho wanquma ukuthi izingcindezi zendawo zinqoba izingcindezi zomhlaba wonke kulesi sifunda. Le miphumela isekela umbono wokuthi ukuvikelwa kwendawo kungakhuphula ukuqina kwezixhobo ngesikhathi esifushane kusalindwe isinyathelo somhlaba wonke mayelana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Enkulumweni yakhe yochungechunge, uDkt. Peter Mumby waseYunivesithi yaseQueensland wasikhumbuza “ngobuqili” bezixhobo zamakhorali. Imiphumela enqwabelene yezingcindezi eziningi inciphisa ukuhlukahluka kwezindawo zamadwala, ukuze ukungenelela kokuphatha kuqondiswe ezixhobo ezingasahlukani kakhulu. Izenzo zokuphatha kufanele zivumelane nobuqili obushiwo bezixhobo zamakhorali.

The ibhubesi umhlangano wangoLwesihlanu ubuhanjelwe kahle. Kungijabulisile ukubona ukuthi impikiswano esebenzayo iyaqhubeka mayelana ne-biotic resistance hypothesis, lapho izilwane ezizingelayo zomdabu, ngokuncintisana noma ngokudlana kwazo noma zombili, zikwazi ukulondoloza imvelo. ibhubesi ukuhlasela kusheke. Yilokho esikuhlole e-Jardines de la Reina MPA eningizimu ye-Cuba phakathi nehlobo lika-2014. Kuyathakazelisa ukufunda ukuthi kusewumbuzo ofika ngesikhathi onikezwe ukuthi iPacific ibhubesi inani labantu baseCaribbean liyaqhubeka nokuchuma nokwanda.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nomhlangano wokuqala we-ICRS ngakwazi ukuya kuwo ngo-2000, i-ICRS ye-13 yayikhuthaza ngokulinganayo, kodwa ngendlela ehlukile. Ezinye zezikhathi ezikhuthaza kakhulu kimi zenzeke lapho ngihlangana nabanye “babadala” besayensi ye-coral reef, ababeyizikhulumi ezivelele noma eziphelele engqungqutheleni yase-Bali, futhi namuhla ngisabona ukucwayiza emehlweni abo njengoba bekhuluma ngakho. amakhorali abawathandayo, izinhlanzi, ama-MPA, i-zooxanthellae, noma i-El Niño yakamuva. Abanye sebedlule iminyaka yokuthatha umhlalaphansi… kodwa basajabule kakhulu ngokufunda izixhobo zamakhorali. Angibasoli vele: Ubani ongafuna ukwenza enye into?