UGUQUKO LOLWANDLE OLUPHENDUKELWE: Amagugu Amasiko Angaphansi Kwamanzi Olwandle Abhekene Nezinguquko Zamakhemikhali Nezemvelo

Ababhali: Mark J. Spalding
Igama Lokushicilela: I-American Society of International Law. Ukubuyekezwa Kwamagugu Ezamasiko Nobuciko. Umqulu 2, Ukukhishwa 1.
Usuku Lokushicilela: NgoLwesihlanu, Juni 1, 2012

Igama elithi “ifa lamasiko angaphansi kwamanzi”1 (UCH) libhekisela kuzo zonke izinsalela zemisebenzi yabantu elele phansi kolwandle, emifuleni, noma phansi kwamachibi. Kuhlanganisa ukuphahlazeka kwemikhumbi nezinto zobuciko ezilahlekile olwandle futhi kunabela ezindaweni zangaphambi komlando, amadolobha acwile, kanye namachweba asendulo ayesemhlabeni owomile kodwa manje asecwilisiwe ngenxa yezinguquko ezenziwe umuntu, zezulu, noma zejoloji. Kungahlanganisa imisebenzi yobuciko, imali eqoqwayo, ngisho nezikhali. Lo mkhumbi ongaphansi kwamanzi womhlaba wonke wenza ingxenye ebalulekile yefa lethu elivamile lemivubukulo kanye nomlando. Inamandla okuhlinzeka ngolwazi olubalulekile mayelana nokuxhumana kwamasiko nezomnotho kanye nokufuduka kanye namaphethini okuhweba.

Ulwandle olunosawoti olwandle lwaziwa njengendawo edlayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisinga, ukujula (kanye nezingcindezi ezihlobene), izinga lokushisa, neziphepho kuthinta indlela i-UCH evikelwe ngayo (noma cha) ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Okuningi okwake kwabhekwa njengokuzinzile mayelana namakhemikhali olwandle anjalo kanye ne-oceanography ebonakalayo manje sekwaziwa njengokuguquguqukayo, ngokuvamile okuba nemiphumela engaziwa. I-pH (noma i-acidity) yolwandle iyashintsha - ngokungalingani kuzo zonke izindawo - njengosawoti, ngenxa yokuncibilika kwezingqimba zeqhwa kanye nokushaywa kwamanzi ahlanzekile okuvela ezikhukhuleni neziphepho. Njengomphumela wezinye izici zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, sibona amazinga okushisa akhuphukayo ewonke, ukushintsha kwemisinga yomhlaba wonke, ukukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle, kanye nokunyuka kokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Naphezu kokungaziwa, kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi umthelela onqwabelene walezi zinguquko awulungile kuzindawo eziyigugu ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Ukumba ngokuvamile kukhawulelwe kumasayithi anamandla okuphendula imibuzo ebalulekile yocwaningo noma asengozini yokucekelwa phansi. Ingabe iminyuziyamu kanye nalabo abanomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza izinqumo mayelana nesimo se-UCH banamathuluzi okuhlola futhi, okungenzeka, babikezele izinsongo kumasayithi ngamanye avela ezinguqukweni olwandle? 

Luyini lolu shintsho lwamakhemikhali olwandle?

Ulwandle lumunca inani elikhulu lekhabhoni dioxide ephuma ezimotweni, ezimbonini zamandla kagesi, nasezimbonini endimeni yalo njengosinki wemvelo omkhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Ayinakumunca yonke i-CO2 enjalo emkhathini ezitshalweni zasolwandle nasezilwaneni. Kunalokho, i-CO2 incibilika emanzini olwandle ngokwawo, okunciphisa i-pH yamanzi, okuwenza abe ne-asidi kakhulu. Okuhambisana nokwanda kokukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide eminyakeni yamuva nje, i-pH yolwandle lulonke iyehla, futhi njengoba inkinga ibhebhetheka kakhulu, kulindeleke ukuthi kuphazamise kabi ikhono lezinto eziphilayo ezine-calcium ukuze zichume. Njengoba i-pH yehla, izixhobo zamakhorali zizolahlekelwa umbala wazo, amaqanda ezinhlanzi, ama-urchin, namagobolondo azoncibilika ngaphambi kokuvuthwa, amahlathi e-kelp azoncipha, futhi umhlaba ongaphansi kwamanzi uyoba mpunga futhi ungabi nasici. Kulindeleke ukuthi umbala nokuphila kuzobuya ngemva kokuba isimiso sesiphinde sazilinganisa ngokwaso, kodwa mancane amathuba okuba isintu sibe khona ukuze sikubone.

I-chemistry iqondile. Ukuqhubekela phambili okubikezelwayo kwethrendi efinyelela ku-asidi enkulu kuyabikezelwa kabanzi, kodwa kunzima ukubikezela ngokucacisa. Imiphumela ezinhlotsheni ezihlala kumagobolondo e-calcium bicarbonate nezixhobo kulula ukuyicabanga. Okwesikhashana nangokwendawo, kunzima ukubikezela umonakalo emiphakathini ye-oceanic phytoplankton kanye ne-zooplankton, isisekelo sewebhu yokudla kanjalo nakho konke ukuvunwa kwezinhlobo zolwandle ezithengiswayo. Mayelana ne-UCH, ukwehla kwe-pH kungase kube kuncane ngokwanele kangangokuthi ayinayo imiphumela emibi kakhulu kuleli phuzu. Ngamafuphi, sazi okuningi ngokuthi “kanjani” nokuthi “ngani” kodwa kuncane kakhulu ngokuthi “kangakanani,” “kuphi,” noma “nini.” 

Uma ungekho umugqa wesikhathi, ukubikezelwa okuphelele, kanye nesiqiniseko sendawo mayelana nemiphumela ye-acidification yolwandle (kokubili okungaqondile nokuqondile), kuyinselele ukuthuthukisa amamodeli emithelela yamanje nehlosiwe ku-UCH. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhwelo lamalungu omphakathi wezemvelo lokuthatha isinyathelo sokuqapha nesiphuthumayo mayelana ne-acidity yolwandle ukuze kubuyiselwe futhi kuthuthukiswe ulwandle olulinganiselayo lizoncishiswa ngabathile abafuna imininingwane eyengeziwe ngaphambi kokuthatha isinyathelo, njengokuthi imiphi imingcele ezothinta izinhlobo ezithile zezilwane, okuyizingxenye zolwandle. ulwandle luzothinteka kakhulu, futhi lapho kungenzeka le miphumela yenzeke. Okunye ukumelana kuzovela kososayensi abafuna ukwenza ucwaningo olwengeziwe, kanti okunye kuzovela kulabo abafuna ukugcina isimo esikhona se-fossil-based-fuel.

Omunye wochwepheshe abahamba phambili emhlabeni mayelana nokugqwala kwamanzi, u-Ian McLeod we-Western Australian Museum, waphawula imiphumela engase ibe khona yalezi zinguquko ku-UCH: Sekukonke ngingasho ukuthi ukwanda kwe-acidification kwezilwandle cishe kuzodala amazinga akhuphukayo okubola kwakho konke. izinto ezisetshenziswayo ngaphandle kwengilazi okungenzeka, kodwa uma izinga lokushisa likhuphuka kanjalo umphumela we-asidi eningi kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu kungasho ukuthi abalondolozi bemvelo nabavubukuli basolwandle bazothola ukuthi izinsiza zabo zamagugu amasiko angaphansi kwamanzi ziyancipha.2 

Kungenzeka asikwazi okwamanje ukuhlola ngokugcwele izindleko zokungenzi lutho ekuphahlazekeni kwemikhumbi okuthintekile, amadolobha angaphansi kwamanzi, noma ukufakwa kobuciko kwakamuva kakhulu ngaphansi kwamanzi. Nokho, singaqala ukubona imibuzo okufanele siyiphendule. Futhi singaqala ukulinganisa umonakalo esiwubonile nesiwulindele, esesivele sikwenzile, isibonelo, ekubhekeni ukuwohloka kwe-USS Arizona e-Pearl Harbor kanye ne-USS Monitor e-USS Monitor National Marine Sanctuary. Endabeni yakamuva, i-NOAA ifeze lokhu ngokumba izinto endaweni futhi ifune izindlela zokuvikela umkhumbi womkhumbi. 

Ukushintsha amakhemikhali olwandle kanye nemiphumela ehlobene yebhayoloji kuzobeka engcupheni i-UCH

Yini esiyaziyo ngomphumela wezinguquko zamakhemikhali olwandle ku-UCH? Ukushintsha kwe-pH kunomthelela ongakanani ezintweni zobuciko (ukhuni, ithusi, insimbi, insimbi, itshe, izitsha zobumba, ingilazi, njll.) endaweni? Futhi, u-Ian McLeod unikeze ukuqonda okuthile: 

Ngokuphathelene namagugu amasiko angaphansi kwamanzi ngokuvamile, ukucwebezela kwezitsha zobumba kuzowohloka ngokushesha kakhulu ngezinga elisheshayo lokucwiliswa komthofu kanye nokucwebezela kukathayela endaweni yasolwandle. Ngakho-ke, ngensimbi, ukwanda kwe-asidi bekungeke kube yinto enhle njengoba izinto zobuciko kanye nezakhiwo zamadwala ezakhiwe ngokuphahlazeka komkhumbi wensimbi zizowa ngokushesha futhi zibe sengozini yokulimala kanye nokuwa ezenzakalweni zesiphepho njengoba ukuqina bekungeke kube namandla noma ukuqina. njengasendaweni encane ene-alkaline. 

Ngokuya ngobudala bazo, kungenzeka ukuthi izinto zengilazi zingahamba kangcono endaweni ene-asidi ethe xaxa njengoba zivamise ukuncishiswa umshini wokuncibilika kwe-alkaline obona ama-ion e-sodium ne-calcium ephumela emanzini olwandle kuphela ukuze athathelwe indawo yi-asidi ephumela. kusuka ku-hydrolysis ye-silica, ekhiqiza i-asilicic acid ezimbotsheni ezigqwalile zezinto.

Izinto ezifana nezinto ezenziwe ngethusi nama-alloys ayo ngeke zihambe kahle njengoba i-alkalinity yamanzi olwandle ijwayele ukukhipha imikhiqizo e-acidic corrosion futhi isiza ukubeka phansi i-patina evikelayo ye-copper(I) oxide, i-cuprite, noma i-Cu2O, futhi, kwezinye izinsimbi ezifana nomthofu kanye ne-pewter, ukwanda kwe-asidi kuzokwenza ukugqwala kube lula njengoba ngisho nezinsimbi ze-amphoteric ezifana ne-tin nomthofu ngeke zisabele kahle emazingeni e-asidi engeziwe.

Ngokuphathelene nezinto eziphilayo ukwanda kwe-asidi kungase kwenze isenzo se-mollusk eyisicefe yokhuni singacekeli phansi, njengoba ama-mollusk azokuthola kunzima ukuzalanisa futhi abeke phansi ama-exoskeleton awo ane-calcareous, kodwa njengoba esinye isazi sezinto eziphilayo ezisakhula kakhulu sangitshela, . . . ngokushesha nje lapho ushintsha isimo esisodwa emzamweni wokulungisa inkinga, olunye uhlobo lwebhaktheriya luzosebenza kakhulu njengoba lwazisa i-microenvironment ene-acidic eyengeziwe, ngakho-ke mancane amathuba okuba umphumela ube yinzuzo yangempela ezingodweni. 

Abanye “abagxekayo” balimaza i-UCH, njengama-gribbles, uhlobo oluncane lwe-crustacean, nezikelemu zomkhumbi. Izikelemu zomkhumbi, ezingezona nhlobo izikelemu, empeleni ziyizilwane zasolwandle ezinamagobolondo amancane kakhulu, adume ngokubhoka nokucekela phansi izakhiwo zokhuni ezicwiliswa emanzini olwandle, njengezinsika, izikhumulo zemikhumbi, nemikhumbi yamapulangwe. Ngezinye izikhathi zibizwa ngokuthi “imihlwa yasolwandle.”

Izikelemu zisheshisa ukuwohloka kwe-UCH ngezimbobo eziyisicefe okhunini. Kodwa, ngenxa yokuthi zinamagobolondo e-calcium bicarbonate, izikelemu zomkhumbi zingasongelwa i-acidification yolwandle. Yize lokhu kungase kube yinzuzo ku-UCH, kusazobonakala ukuthi izikelemu zomkhumbi zizothinteka ngempela yini. Kwezinye izindawo, njengasoLwandle iBaltic, usawoti uyanda. Ngenxa yalokho, izikelemu zomkhumbi ezithanda usawoti zibhebhetheka ezingozini eziningi. Kwezinye izindawo, amanzi olwandle afudumalayo azokwehla usawoti (ngenxa yokuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa zamanzi ahlanzekile kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi ahlanzekile), futhi ngaleyo ndlela izikelemu ezincike ekubeni nosawoti omningi zizobona inani labantu bazo liyancipha. Kodwa kusasele imibuzo, enjengokuthi kuphi, nini, futhi, yebo, ngezinga elingakanani?

Ingabe zikhona izici ezizuzisayo kulezi zinguquko zamakhemikhali nezebhayoloji? Ingabe zikhona izitshalo, ulwelwe, noma izilwane ezisongelwa i-acidification yolwandle ezivikela ngandlela thile i-UHC? Lena imibuzo esingenazo izimpendulo zangempela zayo njengamanje futhi cishe ngeke sikwazi ukuyiphendula ngesikhathi esifanele. Ngisho nezinyathelo zokuphepha kuyodingeka zisekelwe ekuqaguleni okungalingani, okungase kube yinkomba yokuthi siqhubekela kanjani phambili. Ngakho-ke, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwesikhathi sangempela ngabalondolozi kubaluleke kakhulu.

Ulwandle olungokoqobo luyashintsha

Ulwandle lulokhu lunyakaza. Ukuhamba kwezindimbane zamanzi ngenxa yemimoya, amagagasi, amagagasi, nemisinga bekulokhu kuthinta indawo engaphansi kwamanzi, kuhlanganise ne-UCH. Kodwa ingabe ikhona imiphumela eyengeziwe njengoba lezi zinqubo ezingokomzimba ziba zishintshashintsha ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu? Njengoba ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kufudumeza ulwandle lomhlaba wonke, amaphethini emisinga nama-gyres (futhi ngaleyo ndlela nokusabalalisa kabusha ukushisa) ashintshe ngendlela ethinta kakhulu isimo sezulu njengoba sisazi futhi ehambisana nokulahlekelwa ukuzinza kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke noma, okungenani, ukubikezelwa. Imiphumela eyisisekelo kungenzeka yenzeke ngokushesha okukhulu: ukuphakama kwezinga lolwandle, ukuguqulwa kwamaphethini emvula kanye nobuningi beziphepho noma ukuqina, nokwanda kodaka. 

Umphumela wesiphepho esahlasela usebe lwase-Australia ngasekuqaleni kuka-20113 ubonisa imiphumela yoshintsho olwandle olungokoqobo ku-UCH. Ngokusho kukaPrincipal Heritage Officer woMnyango Wezemvelo Nokuphathwa Kwezinsiza e-Australia, uPaddy Waterson, iCyclone Yasi ithinte inhlekelele ebizwa ngeYongala ngase-Alva Beach, eQueensland. Nakuba uMnyango usahlola umthelela walesi sishingishane esinamandla endaweni ephahlazekile, kuyaziwa ukuthi umphumela jikelele kwaba ukugwazeka kwesikhumba, ukususa amakhorali athambile amaningi kanye nenani elikhulu lamakhorali aqinile. Lokhu kwadalula ingaphezulu le-metal hull okokuqala ngqa eminyakeni eminingi, okuzothinta kabi ukongiwa kwayo. Esimweni esifanayo eNyakatho Melika, iziphathimandla zeBiscayne National Park yaseFlorida zikhathazekile ngemiphumela yeziphepho ekuphahlazekeni kwe-HMS Fowey ngo-4.

Njengamanje, lezi zinkinga zisendleleni yokuba zimbi nakakhulu. Izinhlelo zesiphepho, ezivame kakhulu futhi zishube kakhulu, zizoqhubeka nokuphazamisa amasayithi e-UCH, zonakalisa ama-buoy okumaka, futhi zisuse izimpawu zendawo ezimephuwe. Ukwengeza, imfucumfucu evela kuma-tsunami kanye neziphepho ezinamandla ingashanelwa kalula isuka ezweni iye olwandle, ingqubuzane futhi ilimaze yonke into esendleleni yakhona. Ukukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle noma ukuphakama kwesiphepho kuzoholela ekwandeni kokuguguleka kogu. Ukucwiliswa kwenhlabathi nokuguguleka kungase kusithe zonke izinhlobo zezindawo eziseduze nogu ukuze zingabonwa. Kodwa kungase kube nezici ezinhle futhi. Amanzi akhuphukayo azoshintsha ukujula kwezindawo ezaziwayo ze-UCH, akhulise ibanga lawo ukusuka ogwini kodwa anikeze ukuvikeleka okwengeziwe kumagagasi namandla esiphepho. Ngokunjalo, ukuguquka kwenhlabathi kungase kuveze izindawo ezingaphansi kwamanzi ezingaziwa, noma, mhlawumbe, ukuphakama kwezinga lolwandle kuzongeza izindawo ezintsha zamagugu angaphansi kwamanzi njengoba imiphakathi icwiliswa emanzini. 

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunqwabelana kwezingqimba ezintsha zenhlabathi nodaka cishe kuzodinga ukumbiwa okwengeziwe ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokuhamba nezokuxhumana. Umbuzo usamile wokuthi yiziphi izivikelo okufanele zinikezwe endaweni yefa lapho kufanele kuqoshwe imigudu emisha noma lapho kufakwa izintambo ezintsha zamandla nokuxhumana. Izingxoxo zokusebenzisa imithombo yamandla olwandle avuselelekayo ziqhubezela phambili inkinga. Kuyangabazeka ukuthi ukuvikelwa kwe-UCH kuzobekwa kuqala kunalezi zidingo zomphakathi.

Yini abangayilindela labo abathanda umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe maqondana ne-acidification yolwandle?

Ngo-2008, abacwaningi abangu-155 abahamba phambili be-acidification olwandle abavela emazweni angu-26 bagunyaza Isimemezelo SaseMonaco.5 Lesi Simemezelo singase sinikeze isiqalo sokubizelwa esenzweni, njengoba izihloko zaso zezigaba zembula: (1) ukufakwa kwe-acid olwandle kuyaqhubeka; (2) izitayela zokwenziwa kweasidi olwandle seziyabonakala kakade; (3) i-acidity yolwandle iyakhula futhi umonakalo omkhulu useduze; (4) ukugcwala kwe-asidi olwandle kuzoba nomthelela kwezenhlalo-mnotho; (5) ukufakwa kweasidi olwandle kuyashesha, kodwa ukululama kuzohamba kancane; futhi (6) i-acidity yolwandle ingalawulwa kuphela ngokukhawulela amazinga e-CO2 womoya wesikhathi esizayo.6

Ngeshwa, ngokombono womthetho wezinsiza zasolwandle wamazwe ngamazwe, kube khona ukungalingani kwezabelo kanye nokuthuthukiswa okunganele kwamaqiniso ahlobene nokuvikelwa kwe-UCH. Imbangela yale nkinga isemhlabeni wonke, kanjalo nezixazululo ezingase zibe khona. Awukho umthetho wamazwe omhlaba othize ohlobene ne-acidification yolwandle noma imiphumela yawo ezinsizeni zemvelo noma amagugu angaphansi kwamanzi. Izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe zezinsiza zasolwandle zinikeza amandla amancane okuphoqa amazwe amakhulu akhipha i-CO2 ukuthi aguqule ukuziphatha kwawo kube ngcono. 

Njengokwezingcingo ezibanzi zokunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, isenzo esihlangene somhlaba wonke mayelana ne-acidity yolwandle sihlala sinzima. Kungase kube nezinqubo ezingaletha udaba ekunakekeleni kwezinhlangothi esivumelwaneni ngasinye samazwe ngamazwe okungenzeka sifanelekile, kodwa ukuthembela nje emandleni okunxenxa ukuziphatha ukuze kuphoxe ohulumeni ekwenzeni okuthile kubonakala kunethemba ngokwedlulele, okungcono kakhulu. 

Izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ezifanele zisungula uhlelo “lwe-alamu yomlilo” olungadonsela ukunaka inkinga ye-acidification yolwandle ezingeni lomhlaba. Lezi zivumelwano zihlanganisa i-UN Convention on Biological Diversity, i-Kyoto Protocol, kanye ne-UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. Ngaphandle, mhlawumbe, uma kuziwa ekuvikeleni amasayithi ayigugu abalulekile, kunzima ukukhuthaza isenzo lapho umonakalo ulindelwe kakhulu futhi uhlakazwe kabanzi, kunokuba ube khona, ucace, futhi uhlukaniswe. Ukulimala kwe-UCH kungase kube indlela yokuxhumana ngesidingo sokuthatha isinyathelo, futhi Isivumelwano Sokuvikeleka Kwamagugu Amasiko Angaphansi Kwamanzi singanikeza izindlela zokwenza lokho.

I-UN Framework Convention on Climate Change kanye ne-Kyoto Protocol yizona zindlela eziyinhloko zokubhekana nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, kodwa zombili zinamaphutha azo. Akubhekiseli ekufakweni kwe-asidi yolwandle, futhi "izibopho" zezinhlangothi zivezwa njengokuzithandela. Okungcono kakhulu, izingqungquthela zamaqembu alo mhlangano zinikeza ithuba lokuxoxa nge-acidity yolwandle. Imiphumela yeNgqungquthela Yesimo Sezulu yase-Copenhagen kanye neNgqungquthela Yamazwe Ahlangene e-Cancun ayibonisi isinyathelo esibalulekile. Iqembu elincane “labaphika isimo sezulu” linikele ngezinsizakusebenza ezinkulu zezezimali ekwenzeni lezi zindaba zibe “ujantshi wesithathu” wezombangazwe e-United States nakwezinye izindawo, okuqhubeka nokukhawulela intando yezombangazwe yezinyathelo eziqinile. 

Ngokufanayo, i-UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (i-UNCLOS) ayikhulumi nge-acidification yolwandle, nakuba ikhuluma ngokucacile ngamalungelo nezibopho zezinhlangothi maqondana nokuvikelwa kolwandle, futhi idinga ukuthi abathintekayo bavikele amagugu amasiko angaphansi kwamanzi. ngaphansi kwegama elithi “izinto zemivubukulo nezomlando.” Izihloko 194 kanye no-207, ikakhulukazi, zisekela umbono wokuthi abathintekayo esivumelwaneni kufanele bavimbele, banciphise, futhi balawule ukungcoliswa kwemvelo yasolwandle. Mhlawumbe abadwebi balezi zinhlinzeko babengenawo umonakalo ovela e-ocean acidification, kodwa lezi zinhlinzeko zingase ziveze izindlela ezithile zokuxoxisana nezinhlangothi ukuze zixazulule inkinga, ikakhulukazi uma kuhlanganiswa nezinhlinzeko zomthwalo wemfanelo kanye nesikweletu kanye nesinxephezelo kanye nosizo ngaphakathi uhlelo lwezomthetho lwesizwe ngasinye esibambe iqhaza. Ngakho-ke, i-UNCLOS ingase ibe "umcibisholo" onamandla kunawo wonke emgodleni, kodwa, okubalulekile, i-United States ayizange ivume. 

Ngokungangabazeki, lapho i-UNCLOS iqala ukusebenza ngo-1994, yaba umthetho wesintu wamazwe ngamazwe futhi i-United States izophila ngokuvumelana nezinhlinzeko zayo. Kodwa kungaba ubuwula ukuphikisa ngokuthi ingxabano elula enjalo ingadonsela i-United States endleleni yokuxazulula izingxabano ze-UNCLOS ukuze iphendule esicelweni sezwe esisengozini sokuthatha isinyathelo sokwenziwa kwe-acidification olwandle. Noma ngabe i-United States ne-China, amazwe amabili amakhulu emhlabeni akhipha i-emitters, bebebambe iqhaza kulo mshini, ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zombuso kusazoba yinselelo, futhi amaqembu akhonondayo kungenzeka abe nobunzima bokufakazela ukulimala noma ukuthi labo hulumeni ababili abakhulu kunawo wonke. kubangele umonakalo.

Ezinye izivumelwano ezimbili ziyabalula lapha. I-UN Convention on Biological Diversity ayikhulumi nge-acidity yolwandle, kodwa ukugxila kwayo ekongiweni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kubangelwa ukukhathazeka mayelana ne-acidity yolwandle, okuye kwaxoxwa ngayo ezingqungqutheleni ezihlukahlukene zamaqembu. Okungenani, i-Secretariat cishe izoqapha ngenkuthalo futhi ibike ngokuqhubekayo kwe-acidity yolwandle. I-London Convention and Protocol kanye ne-MARPOL, izivumelwano zeNhlangano Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngasolwandle mayelana nokungcoliswa kolwandle, zigxile kakhulu ekulahleni, ekukhipheni, nasekukhipheni imikhumbi ehamba olwandle ukuze zibe usizo lwangempela ekubhekaneni ne-acidity yolwandle.

I-Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage isondela ekugubheni iminyaka eyi-10 ngoNovemba 2011. Akumangalisi ukuthi ayizange ilindele ukuvela kwe-acidity olwandle, kodwa ayisho ngisho nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu njengomthombo wokukhathazeka - futhi isayensi yayikhona. ukusekela indlela yokuzivikela. Khonamanjalo, i-Secretariat ye-UNESCO World Heritage Convention ikhulume nge-acidification yolwandle mayelana nezindawo zamagugu emvelo, kodwa hhayi kumongo wamagugu amasiko. Ngokusobala, kunesidingo sokuthola izindlela zokuhlanganisa lezi zinselele ezinhlelweni, inqubomgomo, kanye nokubeka kuqala ukuze kuvikelwe amagugu amasiko emhlabeni jikelele.

Isiphetho

Uxhaxha oluyinkimbinkimbi lwemisinga, amazinga okushisa, namakhemikhali athuthukisa ukuphila njengoba sikwazi olwandle lusengozini yokuphazanyiswa ngokungenakulungiseka ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Siyazi futhi ukuthi i-ecosystems yasolwandle iyakwazi ukuqina. Uma umfelandawonye wabantu abazithandayo ungahlangana futhi uhambe ngokushesha, cishe akukephuzi kakhulu ukushintsha ukuqwashisa komphakathi ekukhuthazeni ukulinganisa kabusha kwemvelo kwekhemistri yolwandle. Kudingeka sibhekane nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye ne-acidification yolwandle ngenxa yezizathu eziningi, eyodwa kuphela okuwukugcinwa kwe-UCH. Izizinda zamagugu zamasiko angaphansi kwamanzi ziyingxenye ebalulekile yokuqonda kwethu ukuhweba nokuvakasha kwasolwandle emhlabeni wonke kanye nokuthuthukiswa okungokomlando kobuchwepheshe okwenze kwaba lula. I-acidification yolwandle kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kubangela usongo kulelo gugu. Amathuba okulimala okungalungiseki abonakala ephezulu. Awukho umthetho oyimpoqo obangela ukuncishiswa kwe-CO2 kanye nokukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa okuhlobene. Ngisho nesitatimende sezinhloso ezinhle zamazwe ngamazwe siphelelwa yisikhathi ngo-2012. Kufanele sisebenzise imithetho ekhona ukuze sikhuthaze inqubomgomo entsha yamazwe ngamazwe, okufanele ibhekane nazo zonke izindlela nezindlela esinazo ukufeza lokhu okulandelayo:

• Ukubuyisela imvelo yasogwini ukuze kuzinziswe ulwandle nogu ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wemiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ezindaweni eziseduze nogu lwe-UCH; 
• Ukunciphisa imithombo yokungcoliswa komhlaba enciphisa amandla olwandle futhi ithinte kabi izindawo zase-UCH; 
• Engeza ubufakazi bokulimala okungaba khona ezindaweni eziyigugu zemvelo nezamasiko kusukela ekuguquleni amakhemikhali olwandle ukuze kusekelwe imizamo ekhona yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO2; 
• Khomba izinhlelo zokuvuselela/zokunxeshezelwa zokulimala kwemvelo kwe-acidity yolwandle (umqondo okhokhelwa umngcolisi ojwayelekile) okwenza ukungasebenzi kunciphe kakhulu; 
• Ukunciphisa ezinye izingcindezi eziphathelene nemvelo yasolwandle, njengokwakhiwa emanzini kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto zokudoba ezibhubhisayo, ukuze kuncishiswe umonakalo ongase ube khona ezindaweni eziphilayo nezindawo zase-UCH; 
• Ukwandisa ukuqapha kwesizinda se-UCH, ukuhlonzwa kwamasu okuvikela izingxabano ezingaba khona nokushintshashintsha kokusetshenziswa kolwandle (isb., ukubeka ikhebula, indawo yamandla asekelwe olwandle, kanye nokugwetshwa), kanye nokusabela okusheshayo ekuvikeleni labo abasengozini; futhi 
• Ukuthuthukiswa kwamasu omthetho okuphishekela umonakalo ngenxa yokulimala kwawo wonke amagugu amasiko kusukela ezenzakalweni ezihlobene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu (lokhu kungase kube nzima ukukwenza, kodwa kuyisisusa esinamandla senhlalo nepolitiki). 

Uma zingekho izivumelwano ezintsha zamazwe ngamazwe (kanye nokuqaliswa kwazo ngokwethembeka), kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi i-acidization yolwandle ingenye yezinto ezicindezelayo endaweni yethu yamagugu angaphansi kwamanzi omhlaba. Nakuba i-acidification yolwandle ilulaza izinhlelo zemvelo futhi, okungenzeka, izingosi ze-UCH, kunezingcindezi eziningi ezixhumene ezingase zixazululwe futhi okufanele zixazululwe. Ekugcineni, izindleko zezomnotho nezenhlalakahle zokungasebenzi zizoqashelwa njengedlula kude izindleko zokubamba. Okwamanje, sidinga ukuqalisa uhlelo lokuvikela lokuvikela noma ukumba i-UCH kule ndawo eshintshayo, eshintshayo yolwandle, njengoba sisebenzela ukubhekana nakho kokubili ukugcwala kwe-asidi olwandle kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. 

---

1. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nobubanzi obuqashelwa ngokusemthethweni bebinzana elithi “ifa lamasiko angaphansi kwamanzi,” bheka Inhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene Zezemfundo, Isayensi Nezamasiko (i-UNESCO): Ingqungquthela Yokuvikeleka Kwamagugu Amasiko Angaphansi Kwamanzi, Nov. 2, 2001, 41 ILM 40.

2. Zonke izingcaphuno, lapha nakuyo yonke ingxenye esele ye-athikili, zivela ezincwadini ze-imeyili no-Ian McLeod we-Western Australian Museum. Lezi zingcaphuno zingaqukatha ukuhlela okuncane, okungabambeki ukuze kucace nesitayela.

3. Meraiah Foley, Cyclone Lashes Storm-Weary Australia, NY Times, Feb. 3, 2011, e-A6.

4. Ulwazi lokuqala mayelana nomthelela ekubhidlikeni kwemikhumbi luyatholakala ku-Australian National Shipwreck Database kwa- http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/shipwrecks/database.html.

5. Isimemezelo saseMonaco (2008), sitholakala ku-http://ioc3. unesco.org/oanet/Symposium2008/MonacoDeclaration. pdf.

6. Id.