Ipulasitiki Olwandle

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Ipulasitiki esekhasini lolwandle isibhengezo: isandla esiphakamisele phezulu upulasitiki ngaphandle

BUYELA OCWANINGO

Okuqukethwe

1. Isingeniso
2. Inqubomgomo Yepulasitiki Yase-US
- 2.1 Izinqubomgomo Ezingaphansi Kuzwelonke
- 2.2 Izinqubomgomo Zikazwelonke
3. Izinqubomgomo zamazwe ngamazwe
- 3.1 Isivumelwano Somhlaba Wonke
- 3.2 Iphaneli Yenqubomgomo Yesayensi
- 3.3 Izichibiyelo zePlastiki ye-Basel Convention
4. Umnotho Oyindilinga
5. I-Green Chemistry
6. Ipulasitiki ne-Ocean Health
- 6.1 I-Ghost Gear
- 6.2 Imithelela Empilweni Yasolwandle
- 6.3 Amapellets ePlastiki (Nurdles)
7. Ipulasitiki kanye Nempilo Yomuntu
8. Ubulungiswa bezemvelo
9. Umlando wePlastiki
10. Izinsiza Ezixubile

Sithonya ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa okuzinzile kwamapulasitiki.

Funda mayelana nePlastiki yethu Initiative (PI) nokuthi sisebenza kanjani ukuze sizuze umnotho oyindilinga ngempela wamapulasitiki.

Buka Isinyathelo Sethu

Isikhulu sezinhlelo u-Erica Nunez ekhuluma emcimbini

1. Isingeniso

Ingakanani ububanzi benkinga yepulasitiki?

Ipulasitiki, uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwemfucumfucu yasolwandle ephikelelayo, ingenye yezinkinga ezicindezela kakhulu kuzinto eziphilayo zasolwandle. Nakuba kunzima ukukukala, kulinganiselwa ezigidini eziyi-8 zamathani epulasitiki engezwa olwandle lwethu minyaka yonke, kuhlanganisa amathani angama-236,000 we-microplastics (Jambeck, 2015), elilingana neloli likadoti elingaphezu kweyodwa lepulasitiki elahlwe olwandle lwethu njalo ngeminithi (Pennington, 2016).

Kulinganiselwa ukuthi zikhona 5.25 trillion izingcezwana zepulasitiki olwandle, amathani angu-229,000 antanta phezulu, kanye nama-microfiber epulasitiki angu-4 ngekhilomitha-skwele udoti olwandle olujulile (National Geographic, 2015). Izigidigidi zezingcezu zepulasitiki olwandle lwethu zenze izizinda ezinhlanu ezinkulu zikadoti, okuhlanganisa ne-Great Pacific Garbage patch enkulu kunosayizi wase-Texas. Ngo-2050, kuzoba nepulasitiki eningi olwandle ngesisindo kunezinhlanzi (I-Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2016). Ipulasitiki ayitholakali nasolwandle lwethu, isemoyeni nokudla esikudlayo kuze kufike lapho kulinganiselwa ukuthi umuntu ngamunye uzokudla. ipulasitiki yekhadi lesikweletu masonto onke (Wit, Bigaud, 2019).

Iningi lamapulastiki angena emfuleni kadoti agcina elahliwe ngokungafanele noma ezindaweni zokulahla imfucuza. Ngo-2018 kuphela, bekunamathani ayizigidi ezingama-35 epulasitiki akhiqizwa e-United States, futhi kulokho amaphesenti angu-8.7 kuphela epulasitiki aye agaywa kabusha (EPA, 2021). Ukusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki namuhla cishe akunakugwenywa futhi kuzoqhubeka nokuba yinkinga kuze kube yilapho siklama kabusha futhi siguqula ubuhlobo bethu namapulasitiki.

Ipulasitiki iphelela kanjani olwandle?

Ipulasitiki ezindaweni zokulahla imfucuza: Ipulasitiki ivamise ukulahleka noma kushaywe umoya ngesikhathi ithuthwa iyiswa ezindaweni zokulahla imfucuza. Upulasitiki ube usugcwala emiseleni bese ungena emanzini, ekugcineni uphelele olwandle.
Ukungcola: Udoti olulahlwa emgwaqweni noma endaweni yethu yemvelo luthwalwa umoya namanzi emvula emanzini ethu.
Phansi komsele: Imikhiqizo yenhlanzeko, njengama-wipes amanzi kanye namathiphu e-Q, ivame ukuthululwa emseleni. Lapho izingubo ziwashwa (ikakhulukazi izinto zokwenziwa) ama-microfiber nama-microplastics akhishwa emanzini ethu angcolile ngomshini wethu wokuwasha. Okokugcina, imikhiqizo yezimonyo neyokuhlanza enama-microbeads izothumela ama-microplastic emseleni.
Imboni Yokudoba: Izikebhe zokudoba zingase zilahlekelwe noma zilahle izinto zokudoba (bona Ghost Gear) olwandle kudala izingibe ezibulalayo zezilwane zasolwandle.

Umfanekiso omayelana nokuthi amapulasitiki aphelela kanjani olwandle — Umnyango Wezohwebo wase-US, CHA, kanye ne-AA (2022, Januwari 27). *Umhlahlandlela Wepulasitiki Olwandle*. I-NOAA's National Ocean Service. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/hazards/marinedebris/plastics-in-the-ocean.html.

Kungani ipulasitiki olwandle iyinkinga ebalulekile?

Ipulasitiki inesibopho sokulimaza impilo yasolwandle, impilo yomphakathi, kanye nomnotho ezingeni lomhlaba jikelele. Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zemfucuza, ipulasitiki ayiboli ngokuphelele, ngakho izohlala olwandle amakhulu eminyaka. Ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki kuholela ngokungapheli ezingozini zemvelo: ukubanjwa kwezilwane zasendle, ukudliswa ukudla, ukuthuthwa kwezinhlobo ezingaziwa, kanye nomonakalo wendawo (bona Imithelela ku-Marine Life). Ukwengeza, imfucumfucu yasolwandle iyisimo somnotho esilulaza ubuhle bemvelo yogu (bona Ubulungiswa bemvelo).

Ulwandle alugcini nje ngokuba nokubaluleka okukhulu kwamasiko kodwa lusebenza njengendawo yokuziphilisa emiphakathini yasogwini. Ipulasitiki emigwaqweni yethu yamanzi isongela izinga lethu lamanzi kanye nemithombo yokudla yasolwandle. Ama-Microplastics enza indlela yawo akhuphukele ochungechungeni lokudla futhi asongela impilo yabantu (Bheka Ipulasitiki kanye Nempilo Yomuntu).

Njengoba ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki olwandle kuqhubeka nokukhula, lezi zinkinga eziwumphumela zizoba zimbi ngaphandle uma sithatha isinyathelo. Umthwalo wemfanelo wepulasitiki akufanele uhlale kubathengi kuphela. Kunalokho, ngokuhlela kabusha ukukhiqizwa kwepulasitiki ngaphambi kokuthi kufinyelele kubasebenzisi bokugcina, singakwazi ukuqondisa abakhiqizi ekuxazululeni izixazululo ezisekelwe ekukhiqizeni kule nkinga yomhlaba wonke.

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2. Inqubomgomo Yepulasitiki Yase-US

2.1 Izinqubomgomo Ezingaphansi Kuzwelonke

Schultz, J. (2021, Februwari 8). I-State Plastic Bag Legislation. Ikhokhasi Kazwelonke Yezishayamthetho Zezemvelo. http://www.ncsl.org/research/environment-and-natural-resources/plastic-bag-legislation

Izifunda eziyisishiyagalombili zinomthetho owehlisa ukukhiqizwa/ukusetshenziswa kwezikhwama zepulasitiki ezisetshenziswa kanye. Amadolobha aseBoston, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, kanye neSeattle nawo avimbe izikhwama zepulasitiki. I-Boulder, New York, Portland, Washington DC, kanye ne-Montgomery County Md. zivimbele izikhwama zepulasitiki futhi zenze izinkokhelo. Ukuvimbela izikhwama zepulasitiki kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile, njengoba zingenye yezinto ezitholakala kakhulu ekungcoleni kwamapulasitiki olwandle.

Gardiner, B. (2022, February 22). Ukunqoba okumangazayo ecaleni likadoti wepulasitiki kunganqanda kanjani ukungcoliswa kolwandle. I-National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/how-a-dramatic-win-in-plastic-waste-case-may-curb-ocean-pollution

NgoZibandlela wezi-2019, isishoshovu esimelene nokunukubezeka, u-Diane Wilson, wawina icala eliyingqopha-mlando ngokumelene neFormosa Plastics, enye yezinkampani ezinkulu zepetrochemical emhlabeni, amashumi eminyaka okungcoliswa kwepulasitiki ngokungemthetho kwe-nurdle eduze kwaseTexas 'Gulf Coast. Ukukhokha kwezigidi ezingu-50 zamaRandi kumelela ukunqoba okuyingqophamlando njengomklomelo omkhulu kunawo wonke owake wanikezwa uma kusolwa isakhamuzi ngokumelene nomngcolisi wezimboni ngaphansi koMthetho Wamanzi Ahlanzekile WaseMelika. Ngokuvumelana nesixazululo, iFormosa Plastics iyalelwe ukuthi ifinyelele “izero-deep” yemfucumfucu yepulasitiki embonini yayo yasePoint Comfort, ikhokhe izinhlawulo kuze kuphele ukukhishwa okunobuthi, futhi ixhase ukukhucululwa kwepulasitiki enqwabelene kuwo wonke amaxhaphozi athintekile eTexas, amabhishi, nemigwaqo yamanzi. UWilson, okusebenza kwakhe ngokungakhathali kwamtholela umklomelo ohlonishwayo we-Goldman Environmental Prize wango-2023, wanikela ngakho konke ukuxazululwa kwezimali ku-trust, ukuze kusetshenziselwe izimbangela ezihlukahlukene zemvelo. Lesi sigqoko sesakhamuzi esinesisekelo sidale izinguquko embonini enkulukazi evame ukungcolisa ngokungajeziswa.

Gibbens, S. (2019, Agasti 15). Bona isimo sezwe esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuvinjelwa kwepulasitiki e-US I-National Geographic. nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/08/map-shows-the-complicated-landscape-of-plastic-bans

Kunezimpi eziningi ezinkantolo eziqhubekayo e-United States lapho amadolobha nezifundazwe bengavumelani ngokuthi kusemthethweni yini ukuvala ipulasitiki noma cha. Amakhulu omasipala kulo lonke elase-United States banemali ethile yepulasitiki noma ukuvinjelwa, okuhlanganisa abanye baseCalifornia naseNew York. Kodwa izifunda eziyishumi nesikhombisa zithi akukho emthethweni ukuvimbela izinto zepulasitiki, ukuvimbela ngempumelelo amandla okuvimbela. Ukuvinjelwa okukhona kusebenzela ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki, kodwa abantu abaningi bathi izimali ezikhokhwayo zingcono kunokuvinjelwa ngokuqondile ekushintsheni ukuziphatha kwabathengi.

I-surfrider. (2019, Juni 11). I-Oregon Iphasisa I-Comprehensive Plastic Bag Ban Statewide. Kubuyiswe kusuka: surfrider.org/coastal-blog/entry/oregon-passes-strongest-plastic-bag-ban-in-the-country

I-California Ocean Protection Council. (2022, February). I-Statewide Microplastics Strategy. https://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/agenda_items/ 20220223/Item_6_Exhibit_A_Statewide_Microplastics_Strategy.pdf

Ngokwamukelwa koMthethosivivinywa Wezigele 1263 (Sen. Anthony Portantino) ngo-2018, IsiShayamthetho Sesifunda SaseCalifornia sabona isidingo sohlelo oluphelele lokubhekana nosongo olugcwele futhi oluqhubekayo lwama-microplastics endaweni yasolwandle yesifundazwe. I-California Ocean Protection Council (OPC) ishicilele leli Su le-Statewide Microplastic Strategy, elihlinzeka ngomhlahlandlela weminyaka eminingi wezinhlaka zikahulumeni nozakwethu bangaphandle ukuze basebenzisane ukuze bacwaninge futhi ekugcineni banciphise ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki okunobuthi kuwo wonke amasistimu emvelo asogwini nasemanzini aseCalifornia. Okuyisisekelo kulelisu ukuqaphela ukuthi umbuso kufanele uthathe izinyathelo eziwujuqu, zokuqapha ukuze unciphise ukungcoliswa kwe-microplastic, kuyilapho ukuqonda kwesayensi kwemithombo ye-microplastics, imithelela, kanye nezindlela zokunciphisa ezisebenzayo kuyaqhubeka nokukhula.

HB 1085 – 68th Washington State Legislature, (2023-24 Reg. Sess.): Ukunciphisa Ukungcola Kwepulasitiki. (2023, Ephreli). https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?Year=2023&BillNumber=1085

Ngo-Ephreli 2023, iSigele Sezwe LaseWashington saphasisa ngazwi linye umthethosivivinywa we-House Bill 1085 (HB 1085) ukuze kuncishiswe ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki ngezindlela ezintathu ezihlukene. Uxhaswe ngu-Rep. Sharlett Mena (D-Tacoma), lo mthethosivivinywa udinga ukuthi izakhiwo ezintsha ezakhiwe ngemithombo yamanzi kufanele futhi zibe neziteshi zokugcwalisa amabhodlela; iqeda ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo emincane yezempilo noma yobuhle ezitsheni zepulasitiki ezihlinzekwa amahhotela nezinye izindawo zokulala; futhi ivimbela ukuthengiswa kwezinto ezintantayo zepulasitiki ezithambile kanye nezikhumulo zemikhumbi, kuyilapho igunyaza ukucwaninga kwezakhiwo zepulasitiki ezinamagobolondo aqinile phezu kwamanzi. Ukufeza izinhloso zawo, lo mthethosivivinywa ubandakanya izikhungo zikahulumeni eziningi kanye nemikhandlu futhi uzosetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezihlukene. U-Rep. Mena unqobe i-HB 1085 njengengxenye yempi ebalulekile yase-Washington State yokuvikela impilo yomphakathi, izinsiza zamanzi, nezindawo zokudoba ama-salmon ekungcoleni okweqile kwepulasitiki.

California State Water Resources Control Board. (2020, Juni 16). Ibhodi Lombuso Wamanzi likhuluma nge-microplastic emanzini okuphuza ukukhuthaza ukuqwashisa ngohlelo lwamanzi omphakathi [Isitatimende sephephandaba]. https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/ 2020/pr06162020_microplastics.pdf

I-California iyinhlangano kahulumeni yokuqala emhlabeni ukuhlola ngokuhlelekile amanzi ayo okuphuza ukuthi angcolile yini ngokwethulwa kwemishini yayo yokuhlola ezweni lonke. Lesi sinyathelo seBhodi Lokulawula Imithombo Yamanzi Yesifunda sase-California siwumphumela Wemithetho Yezomthetho Yezigele yango-2018 Cha 1422 futhi Cha 1263, exhaswe nguSen. Anthony Portantino, okuthe, ngokulandelana, yaqondisa abahlinzeki bamanzi besifunda ukuba bathuthukise izindlela ezijwayelekile zokuhlola ukungena kwe-microplastic emanzini ahlanzekile namanzi okuphuza futhi bamise ukuqapha kwama-microplastics olwandle ngasogwini lwase-California. Njengoba izikhulu zamanzi zesifunda nezesifunda zandisa ngokuzithandela ukuhlolwa nokubikwa kwamazinga e-microplastic emanzini okuphuza eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo, uhulumeni waseCalifornia uzoqhubeka nokuthembela emphakathini wesayensi ukuze uqhubeke nokucwaninga ngemithelela yempilo yabantu neyemvelo yokungeniswa kwe-microplastic.

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2.2 Izinqubomgomo Zikazwelonke

I-US Environmental Protection Agency. (2023, Ephreli). Uhlaka Lwesu Likazwelonke Lokunqanda Ukungcoliswa Kwepulasitiki. Ihhovisi le-EPA Lokongiwa Kwezinsiza Nokubuyisela. https://www.epa.gov/circulareconomy/draft-national-strategy-prevent-plastic-pollution

Isu lihlose ukunciphisa ukungcola ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwepulasitiki, ukuthuthukisa ukuphathwa kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo ngemva kokusetshenziswa, nokuvimbela udoti nama-micro/nano-plastics ukuthi angangeni emigwaqweni yamanzi futhi asuse udoti obalekile endaweni ezungezile. Inguqulo esalungiswa, eyakhiwe njengesandiso Sesu Likazwelonke Lokugaywa kabusha kwe-EPA elakhishwa ngo-2021, ligcizelela isidingo sendlela eyindilinga yokuphathwa kwamapulasitiki kanye nokwenza okuthile okubalulekile. Isu likazwelonke, nakuba lingakashaywa, linikeza isiqondiso sezinqubomgomo zezinga likahulumeni kanye nakwamanye amaqembu abheke ukubhekana nokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki.

U-Jain, N., no-LaBeaud, D. (2022, Okthoba) Ukunakekelwa Kwezempilo Kwase-US Kufanele Kuhole Kanjani Uguquko Lomhlaba Wonke Ekulahleni Udoti Wepulasitiki. I-AMA Journal of Ethics. 24(10):E986-993. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2022.986.

Kuze kube manje, i-United States ayizange ibe phambili kwenqubomgomo mayelana nokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki, kodwa enye indlela i-US engahola ngayo imayelana nokulahlwa kwemfucuza yepulasitiki ekunakekelweni kwezempilo. Ukulahlwa kwemfucuza yezempilo kungenye yezinsongo ezinkulu ekunakekelweni kwezempilo okusimeme emhlabeni jikelele. Imikhuba yamanje yokulahla imfucuza yokunakekelwa kwezempilo yasekhaya neyamazwe ngamazwe kokubili emhlabeni nasolwandle, umkhuba ophinde ubukela phansi ukulingana kwezempilo emhlabeni wonke ngokuphazamisa impilo yemiphakathi esengozini. Ababhali basikisela ukuhlela kabusha umthwalo wemfanelo wenhlalo nokuziphatha wokukhiqizwa nokuphathwa kwemfucuza yokunakekelwa kwempilo ngokunikeza ukuziphendulela okuqinile kubaholi benhlangano yokunakekelwa kwezempilo, ukugqugquzela ukuqaliswa nokugcinwa kwe-circular supply chain kanye nokugcinwa, kanye nokukhuthaza ukusebenzisana okuqinile kuzo zonke izimboni zezokwelapha, zepulasitiki, nezibi.

I-US Environmental Protection Agency. (2021, Novemba). Isu Likazwelonke Lokugaywa Kabusha Ingxenye Yokuqala Yochungechunge Lokwakha Umnotho Oyindilinga Wabo Bonke. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-11/final-national-recycling-strategy.pdf

Isu Likazwelonke Lokugaywa Kabusha ligxile ekuthuthukiseni nasekuthuthukiseni uhlelo lokugaywa kabusha kukadoti oqinile kamasipala (MSW) kanye nomgomo wokudala uhlelo lokulawulwa kwemfucuza oluqinile, olukwazi ukumelana nokuqina nolungabizi kakhulu kanye nohlelo lokugaywa kabusha ngaphakathi kwe-United States. Izinjongo zalo mbiko zihlanganisa izimakethe ezithuthukisiwe zezimpahla ezigaywe kabusha, ukuqoqwa okukhuphukile kanye nokwenza ngcono ingqalasizinda yokulawulwa kwemfucuza, ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwezinto ezigaywe kabusha, kanye nokwenyuka kwezinqubomgomo zokweseka ukujikeleza. Nakuba ukugaywa kabusha kungeke kuyixazulule indaba yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki, lelisu lingasiza ekuqondiseni izindlela ezihamba phambili zomnyakazo oya emnothweni oyindilinga. Okubalulekile ukuthi ingxenye yokugcina yalo mbiko inikeze isifinyezo esihle somsebenzi owenziwa izinhlangano zikahulumeni e-United States.

Bates, S. (2021, Juni 25). Ososayensi Basebenzisa Idatha Yesathelayithi yeNASA ukuze Balandelele I-Ocean Microplastics From Space. Ithimba Lezindaba Zesayensi Yomhlaba leNASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/esnt2021/scientists-use-nasa-satellite-data-to-track-ocean-microplastics-from-space

Abacwaningi futhi basebenzisa idatha yesathelayithi ye-NASA yamanje ukuze balandelele ukunyakaza kwama-microplastic olwandle, besebenzisa idatha ye-NASA ye-Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS).

Ukugxila kwe-Microplastics emhlabeni wonke, ngo-2017

Law, KL, Starr, N., Siegler, TR, Jambeck, J., Mallos, N., & Leonard, GB (2020). Umnikelo we-United States wemfucuza yepulasitiki emhlabeni nasolwandle. Intuthuko Yesayensi, 6(44). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd0288

Lolu cwaningo lwesayensi lwango-2020 lubonisa ukuthi, ngo-2016, i-US yakhiqiza udoti wepulasitiki omningi ngesisindo nangomuntu ngamunye kunanoma yisiphi esinye isizwe. Ingxenye enkulu yale mfucumfucu yalahlwa ngokungemthetho e-US, futhi nangaphezulu ayizange iphathwe ngendlela efanele emazweni angenisa impahla eqoqwe e-US ukuze igaywe kabusha. Ukubalwa kwale minikelo, inani lemfucumfucu yepulasitiki ekhiqizwe e-US elinganiselwa ukuthi izongena endaweni egudle ugu ngo-2016 yayinkulu ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunaleyo elinganiselwe ngo-2010, okunikeza umnikelo wezwe phakathi kweziphezulu kakhulu emhlabeni.

Izikhungo Zikazwelonke Zesayensi, Ubunjiniyela, Nezokwelapha. (2022). Ukubala ngeqhaza lase-US kumfucumfucu wePlastiki ye-Global Ocean. Washington, DC: I-National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26132.

Lokhu kuhlola kwenziwe njengempendulo yesicelo esiku-Save Our Seas 2.0 Act sokuhlanganiswa kwesayensi kwegalelo le-US kanye neqhaza ekubhekaneni nokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki yasolwandle emhlabeni jikelele. Njengoba i-US ikhiqiza inani elikhulu kakhulu likadoti wepulasitiki kunoma yiliphi izwe emhlabeni kusukela ngo-2016, lo mbiko udinga isu likazwelonke lokunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kukadoti wepulasitiki wase-US. Futhi incoma uhlelo lokuqapha olwandisiwe, oludidiyelwe ukuze kuqondwe kangcono isikali nemithombo yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki yase-US futhi kuqashwe inqubekelaphambili yezwe.

Hlukana Nepulasitiki. (2021, Mashi 26). Hlukana Nomthetho Wokungcoliswa Kwepulasitiki. Hlukana Nepulasitiki. http://www.breakfreefromplastic.org/pollution-act/

I-Break Free From Plastic Pollution Act ka-2021 (BFFPPA) umthethosivivinywa we-Federal oxhaswe nguSen. Jeff Merkley (OR) kanye no-Rep. Alan Lowenthal (CA oveza isethi ebanzi kakhulu yezixazululo zenqubomgomo ezethulwe kungqungquthela. Imigomo ebanzi ye umthethosivivinywa owokunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki okuvela emthonjeni, ukhuphule izinga lokugaywa kabusha kwezinto, futhi uvikele imiphakathi esezingeni eliphansi.Lo mthethosivivinywa uzosiza ukuvikela imiphakathi ehola kancane, imiphakathi yemibala, kanye nemiphakathi yomdabu ezingozini ezikhulayo zokungcola ngokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa nokukhiqizwa kwepulasitiki. Umthethosivivinywa uzothuthukisa impilo yabantu, ngokunciphisa ubungozi bokudla ama-microplastics.Ukugqashula epulasitiki nakho kuzokwehlisa kakhulu ukukhishwa kwethu kwegesi ebamba ukushisa.Yize umthethosivivinywa ungazange udlule, kubalulekile ukufaka kuleli khasi locwaningo njengesibonelo sepulasitiki ebanzi yesikhathi esizayo. imithetho ezingeni likazwelonke e-United States.

Okuzofezwa uMthetho Wokukhululeka Ekungcoleni Kwepulasitiki — Hlukana Nepulasitiki. (2021, Mashi 26). *Hlukana Nomthetho Wokungcoliswa Kwepulasitiki.* Hlukana Nepulasitiki. http://www.breakfreefromplastic.org/pollution-act/

Umbhalo – S. 1982 – 116^th ICongress (2019-2020): Londoloza Izilwandle Zethu 2.0 Act (2020, Disemba 18). https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1982

Ngo-2020, iCongress yasungula uMthetho Wokulondoloza Izilwandle Zethu 2.0 owasungula izimfuneko nezikhuthazo zokunciphisa, ukugaywa kabusha, nokuvimbela imfucumfucu yasolwandle (isb., imfucuza yepulasitiki). Okubalulekile ukuthi umthethosivivinywa uphinde wasungula i I-Marine Debris Foundation, inhlangano esiza abantulayo nengenzi-nzuzo futhi ayiyona i-ejensi noma isikhungo sase-United States. I-Marine Debris Foundation izosebenza ngokubambisana ne-NOAA's Marine Debris Programme futhi igxile emisebenzini yokuhlola, ukuvimbela, ukunciphisa, nokususa imfucumfucu yasolwandle kanye nokubhekana nemithelela emibi yemfucumfucu yasolwandle kanye nezimbangela zayo emnothweni wase-United States, osolwandle. imvelo (kuhlanganise namanzi endaweni yase-United States, izilwandle eziphakeme, namanzi asendaweni yamanye amazwe), nokuphepha kokuzulazula.

S.5163 – 117th Congress (2021-2022): Ukuvikela Imiphakathi Kumthetho Wepulasitiki. (2022, Disemba 1). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/5163

Ngo-2022, uSen. Cory Booker (DN.J.) kanye no-Rep. Jared Huffman (D-CA) bajoyina uSen. Jeff Merkley (D-OR) kanye no-Rep. Alan Lowenthal (D-CA) ukwethula i-Protecting Communities from Plastics Yenza umthetho. Ukwakhela phezu kwezinhlinzeko ezibalulekile ezivela ku-Break Free From Plastic Pollution Act, lo mthethosivivinywa uhlose ukubhekana nenkinga yokukhiqizwa kwepulasitiki ethinta ngokungafanele impilo yezindawo ezinomnotho ophansi kanye nemiphakathi yemibala. Iqhutshwa umgomo omkhulu wokugudluza umnotho wase-US kupulasitiki osetshenziswa kanye, uMthetho Wokuvikela Imiphakathi Kusuka ku-Plastics uhlose ukusungula imithetho eqinile yezitshalo ze-petrochemical nokudala okuhlosiwe okusha ezweni lonke ukuze kuncishiswe imithombo yepulasitiki futhi iphinde isetshenziswe emikhakheni yokupakisha neyokudla.

S.2645 – 117th Congress (2021-2022): Imizamo Evuzayo Yokunciphisa Ukungcola Okungasetshenzisiwe Ku-Ecosystems Act ka-2021. (2021, Agasti 5). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/2645

USen. Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI) wethule umthethosivivinywa omusha wokudala isisusa esisha esinamandla sokugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki, ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwepulasitiki okungasenasici, futhi kuthweswe icala imboni yepulasitiki ngodoti onobuthi obukela phansi impilo yomphakathi kanye nezindawo ezibalulekile zemvelo. . Umthetho ohlongozwayo, onesihloko esithi I-Rewarding Efforts to Decrease Unrecycled Contaminants in Ecosystems (REDUCE) Act, uzobeka inhlawulo engu-20 cent ngephawundi ekuthengisweni kwepulasitiki engasetshenziswa emikhiqizweni esetshenziswa kanye. Le mali izosiza amapulasitiki agaywe kabusha ancintisane namapulasitiki angasetshenziswa ngokulingana. Izinto ezihlanganisiwe zihlanganisa ukupakishwa, imikhiqizo yesevisi yokudla, iziqukathi zeziphuzo, nezikhwama - ngaphandle kwemikhiqizo yezokwelapha kanye nemikhiqizo yenhlanzeko yomuntu siqu.

U-Jain, N., & LaBeaud, D. (2022). Ukunakekelwa Kwezempilo Kwase-US Kufanele Kuhole Kanjani Uguquko Lomhlaba Wonke Ekulahleni Imfucuza Yepulasitiki? I-AMA Journal of Ethics, 24(10):E986-993. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2022.986.

Izindlela zamanje zokulahla imfucuza yokunakekelwa kwezempilo yepulasitiki zibukela phansi kakhulu ukulingana kwezempilo emhlabeni wonke, zibe nomthelela ngokulinganayo empilweni yabantu abasengozini kanye nabancishwe amathuba. Ngokuqhubeka nomkhuba wokuthekelisa imfucuza yokunakekelwa kwempilo yasekhaya ukuze ilahlwe emhlabeni nasemanzini ezizwe ezisathuthuka, i-US ikhulisa imithelela engaphansi kwemvelo nempilo esongela ukunakekelwa kwezempilo okusimeme emhlabeni wonke. Ukuhlelwa kabusha okunamandla kwesibopho senhlalo nesimilo sokukhiqizwa nokuphathwa kwemfucuza yezempilo yepulasitiki kuyadingeka. Lesi sihloko sincoma ukunikeza ukuziphendulela okuqinile kubaholi benhlangano yokunakekelwa kwezempilo, ukugqugquzela ukuqaliswa nokugcinwa kwe-circular supply chain, kanye nokukhuthaza ukubambisana okuqinile kuzo zonke izimboni zezokwelapha, zepulasitiki, nezibi.

Wong, E. (2019, Meyi 16). Isayensi Egqumeni: Ukuxazulula Inkinga Yemfucuza Yepulasitiki. Springer Nature. Kubuyiswe kusuka: bit.ly/2HQTrfi

Iqoqo lama-athikili axhumanisa ochwepheshe besayensi kubenzi bomthetho eCapitol Hill. Babheka indlela udoti wepulasitiki oyingozi ngayo nokuthi yini engenziwa ukuxazulula inkinga ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa amabhizinisi futhi kuholele ekukhuleni kwemisebenzi.

IBUYELA TOP

3. Izinqubomgomo zamazwe ngamazwe

Nielsen, MB, Clausen, LP, Cronin, R., Hansen, SF, Oturai, NG, & Syberg, K. (2023). Ukwembula isayensi ngemuva kwezinhlelo zenqubomgomo eziqondise ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki. I-Microplastics kanye ne-Nanoplastics, 3(1), i-1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43591-022-00046-y

Ababhali bahlaziye izinhlelo zenqubomgomo ezibalulekile eziyisithupha eziqondise ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki futhi bathola ukuthi izinhlelo zepulasitiki zivame ukubhekisa ebufakazini obuvela ezihlokweni zesayensi nemibiko. Izindatshana zesayensi nemibiko zinikeza ulwazi mayelana nemithombo yepulasitiki, imithelela yemvelo yamapulasitiki kanye namaphethini okukhiqiza kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo. Ngaphezu kwengxenye yezinhlelo zenqubomgomo yepulasitiki ezihloliwe zibhekisela kudatha yokuqapha udoti. Iqembu elihluke kakhulu lemibhalo ehlukene yesayensi namathuluzi kubonakala sengathi kusetshenziswe lapho kubunjwa izinhlelo zenqubomgomo yepulasitiki. Nokho, kusekuningi ukungaqiniseki okuhlobene nokunquma umonakalo ovela ekungcolisweni kwepulasitiki, okusho ukuthi izinyathelo zenqubomgomo kufanele zivumele ukuguquguquka. Sekukonke, ubufakazi besayensi bubalwa lapho kubunjwa izinhlelo zenqubomgomo. Izinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zobufakazi ezisetshenziselwa ukweseka imizamo yenqubomgomo zingase zibangele izinhlelo ezingqubuzanayo. Lokhu kungqubuzana kungase kuthinte izingxoxo nezinqubomgomo zamazwe ngamazwe.

I-OECD (2022, February), I-Global Plastics Outlook: Abashayeli Bezomnotho, Imithelela Yemvelo kanye Nezinketho Zenqubomgomo. I-OECD Publishing, eParis. https://doi.org/10.1787/de747aef-en.

Nakuba amapulasitiki eyizinto eziwusizo kakhulu emphakathini wanamuhla, ukukhiqizwa kwamapulasitiki kanye nokukhiqizwa kukadoti kuyaqhubeka kwanda futhi kudingeka isinyathelo esiphuthumayo ukuze umjikelezo wokuphila wamapulasitiki ube yindilinga. Emhlabeni jikelele, u-9% kuphela wezibi zepulasitiki ezigaywa kabusha kuyilapho u-22% ungaphathwanga kahle. I-OECD ihlaba ikhwelo lokuthi kwandiswe izinqubomgomo zikazwelonke kanye nokusebenzisana kwamazwe ngamazwe okuthuthukisiwe ukuze kuncishiswe imithelela yezemvelo kulo lonke uchungechunge lwenani. Lo mbiko ugxile ekufundiseni nasekusekeleni imizamo yenqubomgomo yokulwa nokuvuza kwepulasitiki. I-Outlook ihlonza izinsimbi ezine ezibalulekile zokugoba ijika lepulasitiki: ukusekelwa okuqinile kwezimakethe zamapulasitiki ezigaywe kabusha (zesibili); izinqubomgomo zokuthuthukisa ukuqanjwa kabusha kwezobuchwepheshe kumapulasitiki; izinyathelo zenqubomgomo yasekhaya ezifisa kakhulu; kanye nokubambisana okukhulu kwamazwe ngamazwe. Lona umbiko wokuqala kwemibili ehleliwe, umbiko wesibili, I-Global Plastics Outlook: Izimo Zenqubomgomo kuya ku-2060 kubhalwe ngezansi.

I-OECD (2022, Juni), I-Global Plastics Outlook: Izimo Zenqubomgomo kuya ku-2060. I-OECD Publishing, eParis, https://doi.org/10.1787/aa1edf33-en.

Umhlaba awusondeli nakancane ekufezeni inhloso yawo yokuqeda ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki, ngaphandle uma kwenziwa izinqubomgomo eziqinile nezididiyelwe. Ukusiza ukufeza izinjongo ezibekwe amazwe ahlukahlukene i-OECD iphakamisa umbono wepulasitiki kanye nezimo zenqubomgomo ukusiza ukuqondisa abenzi bezinqubomgomo. Lo mbiko wethula iqoqo lokuqagela okuhambisanayo kumapulasitiki kuya ku-2060, okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki, imfucuza kanye nomthelela wemvelo oxhumene nopulasitiki, ikakhulukazi ukuvuza kwemvelo. Lo mbiko ulandela umbiko wokuqala, Abashayeli Bezomnotho, Imithelela Yemvelo kanye Nezinketho Zenqubomgomo (ebalwe ngenhla) elinganise izitayela zamanje ekusetshenzisweni kwepulasitiki, ukuphehla imfucuza nokuvuza, kanye nokuhlonza izisekelo ezine zenqubomgomo zokunqanda umthelela wemvelo wamapulasitiki.

I-IUCN. (2022). I-IUCN Briefing for Negotiators: Plastics Treaty INC. Isivumelwano se-IUCN WCEL mayelana nePlastiki Pollution Task Force. https://www.iucn.org/our-union/commissions/group/iucn-wcel-agreement-plastic-pollution-task-force/resources

I-IUCN idale uchungechunge lwemibhalo efingqiwe, ngalinye lingaphansi kwamakhasi amahlanu, ukusekela umzuliswano wokuqala wezingxoxo zePlastiki Pollution Treaty njengoba kubekwe yisinqumo se-United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) 5/14, Izifinyezo zenzelwe izikhathi ezithile. futhi yakhelwe ezinyathelweni ezithathwe onyakeni odlule mayelana nezincazelo zesivumelwano, izici ezibalulekile, ukusebenzisana nezinye izivumelwano, izinhlaka ezingaba khona nezindlela zomthetho. Zonke izifinyezo, okuhlanganisa nalezo eziphathelene nemibandela ebalulekile, umnotho oyindilinga, ukusebenzelana kombuso, kanye nezivumelwano zemvelo ezihlanganisa amazwe amaningi ziyatholakala. lapha. Lezi zifinyezo azisizi kuphela abenzi benqubomgomo, kodwa zisize ukuqondisa ukuthuthukiswa kwesivumelwano sepulasitiki ngesikhathi sezingxoxo zokuqala.

Ukuhlanza Ibhishi Lokugcina. (2021, Julayi). Imithetho Yezwe Ngemikhiqizo Yepulasitiki. lastbeachcleanup.org/countrylaws

Uhlu oluphelele lwemithetho yomhlaba wonke ehlobene nemikhiqizo yepulasitiki. Kuze kube manje, amazwe ayi-188 anokuvalwa kwezikhwama zepulasitiki ezweni lonke noma idethi yokuphela ethenjisiwe, amazwe angama-81 anomthetho wokuvinjelwa kotshani bepulasitiki ezweni lonke noma idethi yokuphela ethenjisiwe, futhi amazwe angama-96 anokuvalwa kwesitsha sepulasitiki esinegwebu noma usuku lokuphela oluthenjisiwe.

Buchholz, K. (2021). I-Infographic: Amazwe Avimba Izikhwama Zepulasitiki. I-Statista Infographics. https://www.statista.com/chart/14120/the-countries-banning-plastic-bags/

Amazwe angamashumi ayisithupha nesishiyagalolunye emhlabeni jikelele avinjelwe ngokugcwele noma ingxenye yezikhwama zepulasitiki. Amanye amazwe angamashumi amathathu nambili akhokhisa imali noma intela ukuze anciphise ipulasitiki. I-China isanda kumemezela ukuthi izovala zonke izikhwama ezingavundisi emadolobheni amakhulu ekupheleni kuka-2020 futhi yandise ukuvinjelwa ezweni lonke ngo-2022. Izikhwama zepulasitiki ziyisinyathelo esisodwa ekuqedeni ukusetshenziswa okukodwa kwepulasitiki, kodwa umthetho obanzi uyadingeka ukuze ukulwa nenkinga yepulasitiki.

Amazwe Avimbela Izikhwama Zepulasitiki — Buchholz, K. (2021). *I-Infographic: Amazwe Avimba Izikhwama Zepulasitiki*. I-Statista Infographics. https://www.statista.com/chart/14120/the-countries-banning-plastic-bags/

Umyalelo (EU) 2019/904 wePhalamende LaseYurophu kanye NoMkhandlu wangomhla zi-5 kuJuni 2019 mayelana nokwehliswa komthelela wemikhiqizo ethile yepulasitiki endaweni ezungezile. PE/11/2019/REV/1 OJ L 155, 12.6.2019, p. 1–19 (BG, ES, CS, DA, DE, ET, EL, EN, FR, GA, HR, IT, LV, LT, HU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SL, FI, SV). ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/904/oj

Ukwanda okuqhubekayo kokukhiqizwa kwemfucuza yepulasitiki kanye nokuvuza kwemfucumfucu yepulasitiki endaweni ezungezile, ikakhulukazi endaweni yasolwandle, kufanele kubhekwane nayo ukuze kuzuzwe umjikelezo wokuphila oyisiyingi wamapulasitiki. Lo mthetho uvimbela izinhlobo eziyi-10 zepulasitiki esetshenziswa kanye futhi usebenza emikhiqizweni ethile ye-SUP, imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngepulasitiki eyonakaliswa yi-oxo kanye nempahla yokudoba equkethe ipulasitiki. Ibeka imikhawulo yemakethe kuma-plastic cutlery, utshani, amapuleti, izinkomishi futhi ibeka umgomo wokuqoqwa kwamabhodlela epulasitiki e-SUP ngo-90% ngo-2029. Lokhu kuvinjelwa kwamapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye sekuqalile ukuba nomthelela endleleni abathengi abasebenzisa ngayo ipulasitiki kanye ngethemba ukuthi kuzoholela ekwehleni okukhulu kokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki phakathi neminyaka eyishumi ezayo.

Isikhungo Senqubomgomo Yepulasitiki Yomhlaba Wonke (2022). Ukubuyekezwa komhlaba wonke kwezinqubomgomo zepulasitiki ukusekela ukwenziwa kwezinqumo okuthuthukisiwe nokuziphendulela komphakathi. March, A., Salam, S., Evans, T., Hilton, J., and Fletcher, S. (abahleli). Revolution Plastics, University of Portsmouth, UK. https://plasticspolicy.port.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/GPPC-Report.pdf

Ngo-2022, i-Global Plastics Policy Center yakhipha ucwaningo olusekelwe ebufakazini oluhlola ukusebenza kwezinqubomgomo zepulasitiki eziyi-100 ezisetshenziswa ngamabhizinisi, ohulumeni, kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi emhlabeni wonke. Lo mbiko ucacisa lokho okutholakele– ukuhlonza izikhala ezibucayi ebufakazini benqubomgomo ngayinye, ukuhlola izici ezivimbele noma ezithuthukisa ukusebenza kwenqubomgomo, kanye nokuhlanganisa ukuhlaziya ngakunye ukuze kugqanyiswe izinqubo eziphumelelayo neziphetho ezibalulekile zabakhi benqubomgomo. Lokhu kubuyekezwa okujulile kwezinqubomgomo zepulasitiki zomhlaba wonke kuyisandiso sebhange le-Global Plastic Policy Centre lezinhlelo zepulasitiki ezihlaziywe ngokuzimele, okungelokuqala ngqa elisebenza njengomfundisi obalulekile nonolwazi ngenqubomgomo esebenzayo yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki.

Royle, J., Jack, B., Parris, H., Hogg, D., & Eliot, T. (2019). I-Plastic Drawdown: Indlela entsha yokubhekana nokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki kusuka emthonjeni kuya olwandle. Izilwandle Ezivamile. https://commonseas.com/uploads/Plastic-Drawdown-%E2%80%93-A-summary-for-policy-makers.pdf

Imodeli yePlastiki Yokudonsa phansi inezinyathelo ezine: ukwenza imodeli yokuphehla nokubunjwa kukadoti wepulasitiki wezwe, ukwenza imephu yendlela phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki nokuvuza olwandle, ukuhlaziya umthelela wezinqubomgomo ezibalulekile, futhi kusiza ukwakha ukuvumelana ngezinqubomgomo ezibalulekile kuwo wonke uhulumeni, umphakathi, nababambe iqhaza kwezamabhizinisi. Kunezinqubomgomo eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili ezihlaziywe kulo mbhalo, ngayinye idingida indlela esebenza ngayo, izinga lempumelelo (ukusebenza kahle), kanye nokuthi ikhuluma ngamaphi ama-macro kanye/noma amapulasitiki amancane.

Uhlelo Lwezemvelo Lwezizwe Ezihlangene (2021). Ukusuka Ekungcoleni Kuya Esixazululo: Ukuhlolwa komhlaba wonke kodoti wasolwandle kanye nokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki. United Nations, Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.unep.org/resources/pollution-solution-global-assessment-marine-litter-and-plastic-pollution

Lokhu kuhlola komhlaba wonke kuhlola ubukhulu nobukhulu bemfucumfucu yasolwandle kanye nokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki kuwo wonke ama-ecosystem kanye nomthelela wako oyinhlekelele empilweni yabantu neyemvelo. Inikeza isibuyekezo esiphelele olwazini lwamanje namagebe ocwaningo mayelana nemiphumela eqondile yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki kuzinto eziphilayo zasolwandle, izinsongo empilweni yomhlaba wonke, kanye nezindleko zezenhlalo nezomnotho zemfucumfucu yasolwandle. Sekukonke, umbiko ulwela ukwazisa nokusheshisa isenzo esiphuthumayo, esisekelwe ebufakazini kuwo wonke amazinga emhlabeni jikelele.

IBUYELA TOP

3.1 Isivumelwano Somhlaba Wonke

Uhlelo Lwezemvelo Lwezizwe Ezihlangene. (2022, Mashi 2). Okufanele Ukwazi Nge-Plastic Pollution Resolution. United Nations, Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/what-you-need-know-about-plastic-pollution-resolution

Enye yamawebhusayithi athembeke kakhulu olwazi nezibuyekezo zeSivumelwano Somhlaba Wonke, i-United Nations Environment Programme ingenye yemithombo enembe kakhulu yezindaba nezibuyekezo. Le webhusayithi yamemezela isinqumo esiyingqopha-mlando emhlanganweni oqale kabusha wesihlanu we-United Nations Environment Assembly (I-UNEA-5.2) eNairobi ukuze aqede ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki futhi enze isivumelwano esibopha ngokomthetho samazwe ngamazwe ngo-2024. Ezinye izinto ezisohlwini lwekhasi zihlanganisa izixhumanisi zombhalo othi Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Ngokuphathelene Nesivumelwano Somhlaba Wonke kanye nokuqoshwa kwe Izinqumo ze-UNEP ukuqhubekisela phambili isivumelwano, futhi a ikhithi yamathuluzi yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki.

IISD (2023, Mashi 7). Isifinyezo Sezikhathi Zesihlanu Eziqaliswe Kabusha ZeKomidi Eliphelile Elivuliwe Labameleli Baphakade kanye NoMhlangano Wendawo Wenhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene kanye Nomkhosi Wokukhumbula UNEP@50: 21 February - 4 March 2022. Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol. 16, inombolo 166. https://enb.iisd.org/unea5-oecpr5-unep50

Iseshini yesihlanu ye-UN Environment Assembly (UNEA-5.2), ebihlangene ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi “Ukuqinisa Izenzo Zemvelo Ukuze Kufezwe Izinjongo Zentuthuko Esimeme,” kubikwe kuyi-Earth Negotiations Bulletin incwadi ye-UNEA esebenza njengenkonzo yokubika. zezemvelo kanye nezingxoxo zentuthuko. Le ncwajana ethile ihlanganisa i-UNEAS 5.2 futhi iyinsiza emangalisayo kulabo abafuna ukuqonda okwengeziwe nge-UNEA, isinqumo esingu-5.2 sokuthi “Qeda ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki: Kubheke ethuluzini elibophezela ngokomthetho lamazwe ngamazwe” nezinye izinqumo okuxoxwe ngazo emhlanganweni.

Uhlelo Lwezemvelo Lwezizwe Ezihlangene. (2023, Disemba). ISeshini Yokuqala Yekomidi Lezingxoxo Eziphakathi Kukahulumeni Ngokungcoliswa Kwepulasitiki. I-United Nations Environment Programme, ePunta del Este, e-Uruguay. https://www.unep.org/events/conference/inter-governmental-negotiating-committee-meeting-inc-1

Leli khasi lewebhu lichaza kabanzi ngomhlangano wokuqala wekomidi lezingxoxo kuhulumeni (INC) owawubanjwe ekupheleni kuka-2022 e-Uruguay. Ihlanganisa iseshini yokuqala yekomidi lezingxoxo phakathi kohulumeni ukuze kuthuthukiswe ithuluzi elibopha ngokomthetho emhlabeni wonke mayelana nokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki, okuhlanganisa nemvelo yasolwandle. Ukwengeza izixhumanisi zokurekhodwa komhlangano zitholakala ngezixhumanisi ze-YouTube kanye nolwazi ngezikhathi zokwaziswa ngenqubomgomo kanye nama-PowerPoint avela emhlanganweni. Lokhu okurekhodiwe konke kutholakala ngesiNgisi, isiFulentshi, isiShayina, isiRashiya, neSpanishi.

Andersen, I. (2022, Mashi 2). I-Aad Forward for Environmental Action. Inkulumo: Ingxenye yezinga eliphezulu ye-Resumed Fifth Environment Assembly. I-United Nations Environment Programme, eNairobi, eKenya. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/speech/leap-forward-environmental-action

Umqondisi Omkhulu we-UN Environment Programme (UNEP), uthe lesi sivumelwano siyisivumelwano esibaluleke kakhulu sezemvelo samazwe ngamazwe kusukela isivumelwano sesimo sezulu saseParis enkulumweni yakhe ekhuthaza ukuphasiswa kwesinqumo sokuqala umsebenzi we-Global Plastics Treaty. Uveze ukuthi isivumelwano sizobalwa kuphela uma sinezinhlinzeko ezicacile ezibophezela ngokomthetho, njengoba isinqumo sisho futhi kufanele samukele indlela yomjikelezo wempilo ephelele. Le nkulumo yenza umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu wokubhekelela isidingo seSivumelwano Somhlaba Wonke kanye nezinto eziza kuqala zeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene Zemvelo njengoba izingxoxo ziqhubeka.

IISD (2022, Disemba 7). Isifinyezo Somhlangano Wokuqala Wekomidi Lezingxoxo Zikahulumeni Wokusungula Ithuluzi Lamazwe Ngamazwe Elibophezela Ngokomthetho Ekungcoleni Kwepulasitiki: 28 November – 2 December 2022. Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol 36, No. 7. https://enb.iisd.org/plastic-pollution-marine-environment-negotiating-committee-inc1

Umhlangano ngokokuqala ngqa, ikomidi lezingxoxo phakathi kukahulumeni (INC), Amazwe Angamalungu avumile ukuxoxisana ngethuluzi lamazwe ngamazwe elibophezela ngokomthetho (i-ILBI) mayelana nokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki, okuhlanganisa nemvelo yasolwandle, ukubeka umugqa wesikhathi wokuphothula izingxoxo ngo-2024. Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla , i-Earth Negotiations Bulletin ishicilelwe yi-UNEA esebenza njengensizakalo yokubika yezingxoxo zezemvelo nentuthuko.

Uhlelo Lwezemvelo Lwezizwe Ezihlangene. (2023). ISeshini Yesibili YeKomidi Lezingxoxo Zohulumeni Phakathi Kokungcoliswa Kwepulasitiki: 29 May – 2 June 2023. https://www.unep.org/events/conference/second-session-intergovernmental-negotiating-committee-develop-international

Insiza izobuyekezwa ngemva kokuphela kweseshini yesi-2 ngoJuni 2023.

I-Ocean Plastics Leadership Network. (2021, Juni 10). I-Global Plastics Treaty Dialogues. I-YouTube. https://youtu.be/GJdNdWmK4dk.

Inkhulumomphendvulwano yaqala ngochungechunge lwezingqungquthela zomhlaba wonke eziku-inthanethi kulungiselelwa isinqumo se-United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) ngoFebhuwari 2022 mayelana nokuthi kufanele siphishekele isivumelwano somhlaba wonke samapulasitiki. I-Ocean Plastics Leadership Network (OPLN) inhlangano enamalungu angu-90 eyisishoshovu sokuya embonini imataniswa ne-Greenpeace kanye ne-WWF ukuze ikhiqize uchungechunge lwezingxoxo ezisebenzayo. Amazwe angamashumi ayisikhombisa nanye afuna isivumelwano sepulasitiki somhlaba wonke kanye nama-NGO, kanye nezinkampani ezinkulu ezingama-30. Amaqembu afuna ukuthi kubikwe ngokucacile ngamapulasitiki kuwo wonke umjikelezo wabo wokuphila ukuze kulandise ngakho konke okwenziwayo nokuthi kuphathwa kanjani, kodwa kusenezikhala ezinkulu zokungaboni ngaso linye ezisele.

Parker, L. (2021, Juni 8). Isivumelwano somhlaba wonke sokulawula ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki siba nomfutho. I-National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/global-treaty-to-regulate-plastic-pollution-gains-momentum

Emhlabeni jikelele kunezincazelo eziyisikhombisa zalokho okubhekwa njengesikhwama sepulasitiki futhi esiza nemithetho eyahlukene yawo wonke amazwe. I-ajenda yesivumelwano somhlaba wonke igxile ekutholeni isethi engaguquki yezincazelo namazinga, ukudidiyelwa kwezinhloso zikazwelonke nezinhlelo, izivumelwano ngezindinganiso zokubika, nokudalwa kwesikhwama sokusiza ngezimali izikhungo zokulawulwa kwemfucuza lapho zidingeka kakhulu ezindaweni ezingathuthukisiwe. amazwe.

I-World Wildlife Foundation, i-Ellen MacArthur Foundation, ne-Boston Consulting Group. (2020). Icala Lebhizinisi LeSivumelwano Se-UN Sokungcoliswa Kwepulasitiki. I-WWF, i-Ellen MacArthur Foundation, ne-BCG. https://f.hubspotusercontent20.net/hubfs/4783129/ Plastics/UN%20treaty%20plastic%20poll%20report%20a4_ single_pages_v15-web-prerelease-3mb.pdf

Izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe namabhizinisi abizelwe ukusekela isivumelwano sepulasitiki somhlaba wonke, ngoba ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki kuzothinta ikusasa lamabhizinisi. Izinkampani eziningi zibhekene nezingozi zokuduma, njengoba abathengi bezazi kakhudlwana ubungozi bepulasitiki futhi bafuna ukuba sobala okuzungeze uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwepulasitiki. Abasebenzi bafuna ukusebenza ezinkampanini ezinenhloso enhle, abatshalizimali babheke phambili izinkampani ezizwakalayo zemvelo, futhi nabalawuli bakhuthaza izinqubomgomo zokubhekana nenkinga yepulasitiki. Emabhizinisini, isivumelwano se-UN mayelana nokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki sizonciphisa ubunkimbinkimbi bokusebenza kanye nemithetho ehlukahlukene kuzo zonke izindawo zemakethe, senze ukubika kube lula, futhi sisize ukuthuthukisa amathuba okuhlangabezana nezinhloso zebhizinisi ezifisayo. Leli yithuba lezinkampani eziholayo emhlabeni wonke ukuthi zibe seqhulwini ekuguquleni inqubomgomo ukuze kuthuthukiswe umhlaba wethu.

I-Ejensi Yophenyo Lwezemvelo. (2020, Juni). Ingqungquthela Yokungcoliswa Kwepulasitiki: Ibheke Isivumelwano Esisha Somhlaba Wonke Sokubhekana Nokungcoliswa Kwepulasitiki. I-Environmental Investigation Agency kanye ne-Gaia. https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Convention-on-Plastic-Pollution-June- 2020-Amakhasi Awodwa.pdf.

Amazwe angamalungu eziNgqungquthela zePlastiki ahlonze izindawo ezi-4 eziyinhloko lapho uhlaka lomhlaba wonke ludingeka khona: ukuqapha/ukubika, ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki, ukuhlanganisa umhlaba wonke, kanye nokwesekwa kwezobuchwepheshe/kwezezimali. Ukuqapha kanye nokubika kuzosekelwe phezu kwezinkomba ezimbili: indlela esuka phezulu phansi yokuqapha ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki kwamanje, kanye nendlela eya phansi yokubika idatha evuzayo. Ukudala izindlela zomhlaba zokubika ezijwayelekile ngomjikelezo wempilo wepulasitiki kuzokhuthaza ukuguqukela kusakhiwo somnotho esiyindilinga. Ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki kuzosiza ukwazisa izinhlelo zokusebenza zikazwelonke, futhi kuxazululwe izinkinga ezithile ezifana ne-microplastic kanye nokulinganisa kulo lonke uchungechunge lwenani lepulasitiki. Ukuxhumana kwamazwe ngamazwe emithonjeni esekelwe olwandle yepulasitiki, uhwebo lwemfucuza, kanye nokungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali kuzosiza ukwandisa ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo ngenkathi kwandiswe ukuhwebelana ngolwazi ezindaweni ezahlukene. Okokugcina, ukwesekwa kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezezimali kuzokhuphula ukuthathwa kwezinqumo zesayensi nezenhlalo-mnotho, kuyilapho kusiza uguquko lwamazwe asathuthuka.

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3.2 Iphaneli Yenqubomgomo Yesayensi

Izizwe Ezihlangene. (2023, Januwari - February). Umbiko wengxenye yesibili yeseshini yokuqala yeqembu elisebenzayo elivulekile lesikhashana lephaneli lenqubomgomo yesayensi ukuze libe neqhaza ekulawuleni ngendlela efanele amakhemikhali nemfucuza kanye nokuvimbela ukungcoliswa komhlaba.. Iqembu elisebenzayo elivuleleke okwesikhashana kuphaneli yenqubomgomo yesayensi ukuze linikele ngokuqhubekayo ekulawuleni okuzwakalayo kwamakhemikhali nemfucuza kanye nokuvimbela ukungcola Iseshini yokuqala eNairobi, 6 October 2022 naseBangkok, Thailand. https://www.unep.org/oewg1.2-ssp-chemicals-waste-pollution

Iqembu leZizwe Ezihlangene elisebenzayo elivulekile (i-OEWG) ephanelini lenqubomgomo yesayensi ukuze lifake isandla ngokuqhubekayo ekulawuleni okuzwakalayo kwamakhemikhali nemfucuza kanye nokuvimbela ukungcoliswa komhlaba lalibanjelwe e-Bangkok, kusukela zingama-30 kuJanuwari kuya kumhla zi-3 kuNhlolanja wezi-2023. Phakathi nomhlangano , isixazululo 5/8, iNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yemvelo (i-UNEA) yanquma ukuthi kufanele kusungulwe iphaneli yenqubomgomo yesayensi ukuze ifake isandla ngokuqhubekayo ekuphathweni okunengqondo kwamakhemikhali nemfucumfucu kanye nokuvimbela ukungcola. I-UNEA iphinde yanquma ukubiza, kuncike ekutholakaleni kwezinsiza, i-OEWG yokulungiselela iziphakamiso zephaneli yenqubomgomo yesayensi, ukuze iqale umsebenzi ngo-2022 ngesifiso sokuwuqeda ekupheleni kuka-2024. Umbiko wokugcina ovela emhlanganweni ungaba kutholiwe lapha.

Wang, Z. et al. (2021) Sidinga inhlangano yomhlaba wonke yenqubomgomo yesayensi ngamakhemikhali nemfucuza. Isayensi. 371(6531) E:774-776. I-DOI: 10.1126/science.abe9090 | Esinye isixhumanisi: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abe9090

Amazwe amaningi kanye nezinyunyana zezombusazwe zesifunda zinezinhlaka zokulawula nenqubomgomo yokulawula amakhemikhali nemfucuza ehambisana nemisebenzi yabantu ukuze kuncishiswe ukulimala empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo. Lezi zinhlaka zihambisana futhi zanwetshwa isenzo esihlanganyelwe samazwe ngamazwe, ikakhulukazi esihlobene nezinto ezingcolisayo ezihamba ibanga elide ngomoya, amanzi, kanye ne-biota; ukweqa imingcele kazwelonke ngokuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe kwezinsiza, imikhiqizo, kanye nemfucuza; noma akhona emazweni amaningi (1). Kukhona inqubekelaphambili eseyenziwe, kodwa i-Global Chemicals Outlook (GCO-II) evela ku-United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (1) icele “kuqiniswa[ku] ukuxhumana kwenqubomgomo yesayensi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwesayensi ekuqapheni inqubekelaphambili, ukubeka phambili, nokwenza inqubomgomo kuwo wonke umjikelezo wokuphila wamakhemikhali nokulahlwa.” Ngomhlangano we-UN Environment Assembly (UNEA) maduze nje uzodingida indlela yokuqinisa ukuxhumana kwenqubomgomo yesayensi kumakhemikhali kanye nemfucuza (2), sihlaziya isimo sezwe futhi siveze izincomo zokusungula indikimba ebanzi ngamakhemikhali nemfucuza.

Uhlelo Lwezemvelo Lwezizwe Ezihlangene (2020). Ukuhlolwa Kwezinketho Zokuqinisa Ukuxhumana Kwenqubomgomo Yesayensi Ezingeni Lamazwe Ngamazwe Lokulawulwa Komsindo Wamakhemikhali Nodoti. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/33808/ OSSP.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Isidingo esiphuthumayo sokuqinisa ukuxhumana kwenqubomgomo yesayensi kuwo wonke amazinga ukuze kusekelwe futhi kugqugquzelwe isinyathelo esisekelwe kwisayensi sasekhaya, sikazwelonke, sesifunda kanye nesomhlaba mayelana nokuphathwa ngendlela efanele kwamakhemikhali kanye nemfucuza ngalé kuka-2020; ukusetshenziswa kwesayensi ekuqapheni inqubekelaphambili; ukubeka eqhulwini kanye nokwenziwa kwenqubomgomo kuwo wonke umjikelezo wempilo yamakhemikhali nemfucuza, kubhekwa izikhala nolwazi lwesayensi emazweni asathuthuka.

Fadeeva, Z., & Van Berkel, R. (2021, January). Ukuvula umnotho oyindilinga ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki yasolwandle: Ukuhlolwa kwenqubomgomo ye-G20 kanye nezinhlelo. Ijenali Yokuphathwa Kwemvelo. 277(111457). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111457

Kunokukhula kokuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke kukadoti wasolwandle futhi sicabange kabusha indlela yethu yokwenza ipulasitiki nokupakishwa, futhi ichaza izinyathelo zokuvumela ukuguqukela emnothweni oyindilinga ongalwa namapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye kanye nezinto zawo zangaphandle ezingezinhle. Lezi zinyathelo zithatha uhlobo lwesiphakamiso senqubomgomo emazweni e-G20.

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3.3 Izichibiyelo zePlastiki ye-Basel Convention

Uhlelo Lwezemvelo Lwezizwe Ezihlangene. (2023). I-Basel Convention. Izizwe Ezihlangene. http://www.basel.int/Implementation/Plasticwaste/Overview/ tabid/8347/Default.aspx

Lesi senzo sigqugquzelwe isinqumo esamukelwe yiNgqungquthela Yamaqembu Esivumelwano sase-Basel BC-14/12 lapho echibiyela ngayo Izithasiselo II, VIII kanye ne-IX zeSivumelwano maqondana nemfucuza yepulasitiki. Izixhumanisi eziwusizo zifaka imephu yendaba entsha 'Imfucuza yepulasitiki kanye neNgqungquthela yaseBasel' ehlinzeka ngedatha ngokubonakalayo ngamavidiyo kanye ne-infographics ukuchaza indima ye-Basel Convention Plastic Waste Amendments ekulawuleni ukunyakaza kwemingcele, ukuthuthukisa ukuphathwa okunengqondo kwemvelo, kanye nokugqugquzela ukuvimbela kanye nokunciphisa ukuphehlwa kwemfucuza yepulasitiki.

Uhlelo Lwezemvelo Lwezizwe Ezihlangene. (2023). Ukulawula Ukuhanjiswa Kwemfucuza Eyingozi Ekweqa Imingcele Nokulahlwa kwayo. I-Basel Convention. Izizwe Ezihlangene. http://www.basel.int/Implementation/Plasticwastes/PlasticWaste Partnership/tabid/8096/Default.aspx

I-Plastic Waste Partnership (PWP) yasungulwa ngaphansi kweNgqungquthela yase-Basel, ukuze kuthuthukiswe futhi kugqugquzelwe ukuphathwa okunempilo kwemvelo (ESM) yemfucuza yepulasitiki kanye nokuvimbela kanye nokunciphisa ukuphehlwa kwayo. Uhlelo lwengamele noma lweseke amaphrojekthi okulinga angama-23 ukuze kugqugquzelwe isenzo. Le miklamo ihloselwe ukukhuthaza ukuvinjelwa kwemfucuza, ukuthuthukisa ukuqoqwa kwemfucuza, ukubhekana nokuhanjiswa kwemfucuza yepulasitiki ukweqa imingcele, nokuhlinzeka ngemfundo kanye nokuqwashisa ngokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki njengento eyingozi.

Benson, E. & Mortsensen, S. (2021, Okthoba 7). I-Basel Convention: Ukusuka Kudoti Oyingozi Kuya Ekungcoleni Kwepulasitiki. Isikhungo se-Strategic & International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/basel-convention-hazardous-waste-plastic-pollution

Lesi sihloko senza umsebenzi omuhle wokuchaza izisekelo zengqungquthela yase-Basel kubabukeli jikelele. Umbiko we-CSIS ubandakanya ukusungulwa kweNgqungquthela ye-Basel ngeminyaka yawo-1980 ukuze kubhekwane nemfucuza enobuthi. i-Basel Convention yasayinwa yizifundazwe ezingama-53 kanye ne-European Economic Community (EEC) ukusiza ukulawula ukuhwebelana kwemfucuza eyingozi kanye nokunciphisa ukuthuthwa okungafunwa kwezimpahla ezinobuthi ohulumeni abangazange bavume ukuzithola. I-athikili iphinde inikeze ulwazi ngochungechunge lwemibuzo nezimpendulo ezihlanganisa ukuthi ubani osayine isivumelwano, izoba yini imiphumela yokuchitshiyelwa kwepulasitiki, nokuthi yini elandelayo. Uhlaka lokuqala lwe-Basel seludale indawo yokwethula ukubhekana nokulahlwa kwemfucuza okungashintshi, nakuba lokhu kuyingxenye yesu elikhulu elidingekayo ukuze kuzuzwe umnotho oyindilinga ngempela.

I-US Environmental Protection Agency. (2022, Juni 22). Izidingo Ezintsha Zamazwe Ngamazwe Zokuthunyelwa Nokuthekelisa Kwezinto Ezisetshenziswa Kabusha Zepulasitiki Nezibi. EPA. https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/new-international-requirements-export-and-import-plastic-recyclables-and-waste

NgoMeyi wezi-2019, amazwe angu-187 akhawulele ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe ngezinsalela/okugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki ngokusebenzisa I-Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste kanye Nokulahlwa kwayo. Kusukela ngomhlaka-1 Januwari 2021 okugaywa kabusha kanye nemfucuza kuvunyelwe kuphela ukuthunyelwa emazweni anemvume ebhaliwe yangaphambili yezwe elingenisayo nanoma imaphi amazwe ezokuthutha. I-United States ayiyona ingxenye yamanje ye-Basel Convention, okusho ukuthi noma yiliphi izwe elisayine i-Basel Convention alikwazi ukuhwebelana ne-US ngodoti okhawulelwe e-Basel (inhlangano engeyona ingxenye) ngaphandle kwezivumelwano ezinqunywe kusengaphambili phakathi kwamazwe. Lezi zidingo zihlose ukubhekana nokulahlwa okungafanele kwemfucuza yepulasitiki kanye nokunciphisa ukuvuza kwezinto zokuhamba ukuya endaweni ezungezile. Kuye kwaba umkhuba ovamile ukuba amazwe asethuthukile athumele ipulasitiki yawo emazweni asathuthuka, kodwa imingcele emisha yenza lokhu kube nzima.

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4. Umnotho Oyindilinga

Gorrasi, G., Sorrentino, A., & Lichthouse, E. (2021). Buyela ekungcolisweni kwepulasitiki ngezikhathi ze-COVID. Izincwadi Zekhemistry Yezemvelo. 19(p.1-4). I-HAL Open Science. https://hal.science/hal-02995236

Izinxushunxushu kanye nokuphuthuma okudalwe ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19 kuholele ekukhiqizweni okukhulu kwepulasitiki okususelwa kuphethiloli okushaye indiva kakhulu izindinganiso ezishiwo kuzinqubomgomo zezemvelo. Lesi sihloko sigcizelela ukuthi izixazululo zomnotho osimeme futhi oyindilinga zidinga ukuqanjwa kabusha okunamandla, imfundo yabathengi kanye nokuzimisela okubaluleke kakhulu kwezepolitiki.

Umnotho oqondile, umnotho wokusebenzisa kabusha, kanye nomnotho oyindilinga — Gorrasi, G., Sorrentino, A., & Lichthouse, E. (2021). *Buyela ekungcolisweni kwepulasitiki ngezikhathi ze-COVID*. Izincwadi Zekhemistry Yezemvelo. 19(p.1-4). I-HAL Open Science. https://hal.science/hal-02995236

Isikhungo Somthetho Wezemvelo Wamazwe Ngamazwe. (2023, Mashi). Ngale Kokugaywa kabusha: Ukubala ngePlastiki Emnothweni Oyindilinga. Isikhungo Somthetho Wezemvelo Wamazwe Ngamazwe. https://www.ciel.org/reports/circular-economy-analysis/

Ubhalelwe abenzi bezinqubomgomo, lo mbiko ugomela ukuthi kucatshangelwe okwengeziwe lapho kwenziwa imithetho ephathelene nepulasitiki. Ikakhulukazi ukuphikisana kombhali ukuthi kuningi okufanele kwenziwe maqondana nobuthi bepulasitiki, kufanele kuvunywe ukuthi ukushisa ipulasitiki akuyona ingxenye yomnotho oyindilinga, ukuthi ukwakheka okuphephile kungathathwa njengokuyisiyingi, nokuthi ukugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu kuyadingeka ukuze ukuzuza umnotho oyindilinga. izinqubomgomo noma izinqubo zobuchwepheshe ezidinga ukuqhubeka nokwandiswa kokukhiqizwa kwepulasitiki azikwazi ukubhalwa ngokuthi isiyingi, futhi akufanele zithathwe njengezixazululo zenkinga yomhlaba wonke kapulasitiki. Okokugcina, ukuphikisana kombhali ukuthi noma yisiphi isivumelwano esisha somhlaba wonke mayelana namapulasitiki, ngokwesibonelo, kufanele sibekelwe imingcele ekukhiqizeni amapulasitiki kanye nokuqedwa kwamakhemikhali anobuthi ochungechungeni lokuhlinzekwa kwepulasitiki.

I-Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2022, Novemba 2). Umbiko wenqubekelaphambili we-Global Commitment 2022. Uhlelo Lwezemvelo Lwezizwe Ezihlangene. https://emf.thirdlight.com/link/f6oxost9xeso-nsjoqe/@/#

Ukuhlola kutholwe ukuthi izinhloso ezibekwe yizinkampani zokuzuza u-100% wamaphakheji angaphinda asetshenziswe, agaywe kabusha, noma ahlanganiselwe ngo-2025 cishe ngeke afezeke futhi azogeja izinhloso ezibalulekile zika-2025 zomnotho oyindilinga. Lo mbiko uphawule ukuthi kwenziwa inqubekelaphambili eqinile, kodwa ithemba lokungafinyeleli okuhlosiwe liqinisa isidingo sokusheshisa isenzo futhi uphikisa ukuhoxiswa kokukhula kwebhizinisi ekusetshenzisweni kokupakisha ngesinyathelo esisheshayo esidingwa ohulumeni ukugqugquzela izinguquko. Lo mbiko uyisici esibalulekile salabo abafuna ukuqonda isimo samanje sokuzibophezela kwenkampani ekunciphiseni upulasitiki kuyilapho benikeza ukugxekwa okudingekayo ukuze amabhizinisi enze ezinye izinyathelo.

Uxolo olukuhlazana. (2022, Okthoba 14). Izimangalo eziyindilinga Ziphinde Ziphinde. Imibiko yeGreenpeace. https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/reports/circular-claims-fall-flat-again/

Njengesibuyekezo ku-Greenpeace's 2020 Study, ababhali babuyekeza isimangalo sabo sangaphambilini sokuthi umshayeli wezomnotho wokuqoqa, ukuhlunga, kanye nokucutshungulwa kabusha kwemikhiqizo yepulasitiki yangemuva kwabathengi kungenzeka kube kubi kakhulu njengoba ukukhiqizwa kwepulasitiki kwanda. Ababhali bathola ukuthi kule minyaka emibili edlule lesi simangalo sifakazelwe ukuthi siyiqiniso ngezinhlobo ezithile zamabhodlela epulasitiki ezigaywe kabusha ngokusemthethweni. Leli phepha libe selixoxa ngezizathu zokuthi kungani ukugaywa kabusha kwemishini namakhemikhali kwehluleka kuhlanganise nokuthi inqubo yokugaywa kabusha imosha futhi inobuthi kangakanani nokuthi ayongi. Okuphawulekayo okunye okudingeka kwenziwe ngokushesha ukuze kubhekwane nenkinga ekhulayo yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki.

U-Hocevar, J. (2020, Februwari 18). Umbiko: Izimangalo eziyindilinga ziwa phansi. Greenpeace. https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Greenpeace-Report-Circular-Claims-Fall-Flat.pdf

Ukuhlaziywa kokuqoqwa kwemfucuza yepulasitiki yamanje, ukuhlungwa, nokucutshungulwa kabusha e-US ukuze kutholwe ukuthi imikhiqizo ingabizwa ngokusemthethweni yini ngokuthi “iyaphinda isetshenziswe”. Ukuhlaziywa kwathola ukuthi cishe zonke izinto ezivamile zokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki, okuhlanganisa isevisi yokudla esetshenziswa kanye kanye nemikhiqizo elula, azikwazi ukugaywa kabusha ngenxa yezizathu ezehlukene ezivela komasipala abaqoqayo kodwa hhayi ukugaywa kabusha kube imikhono eshwabene yepulasitiki emabhodleleni okwenza angaphinde asetshenziswe. Bona ngenhla ukuze uthole umbiko obuyekeziwe wango-2022.

Beyond Plastics (2022, May). Bika: Iqiniso Langempela Mayelana Nezinga LaseMelika Lokugaywa Kabusha Kwepulasitiki. Ukuhlanza Ibhishi Lokugcina. https://www.lastbeachcleanup.org/_files/ ugd/dba7d7_9450ed6b848d4db098de1090df1f9e99.pdf

Izinga lamanje lika-2021 lase-US lokugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki lilinganiselwa phakathi kuka-5 no-6%. Ukufaka ukulahlekelwa okwengeziwe okungakaliwe, okufana nemfucumfucu yepulasitiki eqoqwe ngaphansi kokuzenzisa “kokugaywa kabusha” okushisiwe, esikhundleni salokho, izinga leqiniso lase-US lokugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki lingase libe phansi ngisho nangaphezulu. Lokhu kubalulekile njengoba amanani ekhadibhodi nensimbi ephakeme kakhulu. Umbiko ube usunikeza isifinyezo esihlakaniphile somlando wemfucuza yepulasitiki, ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle, namazinga okugaywa kabusha e-United States futhi uphikisa izenzo ezinciphisa inani lepulasitiki elisetshenziswayo njengokuvinjelwa kokusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki okukodwa, iziteshi zokugcwalisa amanzi, kanye nesitsha esisebenziseka kabusha. izinhlelo.

Umnotho Omusha Wepulasitiki. (2020). Umbono Womnotho Oyisiyingi wePlastiki. PDF

Izici eziyisithupha ezidingekayo ukuze kuzuzwe umnotho oyindilinga yilezi: (a) ukuqedwa kwepulasitiki eyinkinga noma engadingekile; (b) izinto ziphinde zisetshenziswe ukunciphisa isidingo sepulasitiki esetshenziswa kanye; (c) wonke amapulasitiki kufanele asetshenziswe kabusha, agaywe kabusha, noma ahlanganiswe; (d) konke okupakishwayo kuphinde kusetshenziswe, kugaywe kabusha, noma kwenziwe umquba; (e) ipulasitiki ihlukaniswa ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza ezinomkhawulo; (f) wonke amaphakethe epulasitiki awanawo amakhemikhali ayingozi futhi amalungelo abo bonke abantu ayahlonishwa. Idokhumenti eqondile ifundeka ngokushesha kunoma ubani onentshisekelo yezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokuthola umnotho oyindilinga ngaphandle kwemininingwane engaphandle.

Nunez, C. (2021, Septhemba 30). Imibono emine ebalulekile yokwakha umnotho oyindilinga. I-National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/paid-content-four-key-ideas-to-building-a-circular-economy-for-plastics

Ochwepheshe kuyo yonke imikhakha bayavuma ukuthi singakha isistimu esebenza kahle kakhulu lapho izinto ezisetshenziswayo ziphinde zisetshenziswe ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ngo-2021, i-American Beverage Association (ABA) cishe yabiza ithimba lochwepheshe, okuhlanganisa abaholi bezemvelo, abenzi bezinqubomgomo, nabasunguli bezinkampani, ukuze baxoxe ngendima yepulasitiki ekupakisheni kwabathengi, ekukhiqizeni esikhathini esizayo, nasezinhlelweni zokuvuselela kabusha, ngohlaka olukhulu ukucatshangelwa kwezixazululo zomnotho eziyindilinga eziguquguqukayo.

Meys, R., Frick, F., Westhues, S., Sternberg, A., Klankermayer, J., & Bardow, A. (2020, November). Sibheke emnothweni oyindilinga wokupakishwa kwemfucuza yepulasitiki - amandla emvelo okugaywa kabusha kwamakhemikhali. Izinsiza, Ukongiwa kanye Nokugaywa kabusha. 162(105010). I-DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105010.

Keijer, T., Bakker, V., & Slootweg, JC (2019, February 21). Ikhemistri eyindilinga ukunika amandla umnotho oyindilinga. Isayensi Yezemvelo. 11(190-195). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-019-0226-9

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kwensiza futhi kunikwe amandla imboni yamakhemikhali evalekile, engenawo udoti, umugqa wokusebenzisa bese ulahla umnotho kufanele ushintshwe. Ukwenza lokhu, ukucatshangelwa kokusimama komkhiqizo kufanele kufake phakathi umjikelezo wokuphila kwawo wonke futhi kuhloswe ukushintsha indlela yomugqa ngekhemikhali eyindilinga.

Spalding, M. (2018, Ephreli 23). Ungavumeli Ipulasitiki Ingene Olwandle. I-Ocean Foundation. earthday.org/2018/05/02/ungavumeli-ipulasitiki-ingene-olwandle

Inkulumo eyisihluthulelo eyenzelwe i-Dialogue for Ending Plastic Pollution e-Embassy of Finland ibeka udaba lwepulasitiki olwandle. I-Spalding ixoxa ngezinkinga zamapulasitiki olwandle, ukuthi amapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanyekanye adlala kanjani indima, nokuthi amapulasitiki avelaphi. Ukuvimbela kubalulekile, ungabi yingxenye yenkinga, futhi isenzo somuntu siqu siyisiqalo esihle. Ukusetshenziswa kabusha nokwehliswa kwemfucuza nakho kubalulekile.

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5. I-Green Chemistry

Tan, V. (2020, Mashi 24). Ingabe i-Bio-plastics iyisixazululo esizinzile? I-TEDx Talks. I-YouTube. https://youtu.be/Kjb7AlYOSgo.

I-Bio-plastiki ingaba izixazululo zokukhiqizwa kwepulasitiki okusekelwe ku-petroleum, kodwa i-bioplastics ayivimbi inkinga yemfucuza yepulasitiki. I-Bioplastics okwamanje ibiza kakhulu futhi ayitholakali kalula uma iqhathaniswa namapulasitiki asekelwe ku-petroleum. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-bioplastics ayiyona engcono ngempela emvelweni kunepulasitiki esekelwe ku-petroleum njengoba amanye ama-bioplastics angeke awonakele ngokwemvelo endaweni ezungezile. I-Bioplastics iyodwa ayikwazi ukuxazulula inkinga yethu yepulasitiki, kodwa ingaba yingxenye yesixazululo. Sidinga umthetho obanzi nokuqaliswa okuqinisekisiwe okubandakanya ukukhiqizwa kwepulasitiki, ukusetshenziswa, nokulahlwa.

Tickner, J., Jacobs, M. and Brody, C. (2023, February 25). I-Chemistry Idinga Ngokushesha Ukuze Uthuthukise Izinto Ezisetshenziswayo Eziphephile. Isayensi yaseMelika. www.scientificamerican.com/article/chemistry-urgently-needs-to-develop-safer-materials/

Ababhali baphikisa ngokuthi uma sizoqeda izigameko zamakhemikhali eziyingozi ezigulisa abantu kanye nemvelo, sidinga ukubhekana nokuncika kohlobo lwabantu kulawa makhemikhali kanye nezinqubo zokukhiqiza ezidingekayo ukuze zidalwe. Okudingekayo yizixazululo ezingabizi kakhulu, ezisebenza kahle, nezisimeme.

Neitzert, T. (2019, Agasti 2). Kungani amapulasitiki ahlanganiswayo angase angabi ngcono emvelweni. Ingxoxo. theconversation.com/why-compostable-plastics-may-be-no-better-for-the-environment-100016

Njengoba umhlaba usugudluka kumapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye nje, imikhiqizo emisha engabola noma evundisiwe ibonakala ingcono kunepulasitiki, kodwa ingase ibe mibi ngokufanayo emvelweni. Inkinga eningi ilele kumagama, ukushoda kwengqalasizinda egaywe kabusha noma yokwenza umquba, kanye nobuthi bamapulasitiki awonakele. Wonke umjikelezo wempilo womkhiqizo udinga ukuhlaziywa ngaphambi kokuthi ulebulwe njengenye indlela engcono kunepulasitiki.

Gibbens, S. (2018, Novemba 15). Okufanele Ukwazi NgePlastiki Esekelwe Ezitshalweni. I-National Geographic. nationalgeographic.com.au/nature/what-you-need-to-now-about-plant-based-plastics.aspx

Uma uthi nhlá, i-bioplastics ibonakala iyindlela ehlukile kumapulasitiki, kodwa iqiniso liyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. I-Bioplastic inikeza isixazululo sokunciphisa ukushiswa kwezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi, kodwa ingase yethule ukungcoliswa okwengeziwe okuvela kumanyolo kanye nomhlaba omningi ophambukiswe ekukhiqizeni ukudla. Ama-Bioplastics nawo abikezelwa ukuthi azokwenza okuncane ekumiseni inani lepulasitiki elingena emanzini.

Steinmark, I. (2018, Novemba 5). Umklomelo KaNobel Uklonyeliswe Nge-Evolving Green Chemistry Catalysts. I-Royal Society of Chemistry. eic.rsc.org/soundbite/nobel-prize-awarded-for-evolving-green-chemistry-catalysts/3009709.article

U-Frances Arnold ungomunye wabahlomuli bemiklomelo kaNobel kukhemistri kulo nyaka ngomsebenzi wakhe ku-Directed Evolution (DE), i-hack ye-biochemical yamakhemikhali aluhlaza lapho amaprotheni/ama-enzyme ashintshwa ngokungahleliwe izikhathi eziningi, bese ayahlolwa ukuze kutholakale ukuthi yimaphi asebenza kangcono. Ingalungisa kabusha imboni yamakhemikhali.

Uxolo olukuhlazana. (2020, Septhemba 9). Ukukhohliswa Ngezinombolo: I-American Chemistry Council ithi mayelana nokutshalwa kabusha kwamakhemikhali amakhemikhali ahluleka ukuqhubeka nokucutshungulwa.. Uxolo olukuhlazana. www.greenpeace.org/usa/research/deception-by-the-numbers

Amaqembu, afana ne-American Chemistry Council (ACC), akhuthaze ukugaywa kabusha kwamakhemikhali njengesixazululo senkinga yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki, kodwa ukusebenza kokugaywa kabusha kwamakhemikhali kusalokhu kungabazeka. Ukugaywa kabusha kwamakhemikhali noma “ukugaywa kabusha okuthuthukisiwe” kubhekisela epulasitikini iye kuphethiloli, imfucumfucu iye kuphethiloli, noma ipulasitiki iye kupulasitiki futhi isebenzisa izinyibilikisi ezihlukahlukene ukuze kwehlisa isithunzi amapholymeri epulasitiki abe amabhulokhi awo okwakha ayisisekelo. I-Greenpeace ithole ukuthi ngaphansi kwama-50% amaphrojekthi e-ACC okugaywa kabusha okuthuthukile kwakungamaphrojekthi athembekile okubuyisela kabusha ipulasitiki kuya kupulasitiki kukhombisa amathuba amancane kakhulu empumelelo. Kuze kube manje abakhokhintela banikeze okungenani amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-506 ukusekela la maphrojekthi okusebenza okungaqinisekile. Abathengi kanye nabavoti kufanele bazi ngezinkinga zezixazululo - njengokugaywa kabusha kwamakhemikhali - okungeke kuxazulule inkinga yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki.

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6. Ipulasitiki ne-Ocean Health

Miller, EA, Yamahara, KM, French, C., Spingarn, N., Birch, JM, & Van Houtan, KS (2022). Ilabhulali yereferensi ye-Raman ye-anthropogenic kanye ne-biological ocean polymers. Idatha Yesayensi, 9(1), 1-9. I-DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01883-5

Ama-Microplastics atholakale emazingeni adlulele ku-ecosystems yasolwandle kanye namawebhu okudla, noma kunjalo, ukuxazulula le nkinga yomhlaba wonke, abacwaningi benze uhlelo lokuhlonza ukwakheka kwe-polymer. Le nqubo - eholwa yiMonterey Bay Aquarium kanye ne-MBARI (Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute) - izosiza ukulandelela imithombo yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki ngokusebenzisa umtapo wolwazi we-Raman spectral. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu njengoba izindleko zezindlela zibeka izithiyo kumtapo wezincwadi we-polymer spectra ukuze uqhathaniswe. Abacwaningi banethemba lokuthi le database entsha kanye nomtapo wolwazi wereferensi kuzosiza ukwenza lula inqubekelaphambili enkingeni yomhlaba wonke yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki.

Zhao, S., Zettler, E., Amaral-Zettler, L., and Mincer, T. (2020, Septhemba 2). I-Microbial Carrying Capacity kanye neCarbon Biomass Yemfucumfucu Yasolwandle Yepulasitiki. Ijenali ye-ISME. 15, 67-77. I-DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00756-2

Kutholwe imfucumfucu yepulasitiki yasolwandle ezothwala izinto eziphilayo ziwele ulwandle nasezindaweni ezintsha. Lolu cwaningo luthole ukuthi ipulasitiki yethula izindawo ezinkulu ezingaphezulu kokwenziwa kwamakholoni amancane kanye nenani elikhulu le-biomass nezinye izinto eziphilayo zinamandla amakhulu okuthikameza ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo nemisebenzi yemvelo.

Abbing, M. (2019, Ephreli). Isobho Lepulasitiki: I-Atlas of Ocean Pollution. I-Island Press.

Uma umhlaba uqhubeka nendlela yawo yamanje, kuzoba nepulasitiki eningi olwandle kunezinhlanzi ngo-2050. Emhlabeni wonke, umzuzu ngamunye kuba nenani elilingana neloli likadoti elahlwa olwandle futhi lelo zinga liyakhula. Isobho Lepulasitiki libheka imbangela nemiphumela yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki nokuthi yini engenziwa ukukumisa.

Spalding, M. (2018, Juni). Ungamisa kanjani amapulasitiki angcolise ulwandle lwethu. Imbangela Yomhlaba Wonke. globalcause.co.uk/plastic/how-to-stop-plastics-polluting-our-ocean/

Ipulasitiki olwandle iwela ezigabeni ezintathu: imfucumfucu yasolwandle, i-microplastics, ne-microfibres. Konke lokhu kuyayilimaza impilo yasolwandle futhi ibulala ngokungakhethi. Izinketho zomuntu ngamunye zibalulekile, abantu abaningi badinga ukukhetha izinto zepulasitiki ngoba ukuguqulwa kokuziphatha okungaguquki kuyasiza.

Attenborough, Sir D. (2018, June). USir David Attenborough: ipulasitiki nezilwandle zethu. Imbangela Yomhlaba Wonke. globalcause.co.uk/plastic/sir-david-attenborough-plastic-and-our-oceans/

USir David Attenborough uxoxa ngokwazisa kwakhe ulwandle nokuthi luyisisetshenziswa esibalulekile “esibalulekile ukuze siphile.” Udaba lwamapulasitiki "alukwazi ukuba lubi kakhulu." Uthi abantu n6.1 kudingeka bacabange kabanzi ngokusebenzisa kwabo upulasitiki, baphathe upulasitiki ngenhlonipho, futhi “uma ungawudingi, ungawusebenzisi.”

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6.1 I-Ghost Gear

I-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2023). Impahla Yokudoba Eyehlisiwe. Uhlelo lwe-NOAA Marine Debris. https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/types/derelict-fishing-gear

I-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ichaza amathuluzi okudoba angasebenzi, ngezinye izikhathi abizwa ngokuthi “igiya lezipoki,” ibhekisela kunoma yiziphi izinto zokudoba ezilahliwe, ezilahlekile, noma ezishiywe endaweni yasolwandle. Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga, Uhlelo lwe-NOAA Marine Debris Programme luqoqe amaphawundi angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-4 zegiya lesipoki, nokho, naphezu kwaleli qoqo elibalulekile legiya lesipoki lisakha ingxenye enkulu yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki olwandle, okugqamisa isidingo somsebenzi owengeziwe wokulwa. lokhu kusongela imvelo yasolwandle.

Kuczenski, B., Vargas Poulsen, C., Gilman, EL, Musyl, M., Geyer, R., & Wilson, J. (2022). Izilinganiso zokulahleka kwegiya lepulasitiki kusukela ekuqaphelisweni okukude komsebenzi wokudoba wezimboni. Izinhlanzi Nezinhlanzi, 23, 22-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12596

Ososayensi abaneThe Nature Conservancy kanye neNyuvesi yaseCalifornia Santa Barbara (UCSB), ngokubambisana nePelagic Research Group kanye neHawaii Pacific University, bashicilele ucwaningo olunwetshiwe olubuyekezwe ontanga olunikeza isilinganiso sokuqala emhlabeni wonke sokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki okuvela ezindaweni zokudoba zezimboni. Ocwaningweni, Izilinganiso zokulahleka kwegiya lepulasitiki kusukela ekuqaphelisweni okukude komsebenzi wokudoba wezimboni, ososayensi bahlaziye idatha eqoqwe ku-Global Fishing Watch kanye ne-Food and Agriculture Organization yeZizwe Ezihlangene (i-FAO) ukuze abale isilinganiso somsebenzi wokudoba wezimboni. Ngokuhlanganisa le datha namamodeli ezobuchwepheshe ezimpahla zokudoba kanye nemibono ebalulekile evela kochwepheshe bemboni, ososayensi bakwazi ukubikezela imingcele ephezulu nephansi yokunukubezeka okuvela ezimbonini zokudoba. Ngokwalokho okutholakele, ngaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-100 zamaphawundi okungcola kwepulasitiki kungena olwandle unyaka ngamunye kusuka egiyeni lezipoki. Lolu cwaningo luhlinzeka ngolwazi oluyisisekelo oludingekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqonda inkinga yegiya eliyisipoki futhi kuqale ukujwayela nokwenza izinguquko ezidingekayo.

Giskes, I., Baziuk, J., Pragnell-Raasch, H. kanye noPerez Roda, A. (2022). Bika ngezinqubo ezinhle zokuvimbela nokunciphisa udoti wepulasitiki wasolwandle emisebenzini yokudoba. I-Rome neLondon, i-FAO ne-IMO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb8665en

Lo mbiko uhlinzeka ngemininingwane yokuthi izinto zokudoba ezilahliwe, ezilahlekile, noma ezilahliwe (ALDFG) zihlupha kanjani izindawo zasemanzini nezisogwini futhi uhlanganisa umthelela omkhulu kanye negalelo odabeni olubanzi lomhlaba wonke lokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki yasolwandle. Ingxenye eyinhloko yokubhekana ngempumelelo ne-ALDFG, njengoba kuvezwe kulo mbhalo, ukulalela izifundo ezifundwe kumaphrojekthi akhona kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba, kuyilapho siqaphela ukuthi noma yiliphi isu lokuphatha lingasetshenziswa kuphela ngokucabangela okukhulu izimo/izidingo zendawo. Lo mbiko we-GloLitter wethula izifundo eziyizimo eziyishumi eziyisibonelo sezinqubo eziyinhloko zokuvimbela, ukuncishiswa, kanye nokulungiswa kwe-ALDFG.

Imiphumela Yasolwandle. (2021, Julayi 6). Ghost Gear Legislation Analysis. I-Global Ghost Gear Initiative, i-World Wide Fund for Nature, kanye ne-Ocean Conservancy. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/ 5b987b8689c172e29293593f/t/60e34e4af5f9156374d51507/ 1625509457644/GGGI-OC-WWF-O2-+LEGISLATION+ANALYSIS+REPORT.pdf

I-Global Ghost Gear Initiative (GGGI) yethulwa ngo-2015 ngenhloso yokumisa uhlobo olubulala kakhulu lwamapulasitiki olwandle. Kusukela ngo-2015, ohulumeni bakazwelonke abayi-18 bajoyine umfelandawonye we-GGGI obonisa isifiso samazwe sokubhekana nokungcoliswa kwegiya labo. Njengamanje, inqubomgomo ejwayeleke kakhulu ekuvimbeleni ukungcoliswa kwamagiya ukumaka amagiya, futhi izinqubomgomo ezivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ukubuyisa amagiya alahlekile kanye nezinhlelo zokwenza izinto zegiya lesipoki. Ukuqhubekela phambili, okuhamba phambili kumele kube wukuphoqelela umthetho okhona wegiya eliyisipoki. Njengakho konke ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki, igiya lezipoki lidinga ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe odabeni lokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki elidlula imingcele.

Izizathu zokuthi kungani izikhali zokudoba zishiywa noma zilahlekile — Imiphumela Yasolwandle. (2021, Julayi 6). Ghost Gear Legislation Analysis. I-Global Ghost Gear Initiative, i-World Wide Fund for Nature, kanye ne-Ocean Conservancy.

Isikhwama Somhlaba Wonke Sezemvelo. (2020, Okthoba). I-Stop Ghost Gear: Ifomu Elibulala Kakhulu Lemfucumfucu Yepulasitiki Yasolwandle. I-WWF International. https://wwf.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Stop-Ghost-Gear_Advocacy-Report.pdf

Ngokusho kweNhlangano Yezizwe kukhona ngaphezu kwamathani angu-640,000 egiya lezipoki olwandle lwethu, okwenza u-10% wakho konke ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki olwandle. Igiya lesipoki ukufa okuhamba kancane nokubuhlungu kwezilwane eziningi futhi igiya elintantayo lamahhala lingalimaza izindawo ezibalulekile eziseduze nogu nezasolwandle. Abadobi ngokuvamile abafuni ukulahlekelwa izinto zabo, nokho u-5.7% wawo wonke amanetha okudoba, u-8.6% wezicupho namabhodwe, kanti u-29% wazo zonke izintambo zokudoba ezisetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke ziyalahlwa, ziyalahleka, noma zilahlwe endaweni ezungezile. Ukudoba olwandle okungekho emthethweni, okungabikwanga, nokungalawulwa kunomthelela omkhulu enanini lezinto eziyisipoki elahliwe. Kufanele kube nezixazululo zesikhathi eside eziphoqelelwe ngamasu ukuze kuthuthukiswe amasu asebenzayo okuvimbela ukulahleka kwegiya. Ngaleso sikhathi, kubalulekile ukuthuthukisa amadizayini angenabo ubuthi, aphephile ukuze kuncishiswe ukucekelwa phansi uma kulahleke olwandle.

I-Global Ghost Gear Initiative. (2022). Umthelela Wezinsimbi Zokudoba Njengomthombo Wokungcoliswa Kwepulasitiki Yasolwandle. I-Ocean Conservancy. https://Static1.Squarespace.Com/Static/5b987b8689c172e2929 3593f/T/6204132bc0fc9205a625ce67/1644434222950/ Unea+5.2_gggi.Pdf

Leli phepha lolwazi lalungiswa yi-Ocean Conservancy kanye ne-Global Ghost Gear Initiative ukuze kusekelwe izingxoxo zokulungiselela Umhlangano Wenhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene Wezemvelo (UNEA 2022) wezi-5.2. Liphendula imibuzo yokuthi yini igiya lezipoki, livelaphi, futhi kungani liyingozi endaweni yolwandle, leli phepha libonisa isidingo esiphelele sokuthi amagiya ayisipoki afakwe kunoma yisiphi isivumelwano somhlaba esibhekana nokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki yasolwandle.

I-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2021). Ukusebenzisana Ngayo Yonke Imingcele: I-North American Net Collection Initiative. https://clearinghouse.marinedebris.noaa.gov/project?mode=View&projectId=2258

Ngosizo oluvela kuHlelo Lwemfucumfucu Yasolwandle lwe-NOAA, i-Ocean Conservancy's Global Ghost Gear Initiative ixhumanisa nozakwethu e-Mexico nase-California ukwethula i-North American Net Collection Initiative, umgomo wayo owukulawula ngempumelelo nokuvimbela ukulahleka kwezimpahla zokudoba. Lo mzamo wokuwela imingcele uzoqoqa izinto zokudoba ezindala ukuze zicutshungulwe kahle futhi zigaywe kabusha futhi ziphinde zisebenze kanye nezindawo zokudoba zase-US naseMexico ukuze kuthuthukiswe amasu ahlukene okugaywa kabusha kanye nokwenza ngcono ukuphathwa okuphelele kwezimpahla ezisetshenzisiwe noma esezisukile. Le phrojekthi kulindeleke ukuthi iqale kusukela ekwindla ka-2021 kuya ehlobo lika-2023.

Charter, M., Sherry, J., & O'connor, F. (2020, July). Ukudala Amathuba Ebhizinisi Ngamanetha Okudoba Imfucuza: Amathuba Amamodeli Ebhizinisi Ayindilinga kanye Nomklamo Oyindilinga Ohlobene Nezimpahla Zokudoba. I-Blue Circular Economy. Kubuyiswe Kusuka Https://Cfsd.Org.Uk/Wp-Content/Uploads/2020/07/Final-V2-Bce-Master-Creating-Business-Opportunities-From-Waste-Fishing-Nets-July-2020.Pdf

Ixhaswe yi-European Commission (EC) Interreg, Blue Circular Economy ikhiphe lo mbiko ukuze kubhekwane nenkinga esabalele nehlala njalo yempahla yokudoba engcolile olwandle futhi iphakamise amathuba ahlobene namabhizinisi ngaphakathi kwesifunda saseNyakatho ne-Arctic (NPA). Lokhu kuhlola kuhlola imithelela edalwa yile nkinga kubabambiqhaza esifundeni se-NPA, futhi kunikeza ingxoxo ebanzi yamamodeli amasha ayisiyingi ebhizinisi, Uhlelo Olunwetshiwe Lwesibopho Somkhiqizi oluyingxenye yoMyalelo Wepulasitiki Wokusetshenziswa Okukodwa we-EC, kanye nomklamo oyindilinga wezimpahla zokudoba.

UmHindu. (2020). Umthelela wamathuluzi okudoba 'izipoki' ezilwaneni zasendle zasolwandle. I-YouTube. https://youtu.be/9aBEhZi_e2U.

Ingxenye enkulu yokufa kwezilwane zasolwandle igiya lezipoki. Igiya lesipoko libamba futhi lithandele izilwane zasendle ezinkulu zasolwandle amashumi eminyaka ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa komuntu okuhlanganisa nezinhlobo ezisengozini yokushabalala zemikhomo, amahlengethwa, izimvu zamanzi, oshaka, izimfudu, imisebe, izinhlanzi, njll. Izinhlobo ezibanjiwe ziphinde zihehe izilwane ezizingelayo ezisuke zibulawe ngenkathi zizama ukuzingela nokudla. inyamazane ebanjwe. I-Ghost gear ingenye yezinhlobo ezisongela kakhulu zokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki, ngoba yakhelwe ukucupha nokubulawa kwezilwane zasolwandle.

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6.2 Imithelela Empilweni Yasolwandle

U-Eriksen, M., Cowger, W., Erdle, LM, Coffin, S., Villarrubia-Gómez, P., Moore, CJ, Carpenter, EJ, Day, RH, Thiel, M., & Wilcox, C. (2023) ). Intuthu yepulasitiki ekhulayo, manje elinganiselwa ngaphezu kwezigidigidi eziyi-170 zezinhlayiya zepulasitiki ezintanta olwandle—Kudingeka izixazululo eziphuthumayo. I-PLOS EYODWA. 18(3), e0281596. I-DOI: I-10.1371 / iphephandaba.pone.0281596

Njengoba abantu abaningi beqaphela inkinga yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki, idatha eyengeziwe iyadingeka ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi izinqubomgomo ezisetshenzisiwe ziyasebenza yini. Ababhali balolu cwaningo basebenzela ukubhekana naleli gebe kudatha kusetshenziswa uchungechunge lwesikhathi lomhlaba wonke olulinganisela ukubala okumaphakathi nenqwaba yamapulasitiki amancane ongqimba olungaphezulu kolwandle kusukela ngo-1979 kuya ku-2019. Bathole ukuthi namuhla, cishe ayizigidigidi ezingama-82-358 izinhlayiya zepulasitiki ezinesisindo esingamathani ayizigidi ezingu-1.1–4.9, ngesamba sezinhlayiya zepulasitiki ezingaphezu kwezigidigidi eziyi-171 ezintanta olwandle emhlabeni. Ababhali bocwaningo baphawule ukuthi akukho mkhuba obonwayo noma obonakalayo kwaze kwaba ngu-1990 lapho kwaba nokwanda okusheshayo kwenani lezinhlayiya zepulasitiki kuze kube manje. Lokhu kuveza kuphela isidingo sezinyathelo eziqinile okufanele zithathwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kuvinjelwe isimo ukuba siqhubeke ngesivinini.

U-Pinheiro, L., Agostini, V. Lima, A, Ward, R., no-G. Pinho. (2021, Juni 15). Isiphetho Semfucumfucu Yepulasitiki Ngaphakathi Kwezingxenye Ze-Estuarine: Uhlolojikelele Lolwazi Lwamanje Lodaba Olunqamula Umngcele Ukuze Uqondise Ukuhlola Okuzayo. Ukungcoliswa Kwemvelo, Vol 279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116908

Iqhaza lemifula nezizalo zemifula ekuthuthweni kwepulasitiki ayiqondwa ngokugcwele, kodwa kungenzeka isebenze njengomsele omkhulu wokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki olwandle. Ama-Microfiber ahlala ewuhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwepulasitiki, nocwaningo olusha olugxile ezintweni eziphilayo ezincane ze-estuarine, ama-microfibers akhuphuka/acwila njengoba kunqunywa izici zawo ze-polymer, kanye nokuguquguquka kwendawo nesikhathi ekusakazekeni. Kudingeka ukuhlaziya okwengeziwe okuqondene nemvelo yomfula, okunophawu olukhethekile lwezici zenhlalo-mnotho ezingase zithinte izinqubomgomo zokuphatha.

Brahney, J., Mahowald, N., Prank, M., Cornwall, G., Kilmont, Z., Matsui, H. & Prather, K. (2021, Ephreli 12). Ukuphoqa isitho somkhathi somjikelezo wepulasitiki. Izinqubo zeNational Academy of Sciences yase-United States of America. 118(16) e2020719118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020719118

I-Microplastic, ehlanganisa izinhlayiya nemicu manje sekuvame kakhulu kangangokuthi ipulasitiki manje isinomjikelezo wayo womkhathi onezinhlayiya zepulasitiki ezihamba zisuka eMhlabeni ziye emkhathini ziphinde zibuye. Umbiko wathola ukuthi ama-microplastic atholakala emoyeni endaweni yocwaningo (entshonalanga ye-United States) atholakala ngokuyinhloko emithonjeni yokukhipha kabusha kwesibili okuhlanganisa imigwaqo (84%), ulwandle (11%), nothuli lomhlabathi wezolimo (5% ). Lolu cwaningo luphawuleka kakhulu ngoba ludonsela ukunaka okwandayo kokukhathazeka ngokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki okuvela emigwaqeni nasemathayini.

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6.3 Amapellets ePlastiki (Nurdles)

U-Faber, J., van den Berg, R., & Raphaël, S. (2023, March). Ukuvimbela Ukuchitheka Kwama-Pellet Epulasitiki: Ukuhlaziywa Kokwenzeka Kwezinketho Zokulawula. CE Delft. https://cedelft.eu/publications/preventing-spills-of-plastic-pellets/

Amapulastiki epulasitiki (aphinde abizwe ngokuthi 'ama-nurdles') ayizingcezu ezincane zepulasitiki, ngokuvamile eziphakathi kuka-1 no-5 mm ububanzi, akhiqizwa imboni ye-petrochemical esebenza njengengxenye yemboni yepulasitiki ukwenza imikhiqizo yepulasitiki. Njengoba inqwaba yama-nurdles ithuthwa ngolwandle futhi uma kubhekwa izingozi, kube nezibonelo ezibalulekile zokuvuza kwe-pellet okugcina kungcolisa imvelo yasolwandle. Ukuze kubhekwane nalokhu Inhlangano Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yasolwandle idale ikomidi elincane elizocubungula imithethonqubo yokubhekana nokulawula ukuvuza kwe-pellet.

Izilwane kanye neFlora International. (2022). Ukunqanda igagasi: ukuqeda ukungcoliswa kwe-plastic pellet. https://www.fauna-flora.org/app/uploads/2022/09/FF_Plastic_Pellets_Report-2.pdf

Amapulangwe epulasitiki ayizicucu zepulasitiki ezilingana nelentili ezincibilikiswa ndawonye ukuze kwakheka cishe zonke izinto zepulasitiki ezikhona. Njengomphakeli wemboni yepulasitiki yomhlaba wonke, ama-pellets ahanjiswa emhlabeni jikelele futhi angumthombo obalulekile wokungcola kwe-microplastic; kulinganiselwa ukuthi izigidigidi zama-pellets ngabanye zingena olwandle minyaka yonke ngenxa yokuchitheka emhlabeni nasolwandle. Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga umbhali uphikisa isinyathelo esiphuthumayo esibheke endleleni yokulawula enezidingo eziyimpoqo ezisekelwa amazinga aqinile nezikimu zesitifiketi.

I-Tunnell, JW, Dunning, KH, Scheef, LP, & Swanson, KM (2020). Ukulinganisa ubuningi be-plastic pellet (nurdle) ogwini lonke elaseGulf of Mexico kusetshenziswa ososayensi bezakhamuzi: Ukusungula inkundla yocwaningo oluhlobene nenqubomgomo. Umbiko Wokungcoliswa Kwasolwandle. 151(110794). I-DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110794

Ama-nurdles amaningi (ama-pellets amancane epulasitiki) abonwa ewashwa emabhishi aseTexas. Kwasungulwa iphrojekthi yesayensi yesakhamuzi eqhutshwa amavolontiya, "Nurdle Patrol,". Amavolontiya angama-744 enze izinhlolovo zesayensi yezakhamizi ezingama-2042 ukusuka eMexico kuya eFlorida. Zonke izibalo ezingama-20 ezisezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu ze-nurdle zarekhodwa kumasayithi aseTexas. Izimpendulo zenqubomgomo ziyinkimbinkimbi, zinezilinganiso eziningi, futhi zibhekana nezithiyo.

Karlsson, T., Brosche, S., Alidousst, M. & Takada, H. (2021, Disemba). Amapulangwe epulasitiki atholakala emabhishi emhlabeni wonke aqukethe amakhemikhali anobuthi. Inethiwekhi Yokuqeda Ukungcola Kwamazwe Ngamazwe (IPEN). ipen.org/sites/default/files/documents/ipen-beach-plastic-pellets-v1_4aw.pdf

Amapulastiki avela kuzo zonke izindawo ezenziwe amasampula aqukethe zonke iziqinisi eziyishumi ezihlaziyiwe ze-benzotriazole UV, okuhlanganisa i-UV-328. Amapulasitiki avela kuzo zonke izindawo ezenziwe amasampula nawo aqukethe wonke ama-biphenyl e-polychlorinated ayishumi nantathu ahlaziywe. Ukugxila bekuphezulu kakhulu emazweni ase-Afrika, yize bengebona abakhiqizi abakhulu bamakhemikhali noma amapulasitiki. Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi ngokungcola kwepulasitiki kukhona nokungcola kwamakhemikhali. Imiphumela iphinde ibonise ukuthi amapulasitiki angadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthweni okude kwamakhemikhali anobuthi.

Maes, T., Jefferies, K., (2022, Ephreli). Ukungcoliswa Kwepulasitiki Yasolwandle - Ingabe I-Nurdle Icala Elikhethekile Lokulawulwa?. I-GRID-Arendal. https://news.grida.no/marine-plastic-pollution-are-nurdles-a-special-case-for-regulation

Iziphakamiso zokulawula ukuthuthwa kwamapulastiki angaphambi kokukhiqizwa, abizwa ngokuthi “ama-nurdles,” aku-ajenda ye-International Maritime Organization Pollution Prevention and Response Sub-Committee (PPR). Lo mfushane unikeza isizinda esihle kakhulu, esichaza ama-nurdles, achaza ukuthi afika kanjani endaweni yasolwandle, futhi axoxisane ngezinsongo zemvelo ezivela kuma-nurdles. Lena insiza enhle kubo bobabili abenzi bezinqubomgomo kanye nomphakathi jikelele ongakhetha incazelo engeyona eyesayensi.

Bourzac, K. (2023, Januwari). Ukubhekana nokuchitheka okukhulu kwepulasitiki yasolwandle emlandweni. I-C&EN Global Enterprise. 101 (3), 24-31. I-DOI: 10.1021/cen-10103-ikhava

NgoMeyi 2021, umkhumbi wezimpahla, i-X-Press Pearl, washa wacwila ogwini lwaseSri Lanka. Ingozi ikhiphe irekhodi elingamathani angu-1,680 epulasitiki kanye namakhemikhali anobuthi amaningi ngasogwini lwaseSri Lanka. Ososayensi bacwaninga ngengozi, umlilo wepulasitiki wasolwandle omkhulukazi owaziwayo kanye nokuchitheka, ukuze basize ukuqonda kangcono imiphumela yemvelo yalolu hlobo lokunukubezeka olungacwaningwe kahle. Ngaphezu kokubheka ukuthi ama-nurdles aphuka kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, yiziphi izinhlobo zamakhemikhali eziphuma kule nqubo kanye nomthelela wemvelo wamakhemikhali anjalo, ososayensi banesithakazelo esikhethekile sokubhekana nalokho okwenzeka ngamakhemikhali lapho ama-nurdles epulasitiki evutha. Ekubhaleni izinguquko kuma-nurdles ahlanjwe ebhishi lase-Sarakkuwa eduze nokuphahlazeka komkhumbi, usosayensi wezemvelo uMeththika Vithanage uthole amazinga aphezulu e-lithium emanzini kanye nakuma-nurdles (Sci. Total Environ. 2022, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154374; Mar. Pollut. Inkunzi. 2022, DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114074). Ithimba lakhe liphinde lathola amazinga aphezulu amanye amakhemikhali anobuthi, ukuchayeka kuwo okungabambezela ukukhula kwezitshalo, kulimaze izicubu ezilwaneni zasemanzini, futhi kubangele ukungasebenzi kwezitho zomzimba kubantu. Umphumela wokuphahlazeka uyaqhubeka eSri Lanka, lapho izinselelo zezomnotho nezepolitiki ziletha izithiyo kososayensi bendawo futhi zingase zenze kube nzima imizamo yokuqinisekisa isinxephezelo ngomonakalo odalwe yimvelo, okungaziwa ukuthi kungakanani.

Bǎlan, S., Andrews, D., Blum, A., Diamond, M., Rojello Fernández, S., Harriman, E., Lindstrom, A., Reade, A., Richter, L., Sutton, R. , Wang, Z., & Kwiatkowski, C. (2023, January). Ukuthuthukisa Ukuphathwa Kwamakhemikhali e-United States nase-Canada ngokusebenzisa Indlela Yokusebenzisa Okubalulekile. Isayensi Yezemvelo Nobuchwepheshe. 57 (4), 1568-1575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05932

Izinhlelo ezikhona zokulawula zibonise ukuthi azanele ukuhlola nokuphatha amashumi ezinkulungwane zamakhemikhali kwezohwebo. Kudingeka indlela ehlukile ngokuphuthumayo. Isincomo sombhali sendlela yokusebenzisa okubalulekile imininingwane yokuthi amakhemikhali akhathazayo kufanele asetshenziswe kuphela ezimeni lapho umsebenzi wawo emikhiqizweni ethile udingeka empilweni, ukuphepha, noma ukusebenza komphakathi nalapho ezinye izindlela ezingenzeka zingatholakali.

Wang, Z., Walker, GR, Muir, DCG, & Nagatani-Yoshida, K. (2020). Ekuqondeni Komhlaba Wonke Ngokungcoliswa Kwamakhemikhali: Ukuhlaziywa Kokuqala Okubanzi Kwempahla Yamakhemikhali Kazwelonke Neyesifunda. Isayensi Yezemvelo Nobuchwepheshe. 54(5), 2575–2584. I-DOI: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b06379

Kulo mbiko, kuhlaziywa uhlu lwamakhemikhali angama-22 oluvela emazweni nasezifundeni eziyi-19 ukuze kuzuzwe ukubuka kuqala okuphelele kwamakhemikhali asemakethe yomhlaba. Ukuhlaziywa okushicilelwe kuphawula isinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekile ekuqondeni umhlaba wonke ngokungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali. Phakathi kokutholwe okuphawulekayo yisilinganiso ebesikade sibukelwa phansi kanye nokugcinwa kuyimfihlo kwamakhemikhali abhaliswe ekukhiqizeni. Kusukela ngo-2020, ngaphezu kuka-350 000 amakhemikhali nezingxube zamakhemikhali abhaliselwe ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa. Lolu hlu lwamagama likhulu ngokuphindwe kathathu kunalokho obekulinganiselwe ngaphambi kocwaningo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlonza amakhemikhali amaningi kusalokhu kungaziwa emphakathini ngoba kuthiwa kuyimfihlo (ngaphezu kuka-50 000) noma kuchazwe ngendlela engaqondakali (kufika ku-70 000).

I-OECD. (2021). Umbono Wamakhemikhali Ekuklameni Ngepulasitiki Esimeme: Imigomo, Okucatshangwayo kanye Nokuhweba. I-OECD Publishing, eParis, eFrance. doi.org/10.1787/f2ba8ff3-zu.

Lo mbiko uhlose ukunika amandla ukudalwa kwemikhiqizo yepulasitiki esimeme ngokwemvelo ngokuhlanganisa ukucabanga kwamakhemikhali esimeme enqubweni yokuklama. Ngokusebenzisa ilensi yamakhemikhali phakathi nenqubo yokukhetha izinto zepulasitiki, abaklami nonjiniyela bangenza izinqumo ezinolwazi zokufaka ipulasitiki elizinzile lapho beklama imikhiqizo yabo. Umbiko uhlinzeka ngendlela edidiyelwe yokukhethwa kwepulasitiki esimeme ngokombono wamakhemikhali, futhi uhlonza isethi yemigomo yokuklama esimeme evamile, ukucatshangelwa komjikelezo wempilo kanye nokuhwebelana.

Zimmermann, L., Dierkes, G., Ternes, T., Völker, C., & Wagner, M. (2019). Ukulinganisa i-in Vitro Toxicity kanye neChemical Composition of Plastic Consumer Products. Isayensi Yezemvelo Nobuchwepheshe. 53(19), 11467-11477. I-DOI: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b02293

Amapulastiki ayimithombo eyaziwayo yokuchayeka kwamakhemikhali futhi ambalwa, amakhemikhali avelele ahlobene nepulasitiki aziwayo - njenge-bisphenol A - nokho, ukucaciswa okuphelele kwezingxube zamakhemikhali eziyinkimbinkimbi ezikhona kumapulasitiki kuyadingeka. Abacwaningi bathola amakhemikhali angama-260 atholwe okuhlanganisa ama-monomers, izithasiselo, nezinto ezingafakwanga ngamabomu, futhi abeka phambili amakhemikhali angama-27. Izingcaphuno ze-polyvinyl chloride (PVC) kanye ne-polyurethane (PUR) zenze ubuthi obuphakeme kakhulu, kuyilapho i-polyethylene terephthalate (PET) kanye ne-high-density polyethylene (HDPE) akubanganga ubuthi obungenabo noma obuphansi.

Aurisano, N., Huang, L., Milà i Canals, L., Jolliet, O., & Fantke, P. (2021). Amakhemikhali okukhathazeka kumathoyizi epulasitiki. I-Environmental International. 146, 106194. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106194

Ipulasitiki kumathoyizi ingase inikeze ingozi ezinganeni, ukubhekana nalokhu abalobi badale isethi yemibandela kanye nezingozi zesikrini zamakhemikhali kumathoyizi epulasitiki futhi babeka indlela yokuhlola ukusiza ukulinganisa okuqukethwe kwamakhemikhali okwamukelekayo kumathoyizi. Njengamanje kunamakhemikhali angu-126 okukhathazeka atholakala ngokuvamile kumathoyizi, abonisa isidingo sedatha eyengeziwe, kodwa izinkinga eziningi azikaziwa futhi kudingeka ukulawula okwengeziwe.

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7. Ipulasitiki kanye Nempilo Yomuntu

Isikhungo Somthetho Wezemvelo Wamazwe Ngamazwe. (2023, Mashi). Ipulasitiki Yokuphefumula: Imithelela Yezempilo Yepulasitiki Engabonakali Emoyeni. Isikhungo Somthetho Wezemvelo Wamazwe Ngamazwe. https://www.ciel.org/reports/airborne-microplastics-briefing/

I-Microplastic isiba yonke indawo, itholakala yonke indawo ososayensi abayibhekayo. Lezi zinhlayiya ezincane zinegalelo elikhulu ekuthathweni komuntu kwepulasitiki kuze kufike ku-22,000,000 microplastic kanye nama-nanoplastics minyaka yonke kanti le nombolo kulindeleke ukuthi ikhuphuke. Ukuze kuliwe nalokhu leli phepha lincoma ukuthi umphumela ohlanganisiwe we-"cocktail" wepulasitiki njengenkinga ehlangene emoyeni, emanzini, nasemhlabeni, ukuthi izinyathelo ezibopha ngokomthetho ziyadingeka ngokushesha ukulwa nale nkinga ekhulayo, futhi zonke izixazululo kufanele zibhekane nempilo ephelele. umjikelezo wepulasitiki. Ipulasitiki iyinkinga, kepha ukulimala emzimbeni womuntu kungakhawulwa ngesenzo esisheshayo nesiwujuqu.

Baker, E., Thygesen, K. (2022, Agasti 1). Ipulasitiki Kwezolimo- Inselele Yezemvelo. Ukubikezela Kafushane. Isexwayiso Sangaphambi kwesikhathi, Izinkinga Ezivelayo kanye Nekusasa. Uhlelo Lwezemvelo Lwezizwe Ezihlangene. https://www.unep.org/resources/emerging-issues/plastics-agriculture-environmental-challenge

IZizwe Ezihlangene zinikeza kafushane kodwa onolwazi ngenkinga ekhulayo yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki kwezolimo kanye nokwanda okuphawulekayo kwenani lokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki. Leli phepha ligxile kakhulu ekuhlonzeni imithombo yepulasitiki kanye nokuhlola isiphetho sezinsalela zepulasitiki emhlabathini wezolimo. Lesi sifinyezo singesokuqala ochungechungeni olulindelekile oluhlela ukuhlola ukuhamba kwamapulasitiki ezolimo ukusuka emthonjeni kuya olwandle.

Wiesinger, H., Wang, Z., & Hellweg, S. (2021, Juni 21). Ngena Ngokujulile Kuma-Plastiki Monomers, Izithasiselo, Nezinsiza Zokucubungula. Isayensi Yezemvelo Nobuchwepheshe. 55(13), 9339-9351. I-DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00976

Kukhona cishe amakhemikhali ayi-10,500 kumapulasitiki, ama-24% awo akwazi ukunqwabelana kubantu nasezilwaneni futhi anobuthi noma anomdlavuza. E-United States, e-European Union, naseJapane, ngaphezu kwengxenye yamakhemikhali awalawulwa. Angaphezu kuka-900 alawa makhemikhali angaba ubuthi agunyazwe kulawa mazwe ukuze asetshenziswe ezitsheni zepulasitiki zokudla. Emakhemikhalini angu-10,000, angu-39% awo awakwazanga ukuhlukaniswa ngenxa yokuntuleka “kokuhlelwa kwezingozi.” Ubuthi buyinkinga yezempilo yasolwandle kanye neyomphakathi uma kucatshangelwa umthamo omkhulu wokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki.

Ragusa, A., Svelatoa, A., Santacroce, C., Catalano, P., Notarstefano, V., Carnevali, O., Papa, F., Rongioletti, M., Baioccoa, F., Draghia, S., D'Amorea, E., Rinaldod, D., Matta, M., & Giorgini, E. (2021, January). I-Plasticenta: Ubufakazi Bokuqala Be-Microplastics ku-Placenta Yabantu. I-Environmental International. 146(106274). I-DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106274

Ngokokuqala ngqá kutholwe ama-microplastics ku-placenta yomuntu, okubonisa ukuthi ipulasitiki ingathinta abantu ngaphambi kokuzalwa. Lokhu kuyinkinga ikakhulukazi njengoba ama-microplastics angase abe namakhemikhali asebenza njengeziphazamisi ze-endocrine ezingadala izinkinga zezempilo zesikhathi eside kubantu.

Amaphutha, J. (2020, Disemba). Amapulasitiki, ama-EDC, kanye Nezempilo: Umhlahlandlela Wezinhlangano Ezithakaselayo Umphakathi kanye Nabenzi Benqubomgomo ku-Endocrine Ephazamisa Amakhemikhali Nepulasitiki.. I-Endocrine Society & IPEN. https://www.endocrine.org/-/media/endocrine/files/topics/edc_guide_2020_v1_6bhqen.pdf

Amakhemikhali amaningi ajwayeleke kakhulu aphuma kumapulasitiki ayaziwa ngamakhemikhali aphazamisa i-Endocrine-Disrupting (EDCs), njengama-bisphenols, ama-ethoxylates, ama-brominated flame retardants, nama-phthalates. Amakhemikhali angama-EDC angase abe nomthelela omubi ekukhiqizeni komuntu, i-metabolism, i-thyroid, amasosha omzimba, nokusebenza kwezinzwa. Ekuphenduleni i-Endocrine Society ikhiphe umbiko mayelana nezixhumanisi phakathi kwe-chemical leaching kusuka epulasitiki kanye nama-EDC. Umbiko udinga imizamo eyengeziwe yokuvikela abantu kanye nemvelo kuma-EDC angaba yingozi kumapulasitiki.

Teles, M., Balasch, J., Oliveria, M., Sardans, J., kanye noPeñuel, J. (2020, Agasti). Ukuqonda emiphumeleni ye-Nanoplastics Empilweni Yomuntu. Umbiko Wesayensi. 65(23). I-DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.08.003

Njengoba upulasitiki uwohloka uhlukaniswa ube izingcezu ezincane nezincane ezingase zimunywe yizilwane nabantu. Abacwaningi bathole ukuthi ukufaka ama-nano-plastiki kuthinta ukwakheka kanye nokwehlukahlukana kwemiphakathi ye-microbiome yamathumbu omuntu futhi kungase kuthinte uhlelo lokuzala, lokuzivikela komzimba, kanye ne-endocrine. Ngenkathi kufika ku-90% wepulasitiki emunyisiwe ikhishwa ngokushesha, i-10% yokugcina - ngokuvamile izinhlayiya ezincane ze-nano-plastic - ingase ingene ezindongeni zamangqamuzana futhi ibangele ukulimala ngokunciphisa i-cytotoxicity, ukubopha imijikelezo yamaseli, kanye nokwanda kokubonakaliswa kwamangqamuzana omzimba omzimba ukuqala kokusabela kokuvuvukala.

I-Plastic Soup Foundation. (2022, Ephreli). Ipulasitiki: Isithako Sobuhle Esifihlekile. Shaya i-Microbead. I-Beatthemicrobead.Org/Wp-Content/Uploads/2022/06/Plastic-Thehiddenbeautyingredients.Pdf

Lo mbiko uqukethe ucwaningo olukhulu lokuqala lokuba khona kwama-microplastic emikhiqizweni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa eyehlukene yezimonyo neyokunakekelwa komuntu siqu. Unyaka ngamunye amathani angama-3,800 ama-microplastics akhululwa endaweni ezungezile ngokusebenzisa izimonyo zansuku zonke nemikhiqizo yokunakekela eYurophu. Njengoba i-European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) ilungiselela ukuvuselela incazelo yayo ye-microplastics, lo mbiko obanzi ukhanyisa izindawo lapho le ncazelo ehlongozwayo, njengokukhishwa kwayo kwe-nanoplastics, ingafinyeleli kanye nemiphumela engase ilandele ukwamukelwa kwayo.

Zanolli, L. (2020, February 18). Ingabe iziqukathi zepulasitiki ziphephile ekudleni kwethu? I-Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/feb/18/are-plastic-containers-safe-to-use-food-experts

Ayikho i-polymer yepulasitiki eyodwa kuphela noma inhlanganisela, kunezinkulungwane zezinhlanganisela ezitholakala emikhiqizweni yepulasitiki esetshenziswa ochungechungeni lokudla, futhi kuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo ngemiphumela yazo eminingi empilweni yabantu. Amanye amakhemikhali asetshenziswa ekufakweni kokudla nakwamanye amapulasitiki okudla angabangela ukungasebenzi kahle kokuzala, isifuba somoya, ukulimala kobuchopho bezinsana nezinsana, nezinye izinkinga ze-neurodevelopmental.

Muncke, J. (2019, Okthoba 10). Plastic Health Summit. Isisekelo sesobho sePlastiki. youtube.com/watch?v=qI36K_T7M2Q

Kwethulwa eNgqungqutheleni Yezempilo Yepulasitiki, Isazi Sobuthi uJane Muncke sixoxa ngamakhemikhali ayingozi futhi angaziwa epulasitiki angangena ekudleni ngokupakishwa kwepulasitiki. Wonke amapulastiki aqukethe amakhulukhulu amakhemikhali ahlukene, abizwa ngokuthi yizinto ezingafakwanga ngenhloso, ezidalwe ngenxa yokusabela kwamakhemikhali nokuwohloka kwepulasitiki. Eziningi zalezi zinto azaziwa futhi nokho, akha iningi lamakhemikhali angena ekudleni naseziphuzweni. Ohulumeni kufanele basungule ucwaningo olwandisiwe kanye nokwengamela ukudla ukuze bathole imiphumela yezempilo yezinto ezingafakwanga ngamabomu.

Plastic Health Coalition. (2019, Okthoba 3). Ingqungquthela Yepulasitiki Nezempilo yango-2019. Plastic Health Coalition. plastichealthcoalition.org/plastic-health-summit-2019/

Engqungqutheleni yokuqala yePlastiki Yezempilo eyayibanjelwe e-Amsterdam, ososayensi baseNetherlands, abenzi bezinqubomgomo, abagqugquzeli, nabasunguli abasha bonke bahlangana ukuze babelane ngolwazi lwabo nolwazi ngenkinga yepulasitiki njengoba ihlobene nempilo. Le ngqungquthela ikhiqize amavidiyo ezikhulumi ezingongoti ezingama-36 kanye nezikhathi zezingxoxo, zonke ezitholakalayo ukuze zibukwe umphakathi kuwebhusayithi yazo. Izihloko zevidiyo zifaka: isingeniso sepulasitiki, izingxoxo zesayensi nge-microplastics, izingxoxo zesayensi mayelana nezithasiselo, inqubomgomo kanye nokumela, izingxoxo zetafula eliyindilinga, izikhathi zabagqugquzeli abakhuthaze isenzo ngokumelene nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwamapulasitiki, futhi ekugcineni izinhlangano nabasunguli abazinikele ekuthuthukiseni izinto ezibonakalayo. izixazululo zenkinga yepulasitiki.

Li, V., & Youth, I. (2019, Septhemba 6). Ukungcola kwepulasitiki yasolwandle kufihla ubuthi bemizwa ekudleni kwethu. I-Phys Org. phys.org/news/2019-09-marine-plastic-pollution-neurological-toxin.html

Ipulasitiki isebenza njengozibuthe ku-methylmercury (i-mercury), leyo pulasitiki bese idliwa inyamazane, abantu bese beyidla. I-Methylmercury yomibili i-bioaccumulates ngaphakathi komzimba, okusho ukuthi ayilokothi ishiye kodwa kunalokho yakha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi i-biomagnifies, okusho ukuthi imiphumela ye-methylmercury inamandla ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye kunezisulu.

Cox, K., Covrenton, G., Davies, H., Dower, J., Juanes, F., & Dudas, S. (2019, June 5). Ukusetshenziswa Kwabantu Kwe-Microplastics. Isayensi Yezemvelo Nobuchwepheshe. 53(12), 7068-7074. I-DOI: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b01517

Ngokugxila ekudleni kwaseMelika, ukuhlolwa kwenani lezinhlayiya ze-microplastic ekudleni okuvame ukusetshenziswa ngokuhlobene nokudla okunconyiwe kwansuku zonke.

Iphrojekthi Engagoqiwe. (2019, Juni). The Health Risks of Plastics and Food Packaging Chemicals Conference. https://unwrappedproject.org/conference

Le ngqungquthela idingide iphrojekthi yePlastiki Eveziwe, okuwukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe ukuveza usongo lwempilo yabantu lwamapulasitiki nokunye okupakishwayo kokudla.

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8. Ubulungiswa bezemvelo

Vandenberg, J. kanye no-Ota, Y. (eds.) (2023, January). Ibheke futhi Indlela Elinganayo Yokungcoliswa Kwepulasitiki Yasolwandle: I-Ocean Nexus Equity kanye Nombiko Wokungcoliswa Kwepulasitiki Yasolwandle wango-2022. Inyuvesi yaseWashington. https://issuu.com/ocean_nexus/docs/equity_and_marine_plastic_ pollution_report?fr=sY2JhMTU1NDcyMTE

Ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki yasolwandle kuba nomthelela omubi kubantu kanye nendawo ezungezile (okuhlanganisa ukuvikeleka kokudla, indlela yokuziphilisa, impilo engokomzimba nengokwengqondo, kanye nemikhuba yamasiko kanye nezindinganiso), futhi kuthinta ngokungafanele izimpilo nokuphila kwabantu ababencishwe amathuba. Umbiko ubheka ukuzibophezela, ulwazi, inhlalakahle kanye nemizamo yokuxhumanisa ngokusebenzisa inhlanganisela yezahluko nezibonelo zezifundo nababhali abahlanganisa amazwe angu-8, kusukela e-United States naseJapane kuya eGhana naseFiji. Ekugcineni, umlobi uthi inkinga yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki ukwehluleka ukubhekana nokungalingani. Lo mbiko uphethe ngokuthi kuze kuxazululwe ukungalingani kanye nokuxhashazwa kwabantu nomhlaba osala ubhekene nemiphumela yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki ngeke kube nesixazululo kule nkinga yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki.

I-GRID-Arendal. (2022, Septhemba). Isihlalo Etafuleni – Iqhaza Lomkhakha Wokugaywa Kabusha Kabusha Kabusha Ekuncishisweni Kokungcoliswa Kwepulasitiki, kanye Nezinguquko Zenqubomgomo Ezinconyiwe. I-GRID-Arendal. https://www.grida.no/publications/863

Umkhakha wokugaywa kabusha okungakahleleki, ovame ukwakhiwa ngabasebenzi ababukelwa phansi kanye nabantu abangabhalisiwe, uyingxenye enkulu yenqubo yokuvuselela kabusha emazweni asathuthuka. Leli phepha lenqubomgomo linikeza isifinyezo sokuqonda kwethu kwamanje umkhakha wokugaya kabusha okungakahleleki, izici zawo zezenhlalo nezomnotho, nezinselelo umkhakha obhekene nazo. Kubheka imizamo yamazwe ngamazwe neyezwe yokuhlonipha abasebenzi abangekho emthethweni nokubafaka ezinhlakeni nasezivumelwaneni ezisemthethweni, njengeSivumelwano Somhlaba Wonke SePlastiki Umbiko uhlinzeka ngezincomo zenqubomgomo ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezibandakanya umkhakha wokugaywa kabusha okungakahleleki, okwenza kube noshintsho olufanele. kanye nokuvikelwa kwemisebenzi yokuziphilisa yabasebenzi abagaya kabusha.

Cali, J., Gutiérrez-Graudiņš, M., Munguía, S., Chin, C. (2021, Ephreli). AKUSHAYEKI: Imithelela yobulungiswa bezemvelo kudoti wasolwandle kanye nokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki. United Nations Environment Programme & Azul. https://wedocs.unep.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/ 35417/EJIPP.pdf

Umbiko wezi-2021 we-United Nations Environment Programme kanye ne-Azul, inhlangano engekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni yoBulungiswa bezemvelo, ufuna ukwanda kokuqashelwa kwemiphakathi eseqhulwini lemfucuza yepulasitiki kanye nokufakwa kwayo ekuthathweni kwezinqumo zendawo. Umbiko wokuqala wamazwe ngamazwe ohlanganisa amachashazi phakathi kobulungisa bemvelo kanye nenkinga yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki olwandle. Ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki kuthinta ngokulinganayo imiphakathi enganakiwe ehlala eduze kwakho kokubili ukukhiqizwa kwepulasitiki nezindawo zokulahlwa kwemfucuza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ipulasitiki ibeka engcupheni izimpilo zalabo abasebenza ngezinsiza zasolwandle nalabo abadla ukudla kwasolwandle ngamapulasitiki amancane nama-nano-plastiki anobuthi. Njengoba uhlakazekile ngesintu, lo mbiko ungase ubeke inkundla yezinqubomgomo zamazwe ngamazwe ukuqeda kancane kancane ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki nokukhiqizwa.

Creshkoff, R., & Enck, J. (2022, Septhemba 23). Umjaho Wokumisa Imboni Yepulasitiki Uthola Ukunqoba Okubalulekile. Isayensi yaseMelika. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-race-to-stop-a-plastics-plant-scores-a-crucial-win/

Izishoshovu zezemvelo e-St. James Parish, e-Louisiana ziwine ukunqoba kwenkantolo okukhulu ngokumelene ne-Formosa Plastics, ebikade ilungiselela ukwakha imboni yepulasitiki enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni esifundeni ngokwesekwa umbusi, izishayamthetho zezifundazwe, nabadayisi bamandla endawo. Inhlangano yaphansi ephikisana nentuthuko entsha, eholwa nguSharon Lavigne wase-Rise St. James kanye namanye amaqembu omphakathi esekelwa abameli bakwa-Earthjustice, inxuse iNkantolo Yesifunda Yesifunda Se-19 yaseLouisiana ukuba ihoxise izimvume eziyi-14 zokungcoliswa komoya ezinikezwe uMnyango Wekhwalithi Yezemvelo wezwe. ivumele iFormosa Plastics ukuthi yakhe inxanxathela yayo ehlongozwayo ye-petrochemical. Amakhemikhali e-Petrochemicals asetshenziswa emikhiqizweni eminingi, kuhlanganise namapulasitiki.Ukuma kwalo msebenzi omkhulu, kanye nokwandiswa okuphelele kwe-Formosa Plastics, kubalulekile ebulungiswa bezenhlalakahle nezemvelo. Itholakala endaweni engamakhilomitha angu-85 yoMfula i-Mississippi owaziwa ngokuthi "I-Cancer Alley," izakhamuzi zaseParish yase-St. James, ikakhulukazi izakhamuzi ezihola kancane kanye nabantu bemibala, basengozini enkulu kakhulu yokuba nomdlavuza esikhathini sokuphila kwabo konke. isilinganiso. Ngokwesicelo sabo semvume, inxanxathela entsha ye-Formosa Plastics ibingafaka i-St. James Parish engeziwe amathani angama-800 ezinto ezingcolisa umoya eziyingozi, okuphindaphindeka kabili noma kathathu izinga le-carcinogens abantu bendawo abebezohogela ngalo minyaka yonke. Noma inkampani ithembise ukufaka isikhalazo, lokhu kunqoba okuzuzwe kanzima kuzokhuthaza ukuphikiswa kwendawo ngendlela efanayo ezindaweni lapho kuhlongozwa khona izindawo ezifanayo zokunukubeza—ngokungaguquguquki emiphakathini ehola kancane enemibala.

Madapoosi, V. (2022, Agasti). I-Imperialism Yezinsuku Zanamuhla Ekuhwebeni Kwemfucuza Emhlabeni Wonke: Ikhithi Yethuluzi Yedijithali Ehlola Imingenela Yohwebo Lomhlaba Kalahlwa, (J. Hamilton, Ed.). Isazi sezemvelo esihlanganayo. www.intersectionalenvironmentalist.com/toolkits/global-waste-trade-toolkit

Naphezu kwegama lakho, ukuhweba ngemfucuza emhlabeni wonke akulona uhwebo, kodwa kuyinqubo yokukhipha esekelwe ku-imperialism. Njengesizwe sombuso, i-US idlulisela ukuphathwa kwayo kukadoti emazweni asathuthuka emhlabeni wonke ukuze abhekane nemfucumfucu engcolisiwe yokugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki. Ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi kakhulu yezemvelo ezindaweni ezihlala olwandle, ukucekelwa phansi komhlabathi, nokungcoliswa komoya, uhwebo lwemfucuza emhlabeni wonke luphakamisa ubulungiswa obukhulu bezemvelo kanye nezindaba zempilo yomphakathi, imithelela yakhona eqondise ngokulinganayo abantu kanye nemvelo yamazwe asathuthuka. Le thikithi yamathuluzi edijithali ihlola inqubo yokulahlwa kwemfucuza e-US, ifa lobukoloni eligxiliswe ekuhwebeni kwemfucuza emhlabeni wonke, imithelela yezemvelo, yezenhlalo nezombusazwe yohlelo lwamanje lokulawulwa kwemfucuza emhlabeni, kanye nezinqubomgomo zendawo, zezwe kanye nezomhlaba jikelele ezingalushintsha.

I-Ejensi Yophenyo Lwezemvelo. (2021, Septhemba). Iqiniso Elingemuva Kodoti: Isikali nomthelela wohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe ngodoti wepulasitiki. I-EIA. https://eia-international.org/wp-content/uploads/EIA-The-Truth-Behind-Trash-FINAL.pdf

Umkhakha wokulawulwa kwemfucuza emazweni amaningi anengeniso ephezulu usuncike ngokwesakhiwo ekuthumeleni imfucumfucu yepulasitiki emazweni anengeniso ephansi asathuthuka ngokomnotho futhi ngokwenza lokho uye wakhipha ngaphandle izindleko ezibalulekile zezenhlalo nezemvelo ngendlela yobukoloniyali bemfucuza. Ngokwalo mbiko we-EIA, iJalimane, iJapan kanye ne-US yizizwe ezihamba phambili ezithumela imfucuza, izwe ngalinye selithumele kabili imfucumfucu yepulasitiki yanoma yiliphi elinye izwe selokhu kwaqala ukubika ngo-1988. I-China yayiyizwe elikhulu kunawo wonke elingenisa imfucuza yepulasitiki, imele u-65% ukuthengwa kwamanye amazwe kusukela ngo-2010 kuya ku-2020. Ngenkathi i-China ivala imingcele yayo kudoti wepulasitiki ngo-2018, iMalaysia, Vietnam, Turkey, kanye namaqembu obugebengu asebenza e-SE Asia kwavela njengezindawo ezibalulekile zokulahlwa kwepulasitiki kusuka eJapane, e-US nase-EU. Igalelo eliqondile lebhizinisi lokuhwebelana ngemfucuza yepulasitiki ekungcolisweni kwepulasitiki emhlabeni wonke awaziwa, kodwa ngokusobala kukhulu okusekelwe kumehluko phakathi kwesikali sokuhweba ngemfucuza namandla okusebenza amazwe angenisa impahla. Ukuthumela imfucumfucu yepulasitiki emhlabeni wonke kwenze amazwe anemali ephezulu ukuthi aqhubeke nokwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwamapulasitiki angakaze ahlolwe ngokuwavumela ukuthi agweme imiphumela eqondile yokusetshenziswa kwawo kwepulasitiki okuyinkinga. I-EIA International iphakamisa ukuthi inkinga yemfucuza yepulasitiki ingaxazululwa ngesu eliphelele, ngendlela yesivumelwano esisha samazwe ngamazwe, esigcizelela izixazululo ezikhuphukayo zokunciphisa ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki emsulwa, ukulandelelwa kusengaphambili kanye nokungafihli kwanoma iyiphi imfucumfucu yepulasitiki kwezohwebo, futhi jikelele. khuthaza ukusebenza kahle kwezinsizakusebenza kanye nomnotho oyindilinga ophephile wepulasitiki - kuze kube yilapho ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kobulungiswa kwemfucuza yepulasitiki kungavinjelwa ngempumelelo emhlabeni wonke.

I-Global Alliance For Incinerator Alternatives. (2019, Ephreli). Ilahliwe: Imiphakathi Engaphambili Kwenkinga Yepulasitiki Yomhlaba Wonke. I-GAIA. www.No-Burn.Org/Resources/Discarded-Communities-On-The-Frontlines-Of-The-Global-Plastic-Crisis/

Ngenkathi iChina ivala imingcele yayo ukuze ingenise imfucuza yepulasitiki ngo-2018, amazwe aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia agcwala udoti uzenza sengathi ugaywa kabusha, ikakhulukazi emazweni acebile aseGlobal North. Lo mbiko wophenyo uveza ukuthi imiphakathi ephansi ithintwe kanjani ukutheleka okungazelelwe kokunukubezeka kwamazwe angaphandle, nokuthi izilwela kanjani.

Karlsson, T, Dell, J, Gündoğdu, S, & Carney Almroth, B. (2023, March). I-Plastic Waste Trade: Izinombolo Ezifihliwe. Inethiwekhi Yokuqeda Ukungcola Kwamazwe Ngamazwe (IPEN). https://ipen.org/sites/default/files/documents/ipen_plastic_waste _trade_report-final-3digital.pdf

Izinhlelo zamanje zokubika zihlale zibukela phansi inqwaba yemfucumfucu yepulasitiki edayiswa emhlabeni wonke, okuholela ekubalweni okungalungile okujwayelekile kokuhweba kwemfucuza yepulasitiki ngabacwaningi abathembele kule datha ebikiwe. Ukwehluleka okuhleliwe ukubala nokulandelela amanani kadoti wepulasitiki anembile kungenxa yokungabi bikho obala kwezinombolo zohwebo lwemfucuza, ezingashintshwa ukuze kulandele izigaba ezithile zezinto. Ukuhlaziywa kwakamuva kutholwe ukuthi ukuhweba ngepulasitiki emhlabeni jikelele kungaphezu kuka-40% izilinganiso zangaphambilini, futhi le nombolo iyehluleka ukukhombisa isithombe esikhulu samapulasitiki afakwe ezindwangu, amabhala ephepha axubile, i-e-waste, nerabha, ingasaphathwa eyobuthi. amakhemikhali asetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ipulasitiki. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izinombolo ezifihliwe zokuhweba kwemfucuza yepulasitiki, umthamo wamanje wokukhiqiza ophezulu wamapulasitiki wenza kungenzeki kunoma yiliphi izwe ukuphatha umthamo omkhulu wemfucuza ekhiqizwayo. Okubalulekile okuthathwayo akukhona ukuthi kudayiswa imfucuza eminingi, kodwa ukuthi amazwe anemali eningi abelokhu ekhukhula amazwe asathuthuka ngokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu kunalokhu okubikiwe. Ukuze kuliwe nalokhu, amazwe anemali engenayo ephezulu kudingeka enze okwengeziwe ukuze aziphendulele ngemfucuza yepulasitiki ayikhiqizayo.

Karasik R., Lauer NE, Baker AE., Lisi NE, Somarelli JA, Eward WC, Fürst K. & Dunphy-Daly MM (2023, January). Ukusabalalisa okungalingani kwezinzuzo zepulasitiki kanye nemithwalo yezomnotho kanye nempilo yomphakathi. Imingcele Yesayensi Yasolwandle. 9:1017247. I-DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.1017247

Ipulasitiki ithinta ngendlela ehlukile umphakathi wabantu, kusukela kwezempilo yomphakathi kuye kwezomnotho wendawo kanye nowomhlaba. Ekuhlukaniseni izinzuzo nemithwalo yesigaba ngasinye somjikelezo wokuphila wepulasitiki, abacwaningi bathole ukuthi izinzuzo zepulasitiki zingokomnotho, kuyilapho imithwalo iwela kakhulu empilweni yomuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ukunqamula okuhlukile phakathi kokuthi ubani othola izinzuzo noma imithwalo yepulasitiki njengoba izinzuzo zezomnotho zingavamile ukusetshenziswa ukulungisa imithwalo yezempilo eyenziwa ngamapulasitiki. Ukuhweba ngemfucuza yepulasitiki emhlabeni wonke kukhulise lokhu kungalingani ngenxa yokuthi umthwalo wemfanelo wokulawulwa kwemfucuza uwela emiphakathini ezansi nomfula emazweni anemali engenayo ephansi, kunokuba kube kubakhiqizi bamazwe anemali engenayo ephezulu, asebenzisa kakhulu imali asebekhiqize izinzuzo ezinkulu kakhulu zezomnotho. Izindleko zenzuzo evamile zihlaziya okwazisa ukuklanywa kwenqubomgomo kukala ngokulinganayo izinzuzo zezomnotho zamapulasitiki ngaphezu kwezindleko ezingaqondile, ngokuvamile ezingenakulinganiswa, empilweni yabantu neyemvelo.

Liboiron, M. (2021). Ukungcola KuwubuKoloni. I-Duke University Press.

In Ukungcola kuwubuKoloni, umbhali ubeka ukuthi zonke izinhlobo zocwaningo lwesayensi nobushoshovu zinobudlelwano bomhlaba, futhi lezo zingaqondana noma zimelane nekoloniyalizim njengohlobo oluthile lokwehlukaniswa, olunesihloko sobudlelwano bomhlaba. Igxile ekungcolisweni kwepulasitiki, le ncwadi ikhombisa ukuthi ukungcola akulona nje uphawu lwe-capitalism, kodwa ukushaywa komthetho onodlame wobudlelwano bomhlaba wamakholoni obuthi uyafinyelela emhlabeni waboMdabu. Isebenzisa umsebenzi wabo ku-Civic Laboratory for Environmental Action Research (CLEAR), i-Liboiron imodela umkhuba wesayensi we-anticolonial owandulela umhlaba, izimiso zokuziphatha, nobudlelwano, okubonisa ukuthi isayensi yezemvelo ephikisana nobukoloni kanye nobushoshovu akwenzeki nje, kodwa kuyasebenza njengamanje.

Bennett, N., Alava, JJ, Ferguson, CE, Blythe, J., Morger, E., Boyd, D., & Côté, IM (2023, January). Ubulungisa bemvelo (ku) olwandle lwe-Anthropocene. Inqubomgomo Yasolwandle. 147(105383). I-DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105383

Ucwaningo lobulungiswa bezemvelo ekuqaleni lwalugxile ekusabalaleni okungalingani kanye nemithelela yokunukubezeka kanye nokulahlwa kukadoti onobuthi emiphakathini eyayincishwe amathuba ngaphambilini. Njengoba lo mkhakha uthuthuka, imithwalo ethile yezemvelo kanye nempilo yabantu ethweswe imvelo yasolwandle kanye nabantu basogwini bathola ukufakwa okuncane kakhulu ezincwadini zobulungiswa bezemvelo. Ukubhekana naleli gebe locwaningo, leli phepha linaba ezicini ezinhlanu zobulungiswa bemvelo obugxile olwandle: ukungcoliswa kwemvelo nemfucumfucu enobuthi, amapulasitiki nemfucumfucu yasolwandle, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo, kanye nezindawo zokudoba eziwohlokayo.

Mcgarry, D., James, A., & Erwin, K. (2022). Ishidi Lolwazi: Ukungcoliswa Kwepulasitiki Yasolwandle Njengodaba Lokungabi Nabulungisa Kwendawo. I-One Ocean Hub. https://Oneoceanhub.Org/Wp-Content/Uploads/2022/06/Information-Sheet_4.Pdf

Leli phepha lolwazi lethula ubukhulu bobulungiswa bezemvelo bokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki yasolwandle ngokwemibono yabantu abacwaswa ngendlela ehlelekile, amazwe anemali engenayo ephansi atholakala e-Global South, kanye nababambiqhaza emazweni anemali engenayo ephezulu ababhekele ngokuyinhloko ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwamapulastiki bathole indlela eya olwandle.

Owens, KA, & Conlon, K. (2021, Agasti). Ukumopha noma Ukuvala umpompi? Ukungabi Nabulungisa Kwemvelo kanye Nezimiso Zokuziphatha Zokungcoliswa Kwepulasitiki. I-Frontiers in Marine Science, 8. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.713385

Imboni yokulawulwa kwemfucuza ayikwazi ukusebenza endaweni engenalutho ngaphandle kokunaka ukulimala kwezenhlalo nezemvelo ekuvunayo. Lapho abakhiqizi bekhuthaza izixazululo ezibhekana nezimpawu zokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki kodwa hhayi imbangela eyinhloko, bayehluleka ukubamba ababambiqhaza emthonjeni banesibopho futhi ngaleyo ndlela banciphise umthelela wanoma yisiphi isenzo sokulungisa. Imboni yepulasitiki njengamanje ifaka udoti wepulasitiki njengento yangaphandle efuna isixazululo sezobuchwepheshe. Ukukhipha inkinga kwamanye amazwe kanye nokukhipha isisombululo kuphusha umthwalo nemiphumela yokulahlwa kwepulasitiki emiphakathini enganakiwe emhlabeni wonke, emazweni aneminotho esathuthuka, kanye nasezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Esikhundleni sokushiya ukuxazululwa kwezinkinga kubadali bezinkinga, ososayensi, abenzi bezinqubomgomo, nohulumeni bayelulekwa ukuthi bahlele izindaba zemfucuza yepulasitiki ngokugcizelela ukuncishiswa komfula, ukuklama kabusha, nokusebenzisa kabusha, esikhundleni sokuphathwa komfula.

Mah, A. (2020). Amafa anobuthi kanye nobulungiswa bezemvelo, e Ubulungiswa bemvelo (uhlelo loku-1). I-Manchester University Press. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/978042902 9585-12/toxic-legacies-environmental-justice-alice-mah

Ukuchayeka ngendlela elinganiselayo kwemiphakathi eyidlanzana kanye nalabo abahola kancane ekungcolisweni okunobuthi kanye nezindawo ezilahlwayo eziyingozi kuwukukhathazeka okubalulekile nokunesikhathi eside kukhona phakathi kwenhlangano yobulungiswa bezemvelo. Ngezindaba ezingenakubalwa zezinhlekelele ezinobuthi ezingenabulungisa emhlabeni wonke, ingxenye encane kuphela yalezi zimo eqokonyiswa emlandweni kuyilapho ezinye zisanganakwa. Lesi sahluko sidingida izinhlekelele ezinkulu ezinobuthi, ukunaka komphakathi okungalingani okunikezwa ukungabi nabulungisa okuthile kwezemvelo, kanye nendlela ukunyakaza okulwa nobuthi e-US nakwamanye amazwe okukhona phakathi kwenhlangano yomhlaba wonke yobulungiswa bezemvelo.

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9. Umlando wePlastiki

Isikhungo Somlando Wesayensi. (2023). Umlando Wamaplastiki. Isikhungo Somlando Wesayensi. https://www.sciencehistory.org/the-history-and-future-of-plastics

Umlando omfushane wamakhasi amathathu wamapulasitiki unikeza ulwazi olufushane, nokho olunembe kakhulu mayelana nokuthi ayini amapulasitiki, avelaphi, kwakuyini ipulasitiki yokuqala yokwenziwa, usuku oluhle kakhulu lwepulasitiki eMpini Yezwe II kanye nokukhathazeka okukhulayo ngepulasitiki esikhathini esizayo. Lesi sihloko singcono kakhulu kulabo abangathanda imivimbo ebanzi kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwepulasitiki ngaphandle kokungena ohlangothini lobuchwepheshe lokudala ipulasitiki.

Uhlelo Lwezemvelo Lwezizwe Ezihlangene (2022). Iplanethi yethu Iminyanisa Ipulasitiki. https://www.unep.org/interactives/beat-plastic-pollution/

I-United Nations Environment Programme idale ikhasi lewebhu elisebenzisanayo ukusiza ukubona ngeso lengqondo inkinga ekhulayo yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki nokubeka umlando wepulasitiki esimweni esingaqondwa kalula ngumphakathi jikelele. Lolu lwazi luhlanganisa okubonakalayo, amamephu asebenzisanayo, ukukhipha izingcaphuno, nezixhumanisi zezifundo zesayensi. Ikhasi liphetha ngezincomo abantu abangazithatha ukuze banciphise ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwepulasitiki kanye nokukhuthaza ukukhuthaza ushintsho ngohulumeni basekhaya bomuntu ngamunye.

Hohn, S., Acevedo-Trejos, E., Abrams, J., Fulgencio de Moura, J., Spranz, R., & Merico, A. (2020, May 25). Ifa lesikhathi eside lePlastiki Mass Production. Isayensi Yendawo Yonke. 746, 141115. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141115

Izisombululo eziningi ziye zethulwa ukuze kuqoqwe ipulasitiki emifuleni nolwandle, nokho, ukusebenza kwazo akukaziwa. Lo mbiko uthola izixazululo zamanje zizoba nempumelelo encane kuphela ekususeni ipulasitiki emvelweni. Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokunciphisa udoti wepulasitiki ngokweqiniso iwukuncishiswa kokukhishwa kwepulasitiki, kanye nokuqoqwa okuqinisiwe ngokugcizelela ekuqoqweni emifuleni ngaphambi kokuba upulasitiki ufinyelele olwandle. Ukukhiqizwa kwepulasitiki nokushiswa kuzoqhubeka nokuba nemiphumela ephawulekayo yesikhathi eside kwisabelomali sekhabhoni yomhlaba wonke kanye nemvelo.

Dickinson, T. (2020, Mashi 3). Ukuthi I-Big Oil ne-Big Soda yagcina kanjani inhlekelele yemvelo yomhlaba wonke iyimfihlo amashumi eminyaka. Itshe eligingqikayo. https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/plastic-problem-recycling-myth-big-oil-950957/

Isonto ngalinye, umuntu ojwayelekile emhlabeni wonke usebenzisa izinhlayiya zepulasitiki ezingaba ngu-2,000. Lokho kulingana namagremu angu-5 epulasitiki noma inani eliphelele lekhadi lesikweletu. Ingxenye engaphezu kwengxenye yepulasitiki manje eseMhlabeni idalwe kusukela ngo-2002, futhi ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki kukhuphuka ngokuphindwe kabili ngo-2030. Ngenhlangano entsha yezenhlalakahle nezombusazwe yokubhekana nokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki, izinkampani seziqala ukuthatha izinyathelo zokushiya upulasitiki ngemuva kwamashumi eminyaka. ukuhlukunyezwa.

Ostle, C., Thompson, R., Broughton, D., Gregory, L., Wootton, M., & Johns, D. (2019, April). Ukwenyuka kwamapulasitiki olwandle kufakazelwa ochungechungeni lwesikhathi lweminyaka engama-60. Ezokuxhumana Kwemvelo. rdcu.be/bCso9

Lolu cwaningo luveza uchungechunge lwesikhathi olusha, kusukela ngo-1957 kuya ku-2016 futhi luhlanganisa amamayela angaphezu kuka-6.5 we-nautical, futhi lungelokuqala ukuqinisekisa ukwanda okukhulu kwamapulasitiki olwandle avulekile emashumini eminyaka amuva nje.

Taylor, D. (2019, Mashi 4). I-US yaluthwa kanjani amapulasitiki. I-Grist. grist.org/article/how-the-us-got-addicted-to-plastics/

Ukhokho wawuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizeni, kodwa washintshwa ngokushesha lapho upulasitiki ungena endaweni yesigameko. Ipulasitiki yaba yinto ebalulekile ku-WWII futhi i-US ibilokhu incike kupulasitiki kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.

Geyer, R., Jambeck, J., & Law, KL (2017, July 19). Ukukhiqizwa, ukusetshenziswa, kanye nesiphetho sawo wonke amapulasitiki ake enziwa. Intuthuko Yesayensi, 3(7). I-DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700782

Ukuhlaziywa kokuqala komhlaba wonke kwawo wonke amapulasitiki akhiqizwa ngobuningi ake akhiqizwa. Balinganisela ukuthi kusukela ngo-2015, amathani angu-6300 million metric tons angu-8300 million metric tons of virgin plastic ake akhiqizwa agcina eyimfucumfucu yepulasitiki. Okukhona, u-9% kuphela owawugaywe kabusha, u-12% ushisiwe, futhi u-79% wawunqwabelene endaweni yemvelo noma ezindaweni zokulahla imfucumfucu. Uma ukukhiqizwa nokuphathwa kwemfucuza kuqhubeka kumikhuba yakhona yamanje, inani lemfucumfucu yepulasitiki ezindaweni zokulahla imfucumfucu noma indawo yemvelo lingaba ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili ngo-2050.

Ryan, P. (2015, Juni 2). Umlando Omfishane Wocwaningo Lwemfucumfucu Yasolwandle. Imfucumfucu ye-Marine Anthropogenic: p 1-25. link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_1#enumeration

Lesi sahluko sisho umlando omfushane wokuthi udoti wasolwandle ucwaningwe kanjani eshumini ngalinye leminyaka kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1960 kuze kube manje. Ngawo-1960 kwaqala izifundo eziyisisekelo zodoti wasolwandle ezazigxile ekubambeni nasekufakweni kwepulasitiki yizilwane zasolwandle. Kusukela lapho, ukugxila kushintshele kuma-microplastic kanye nemiphumela yawo empilweni ye-organic.

U-Hohn, D. (2011). I-Moby Duck. Viking Cindezela.

Umbhali u-Donovan Hohn unikeza i-akhawunti yobuntatheli yomlando wamasiko wepulasitiki futhi uthola umnyombo walokho okwenza amapulasitiki alahlwe kangaka kwasekuqaleni. Ngemuva kwe-austerities ye-WWII, abathengi babemagange kakhulu ukuzitika ngemikhiqizo, ngakho-ke ngeminyaka yawo-1950 lapho ilungelo lobunikazi le-polyethylene liphelelwa yisikhathi, okokusebenza kwaba ishibhile kunangaphambili. Okuwukuphela kwendlela ababumbi bepulasitiki abangenza ngayo inzuzo kwakuwukukholisa abathengi ukuthi balahle, bathenge okwengeziwe, balahle, bathenge okwengeziwe. Kwezinye izigaba, uhlola izihloko ezifana nama-conglomerate okuthutha kanye nezimboni zamathoyizi zaseShayina.

Bowermaster, J. (umhleli). (2010). Oceans. Imidiya Ebambe iqhaza. 71-93.

Ukaputeni u-Charles Moore wathola lokho manje okwaziwa ngokuthi i-Great Pacific Garbage Patch ngo-1997. Ngo-2009, wabuyela esichibini elindele ukuthi isikhule kancane, kodwa hhayi ngokuphindwe kamashumi amathathu kunalokho ekwenzile. UDavid de Rothschild wakha isikebhe sikaseyili esingamafidi angu-60 ubude esakhiwe ngamabhodlela epulasitiki amthwala yena nethimba lakhe besuka eCalifornia baya e-Australia ukuze baqwashise ngemfucumfucu yasolwandle olwandle.

Buyela Ekuqaleni

10. Izinsiza Ezixubile

U-Rhein, S., & Sträter, KF (2021). Ukuzibophezela kwenkampani ukunciphisa inkinga yepulasitiki yomhlaba wonke: Ukugaywa kabusha esikhundleni sokunciphisa nokusebenzisa kabusha. Ijenali Yokukhiqiza Kokuhlanza. 296(126571).

Ngenkathi izama ukulingisa uguquko oluya emnothweni oyindilinga, amazwe amaningi adlulela emnothweni ongasimame wokugaywa kabusha. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kwezibopho okuvunyelwene ngazo emhlabeni jikelele, izinhlangano zishiywa ukuthi zenze ezazo izincazelo zemiqondo yezinhlelo ezizinzile. Azikho izincazelo ezifanayo nezikali ezidingekayo zokuncishiswa nokusebenzisa kabusha kangangokuthi izinhlangano eziningi zigxile ekusetshenzisweni kabusha nasezinhlelweni zokuhlanza ngemva kokungcoliswa. Ushintsho lwangempela emfuleni kadoti wepulasitiki luzodinga ukugwema okungaguquki kokupakishwa kokusetshenziswa okukodwa, ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo. Izibopho zezinkampani ezihlukene kanye nezivumelwano okuvunyelwene ngazo emhlabeni jikelele zingasiza ukugcwalisa isikhala, uma zigxila kumasu okuvimbela.

I-surfrider. (2020). Qaphela i-Plastic Fake Outs. Surfrider Europe. PDF

Izixazululo zenkinga yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki ziyathuthukiswa, kodwa akuzona zonke izixazululo “ezinobungani bemvelo” empeleni ezizosiza ukuvikela nokulondoloza imvelo. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi amathani angu-250,000 epulasitiki antanta phezu kolwandle, kodwa lokhu kwenza i-1% kuphela yawo wonke amapulasitiki olwandle. Lokhu kuyinkinga njengoba eziningi okuthiwa izixazululo zikhuluma kuphela ngepulasitiki entantayo (njenge-Seabin Project, i-Manta, kanye ne-Ocean Clean-up). Isixazululo seqiniso kuphela ukuvala umpompi wepulasitiki futhi umise ipulasitiki ukuthi ingangeni olwandle nasezindaweni zasolwandle. Abantu kufanele bafake ingcindezi emabhizinisini, bafune ukuthi iziphathimandla zendawo zithathe izinyathelo, ziqede ipulasitiki lapho zingakwazi khona, futhi zisekele ama-NGO asebenza kulolu daba.

Idatha Yami yeNASA (2020). Amaphethini Wokujikeleza Olwandle: Imephu Yendaba Yendawo Kadoti.

Imephu yezindaba ye-NASA ihlanganisa idatha yesathelayithi ibe yikhasi lewebhu elifinyeleleka kalula elivumela izivakashi ukuthi zihlole amaphethini okujikeleza kolwandle njengoba ehlobene nezibindi zikadoti olwandle zisebenzisa idatha ye-NASA yolwandle. Le webhusayithi iqondiswe kubafundi amabanga 7-12 futhi inikeza izinsiza ezengeziwe kanye nama-handouts aphrintekayo kothisha ukuze bavumele imephu ukuthi isetshenziswe ezifundweni.

U-DeNisco Rayome, A. (2020, Agasti 3). Singakwazi Ukubulala Ipulasitiki? CNET. PDF

Umbhali u-Allison Rayome uchaza inkinga yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki ezithamelini ezijwayelekile. Ukukhiqizwa kwepulasitiki esetshenziswa kanye ngonyaka kuya ngokuya kukhiqizwa, kodwa kunezinyathelo abantu abangazithatha. Lesi sihloko sigqamisa ukukhuphuka kwepulasitiki, izinkinga zokugaywa kabusha, isithembiso sesixazululo esiyindilinga, izinzuzo (ezithile) zepulasitiki, nokuthi yini engenziwa abantu ngabanye ukunciphisa ipulasitiki (nokukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kabusha). URayome uyavuma ukuthi nakuba lezi kuyizinyathelo ezibalulekile zokunciphisa ukungcola, ukufeza ushintsho lwangempela kudinga isinyathelo somthetho.

Persson, L., Carney Almroth, BM, Collins, CD, Cornell, S., De Wit, CA, Diamond, ML, Fantke, P., Hassellöv, M., MacLeod, M., Ryberg, MW, Jørgensen, PS , Villarrubia-Gómez, P., Wang, Z., & Hauschild, MZ (2022). Ngaphandle Kwendawo Ephephile Yokusebenza Yomngcele Weplanethi Yezinkampani Ezinoveli. Isayensi Yezemvelo Nobuchwepheshe, 56(3), 1510–1521. I-DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04158

Ososayensi baphethe ngokuthi ubuntu okwamanje busebenza ngaphandle komngcele weplanethi ophephile wezinhlangano ezintsha njengoba ukukhiqizwa kwaminyaka yonke nokukhishwayo kukhuphuka ngesivinini esidlula umthamo womhlaba wonke wokuhlola nokuqapha. Leli phepha lichaza umngcele wamanoveli wezinkampani kuhlaka lwemingcele yeplanethi njengamabhizinisi amasha ngomqondo wokwakheka komhlaba futhi anamandla amakhulu okusongela ubuqotho bezinqubo zesistimu yoMhlaba. Beqokomisa ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki njengendawo ethile ekhathaza kakhulu, ososayensi batusa ukuthatha isinyathelo esiphuthumayo sokunciphisa ukukhiqizwa nokukhishwa kwezinhlangano zamanoveli, bephawula ukuthi noma kunjalo, ukuphikelela kwezinhlangano eziningi zamanoveli njengokungcola kwepulasitiki kuzoqhubeka kubangela umonakalo omkhulu.

Lwanga, EH, Beriot, N., Corradini, F. et al. (2022, February). Ukubuyekezwa kwemithombo ye-microplastic, izindlela zokuthutha kanye nokuhlobana nezinye izingcindezi zomhlabathi: uhambo olusuka ezindaweni zezolimo luye endaweni ezungezile. Amakhemikhali kanye Nobuchwepheshe Bebhayoloji Kwezolimo. 9(20). I-DOI: 10.1186/s40538-021-00278-9

Idatha encane iyatholakala mayelana nohambo lwe-microplastic ezindaweni ezisemhlabeni. Lokhu kubuyekezwa kwesayensi kuhlola ukusebenzisana okuhlukahlukene kanye nezinqubo ezihilelekile ekuthuthweni kwama-microplastics ukusuka ezinhlelweni zezolimo ukuya endaweni ezungezile, kuhlanganisa nokuhlola okunoveli kokuthi ukuthutha kwe-microplastic kwenzeka kanjani kusuka ku-plastisphere (amaselula) kuya ezingeni lezwe.

Super Simple. (2019, Novemba 7). Izindlela ezi-5 ezilula zokunciphisa ipulasitiki ekhaya. https://supersimple.com/article/reduce-plastic/.

Izindlela eziyi-8 zokunciphisa i-infographic yakho yepulasitiki esetshenziswa kanye

Uhlelo Lwezemvelo Lwezizwe Ezihlangene. (2021). Ubulungiswa bezemvelo kanye ne-plastic pollution animation (IsiNgisi). I-YouTube. https://youtu.be/8YPjYXOjT58.

Imiphakathi ehola kancane kanye nabantu abamnyama, abomdabu, abanebala elimhlophe (BIPOC) iyona ehamba phambili ekungcolisweni kwepulasitiki. Imiphakathi enemibala ivame ukuhlala ogwini ngaphandle kokuvikeleka ezikhukhuleni, ekucekeleni phansi kwezokuvakasha, kanye nemboni yokudoba. Zonke izinyathelo zokukhiqizwa kwepulasitiki uma zingalawulwa futhi zingagadiwe zingalimaza impilo yasolwandle, indawo ezungezile, kanye naleyo miphakathi eseduze. Le miphakathi encishwe amathuba maningi amathuba okuba ihlupheke ngenxa yokungalingani, ngakho-ke idinga uxhaso oluthe xaxa lwezimali kanye nokunakekelwa kokuvimbela.

I-TEDx. (2010). I-TEDx I-Great Pacific Garbage Patch - uVan Jones - Ubulungiswa Bezemvelo. I-YouTube. https://youtu.be/3WMgNlU_vxQ.

Enkulumweni ka-Ted yango-2010 eqokomisa umthelela ongalingani emiphakathini empofu ngenxa yemfucumfucu yepulasitiki, u-Van Jones uphonsela inselelo ukuncika kwethu ekusetshenzisweni kokulahlwayo "ukuze ulahle iplanethi kufanele ulahle abantu." Abantu abahola kancane abanayo inkululeko yezomnotho yokukhetha izinketho ezinempilo noma ezingenapulasitiki okuholela ekwandeni kokuchayeka kumakhemikhali epulasitiki anobuthi. Abantu abampofu nabo bathwele kanzima ngoba baseduze kakhulu nezindawo zokulahla udoti. Amakhemikhali anobuthi ngendlela emangalisayo akhishelwa emiphakathini empofu nencishwe amathuba okubangela imiphumela eminingi yezempilo. Kufanele sibeke amazwi avela kule miphakathi phambili ekushayweni kwemithetho ukuze kube noguquko lwangempela olusekelwe emphakathini.

Isikhungo Somthetho Wezemvelo Wamazwe Ngamazwe. (2021). Phefumula Lo Moya - Khuphuka Embuthweni Wokungcoliswa Kwepulasitiki. Isikhungo Somthetho Wezemvelo Wamazwe Ngamazwe. I-YouTube. https://youtu.be/liojJb_Dl90.

I-Break Free From Plastic Act igxile ngokukhethekile ebulungiswa bezemvelo iphikisana ngokuthi "uma uphakamisa abantu phansi, uphakamisa wonke umuntu." Izinkampani zamakhemikhali kaphethroli zilimaza ngokulinganayo abantu bebala nemiphakathi ehola kancane ngokukhiqiza nokulahla imfucuza yepulasitiki ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo. Kumele sigqashule ekuncikeni kwepulasitiki ukuze sizuze ukulingana emiphakathini enganakiwe ethinteke ekungcoleni kokukhiqizwa kwepulasitiki.

I-Global Plastics Treaty Dialogues. (2021, Juni 10). I-Ocean Plastics Leadership Network. I-YouTube. https://youtu.be/GJdNdWmK4dk.

Tan, V. (2020, Mashi 24). Ingabe i-Bio-plastics iyisixazululo esizinzile? I-TEDx Talks. I-YouTube. https://youtu.be/Kjb7AlYOSgo.

Scarr, S. (2019, Septhemba 4). Ukuminza kuPlastiki: Ukubona ngeso lengqondo umlutha womhlaba wamabhodlela epulasitiki. Reuters Graphics. Kubuyiselwe kusuka ku: graphics.reuters.com/ENVIRONMENT-PLASTIC/0100B275155/index.html

Emhlabeni wonke, kudayiswa amabhodlela epulasitiki acishe abe yisigidi umzuzu ngamunye, amabhodlela ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1 athengiswa nsuku zonke, lokho okulingana nohhafu wosayizi we-Eiffel Tower. Ngaphansi kuka-1.3% wawo wonke amapulasitiki ake enziwe agaywa kabusha. Naphezu kwabo bonke ubufakazi bepulasitiki esongela imvelo, ukukhiqizwa kuyanda.

I-infographic yepulasitiki engena olwandle

Buyela Ekuqaleni

Buyela Ocwaningweni

UKUSONDELA

Sisebenzisa amakhukhi ukuze sikunikeze umuzwa omuhle kakhulu kuwebhusayithi yethu. Ngokuqhubeka nokusebenzisa leli sayithi, uyavuma ukusebenzisa kwethu amakhukhi.

Yamukela

Funda kabanzi…

Ipulasitiki Olwandle

Okuqukethwe

Sithonya ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa okuzinzile kwamapulasitiki.

1. Isingeniso

Ingakanani ububanzi benkinga yepulasitiki?

Ipulasitiki iphelela kanjani olwandle?

Kungani ipulasitiki olwandle iyinkinga ebalulekile?

2. Inqubomgomo Yepulasitiki Yase-US

2.1 Izinqubomgomo Ezingaphansi Kuzwelonke

2.2 Izinqubomgomo Zikazwelonke

3. Izinqubomgomo zamazwe ngamazwe

3.1 Isivumelwano Somhlaba Wonke

3.2 Iphaneli Yenqubomgomo Yesayensi

3.3 Izichibiyelo zePlastiki ye-Basel Convention

4. Umnotho Oyindilinga

5. I-Green Chemistry

6. Ipulasitiki ne-Ocean Health

6.1 I-Ghost Gear

6.2 Imithelela Empilweni Yasolwandle

6.3 Amapellets ePlastiki (Nurdles)

7. Ipulasitiki kanye Nempilo Yomuntu

8. Ubulungiswa bezemvelo

9. Umlando wePlastiki

10. Izinsiza Ezixubile

Funda kabanzi

Izindlela

Ibalazwe

Ukuziphendulela nokungafihli