Ukuvikela Amaxhaphozi Emhlabeni Wonke, Ngaleso sikhathi Namanje: Ingqungquthela ye-Ramsar

nguLuka Omdala
I-Sabine Wetlands Walk, Hackberry, Louisiana (Isithombe sihlonishwa yi-Louisiana Tourism Locations & Events – Peter A Mayer Advertising / Assoc. Creative Director: Neil Landry; Account Executives: Fran McManus & Lisa Costa; Art Production: Janet Riehlmann)
I-Sabine Wetlands Walk, Hackberry, Louisiana (Isithombe sihlonishwa yi-Louisiana Tourism Locations & Events – Peter A Mayer Advertising / Assoc. Creative Director: Neil Landry; Account Executives: Fran McManus & Lisa Costa; Art Production: Janet Riehlmann)

Unyaka ngamunye, imiphakathi yasogwini ekhathazekile ibheka isibikezelo seziphepho zasezindaweni ezishisayo ezizayo—ezaziwa ngokuthi iziphepho noma izishingishane lapho zivuthwa, kuye ngokuthi zikuphi. Lapho lezo ziphepho zisondela ezweni, njengoba kwenza iSiphepho u-Isaac ngasekupheleni kwenyanga edlule, imiphakathi esendleleni yalesi siphepho ikhunjuzwa ukubaluleka kwamaxhaphozi asogwini, amahlathi, nezinye izindawo ezihlala kuzo ekuyivikeleni emiphumeleni emibi kakhulu yesiphepho.

Emhlabeni wanamuhla wamazinga olwandle akhuphukayo kanye nesimo sezulu esishisayo, amaxhaphozi kanye nemisebenzi yemvelo yamaxhaphozi iyingxenye yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokunciphisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindawo ezingamaxhaphozi ziwumthombo obalulekile wenani lezomnotho, isayensi, nezokungcebeleka. Nokho lezi zimiso zemvelo zibhekene nokuwohloka nokucekelwa phansi.
RAMSARKungaba nokulahlekelwa okungenakulungiseka kwamaxhaphozi kusukela ekungeneni okuqhubekayo kwentuthuko ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi ukusuka ohlangothini lomhlaba, kanye nokuguguleka kwezindawo ezingamaxhaphozi emanzini ngenxa yemigudu yamanzi eyenziwe abantu kanye neminye imisebenzi. Eminyakeni engaphezudlwana nje kwengu-40 edlule, izizwe zahlangana ukuze zibone ukubaluleka kwamaxhaphozi nezindawo zokuhlala eziseduze, futhi zakhe uhlaka lokuzivikela. I-Ramsar Convention iyisivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe esenzelwe ukusiza ukuvimbela lokhu kugxambukela, kanye nokweseka imizamo yokubuyisela, ukuvuselela, kanye nokonga izindawo ezingamaxhaphozi emhlabeni wonke. I-Ramsar Convention ivikela amaxhaphozi ngemisebenzi yawo eyingqayizivele yezemvelo kanye nezinkonzo, njengokulawulwa kwezimiso zamanzi kanye nendawo yokuhlala ezihlinzeka ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kusukela ezingeni le-ecosystem kuze kufike ezingeni lezinhlobo zezilwane.
I-Convention on Wetlands yasekuqaleni yaba sedolobheni lase-Iran i-Ramsar ngo-1971. Ngo-1975, iSivumelwano sase sisebenza ngokugcwele, sihlinzeka ngohlaka lwezinyathelo zikazwelonke nezamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokubambisana ukuze kuvikelwe nokugcinwa okusimeme nokugcinwa kwamaxhaphozi kanye nemithombo yawo yemvelo nemisebenzi. . IsiVumelwano se-Ramsar siyisivumelwano phakathi kohulumeni esibophezela amazwe angamalungu ayo ekugcineni ubuqotho bemvelo ezindaweni ezithile ezingamaxhaphozi kanye nokugcina ukusetshenziswa okusimeme kwalawa maxhaphozi. Isitatimende senhloso yalo mhlangano “siwukulondolozwa nokusetshenziswa ngobuhlakani kwawo wonke amaxhaphozi ngezenzo zasekhaya, zesifunda nesesizwe kanye nokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe, njengegalelo ekuzuzeni intuthuko esimeme emhlabeni wonke”.
I-Ramsar Convention ihlukile kweminye imizamo efanayo yomhlaba wonke yezemvelo ngezindlela ezimbili ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, ayixhunyanisiwe nohlelo lweNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene Lwezivumelwano Zemvelo, nakuba isebenza namanye ama-MEA kanye nama-NGO futhi iyisivumelwano esiphawuliwe esihlotshaniswa nazo zonke ezinye izivumelwano ezihlobene nokuhlukahluka kwemvelo. Okwesibili, ukuphela kwesivumelwano sezemvelo somhlaba wonke esisebenza nge-ecosystem ethize: amaxhaphozi. I-Convention isebenzisa incazelo ebanzi uma kuqhathaniswa namaxhaphozi, okuhlanganisa “amaxhaphozi namaxhaphozi, amachibi nemifula, izindawo ezinotshani ezinotshani namathafa, ama-oases, ama-estuaries, ama-deltas nama-tidal flats, izindawo eziseduze nogu lwasolwandle, imihlume nezixhobo zamakhorali, kanye nokwakhiwa komuntu. izindawo ezinjengamachibi ezinhlanzi, amasimu elayisi, amachibi namapani kasawoti.”
Itshe eliyinhloko leNgqungquthela ye-Ramsar Uhlu lwe-Ramsar Lwezindawo Ezimanzi Ezibaluleke Ngamazwe Ngamazwe, uhlu lwawo wonke amaxhaphozi iNgqungquthela ewaqoke njengezindawo ezibalulekile empilweni yemithombo yasogwini neyasolwandle emhlabeni wonke.
Inhloso yalolu hlu “ukuthuthukisa nokugcina inethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke yamaxhaphozi abalulekile ekulondolozweni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni wonke kanye nasekusimamiseni ukuphila kwabantu ngokunakekelwa kwezingxenye ze-ecosystem, izinqubo kanye nezinzuzo/izinkonzo.” Ngokujoyina i-Ramsar Convention, izwe ngalinye linesibopho sokuqoka okungenani indawo eyodwa yamaxhaphozi njengeNdawo Emanzi Yokubaluleka Kwamazwe Ngamazwe, kuyilapho ezinye iziza zikhethwa ngamanye amazwe angamalungu ukuze zifakwe ohlwini lwamaxhaphozi aqokiwe.
Ezinye izibonelo ze-Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance ezitholakala eNyakatho Melika zifaka i-Chesapeake Bay Estuarine Complex (USA), i-Laguna de Términos Reserve eCampeche (Mexico), indawo yokulondoloza imvelo emaphethelweni aseningizimu ye-Isla de la Juventud yaseCuba, i-Everglades National Park e-Cuba. Florida (USA), kanye nesiza sase-Alaskan eFraser River Delta yaseCanada. Noma iyiphi isayithi ye-Ramsar enenkinga yokugcina ubuqotho bemvelo nemvelo obusungulwe yiNgqungquthela ingafakwa ohlwini olukhethekile futhi ingathola usizo lobuchwepheshe lokuxazulula izinkinga isayithi elibhekene nazo. Ukwengeza, amazwe angafaka isicelo sokuthola ukwesekwa nge-Ramsar Small Grants Fund kanye namaWetlands for the Future Fund ukuze aqedele amaphrojekthi okonga amaxhaphozi. I-US National Fish and Wildlife Service isebenza njenge-ejensi eholayo yezindawo ezingama-34 ze-Ramsar e-US kanye nokuxhumana namanye amazwe.
IsiVumelwano se-Ramsar sineNgqungquthela Yamaqembu Enkontileka (COP) njalo ngemva kweminyaka emithathu ukuze kuxoxwe futhi kuthuthukiswe ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwemihlahlandlela nezinqubomgomo zeSivumelwano. Mayelana nomsebenzi wansuku zonke, kune-Ramsar Secretariat e-Gland, e-Switzerland, ephethe Ingqungquthela emazweni ngamazwe. Ezingeni likazwelonke, Iqembu ngalinye Lenkontileka lineSiphathimandla Sokuphatha esimisiwe esingamela ukusetshenziswa kwemihlahlandlela yeNgqungquthela ezweni lakubo. Nakuba i-Ramsar Convention ingumzamo wamazwe ngamazwe, I-Convention iphinde ikhuthaze amazwe angamalungu ukuthi asungule amakomiti kazwelonke amaxhaphozi awo, ahlanganise ukusebenzelana kwama-NGO, futhi ahlanganise ukuzibandakanya kwemiphakathi emizamweni yawo yokongiwa kwamaxhaphozi.
UJulayi ka-2012 waphawula umhlangano we-11 weNgqungquthela Yamaqembu Enkontileka Yomhlangano we-Ramsar, owawuse-Bucharest, e-Romania. Lapho, kwagqanyiswa ukuthi ukuvakasha okusimeme kwamaxhaphozi kunomthelela kanjani emnothweni oluhlaza.
Ingqungquthela iphethe ngezindondo zokuhlonipha umsebenzi omkhulu owenziwe, kanye nokuvuma isidingo sokuqhubeka nokuphikelela nokuzinikela ekongiweni nasekubuyiseleni amaxhaphozi emhlabeni jikelele. Ngokombono wokongiwa kolwandle, i-Ramsar Convention isekela ukuvikeleka kwesinye sezakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu empilweni yolwandle.
I-United States of America: 34 Ramsar Sites, 4,122,916.22 Acres kusukela ngomhla ka-15 Juni 2012 (Umthombo: USFWS)

I-Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge 18/12/86    
Nevada
9,509 ha
I-Bolinas Lagoon 01/09/98    
California
445 ha
I-Cache-Lower White Rivers 21/11/89    
Arkansas
81,376 ha
I-Cache River-Cypress Creek Wetlands 01/11/94    
Illinois
24,281 ha
I-Caddo Lake 23/10/93    
Texas
7,977 ha
I-Catahoula Lake 18/06/91    
Louisiana
12,150 ha
I-Chesapeake Bay Estuarine Complex 04/06/87    
Virginia
45,000 ha
I-Cheyenne Bottoms 19/10/88    
Kansas
10,978 ha
I-Congaree National Park 02/02/12    
South Carolina
10,539 ha
I-Connecticut River Estuary & Tidal Wetlands Complex 14/10/94    
Connecticut
6,484 ha
Indawo Engcwele Yexhaphozi likaCorkscrew 23/03/09    
Florida
5,261 ha
I-Delaware Bay Estuary 20/05/92    
I-Delaware, eNew Jersey
51,252 ha
Edwin B Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge 18/12/86    
E-New Jersey
13,080 ha
I-Everglades National Park 04/06/87    
Florida
610,497 ha
Francis Beidler Forest 30/05/08    
South Carolina
6,438 ha
I-Grassland Ecological Area 02/02/05    
California
65,000 ha
Humbug Marsh 20/01/10    
Michigan
188 ha
I-Horicon Marsh 04/12/90    
Wisconsin
12,912 ha
Izembek Lagoon National Wildlife Refuge 18/12/86    
Alaska
168,433 ha
I-Kakagon kanye ne-Bad River Sloughs 02/02/12    
Wisconsin
4,355 ha
I-Kawainui kanye ne-Hamakua Marsh Complex 02/02/05    
Hawaii
414 ha
Laguna de Santa Rosa Wetland Complex 16/04/10    
California
1576 ha
I-Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge 18/12/86    
Georgia, Florida
162,635 ha
I-Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge 01/04/11    
Hawaii
204,127 ha
I-Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge 14/03/93    
Florida
1,908 ha
I-Quivira National Wildlife Refuge 12/02/02    
Kansas
8,958 ha
I-Roswell Artesian Wetlands 07/09/10    
New Mexico
917 ha
I-Sand Lake National Wildlife Refuge 03/08/98    
South Dakota
8,700 ha
Isiphephelo sikaSue noWes Dixon Waterfowl eHennepin &
Hopper Lakes 02/02/12    
Illinois
1,117 ha
I-Emiquon Complex 02/02/12    
Illinois
5,729 ha
I-Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve 02/02/05    
California
1,021 ha
I-Tomales Bay 30/09/02    
California
2,850 ha
I-Upper Mississippi River Floodplain Wetlands 05/01/10    
Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois
122,357 ha
UWilma H. ​​Schiermeier Olentangy River Wetland Research Park 18/04/08    
Ohio
21 ha
U-Luke Elder wasebenza njengocwaningo lwe-TOF osebenza ehlobo ehlobo lika-2011. Ngonyaka olandelayo wachitha efunda eSpain lapho ayene-internship ne-Spanish National Research Council esebenza ku-Environmental Economics Group. Kuleli hlobo u-Luke usebenze njenge-Conservation Intern ye-The Nature Conservancy enza ukuphathwa komhlaba nokuphatha. Isikhulu e-Middlebury College, u-Luke wenza izifundo ze-Conservation Biology and Environmental Studies enomntwana omncane ngeSpanishi, futhi unethemba lokuthola umsebenzi wesikhathi esizayo wokongiwa kwasolwandle.