Ukufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini okusimeme kungaba ukhiye wokondla abantu bethu abakhulayo. Njengamanje, u-42% wezilwane zasolwandle esizidlayo ziyafuywa, kodwa azikho iziqondiso ezihlanganisa lokho okuseyikho okwamanje i-aquaculture “enhle”. 

I-aquaculture inegalelo elikhulu ekuphakeleni kwethu kokudla, ngakho-ke kufanele kwenziwe ngendlela eqhubekayo. Ngokucacile, i-OF ibheka ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene besistimu evaliwe, okuhlanganisa amathangi aphinde azunge, imigwaqo yomjaho, amasistimu okugeleza, namachibi aphakathi nezwe. Lezi zinhlelo zisetshenziselwa izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi, i-shellfish, nezitshalo zasemanzini. Nakuba izinzuzo ezicacile (izempilo nokunye) zezinhlelo ezivaliwe zokulima kwezilwane zasemanzini ziye zaqashelwa, siphinde sisekele imizamo yokugwema amaphutha emvelo kanye nokuphepha kokudla kwezilwane zasemanzini ezivulekile. Sithemba ukuthi sizosebenzela imizamo yamazwe ngamazwe kanye neyasekhaya engenza ushintsho oluhle.

I-Ocean Foundation ihlanganise le mithombo yangaphandle elandelayo ibe yincwadi yezichasiselo ukuze inikeze ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana ne-Sustainable Aquaculture yazo zonke izethameli. 

Okuqukethwe

1. Isingeniso se-Aquaculture
2. Okuyisisekelo Kwezasemanzini
3. Ukungcoliswa kanye Nezingozi Ezemvelo
4. Intuthuko Yamanje kanye Nemikhuba Emisha Kwezolimo Zasemanzini
5. I-Aquaculture kanye Nokwehlukahlukana, Ukulingana, Ukufakwa, kanye Nobulungiswa
6. Imithetho Nemithetho Ephathelene Nezasemanzini
7. Izinsiza Ezengeziwe Namaphepha Amhlophe Akhiqizwe I-Ocean Foundation

1. Isingeniso

I-Aquaculture ukutshalwa noma ukufuywa okulawulwayo kwezinhlanzi, i-shellfish, nezitshalo zasemanzini. Inhloso iwukwenza umthombo wokudla okutholakala emanzini kanye nemikhiqizo yohwebo ngendlela ezokwandisa ukutholakala kuyilapho kunciphisa ukulimala kwemvelo futhi kuvikelwe izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zasemanzini. Kunezinhlobo eziningana ezahlukene ze-aquaculture ngayinye enamazinga ahlukene okusimama.

Ukunyuka kwenani labantu emhlabeni wonke kanye nemali engenayo kuzoqhubeka nokwandisa isidingo sezinhlanzi. Futhi ngamaleveli okudotshwa kwezilwane zasendle ayisicaba, konke ukwanda kwezinhlanzi kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezilwane zasolwandle kuvela emfundweni yasemanzini. Nakuba i-aquaculture ibhekana nezinselele ezifana nezintwala zasolwandle kanye nokungcoliswa kwemvelo abadlali abaningi embonini basebenza kanzima ukubhekana nezinselelo zayo. 

I-Aquaculture—Izindlela Ezine

Kunezindlela ezine ezinkulu zokufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini ezibonwa namuhla: izibaya ezivulekile eduze nogu, izibaya ezivulekile zokuhlola zasogwini, izinhlelo "ezivaliwe" ezisekelwe emhlabeni, kanye nezinhlelo ezivulekile "zakudala".

1. Amapeni avuliwe aseduze nogu.

Izinhlelo ze-aquaculture eziseduze nogu zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukukhulisa i-shellfish, i-salmon nezinye i-finfish edla inyama futhi, ngaphandle kwe-shellfish mariculture, ngokuvamile zibonwa njengohlobo olunezimeme kancane futhi olulimaza kakhulu imvelo ye-aquaculture. Idizayini yemvelo “evulekele i-ecosystem” yalezi zinhlelo yenza kube nzima kakhulu ukubhekana nezinkinga zemfucumfucu, ukusebenzisana nezilwane ezidla ezinye, ukwethulwa kwezinhlobo ezingezona ezomdabu/ezingavamile, okokufaka ngokweqile (ukudla, imithi elwa namagciwane), ukucekelwa phansi kwendawo, kanye nezifo. ukudlulisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi asogwini awakwazi ukusekela umkhuba wamanje wokuqhubekela phansi ogwini kulandela ukuqubuka kwezifo okukhubaza ngaphakathi kwezibaya. [QAPHELA: Uma sitshala izimbaza eduze nogu, noma silinganisela ngokuphawulekayo izibaya ezivulekile eduze nosebe futhi sigxile ekukhuliseni izilwane ezidla uhlaza, kukhona intuthuko ekusimameni kohlelo lwezasemanzini. Ngokubona kwethu kufanelekile ukuhlola lezi zindlela ezihlukile ezilinganiselwe.]

2. I-Offshore Open Pens.

Izinhlelo ezintsha zokuhlola izibaya zasogwini zasemanzini zivele zisuse le miphumela emibi efanayo futhi zengeze eminye imithelela emvelweni, okuhlanganisa indawo enkulu yekhabhoni yokuphatha izinsiza ezikude nogu. 

3. Amasistimu "Avaliwe" asekelwe emhlabeni.

Izinhlelo “ezivaliwe” ezisekelwe emhlabeni, ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), zithola ukunakwa okwengeziwe njengesixazululo esisebenzayo sesikhathi eside esisimeme sokufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini, kokubili emazweni asathuthuka nasathuthuka. Amasistimu avaliwe amancane, angabizi kakhulu ayamodela ukuze asetshenziswe emazweni asathuthuka kuyilapho izinketho ezinkulu, ezikwazi ukuhweba, nezimba eqolo kwakhiwa emazweni athuthukile kakhulu. Lezi zinhlelo zizimele futhi zivame ukuvumela izindlela ezisebenzayo ze-polyculture zokukhulisa izilwane nemifino ndawonye. Zibhekwa njengezisimeme ikakhulukazi uma zinikwa amandla amandla avuselelekayo, ziqinisekisa cishe u-100% wokubuyisela amanzi azo, futhi zigxile ekukhuliseni izilwane ezidla omnivo nezilwane ezidla uhlaza.

4. "Ancient" Open Systems.

Ukufuywa kwezinhlanzi akukusha; sekuye kwenziwa amakhulu eminyaka emasikweni amaningi. Imiphakathi yasendulo yamaShayina yayifunza indle yesilika kanye nama-nymphs akhulela emachibini emapulazi emibungu, abaseGibhithe babefuya i-tilapia njengengxenye yobuchwepheshe babo bokunisela ngenkasa, kanti abantu baseHawaii babekwazi ukulima inqwaba yezinhlobo ezifana ne-milfish, mullet, prawns kanye nenkalankala (Costa -Pierce, 1987). Abavubukuli nabo bathole ubufakazi bezilwane zasemanzini emphakathini wamaMayan kanye namasiko emiphakathi ethile yaseNyakatho Melika. (www.enaca.org).

Izinkinga Zemvelo

Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa ze-Aquaculture ngayinye enendawo yayo yemvelo ehluka ukusuka kokusimeme ukuya kweyinkinga kakhulu. I-Offshore aquaculture (evame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-ocean ocean noma i-open water aquaculture) ibonakala njengomthombo omusha wokukhula komnotho, kodwa ishaya indiva uchungechunge lwezindaba zemvelo kanye nezimiso zokuziphatha zezinkampani ezimbalwa ezilawula izinsiza ezinkulu ngokwenza okuyimfihlo. Ukufuywa kwezilwane zasogwini kungase kuholele ekusabalaleni kwezifo, kukhuthaze izinqubo zokuphakela izinhlanzi ezingalawuleki, kubangele ukukhishwa kwezinto eziyingozi empilweni, kuhilele izilwane zasendle, kanye nokubaleka kwezinhlanzi ezinomthofu. Ukuphunyuka kwezinhlanzi kulapho izinhlanzi ezifuywayo zibalekela endaweni ezungezile, okubangela ukulimala okukhulu kwezinhlanzi zasendle kanye ne-ecosystem yonkana. Ngokomlando akubanga umbuzo wokuthi if ukuphunyuka kuyenzeka, kodwa nini zizokwenzeka. Olunye ucwaningo lwakamuva luthole ukuthi u-92% wazo zonke izinhlanzi eziphunyukayo zivela emapulazini ezinhlanzi asekelwe olwandle (Føre & Thorvaldsen, 2021). I-Offshore aquaculture idinga imali enkulu futhi ayisebenzi ngokwezimali njengoba injalo njengamanje.

Kukhona nezinkinga ngokulahlwa kwemfucuza kanye nokulahlwa kwamanzi angcolile endaweni yezilwane zasemanzini eziseduze nogu. Esibonelweni esisodwa izikhungo eziseduze nogu zitholakale zikhipha amalitha ayizigidi ezingama-66 wamanzi angcolile - okuhlanganisa namakhulu amaphawundi e-nitrate - ezigodini zendawo nsuku zonke.

Kungani Kufanele Kukhuthazwe Ukufuywa Kwezilwane Zasemanzini?

Izigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke zithembele ezinhlanzini ukuze zidle futhi ziziphilise. Cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yezinhlanzi zomhlaba wonke zidotshwa ngendlela engafanele, kuyilapho izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezinhlanzi zasolwandle okwamanje zidotshwa ngendlela eqhubekayo. I-aquaculture inegalelo elikhulu ekuphakeleni kwethu kokudla, ngakho-ke kufanele kwenziwe ngendlela eqhubekayo. Ngokucacile, i-TOF ibheka ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene besistimu evaliwe, okuhlanganisa amathangi ajikelezayo, imigwaqo yomjaho, amasistimu wokugeleza, namachibi aphakathi nezwe. Lezi zinhlelo zisetshenziselwa izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi, i-shellfish, nezitshalo zasemanzini. Nakuba izinzuzo ezicacile (izempilo nokunye) zezinhlelo ezivaliwe zokulima kwezilwane zasemanzini ziye zaqashelwa, siphinde sisekele imizamo yokugwema amaphutha emvelo kanye nokuphepha kokudla kwezilwane zasemanzini ezivulekile. Sithemba ukuthi sizosebenzela imizamo yamazwe ngamazwe kanye neyasekhaya engathinta ushintsho oluhle.

Naphezu kwezinselelo ze-Aquaculture, i-Ocean Foundation ikhuthaza ukuqhubeka nokuthuthukiswa kwezinkampani zezilwane zasemanzini - phakathi kwezinye izinkampani eziphathelene nempilo yasolwandle - njengoba umhlaba kungenzeka ubone ukwanda kwesidingo sokudla kwasolwandle. Esibonelweni esisodwa, i-Ocean Foundation isebenza ne-Rockefeller kanye ne-Credit Suisse ukuze bakhulume nezinkampani ze-aquaculture mayelana nemizamo yazo yokubhekana nezintwala zasolwandle, ukungcola, kanye nokusimama kokuphakelwa kwezinhlanzi.

I-Ocean Foundation iphinde isebenze ngokubambisana nabalingani e- I-Environmental Law Institute (ELI) futhi I-Emmett Environmental Law and Policy Clinic yase-Harvard Law School ukucacisa nokuthuthukisa indlela i-aquaculture ephathwa ngayo emanzini olwandle ombuso wase-United States.

Thola lezi zinsiza ngezansi futhi njalo Iwebhusayithi ye-ELI:

2. Izisekelo Zokuzalanisa Amanzi

Inhlangano Yezokudla Nezolimo yeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene. (2022). Ezokudoba kanye Nezasemanzini. Izizwe Ezihlangene. https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/aquaculture

I-Aquaculture ingumsebenzi weminyaka eyinkulungwane manje ohlinzeka ngaphezu kwengxenye yazo zonke izinhlanzi ezidliwe emhlabeni jikelele. Kodwa-ke, ukufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini kubangele izinguquko ezingathandeki emvelweni okuhlanganisa: izingxabano zomphakathi phakathi kwabasebenzisi bomhlaba kanye nemithombo yamanzi, ukucekelwa phansi kwezinsiza ezibalulekile zesimiso semvelo, ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala, ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ayingozi nezidakamizwa zezilwane, ukukhiqizwa okungalawuleki kwempuphu kanye nowoyela wezinhlanzi, kanye nenhlalo kanye nenhlalo. imiphumela yamasiko kubasebenzi basemanzini nasemiphakathini. Lokhu kubukezwa okuphelele kwe-Aquaculture yabo bobabili abavamile kanye nochwepheshe kuhlanganisa incazelo ye-aquaculture, izifundo ezikhethiwe, amaphepha amaqiniso, izinkomba zokusebenza, ukubuyekezwa kwesifunda, kanye nekhodi yokuziphatha yezokudoba.

Jones, R., Dewey, B., and Seaver, B. (2022, January 28). I-Aquaculture: Kungani Umhlaba Udinga Igagasi Elisha Lokukhiqiza Ukudla. Inkundla Yezomnotho Yomhlaba. 

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/01/aquaculture-agriculture-food-systems/

Abalimi basemanzini bangaba izingqapheli ezibalulekile zokushintsha kwemvelo. I-Marine aquaculture inikeza izinzuzo eziningi ekusizeni umhlaba ukuthi uhlukanise izinhlelo zawo zokudla ezigxilile, emizamweni yokunciphisa isimo sezulu efana nokuthathwa kwekhabhoni kanye neminikelo ezimbonini ezikhiqiza imikhiqizo eco-friendly. Abalimi bezilwane zasemanzini basesimweni esikhethekile sokubheka i-ecosystem futhi babike ngezinguquko zemvelo. Ababhali bayavuma ukuthi ukufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini akugonyiwe ezinkingeni nasekungcolisweni, kodwa lapho ukulungiswa kwemikhuba kwenziwa, ukufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini kuyimboni ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni okusimeme isikhathi eside.

U-Alice R Jones, u-Heidi K Alleway, u-Dominic McAfee, u-Patrick Reis-Santos, u-Seth J Theuerkauf, u-Robert C Jones, Ukudla Kwasolwandle Okunobungani Besimo Sezulu: Amandla Okunciphisa Ukukhishwa Kwezinto Eziphumayo kanye Ne-Carbon Capture ku-Marine Aquaculture, BioScience, Volume 72, Issue 2, February 2022, Amakhasi 123–143, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biab126

I-aquaculture ikhiqiza u-52% wemikhiqizo yezilwane zasemanzini esetshenziswa ne-mariculture ekhiqiza u-37.5% walo mkhiqizo kanye nama-97% wesivuno sokhula lwasolwandle emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, ukugcina ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa ephansi (GHG) kuzoncika emigomeni ecatshangelwe ngokucophelela njengoba ukufuywa kwezimila zasolwandle kuqhubeka nokukhula. Ngokuxhumanisa ukuhlinzekwa kwemikhiqizo yezasolwandle namathuba okuncishiswa kwe-GHG, ababhali baphikisa ngokuthi imboni yezasemanzini ingaqhubekisela phambili izinqubo ezivumelana nesimo sezulu ezikhiqiza imiphumela esimeme yezemvelo, yezenhlalo, nezomnotho zesikhathi eside.

I-FAO. 2021. I-World Food and Agriculture - INcwadi Yonyaka Yezibalo 2021. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4477en

Unyaka nonyaka iNhlangano Yezokudla Nezolimo ikhiqiza ibhuku lonyaka lezibalo elinolwazi mayelana nesimo somhlaba wonke sokudla nezolimo kanye nolwazi olubalulekile kwezomnotho. Lo mbiko uhlanganisa izigaba ezimbalwa ezixoxa ngedatha yezokudoba nezokuzalaniswa kwezilwane zasemanzini, ezamahlathi, amanani ezimpahla zamazwe ngamazwe, namanzi. Nakuba lo mthombo ungaqondisiwe njengeminye imithombo evezwe lapha, indima yawo ekulandeleni ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wezilwane zasemanzini ngeke ishaywe indiva.

I-FAO. 2019. Umsebenzi we-FAO mayelana nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu – Ukudoba nokufuya izilwane zasemanzini. eRoma. https://www.fao.org/3/ca7166en/ca7166en.pdf

Inhlangano Yezokudla Nezolimo ihlobane nombiko okhethekile ozoqondana noMbiko Okhethekile wezi-2019 ophathelene noLwandle kanye neCryosphere. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kuzoholela ezinguqukweni eziphawulekayo ekutholakaleni nasekuhwebeni kwezinhlanzi nemikhiqizo yasolwandle okungenzeka kube nemiphumela ebalulekile yezombangazwe nezomnotho. Lokhu kuzoba nzima kakhulu emazweni ancike olwandle kanye nezilwane zasolwandle njengomthombo wamaprotheni (abantu abancike ekudobeni).

Bindoff, NL, WWL Cheung, JG Kairo, J. Arístegui, VA Guinder, R. Hallberg, N. Hilmi, N. Jiao, MS Karim, L. Levin, S. O'Donoghue, SR Purca Cuicapusa, B. Rinkevich, T. Suga, A. Tagliabue, no-P. Williamson, 2019: Ukushintsha Ulwandle, I-Marine Ecosystems, kanye Nemiphakathi Ethembele. Ku: Umbiko Okhethekile we-IPCC mayelana noLwandle kanye neCryosphere esimweni sezulu esishintshayo [H.-O. Pörtner, DC Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, NM Weyer ( ed.)]. Ngokucindezela. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/09_SROCC_Ch05_FINAL.pdf

Ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, izimboni zokumba ezizinze olwandle ngeke zibe nokwenzeka isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokuthatha izindlela ezisimeme. Umbiko Okhethekile wezi-2019 ophathelene noLwandle kanye neCryosphere uphawula ukuthi umkhakha wezokudoba kanye nezokuzalaniswa kwezilwane zasemanzini usengozini enkulu ngenxa yabashayeli besimo sezulu. Ikakhulukazi, isahluko sesihlanu sombiko sibonisa ukwanda kokutshalwa kwezimali kwezilwane zasemanzini futhi sigqamisa izindawo ezimbalwa zocwaningo ezidingekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusimama kwesikhathi eside. Ngamafuphi, isidingo sezinqubo ezisimeme zokufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini asinakushaywa indiva.

Heidi K Alleway, Chris L Gillies, Melanie J Bishop, Rebecca R Gentry, Seth J Theuerkauf, Robert Jones, The Ecosystem Services of Marine Aquaculture: Valuing Benefits to People and Nature, BioScience, Volume 69, Issue 1, January 2019, Amakhasi 59 -68, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biy137

Njengoba inani labantu emhlabeni liqhubeka nokwanda, i-Aquaculture izoba semqoka ekuhlinzekeni ngokuzayo kokudla kwasolwandle. Kodwa-ke, izinselele ezihambisana nezici ezingezinhle zokufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini zingakhinyabeza ukwanda kokukhiqiza. Ukulimala kwemvelo kuzoncishiswa kuphela ngokukhula kokuqashelwa, ukuqonda, nokubalwa kwezimali kokuhlinzekwa kwesevisi ye-ecosystem nge-mariculture ngokusebenzisa izinqubomgomo ezintsha, uxhaso lwezimali, kanye nezikimu zokunikeza izitifiketi ezingase zikhuthaze ukulethwa okusebenzayo kwezinzuzo. Ngakho-ke, ukufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini akufanele kubhekwe njengokuhlukene nemvelo kodwa njengengxenye ebalulekile ye-ecosystem, inqobo nje uma kwenziwa izindlela zokuphatha ezifanele.

I-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2017). I-NOAA Aquaculture Research - Imephu Yezindaba. Umnyango Wezohwebo. https://noaa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Shortlist/index.html?appid=7b4af1ef0efb425ba35d6f2c8595600f

I-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration idale imephu yendaba esebenzisanayo egqamisa amaphrojekthi abo ocwaningo lwangaphakathi mayelana nezilwane zasemanzini. Lawa maphrojekthi afaka phakathi ukuhlaziya isiko lezinhlobo ezithile zezilwane, ukuhlaziya umjikelezo wempilo, okunye ukudla, ukwenziwa kweasidi olwandle, kanye nezinzuzo ezingaba khona nomthelela wendawo yokuhlala. Imephu yezindaba igqamisa amaphrojekthi e-NOAA kusukela ngo-2011 kuya ku-2016 futhi ilusizo kakhulu kubafundi, abacwaningi abathanda amaphrojekthi we-NOAA edlule, kanye nezithameli ezijwayelekile.

Engle, C., McNevin, A., Racine, P., Boyd, C., Paungkaew, D., Viriyatum, R., Quoc Tinh, H., kanye noNgo Minh, H. (2017, Ephreli 3). I-Economics of Sustainable Intensification of Aquaculture: Ubufakazi obuvela emapulazini aseVietnam naseThailand. Ijenali ye-World Aquaculture Society, Umq. 48, No. 2, p. 227-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12423.

Ukukhula kokufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini kuyadingeka ukuze kuhlinzekwe ngokudla ukuze kwandiswe amazinga abantu emhlabeni jikelele. Lolu cwaningo lubheke amapulazi ezilwane zasemanzini angama-40 eThailand kanye nangama-43 eVietnam ukuze kutholwe ukuthi ukukhula kwezilwane zasemanzini kusimeme kangakanani kulezi zindawo. Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi kwakunenani eliqinile lapho abalimi bezimfanzi besebenzisa imithombo yemvelo nezinye izinto ezisetshenziswayo ngendlela ephumelelayo nokuthi ukufuywa kwezilwane zasogwini kungenziwa ukuze kusimame. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe lusazodingeka ukuze kuhlinzekwe isiqondiso esiqhubekayo esihlobene nezinqubo zokuphatha ezisimeme zezilwane zasemanzini.

3. Ukungcola kanye Nezinsongo Ezemvelo

Føre, H. and Thorvaldsen, T. (2021, February 15). Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Causal ye-Escape of Atlantic Salmon kanye ne-Rainbow Trout evela e-Norwegian Fish Farms Ngo-2010 - 2018. I-Aquaculture, Vol. 532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736002

Ucwaningo lwakamuva lwamapulazi ezinhlanzi aseNorway luthole ukuthi u-92% wazo zonke izinhlanzi eziphunyukayo zivela olwandle, kuyilapho ngaphansi kuka-7% bevela ezindaweni ezisemhlabeni kanti u-1% uvela kwezokuthutha. Ucwaningo lubheke isikhathi seminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye (2019-2018) futhi lwabala izigameko ezingaphezu kuka-305 ezibikiwe ngezinhlanzi eziphunyukile ezicishe zibe izigidi ezi-2, leli nani likhulu njengoba ucwaningo belukhawulelwe kuma-Salmon ne-Rainbow Trout kuphela afuywa eNorway. Okuningi kwalokhu kubaleka kwakubangelwa ngokuqondile izimbobo zamanetha, nakuba ezinye izici zobuchwepheshe ezifana nemishini eyonakele nesimo sezulu esibi zaba nendima. Lolu cwaningo lugqamisa inkinga enkulu yokulima emanzini avulekile njengomkhuba ongasimamisi.

Racine, P., Marley, A., Froehlich, H., Gaines, S., Ladner, I., MacAdam-Somer, I., kanye noBradley, D. (2021). Icala lokufakwa kwezitshalo zasolwandle ekulawulweni kokungcoliswa kwezakhi zase-US, Inqubomgomo Yasolwandle, Umq. 129, 2021, 104506, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104506.

Ukhula lwasolwandle lunamandla okunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwezakhi zasolwandle, lunqande ukukhula kwe-eutrophication (kuhlanganise ne-hypoxia), kanye nokwengeza ukulawulwa kokungcoliswa komhlaba ngokususa inani elikhulu le-nitrogen ne-phosphorus ezindaweni eziphila kusogwini. Kodwa-ke, kuze kube manje ukhula lwasolwandle alukaze lusetshenziswe kulokhu. Njengoba umhlaba uqhubeka nokuhlushwa imithelela yokugeleza kwezakhi, ukhula lwasolwandle lunikeza isisombululo esivumelana nemvelo esikufanelekela ukutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhashana ukuze uthole izinzuzo zesikhathi eside.

UFlegel, T. kanye no-Alday-Sanz, V. (2007, Julayi) I-Crisis in Asian Shrimp Aquaculture: Isimo Samanje Nezidingo Zesikhathi esizayo. Ijenali ye-Applied Ichthyology. I-Wiley Online Library. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1998.tb00654.x

Maphakathi nawo-2000, zonke izimfanzi ezivame ukutshalwa e-Asia kwatholakala ukuthi zine-White-spot disease esibangela ukulahlekelwa okungenzeka kwezigidigidi zamaRandi. Nakuba lesi sifo kubhekwana naso, lolu cwaningo oluyisibonelo lugqamisa usongo lwezifo embonini yezasemanzini. Ukuqhubekela phambili umsebenzi oqhubekayo wokucwaninga nokuthuthukiswa uzodingeka, uma imboni yezimfanzi izosimama, okuhlanganisa: ukuqonda kangcono ukuzivikela kwezimfanzi ezifweni; ucwaningo olwengeziwe mayelana nokudla okunomsoco; kanye nokuqedwa kokulimala kwemvelo.

Boyd, C., D'Abramo, L., Glencross,B., David C. Huyben, D., Juarez, L., Lockwood, G., McNevin, A., Tacon, A., Teletchea, F., U-Tomasso Jr, J., Tucker, C., Valenti, W. (2020, Juni 24). Ukuzuza I-Aquaculture Esimeme: Imibono yomlando neyamanje kanye nezidingo nezinselele zesikhathi esizayo. Ijenali ye-World Aquaculture Society. I-Wiley Online Libraryhttps://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12714

Kule minyaka emihlanu edlule, imboni ye-Aquaculture iye yehlisa izinga layo lekhabhoni ngokusebenzisa kancane kancane izinqubo zokukhiqiza eziye zanciphisa ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa, zanciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ahlanzekile ngeyunithi ngayinye ekhiqizwayo, zathuthukisa izindlela zokuphatha ukudla okuphakelayo, futhi zasebenzisa izindlela ezintsha zokulima. Lolu cwaningo lufakazela ukuthi nakuba i-aquaculture iqhubeka nokubona ukulimala kwemvelo, inkambiso iyonke iqhubekela embonini esimeme kakhudlwana.

Turchini, G., Jesse T. Trushenski, J., noGlencross, B. (2018, Septhemba 15). Imicabango Yekusasa Lokondliwa Kwezilwane Zasemanzini: Ukuqondisa Kabusha Imibono Yokubonisa Izinkinga Zamanje Ezihlobene Nokusetshenziswa Okunobulungiswa Kwezinsiza Zasolwandle Ezilwaneni Zasemanzini. I-American Fisheries Society. https://doi.org/10.1002/naaq.10067 https://afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/naaq.10067

Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule abacwaningi benze inqubekelaphambili enkulu ocwaningweni lokudla okunomsoco wezilwane zasemanzini kanye nezinye izinhlobo zokudla. Kodwa-ke, ukuthembela ezinsizeni zasolwandle kusalokhu kuyisithiyo esiqhubekayo esinciphisa ukusimama. Isu lokucwaninga eliphelele—elihambisana nezidingo zemboni futhi eligxile ekwakhiweni kwezakhi kanye nokuhambisana nesithako—liyadingeka ukuze kugqugquzelwe intuthuko yesikhathi esizayo ekondlekeni kwezilwane zasemanzini.

Buck, B., Troell, M., Krause, G., Angel, D., Grote, B., and Chopin, T. (2018, May 15). Isimo Sobuciko Nezinselelo ze-Offshore Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA). Imingcele Yesayensi Yasolwandle. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00165

Ababhali baleli phepha baphikisa ngokuthi ukususa izinsiza ze-aquaculture iye olwandle oluvulekile futhi kude ne-ecosystem eseduze nogu kuzosiza ukwanda okukhulu kokukhiqizwa kokudla olwandle. Lolu cwaningo luhamba phambili ekufinyezweni kwalo kwentuthuko yamanje yobuchwepheshe be-offshore aquaculture, ikakhulukazi ukusetshenziswa kwe-aquaculture ehlanganisiwe ye-multi-trophic lapho izinhlobo eziningana (njenge-finfish, oyster, sea cucumber, ne-kelp) zifuywa ndawonye ukuze kwakhiwe uhlelo oludidiyelwe lokutshala. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-offshore aquaculture ingase ibangele ukulimala kwemvelo futhi ayikaphumeleli ngokomnotho.

Duarte, C., Wu, J., Xiao, X., Bruhn, A., Krause-Jensen, D. (2017). Ingabe Ukulima Kwezitshalo Zasolwandle Kungaba Neqhaza Ekunciphiseni Nokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu? I-Frontiers in Marine Science, Umq. 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00100

I-Seaweed aquaculture ayiyona nje ingxenye ekhula ngokushesha kakhulu yokukhiqizwa kokudla emhlabeni wonke kodwa imboni ekwazi ukusiza ukunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nezindlela zokuzivumelanisa nezimo. I-aquaculture ye-seaweed ingasebenza njenge-carbon sink yokukhiqiza i-biofuel, ithuthukise ikhwalithi yenhlabathi ngokusebenza esikhundleni somanyolo wokwenziwa ongcolisa kakhulu, futhi inciphise amandla wamaza ukuze kuvikelwe ugu. Kodwa-ke, imboni yamanje yezolimo zasolwandle inqunyelwe ukutholakala kwezindawo ezifanele kanye nokuncintisana kwezindawo ezifanele nezinye izinto ezisetshenziswayo, izinhlelo zobunjiniyela ezikwazi ukubhekana nezimo ezinzima ngasogwini, kanye nokwanda kwesidingo semakethe semikhiqizo yokhula lwasolwandle, phakathi kwezinye izici.

5. Aquaculture and Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, kanye Nobulungisa

I-FAO. 2018. Isimo Sezokudoba Emhlabeni Nezokulima Kwezilwane Zasemanzini 2018 - Ukuhlangabezana nezinjongo zentuthuko esimeme. eRoma. Ilayisensi: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. http://www.fao.org/3/i9540en/i9540en.pdf

I-Ajenda Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yowezi-2030 Yentuthuko Eqhubekayo kanye Nezinjongo Zokuthuthukiswa Okusimeme ivumela ukuhlaziywa kwezindawo zokudoba kanye nezilwane zasemanzini okugxile ekuvikelekeni kokudla, umsoco, ukusetshenziswa okusimeme kwemithombo yemvelo, futhi kucatshangelwe amaqiniso ezomnotho, ezenhlalakahle, kanye nemvelo. Nakuba lo mbiko usuneminyaka ecishe ibe mihlanu, ukugxila kwawo ekubuseni okusekelwe emalungelweni ukuze kube nentuthuko elinganayo nebandakanyayo kusabalulekile kakhulu nanamuhla.

6. Imithethonqubo kanye neMithetho Mayelana Nezasemanzini

I-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2022). Umhlahlandlela Wokugunyaza I-Marine Aquaculture e-United States. Umnyango Wezohwebo, I-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/2022-02/Guide-Permitting-Marine-Aquaculture-United-States-2022.pdf

I-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ithuthukise umhlahlandlela walabo abathanda izinqubomgomo nezimvume ze-aquaculture yase-United States. Lo mhlahlandlela uhloselwe abantu abanentshisekelo yokufaka izicelo zezimvume zokufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini kanye nalabo abafuna ukufunda okwengeziwe mayelana nenqubo yezimvume okuhlanganisa nezinsiza ezibalulekile zokufaka isicelo. Yize lo mbhalo ungaphelele, uhlanganisa nohlu lwezinqubomgomo ezivumela izwe nezwe mayelana nezimbaza, i-finfish, kanye nezimila zasolwandle.

Ihhovisi likaMongameli. (2020, Meyi 7). I-US Executive Order 13921, Ukukhuthaza Ukuncintisana Kwasolwandle KwaseMelika kanye Nokukhula Komnotho.

Ekuqaleni kuka-2020, uMongameli Biden wasayina i-EO 13921 yangoMeyi 7, 2020, ukuvuselela imboni yokudoba yase-US. Ngokuphawulekayo, iSigaba 6 sibeka izindlela ezintathu zokuvumela ukufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini: 

  1. etholakala ngaphakathi kwe-EEZ nangaphandle kwamanzi anoma yisiphi isiFundazwe noma indawo,
  2. zidinga ukubuyekezwa kwemvelo noma ukugunyazwa yizinhlaka ezimbili noma ngaphezulu (zomfelandawonye), kanye
  3. i-ejensi ebizoba i-ejensi eholayo inqume ukuthi izolungisa isitatimende somthelela kwezemvelo (EIS). 

Lezi zindlela zihloselwe ukukhuthaza imboni yezilwane zasolwandle eqhudelana kakhulu e-United States, ukubeka ukudla okuphephile nokunempilo ematafuleni aseMelika, futhi kube negalelo emnothweni waseMelika. Lo myalelo wesigungu futhi ubhekana nezinkinga zokudoba okungekho emthethweni, okungabikwanga, nokungalawulwa, futhi uthuthukisa ukubonakala.

I-FAO. 2017. Climate Smart Agriculture Sourcebook – Climate-Smart Fisheries and Aquaculture. eRoma.http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture-sourcebook/production-resources/module-b4-fisheries/b4-overview/en/

Inhlangano Yezokudla Nezolimo isungule incwadi yomthombo ukuze “icacise kabanzi ngomqondo wokulima okuhlakaniphile kwesimo sezulu” okuhlanganisa kokubili amandla ako kanye nemikhawulo yokubhekana nemiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Lo mthombo ungaba usizo kakhulu kubakhi benqubomgomo kuwo womabili amazinga kazwelonke nangaphansi kuzwelonke.

UMTHETHO KAZWELONKE WE-AQUACULTURE ACT OF 1980 Act of September 26, 1980, Public Law 96-362, 94 Stat. 1198, 16 USC 2801, nokunye. https://www.agriculture.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/National%20Aquaculture%20Act%20Of%201980.pdf

Izinqubomgomo eziningi zase-United States mayelana ne-Aquaculture zingalandelelwa emuva ku-National Aquaculture Act ka-1980. Lo mthetho wawudinga uMnyango Wezolimo, uMnyango Wezohwebo, uMnyango Wezangaphakathi, kanye Nemikhandlu Yokulawulwa Kwezinhlanzi Zesifunda ukuthi usungule iNational Aquaculture Development. Hlela. Umthetho ufuna uhlelo lokuhlonza izinhlobo zezilwane zasemanzini ezingase zisetshenziselwe ukuhweba, wabeka izinyathelo ezinconyiwe okufanele zithathwe yibo bobabili ababambe iqhaza abazimele nabakahulumeni ukukhuthaza ukufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini kanye nokucwaninga ngemiphumela yokufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini ezindaweni ezihlala emanzini kanye nezasolwandle. Iphinde yakha i-Interagency Working Group on Aquaculture njengesakhiwo sesikhungo sokuvumela ukusebenzelana phakathi kwama-ejensi kahulumeni wase-US emisebenzini ehlobene ne-aquaculture. Inguqulo entsha yohlelo, i I-National Strategic Plan for Federal Aquaculture Research (2014-2019), yasungulwa iKomidi LoMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wesayensi Nobuchwepheshe NgeQembu Elisebenzayo le-Science Interagency on Aquaculture.

7. Izinsiza Ezengeziwe

I-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration idale amaqiniso ambalwa agxile ezicini ezihlukahlukene ze-Aquaculture e-United States. Ama-Factsheets ahlobene naleli khasi Locwaningo afaka: Ukusebenzelana Kwezamanzi Nemvelo, I-Aquaculture Ihlinzeka Ngezinsizakalo Ezizuzisayo ze-Ecosystem, Ukumelana Nokumelana Nesimo Sezulu kanye Nezolimo Zasemanzini, Usizo Lwezinhlekelele Kwezokudoba, I-Marine Aquaculture e-US, Izingozi Ezingaba Khona Zokubaleka Kwezilwane Zasemanzini, Ukulawulwa Kwezilwane Zasolwandle, futhi Okuphakelayo Kwezilwane Zasemanzini Okuqhubekayo kanye Nokudla Kwezinhlanzi.

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