Ukukhetha Okungcono Kakhulu Ezinhlanzini-Ukudla Kwenhlalakahle Yethu Nokuphepha

Ngu-Mark J. Spalding, uMongameli we-The Ocean Foundation

[Isikebhe sokudoba e-Hong Kong Harbor (Isithombe: Mark J. Spalding)]

Ngesonto eledlule ngihambele iNgqungquthela ye-10 ye-Sustainable Seafood Summit e-Hong Kong. Engqungqutheleni yalo nyaka, amazwe angama-46 abemelwe, axube izimboni, ama-NGO, izifundiswa kanye nohulumeni. Futhi, kwakhuthaza ukubona ukuthi umhlangano uphinde wadayiswa futhi leyo mboni imatasa ngempela futhi igcwalisa izihlalo eziningi.

Izinto engizifunde eNgqungqutheleni nendlela ezithinta ngayo engikade ngicabanga ngakho ziningi. Kuhlale kukuhle ukufunda izinto ezintsha nokuzwa izikhulumi ezintsha. Ngakho-ke bekubuye kube wukuhlola okungokoqobo kweminye yemisebenzi ebesiyenza ehlobene ne-aquaculture esimeme - ukuqinisekiswa kanye nemibono emisha. 

Njengoba ngihlezi endizeni ohambweni lwamahora angu-15 ngibuyela e-US, ngisazama ukusonga ikhanda lami ezindabeni zengqungquthela, uhambo lwethu lwezinsuku ezine lokuyobheka esikoleni esidala kanye nezilwane zasemanzini zesimanjemanje ezwekazini laseChina. , futhi ngokungagwegwesi, umbono wami omfushane ngobukhulu nobunkimbinkimbi beShayina uqobo.

Inkulumo eyisihluthulelo kaDkt. Steve Hall we-World Fish Centre ikwenze kwacaca ukuthi kudingeka sikhathazeke ngeqhaza “lokudla kwezinhlanzi” (okusho amanzi anosawoti namanzi ahlanzekile), hhayi nje ukudla kwasolwandle, ekuqedeni ubumpofu nendlala. Ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala kokudla kwezinhlanzi okusimeme kuyithuluzi elinamandla lokwandisa ukuvikeleka kokudla kwabampofu, nokugcina uzinzo kwezombusazwe (lapho ukulethwa kwezidingo zehla nentengo yokudla ikhuphuka, kanjalo nokuphazamiseka komphakathi). Futhi, sidinga ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi sikhuluma ngokuvikeleka kokudla uma sikhuluma ngokudla kwezinhlanzi, hhayi nje isidingo esiqhutshwa yimakethe. Isidingo ngesesushi e-Los Angeles noma amaphiko oshaka e-Hong Kong. Isidingo siwumama ofuna ukuvimbela ukungondleki kanye nezinkinga ezihlobene nokukhula kwezingane zakhe.

Okubalulekile ukuthi ubukhulu bezinkinga bungase buzizwe bungaphezu kwamandla. Eqinisweni, ukubona ngeso lengqondo isikali saseChina kuphela kungaba nzima. Ngaphezu kuka-50% wezinhlanzi esizisebenzisayo emhlabeni wonke zivela emisebenzini ye-aquaculture. Kulokhu i-China ikhiqiza ingxenye yesithathu, ikakhulukazi ezosetshenziswa yona, kanti i-Asia ikhiqiza cishe ama-90%. Futhi, i-China idla ingxenye yesithathu yazo zonke izinhlanzi ezibanjiwe zasendle - futhi ithola izinhlanzi ezinjalo zasendle emhlabeni jikelele. Ngakho-ke, indima yaleli zwe elilodwa kukho kokubili ukuhlinzekwa kanye nesidingo sikhulu kunezinye izifunda eziningi zomhlaba. Futhi, ngenxa yokuthi liya ngokuya likhula emadolobheni futhi licebe, okulindelekile ukuthi lizoqhubeka nokubusa ohlangothini lwesidingo.

[U-Dawn Martin, uMongameli we-SeaWeb, ekhuluma ku-International Seafood Summit 2012 e-Hong Kong (Isithombe: Mark J. Spalding)]

Ngakho-ke ukubeka umongo lapha mayelana nokubaluleka kokufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini kuyasho. Njengamanje, kulinganiselwa ukuthi abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1 bathembele ezinhlanzini ukuze bathole amaprotheni. Ngaphezudlwana kwengxenye yalesi sidingo kuhlangatshezwana nayo ngokufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini. Ukukhula kwenani labantu, kuhlanganiswe nokuceba okwandayo ezindaweni ezinjenge-China kusho ukuthi singalindela ukwanda kwesidingo sezinhlanzi esikhathini esizayo. Futhi, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isidingo sezinhlanzi sikhula ngokukhula emadolobheni kanye nengcebo ngokwehlukana. Abacebile bafuna izinhlanzi, futhi abampofu basemadolobheni bathembele ezinhlanzini. Ngokuvamile izinhlobo ezifunwayo ziba nomthelela omubi ezinhlobonhlobo ezitholakala kwabampofu. Isibonelo, i-salmon, nokunye ukufuywa kwezinhlanzi ezidla inyama e-Canada, Norway, US, nakwezinye izindawo, kudla inani elikhulu lama-anchovies, ama-sardine, nezinye izinhlanzi ezincane (ndawana-thile phakathi kwamaphawundi angu-3 kuya kwangu-5 ezinhlanzi ngephawundi ngalinye lezinhlanzi ezikhiqizwayo) . Ukuphambukiswa kwalezi zinhlanzi endaweni yemakethe yendawo emadolobheni anjengeLima, ePeru kuphakamisa intengo yale mithombo yamaprotheni ekhwalithi ephezulu futhi ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ukutholakala kwazo kwabampofu basemadolobheni. Ingasaphathwa lezo zilwane zasolwandle ezithembele kulezo zinhlanzi ezincane ukuze zidle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, siyazi ukuthi izindawo eziningi zokudoba zasendle zidotshwa ngokweqile, aziphathwa ngendlela efanele, aziphoqelelwa ngamandla, futhi zizoqhubeka zilinyazwa yimiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye ne-acidification yolwandle. Ngakho, isidingo esandayo sezinhlanzi ngeke saneliswe ngokubulala izinhlanzi endle. Izokwaneliswa yizilwane zasemanzini.

Futhi, ngendlela, ukukhuphuka okusheshayo kwe-aquaculture "isabelo semakethe" sokusetshenziswa kwezinhlanzi akukakanciphisi umzamo wokudoba zasendle kulo lonke ibhodi. Okuningi kokufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini okufunwa yimakethe kuncike ekudleni kwezinhlanzi kanye namafutha ezinhlanzi ekudleni okuvela ezinhlanzini zasendle njengoba kuchazwe ngaphambili. Ngakho-ke, ngeke sisho ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwezilwane zasemanzini kususa ingcindezi yokudoba ngokweqile olwandle lwethu, kodwa kungenzeka uma kwanda ngezindlela esikudinga kakhulu: ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuvikeleka kokudla emhlabeni wonke. Futhi, sibuyela ekubhekeni ukuthi kwenzekani ngomdidiyeli ovelele, i-China. Inkinga eChina ukukhula kwesidingo sayo kuphezulu kakhulu kunesilinganiso somhlaba. Ngakho igebe elizayo kulelo zwe kuyoba nzima ukulivala.

Sekuyisikhathi eside manje, ake sithi iminyaka engu-4,000, iShayina ibilokhu iqhuba izifundo zokufuya izilwane zasemanzini; ikakhulukazi eduze nemifula emathafeni agcwele izikhukhula lapho ukufuywa kwezinhlanzi kwakuhlanganiswe nezitshalo zohlobo oluthile. Futhi, ngokuvamile, indawo ehlangene yayizuzisa izinhlanzi kanye nezitshalo. I-China iphokophele ekuthuthukisweni kwezimboni ze-aquaculture. Yebo, ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni ezinkulu kungase kusho i-carbon footprint engathandeki, kusukela endabeni yezokuthutha; noma kungase kube khona umnotho onenzuzo wesilinganiso ukuhlangabezana nesidingo.

[Umkhumbi odlulayo e-Hong Kong Harbor (Isithombe: Mark J. Spalding)]
 

Esikufundile engqungqutheleni, futhi sakubona ohambweni lokuya ezweni laseChina, ukuthi ziyanda izisombululo ezintsha enseleleni yokulinganisa kanye nokuhlangabezana nezidingo zamaphrotheni nezimakethe. Ohambweni lwethu lwasensimini sazibona zisetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi ezahlukahlukene. Ihlanganisa ukuthi imfuyo yayitholwa kanjani, ukwenziwa kokudla, ukuzalanisa, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kwezinhlanzi, amanethi amasha ezibayeni, kanye nezinhlelo ezivaliwe zokujikeleza kabusha. Okubalulekile ukuthi kufanele siqondanise izingxenye zale misebenzi ukuze siqinisekise ukusebenza kwazo kwangempela: Ukukhetha uhlobo olufanele, ubuchwepheshe besikali nendawo yemvelo; ukuhlonza izidingo zenhlalo yomphakathi namasiko endawo (kokubili ukuhlinzekwa kwabasebenzi), kanye nokuqinisekisa izinzuzo eziqhubekayo zezomnotho. Futhi, kufanele sibheke wonke umsebenzi - umthelela oqoqiwe wenqubo yokukhiqiza kusuka ku-brood stock kuye emkhiqizweni wemakethe, ukusuka kwezokuthutha ukuya emanzini nasekusetshenzisweni kwamandla.

I-SeaWeb, ebamba ingqungquthela yaminyaka yonke, ifunela umhlaba wonke “ukunikezwa okuhlala njalo, okuqhubekayo kokudla kwasolwandle. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, anginawo ama-quibbles ngalowo mqondo. Kodwa, sonke sidinga ukuqaphela ukuthi kuyosho ukwandisa ukufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini, kunokuthembela ezilwaneni zasendle ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zamaprotheni zenani labantu emhlabeni elandayo. Cishe kudingeka siqinisekise ukuthi sibeka eceleni ngokwanele izinhlanzi zasendle olwandle ukuze silondoloze ibhalansi ye-ecosystem, sihlinzekele izidingo zokuphila ezingeni le-artisan (ukuphepha kokudla), futhi mhlawumbe sivumele ukuthi uhlobo oluthile lwemakethe yokunethezeka yezinga elincane lungenakugwenywa. Ngoba, njengoba ngike ngaphawula kumabhulogi angaphambilini, ukuthatha noma isiphi isilwane sasendle esikalini sokuhweba ukuze sisetshenziswe umhlaba wonke akusimeme. Iyawa njalo. Ngenxa yalokhu, yonke into engaphansi kwemakethe kanokusho nangaphezulu kwesivuno sokuziphilisa sendawo izokhula ngokuya ngokufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini.

Ngokuqhubeka kwesimo sezulu kanye nemithelela yemvelo yokusetshenziswa kwamaprotheni avela emithonjeni yenyama, lokhu cishe kuyinto enhle. Izinhlanzi ezifuywe epulazini, nakuba zingaphelele, zenza kangcono kunenkukhu nengulube, futhi zingcono kakhulu kunenyama yenkomo. “Okuhle kakhulu” emkhakheni wezinhlanzi ezifuywayo kungenzeka kuhole yonke imikhakha yamaprotheni enyama enkulu kumamethrikhi wokusebenza kokusimama. Yebo, cishe akushiwo ukuthi njengoba uHelene York (wakwaBon Apetit) asho enkulumweni yakhe ukuthi iplanethi yethu encane nayo iba ngcono uma sidla amaprotheni enyama amancane ekudleni kwethu (okungukuthi ukubuyela enkathini lapho amaprotheni enyama ayewubukhazikhazi. ).

Inkinga iwukuthi, ngokusho kukachwepheshe we-FAO wezolimo zasemanzini, u-Rohana Subasinghe, umkhakha wezokufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini awukhuli ngokushesha ngokwanele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezilindelekile. Ilokhu ikhula ngezinga lika-4% ngonyaka, kodwa ukukhula kwayo bekuhamba kancane eminyakeni yamuva. Ubona isidingo sezinga lokukhula elingu-6%, ikakhulukazi e-Asia lapho isidingo sikhula ngokushesha, kanye ne-Afrika lapho ukusimamisa ukutholakala kokudla kwendawo kubalulekile ekukhuliseni uzinzo lwesifunda kanye nokukhula komnotho.

Ngasohlangothini lwami, ngingathanda ukubona intuthuko entsha ekuzibambeleni, okulawulwa yikhwalithi yamanzi, izinhlelo zezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo ezehlukene ezisatshalaliswa ukuze kuhlinzekwe imisebenzi futhi kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zamaprotheni ezindaweni zasemadolobheni lapho imisebenzi enjalo ingalungiselelwa kahle imakethe yendawo. Futhi, ngingathanda ukukhuthaza ukuvikeleka okwengeziwe kwezilwane zasendle zasolwandle ukuze kunikeze uhlelo isikhathi sokululama ekudlwengulweni ngabantu.

Olwandle,
Mark