Inhlanzi Esenhliziyweni Yohlelo Lokudla

Lesi sihloko savela okokuqala ku-Limn futhi sabhalwa ngu-Alison Fairbrother noDavid Schleifer.

Awukaze uyibone i-menhaden, kodwa uke wayidla. Nakuba kungekho muntu ohlala phansi adle ipuleti lalezi zinhlanzi ezinombala osiliva, onamehlo ezinambuzane, nobude bezinyawo endaweni yokudlela yokudla kwasolwandle, i-menhaden inqamula uchungechunge lokudla kwabantu ikakhulukazi engabonakali emizimbeni yezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, kufihlwe ku-salmon, ingulube, u-anyanisi no-anyanisi. okunye ukudla okuningi.

Izigidi zamaphawundi e-menhaden zidotshwa olwandle i-Atlantic Ocean naseGulf of Mexico inkampani eyodwa ezinze e-Houston, eTexas, enegama elizwakala kahle elithi: Omega Protein. Inzuzo yale nkampani itholakala kakhulu ohlelweni olubizwa ngokuthi “ukunciphisa,” okubandakanya ukupheka, ukugaya, nokuhlukanisa ngamakhemikhali amafutha e-menhaden kumaprotheni nama-micronutrients awo. Lezi zingxenye ziba okokufaka kwamakhemikhali ezolimo zasemanzini, imfuyo yezimboni, kanye nokutshalwa kwemifino. Ukudla okunothe ngamafutha namaprotheni kuba ukudla kwezilwane. Ama-micronutrients aphenduka umanyolo wezitshalo.

Isebenza kanje: kusukela ngoMbasa kuya kuZibandlela, idolobhana elingasogwini laseReedville, eVirginia, lithumela inqwaba yabadobi eChesapeake Bay kanye noLwandle i-Atlantic ngemikhumbi eyisishiyagalolunye ye-Omega Protein. Abashayeli bezindiza be-spotter ezindizeni ezincane bandiza phezulu, befuna i-menhaden evela phezulu, ebonakala ngethunzi elibomvu abalishiya emanzini njengoba bepakisha ndawonye ezikoleni ezimpintshana zamashumi ezinkulungwane zezinhlanzi.

Lapho i-menhaden ikhonjwa, i-spotter ishayela umsakazo emkhunjini oseduze futhi iwuqondise esikoleni. Abadobi be-Omega Protein bathumela izikebhe ezimbili ezincane, ezibamba isikole ngelethi elikhulu elibizwa ngokuthi i-purse seine. Lapho izinhlanzi zivalekile, inetha le-purse seine liboshelwa ngokuqinile njengentambo. Iphampu ye-vacuum ye-hydraulic ibe isimunca i-menhaden enetheni ingene endaweni yokugcina umkhumbi. Emuva embonini, ukuncishiswa kuyaqala. Inqubo efanayo yenzeka eGulf of Mexico, lapho i-Omega Protein inezimboni ezintathu zokunciphisa umzimba.

Kudotshwa ama-menhaden amaningi ukwedlula noma yiziphi ezinye izinhlanzi ezwekazini lase-United States ngomthamo. Kuze kube muva nje, lokhu kusebenza okukhulu kanye nemikhiqizo yakho bekungalawulwa nhlobo, naphezu komthelela omkhulu wemvelo. Inani labantu base-menhaden lehle cishe ngamaphesenti angama-90 kusukela ngesikhathi abantu beqala ukuvuna i-menhaden emanzini asogwini lwase-Atlantic kanye nase-estuarine.

I-Omega Protein yayingeyena owokuqala ukubona ukubaluleka kwe-menhaden. I-etymology ye-menhaden ikhombisa indawo yayo ende ekukhiqizeni ukudla. Igama layo lisuselwa egameni lesiNarragansett elithi munnawhatteaûg, elisho ukuthi “lokho okucebisa izwe.” Ucwaningo lwemivubukulo eCape Cod lubonisa ukuthi aboMdabu baseMelika bangcwaba izinhlanzi okukholakala ukuthi ziyi-menhaden emasimini abo ommbila (Mrozowski 1994: 47-62). I-akhawunti kaWilliam Bradford kanye no-Edward Winslow yango-1622 yamaPilgrim ePlymouth, Massachusetts, ichaza abahlali bamakoloni bezalela amapulazi abo ngezinhlanzi “ngokwendlela yamaNdiya” (uBradford noWinslow 1622).

Osomabhizinisi ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili baqala ukwakha izikhungo ezincane zokunciphisa i-menhaden ibe uwoyela nokudla ukuze kusetshenziswe emikhiqizweni yezimboni nezolimo. Maphakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili, ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amabili zalezi zakhiwo zazigcwele ugu olusempumalanga ye-United States kanye neGulf of Mexico. Ingxenye enkulu yaleyo minyaka, abadobi babebamba amanetha ababewadonsa ngesandla. Kodwa kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1950s, amaphampu e-hydraulic vacuum akwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukumunca izigidi zama-menhaden emanethini amakhulu angene emikhunjini yamathangi emikhulu. Eminyakeni engu-60 edlule, amakhilogremu ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-47 e-menhaden aye avunwa e-Atlantic.

Njengoba izinhlanzi ezidotshwa i-menhaden zanda, amafekthri amancane nemikhumbi yokudoba aphelelwa ibhizinisi. Ngo-2006, yinkampani eyodwa kuphela eyasala imile. I-Omega Protein, enekomkhulu eTexas, ibamba phakathi kwekota nengxenye yebhiliyoni yamaphawundi e-menhaden unyaka ngamunye e-Atlantic, futhi icishe iphindwe kabili lelo nani eGulf of Mexico.

Ngenxa yokuthi i-Omega Protein ibusa imboni, imibiko yayo yaminyaka yonke yabatshalizimali yenza kube nokwenzeka ukulandelela i-menhaden ngochungechunge lokudla komhlaba wonke kusuka endaweni yayo yokunciphisa e-Reedville, eVirginia, kanye nezimboni ezimbalwa eLouisiana naseMississippi.

Ngokuvumelana nokusetshenziswa kwaboMdabu baseMelika, i-menhaden micronutrients—ikakhulukazi i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, ne-potassium—isetshenziselwa ukwenza umanyolo. E-United States, umanyolo osuselwa ku-menhaden usetshenziselwa ukutshala u-anyanisi eTexas, amajikijolo aluhlaza eGeorgia, namaroses eTennessee, phakathi kwezinye izitshalo.

Ingxenye encane yamafutha isetshenziselwa ukwenza izithasiselo zokudla okunomsoco womuntu, okungukuthi amaphilisi kawoyela wezinhlanzi aqukethe i-omega-3 fatty acids, okuye kwahlotshaniswa nokuncipha kwezinye izici eziyingozi zesifo senhliziyo. I-Omega-3s itholakala ngokwemvelo kwezinye imifino eluhlaza namantongomane. Futhi ziku-algae, i-menhaden edla ngobuningi. Ngenxa yalokho, i-menhaden kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezithembele ku-menhaden ukuze zidle zigcwele i-omega-3s.

Ngo-2004, i-US Food and Drug Administration yavumela abakhiqizi ukuthi benze izimangalo kumaphakheji okudla axhumanisa ukusetshenziswa kokudla okuqukethe i-omega-3s engozini encishisiwe yesifo senhliziyo. Ukuthi ingabe ukuphuza amaphilisi kawoyela wezinhlanzi i-omega-3 kunezinzuzo ezifanayo nokudla ukudla okuqukethe i-omega-3s kusalokhu kuyimpikiswano (Allport 2006; Kris-Etherton et al. 2002; Rizos et al. 2012). Noma kunjalo, ukuthengiswa kwamaphilisi kawoyela wezinhlanzi kukhule kusuka ku-$100 million ngo-2001 kuya ku-$1.1 billion ngo-2011 (Frost & Sullivan Research Service 2008; Herper 2009; Packaged Facts 2011). Imakethe yezithako ze-omega-3 kanye nokudla neziphuzo eziqiniswe nge-omega-3s yayingamaRandi ayizigidi eziyi-195 ngo-2004. Ngo-2011, yayilinganiselwa ku-$13 billion.

Ku-Omega Protein, imali yangempela ikumaprotheni namafutha e-menhaden, asebe yizithako zokudla kwezilwane emisebenzini yokulima yasemanzini yezimboni, izingulube, nezinkomo e-United States naphesheya. Le nkampani isesimweni esihle sokuqhubeka nokwandisa ukuthengiswa kwe-menhaden emhlabeni jikelele. Ngenkathi ukunikezwa komhlaba wonke kwakho kokubili amafutha namaprotheni bekuphansi kusukela ngo-2004, isidingo sikhule kakhulu. Imali engenayo ye-Omega Protein ngethani iphindeke ngaphezu kokuphindwe kathathu kusukela ngo-2000. Isamba semali engenayo sasingu-$236 wezigidi ngo-2012, isamba semali engamaphesenti angu-17.8.

Isisekelo samakhasimende “se-blue chip” ye-Omega Protein sokuphakelwa kwezilwane nezithasiselo zabantu sihlanganisa i-Whole Foods, i-Nestlé Purina, i-Iams, i-Land O'Lakes, i-ADM, i-Swanson Health Products, i-Cargill, i-Del Monte, i-Science Diet, i-Smart Balance, ne-Vitamin Shoppe. Kodwa izinkampani ezithenga i-menhaden meal namafutha ku-Omega Protein azidingeki ukuthi zibhale ukuthi imikhiqizo yazo inazo yini izinhlanzi, okwenza abathengi bangakwazi ukuhlonza ukuthi bayayidla yini i-menhaden. Kodwa-ke, uma kubhekwa umthamo wemboni yokudoba kanye nezinga lokusatshalaliswa kwe-Omega Protein, uma udle i-salmon ekhuliswe epulazini noma wenza ubhekeni wesitolo esikhulu, cishe udle izilwane ezifuywe okungenani ingxenye ku-menhaden. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi uke waphakela izilwane ezikhuliswe nge-menhaden ezifuyweni zakho, ugwinye i-menhaden kumaphilisi ejeli atuswe udokotela wakho wenhliziyo, noma wawafafaza engadini yakho yemifino engemuva kwendlu.

“Sesishintshe inkampani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lapho ungavuka khona ekuseni, ube ne-Omega-3 (fish oil) ukuze uqale usuku lwakho, ungakwazi ukunqanda ukulamba kwakho phakathi kokudla nge-protein shake, futhi ungahlala. phansi esidlweni sakusihlwa nocezu lwe-salmon, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi, omunye wemikhiqizo yethu wasetshenziswa ukusiza ukukhulisa leyo salmon,” kusho isikhulu se-Omega Protein uBrett Scholtes engxoxweni yakamuva ne-Houston Business Journal (Ryan 2013).

Kungani kunendaba ukuthi le nhlanzi encane isetshenziselwa ukukhuthaza isidingo esikhulayo somhlaba wonke samaprotheni ezilwane njengoba imali engenayo yomhlaba wonke ikhuphuka kanye nokudla kushintsha (WHO 2013: 5)? Ngenxa yokuthi i-menhaden ayibalulekile nje kuphela ekunikezeni ukudla komuntu, futhi ayizikhonkwane zochungechunge lokudla lwasolwandle.

I-Menhaden izalela olwandle, kodwa iningi lezinhlanzi liya e-Chesapeake Bay ukuze likhule emanzini anosawoti olwandle olukhulu kunazo zonke ezweni. Ngokomlando, i-Chesapeake Bay yayisekela inqwaba yabantu be-menhaden: inganekwane ithi uKaputeni uJohn Smith wabona amadoda amaningi kangaka egcwele eChesapeake Bay lapho efika ngo-1607 kangangokuthi angababamba ngepani lokuthosa.

Kule ndawo yasenkulisa, i-menhaden ikhula futhi iphumelele ezikoleni ezinkulu ngaphambi kokufuduka yehla yenyuka ogwini lwase-Atlantic. Lezi zikole ze-menhaden zihlinzeka ngokudla okubalulekile, okunomsoco kwenqwaba yezilwane ezidla ezinye ezibalulekile, njenge-bass enemigqa, i- weakfish, i-bluefish, i-spiny dogfish, amahlengethwa, imikhomo, i-humpback whale, i-harbor seal, i-osprey, ama-loon, nokuningi.

Ngo-2009, ososayensi bezokudoba babike ukuthi inani labantu base-Atlantic menhaden liye lehla laba ngaphansi kwamaphesenti ayishumi osayizi walo wokuqala. Ososayensi bezimboni baphikisa ngokuthi izinhlanzi ezincane ezizingelayo njenge-menhaden, ama-sardine, ne-herring zizala ngokushesha ngokwanele ukuze zithathe indawo yalezo ezikhishwa ochungechungeni lokudla olwandle ngokudobela inzuzo. Kodwa izazi zemvelo eziningi, ososayensi bakahulumeni kanye nezifundiswa, kanye nezakhamuzi zasogwini ziphikisa ngokuthi ukudoba i-menhaden kuthunaza imvelo, okushiya ama-menhaden ambalwa kakhulu emanzini ukuba aphendule ngesidingo sezilwane ezizingelayo.

I-bass enemigqa kudala ingenye yezilwane ezimbi kakhulu ezidla i-menhaden oGwini olusempumalanga. Namuhla, ama-bass amaningi anemigqa e-Chesapeake Bay aphethwe i-mycobacteriosis, isifo esidala isilonda esingandile esihlobene nokungondleki.

I-Osprey, enye i-menhaden predator, ayizange iphumelele kangcono kakhulu. Ngawo-1980, ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-70 okudla kwe-osprey kwakuyi-menhaden. Ngo-2006, lelo nani lase lehle lafinyelela kumaphesenti angama-27, futhi ukusinda kwezilwane ezifuywayo eVirginia kwase kwehle kwafinyelela emazingeni aphansi kakhulu kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1940, lapho isibulala-zinambuzane i-DDT yethulwa endaweni, okwaqeda ama-osprey abasha. Futhi maphakathi nawo-2000, abacwaningi baqala ukuthola ukuthi i- weakfish, inhlanzi ebalulekile kwezomnotho edla inyama e-Atlantic Ocean, yayifa ngamanani aphezulu. Ngaphandle kwesitokwe esinempilo, esichichimayo se-menhaden okwakungadlulwa kuso, ama-bass anemigqa ayedla izinhlanzi ezincane ezibuthakathaka futhi anciphisa kakhulu inani labantu.

Ngo-2012, ithimba lochwepheshe basolwandle elaziwa ngokuthi i-Lenfest Forage Fish Task Force lalinganisela ukuthi inani lokushiya izinhlanzi ezidla imifino olwandle njengomthombo wokudla wezilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane lalingamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-11: okuphindwe kabili kunamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-5.6 okukhiqizwa ngokususa izinhlobo ezinjenge-menhaden. kusuka olwandle bese uwacindezela kuma-pellets okudla kwezinhlanzi (Pikitch et al, 2012).

Ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka okukhuthaza izinhlangano zezemvelo, ngoZibandlela wezi-2012, i-ejensi elawulayo ebizwa ngokuthi i-Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission yasebenzisa umthetho wokuqala ngqa ogwini lonke wemboni yokudoba i-menhaden. IKhomishana yehlise isivuno se-menhaden ngamaphesenti angama-20 emazingeni angaphambilini ngomzamo wokuvikela inani labantu ekuqhubekeni nokuncipha. Lo mthethonqubo wasetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokudoba sika-2013; ukuthi ngabe kuthinte isibalo sabantu be-menhaden kuwumbuzo ososayensi bakahulumeni abazama ukuwuphendula.

Khonamanjalo, imikhiqizo ye-menhaden isabalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwezinhlanzi nenyama emhlabeni wonke. Uhlelo lokudla kwezimboni luncike ekukhipheni imisoco emizimbeni yezilwane zasendle. Sidla i-menhaden ngendlela yengulube yengulube, isifuba senkukhu, ne-tilapia. Futhi ngokwenza kanjalo, imikhuba yethu yokudla iholela ekufeni kwezinyoni nezinhlanzi ezidla ezinye ezingalokothi zidlule ezindebeni zethu.
U-Alison Fairbrother ungumqondisi omkhulu we-Public Trust Project, inhlangano engenzi nzuzo, engenzi nzuzo ephenya futhi ibike ngokuhlanekezela amaqiniso kwesayensi yizinkampani, uhulumeni, nabezindaba.

UDavid Schleifer ucwaninga futhi abhale ngokudla, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, ubuchwepheshe kanye nemfundo. Uphinde abe nguzakwethu omkhulu wocwaningo ku-Public Agenda, inhlangano engenzi nzuzo, ucwaningo olungenzi nzuzo kanye nenhlangano yokuzibandakanya. Imibono evezwe lapha akuyona neze eye-Public Agenda noma abaxhasi bayo ngezimali. 

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