Izwekazi Elimhlophe Elintekenteke

UClaire Christian uyiBamba likaMqondisi Ophethe we- I-Antarctic ne-Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC), omakhelwane bethu basehhovisi abanobungane lapha e-DC nangaphandle olwandle olwandle.

NgoMeyi odlule, ngihambele umhlangano wama-39 we-Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM), umhlangano waminyaka yonke wamazwe asayine Isivumelwano se-Antarctic ukwenza izinqumo mayelana nokuthi i-Antarctica ibuswa kanjani. Kulabo abangabambi iqhaza kuyo, imihlangano yezikhulu zamazwe ngamazwe ngokuvamile ibonakala ihamba kancane ngendlela emangalisayo. Kumane kuthathe isikhathi ukuthi amazwe amaningi avumelane ngendlela yokusingatha udaba. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi, i-ATCM yenze izinqumo ezisheshayo nezinesibindi, futhi kulo nyaka bekuyiyona Isikhumbuzo se-25th kokunye okuzuzile okukhulu kwekhulu lama-20 kwezemvelo yomhlaba wonke - isinqumo sokuvala izimayini e-Antarctica.

Yize bekugujwa ukuvinjelwa kusukela kwavunyelwana ngakho ngo-1991, abaningi bazwakalise ukungabaza ukuthi kungase kuqhubeke. Ngokunokwenzeka, ukuxhashazwa kwabantu kuzophumelela ekugcineni futhi kungaba nzima kakhulu ukunganaki amathuba amasha omnotho. Kodwa ku-ATCM yalo nyaka, amazwe angu-29 athatha izinqumo ayingxenye yeSivumelwano sase-Antarctica (esibizwa ngokuthi i-Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties noma i-ATCPs) avumelane ngazwi linye esinqumweni esisho “ukuzinikela kwawo okuqinile ekugcineni nokuqhubeka nokusebenzisa…njengendaba ephakeme kakhulu. okubalulekile” ukuvinjelwa kwemisebenzi yezimayini e-Antarctic, okuyingxenye yeProtocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (ebuye ibizwe ngokuthi i-Madrid Protocol). Nakuba ukuqinisa ukwesekwa kokuvinjelwa okukhona kungase kungabonakali njengempumelelo, ngikholwa ukuthi kuwubufakazi obuqinile bamandla okuzinikela kwama-ATCPs ekugcineni i-Antarctica njengendawo evamile yaso sonke isintu.

Nakuba ukuqinisa ukwesekwa kokuvinjelwa okukhona kungase kungabonakali njengempumelelo, ngikholwa ukuthi kuwubufakazi obuqinile bamandla okuzinikela kwama-ATCPs ekugcineni i-Antarctica njengendawo evamile yaso sonke isintu. 

Umlando wokuthi ukuvinjelwa kwezimayini kwaba khona kanjani uyamangaza. Ama-ATCP achitha iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi exoxisana ngemibandela yokulawulwa kwezimayini, engathatha uhlobo lwesivumelwano esisha, i-Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities (CRAMRA). Lezi zingxoxo zenze umphakathi wezemvelo ukuthi uhlele i-Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC) ukuthi iphikisane ngokusungulwa kwe-World Park Antarctica, lapho izimayini zizovinjelwa. Noma kunjalo, i-ASOC ilandele izingxoxo ze-CRAMRA eduze. Bona, kanye namanye ama-ATCP, bebengakusekeli ukumbiwa kwezimayini kodwa bafuna ukwenza imithethonqubo iqine ngangokunokwenzeka.

Lapho ekugcineni izingxoxo ze-CRAMRA ziphetha, okwakusele nje ukuthi i-ATCPs iyisayine. Wonke umuntu kwakumele asayine ukuze isivumelwano siqale ukusebenza. Ezinguqukweni ezimangazayo, i-Australia neFrance, bobabili asebesebenze iminyaka ku-CRAMRA, bamemezele ukuthi ngeke basayine ngoba ngisho nezimayini ezilawulwa kahle zibeka engcupheni enkulu e-Antarctica. Ngemva konyaka owodwa, lawo ma-ATCP afanayo axoxisana nge-Environmental Protocol esikhundleni salokho. I-Protocol ayivalanga nje kuphela ukumba izimayini kodwa yabeka imithetho yemisebenzi engakhiqizi kanye nenqubo yokuqokwa kwezindawo ezivikelwe ngokukhethekile. Ingxenye Yephrothokholi ichaza inqubo yokubuyekezwa kwesivumelwano eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu kusukela siqala ukusebenza (2048) uma iceliwe yizwe Eliyingxenye YeSivumelwano, kanye nochungechunge lwezinyathelo ezithile zokususa ukuvinjelwa kwezimayini, okuhlanganisa nokugunyazwa komthetho obophayo ukuze ulawule imisebenzi yokumba.

Ngeke kube okungalungile ukusho ukuthi iProtocol iguqule i-Antarctic Treaty System. 

Ngeke kube okungalungile ukusho ukuthi iProtocol iguqule i-Antarctic Treaty System. Amaqembu aqala ukugxila ekuvikelweni kwemvelo ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu kunangaphambili. Iziteshi zocwaningo zase-Antarctic zaqala ukuhlola ukusebenza kwazo ukuze zithuthukise umthelela wazo kwezemvelo, ikakhulukazi maqondana nokulahlwa kukadoti. I-ATCM idale iKomidi Lokuvikelwa Kwemvelo (CEP) ukuze liqinisekise ukuqaliswa kweProtocol kanye nokubuyekeza ukuhlolwa komthelela kwezemvelo (EIA) ukuze kwenziwe imisebenzi emisha ehlongozwayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, Uhlelo Lwesivumelwano lukhulile, lwengeza ama-ATCP amasha njenge-Czech Republic ne-Ukraine. Namuhla, amazwe amaningi aziqhenya ngokufanelekile ngokuphatha kwawo indawo ezungezile yase-Antarctic kanye nesinqumo sawo sokuvikela leli zwekazi.

Naphezu kwaleli rekhodi eliqinile, kusenezinkulumo kwabezindaba zokuthi ama-ATCP amaningi alindele nje ukuthi iwashi liphele ngesikhathi sokubuyekeza i-Protocol ukuze akwazi ukufinyelela kumcebo okuthiwa ngaphansi kweqhwa. Abanye baze bamemezele ukuthi i-1959 Antarctic Treaty noma i-Protocol "iphelelwa yisikhathi" ngo-2048, isitatimende esingalungile ngokuphelele. Isixazululo salo nyaka sisiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-ATCP ayaqonda ukuthi ubungozi bezwekazi elimhlophe elintekenteke bukhulu kakhulu ukuthi bungakwazi ukuvumela ngisho nezimayini ezilawulwa kakhulu. Isimo esiyingqayizivele se-Antarctica njengezwekazi elinokuthula nesayensi kuphela sibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni kunengcebo yayo yezimbiwa ezingaba khona. Kulula ukungabaza mayelana nezisusa zezwe futhi ucabange ukuthi amazwe azenzela nje izithakazelo zawo eziwumngcingo. I-Antarctica iyisibonelo sendlela izizwe ezingabumbana ngayo ezithakazelweni ezifanayo zomhlaba.

I-Antarctica iyisibonelo sendlela izizwe ezingabumbana ngayo ezithakazelweni ezifanayo zomhlaba.

Noma kunjalo, kulo nyaka wesikhumbuzo, kubalulekile ukugubha impumelelo futhi ukubheka esikhathini esizayo. Ukuvinjelwa kwezimayini kukodwa ngeke kuyigcine i-Antarctica. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kusongela ukuthunaza amaqhwa amakhulu ezwekazi, kuguqule izimiso zemvelo zasendaweni nezasemhlabeni wonke ngokufanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababambiqhaza Kumhlangano Wokubonisana Wesivumelwano Se-Antarctic bangathatha ithuba elikhulu lezinhlinzeko zeProtocol ukuthuthukisa ukuvikelwa kwemvelo. Ikakhulukazi bangakwazi futhi kufanele baqoke inethiwekhi ebanzi yezindawo ezivikelwe ezovikela izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo futhi isize ukubhekana neminye yemiphumela yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ezinsizeni zesifunda. Ososayensi bachaze izindawo zamanje ezivikelekile ze-Antarctic njenge “anele, akameleli, futhi usengozini” (1), okusho ukuthi abahambeli kude ngokwanele ekusekeleni lokho okuyizwekazi lethu eliyingqayizivele.

Njengoba sigubha iminyaka engu-25 yokuthula, isayensi, nogwadule olungonakalisiwe e-Antarctica, ngithemba ukuthi Uhlelo Lwesivumelwano Se-Antarctic kanye nomhlaba wonke luzothatha isinyathelo ukuze kuqinisekiswe enye ikota yekhulunyaka yokuzinza kanye nezinhlelo zemvelo ezichumayo ezwenikazi lethu elisenyakatho.