Okwedlule Kukhuluma Ngekusasa: I-Aquaculture Yasendulo Esimeme

Ngu: Mark J. Spalding, Kathryn Peyton no-Ashley Milton

Le bhulogi ekuqaleni yavela ku-National Geographic's I-Ocean Views

Amagama afana nokuthi "izifundo zesikhathi esedlule" noma "ukufunda emlandweni wasendulo" afaneleka ukwenza amehlo ethu agqame, futhi sikhanyisa izinkumbulo zamakilasi omlando ayisicefe noma ukudlala idokhumentari ye-TV. Kodwa endabeni ye-aquaculture, ulwazi oluncane lomlando lungajabulisa futhi lukhanyisele.

Ukufuywa kwezinhlanzi akukusha; sekuye kwenziwa amakhulu eminyaka emasikweni amaningi. Imiphakathi yasendulo yamaShayina yayifunza indle ye-silkworm nama-nymphs nge-carp ekhuliswe emachibini asemapulazini emibungu kasilika, abaseGibhithe babefuya i-tilapia njengengxenye yobuchwepheshe babo bokunisela ngenkasa obuyinkimbinkimbi, kanti abantu baseHawaii babekwazi ukufuya inqwaba yezinhlobo zezilwane ezinjenge-milkfish, mullet, prawns, nenkalankala. Abavubukuli nabo bathole ubufakazi bezilwane zasemanzini emphakathini wamaMayan kanye namasiko emiphakathi ethile yaseNyakatho Melika.

Umklomelo wamarekhodi amadala ngokufuywa kwezinhlanzi uya kuwo China, lapho esazi khona ukuthi kwakwenzeka kusukela ngo-3500 BCE, futhi ngo-1400 BCE singathola amarekhodi okumangalelwa ngamasela ezinhlanzi. Ngo-475 BCE, usomabhizinisi wezinhlanzi ozifundisayo (kanye nomphathi kahulumeni) ogama lakhe linguFan-Li wabhala incwadi yokuqala eyaziwayo ngokufuywa kwezinhlanzi, okuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa ukwakhiwa kwamachibi, ukukhethwa kwe-broodstock nokugcinwa kwechibi. Uma kubhekwa ulwazi lwabo olude nge-aquaculture, akumangazi ukuthi i-China isaqhubeka nokuba, kuze kube manje, umkhiqizi omkhulu wemikhiqizo yasemanzini.

EYurophu, amaRoma aphakeme ayetshala izinhlanzi emasimini awo amakhulu, ukuze aqhubeke ejabulela ukudla okucebile nokuhlukahlukene lapho engekho eRoma. Izinhlanzi ezinjenge-mullet ne-trout zazigcinwa emachibini abizwa ngokuthi "isitshulu." Umqondo wechibi lesitshulu waqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngeNkathi Ephakathi eYurophu, ikakhulukazi njengengxenye yamasiko acebile ezolimo ezindlini zezindela, futhi eminyakeni eyalandela, emigwaqweni yezinqaba. I-monastic aquaculture yaklanywa, okungenani ngokwengxenye, ukuze kwenezele ukwehla kwezitokwe zezinhlanzi zasendle, itimu yomlando esazisa kakhulu namuhla, njengoba sibhekene nemiphumela yokuncipha kwezinhlanzi zasendle emhlabeni jikelele.

Imiphakathi ivame ukusebenzisa i-aquaculture ukuze ivumelane nenani labantu elikhulayo, isimo sezulu esishintshayo kanye nokusabalalisa kwamasiko, ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi neziqhubekayo. Izibonelo ezingokomlando zingasikhuthaza ukuthi sikhuthaze ukufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini okusimeme imvelo futhi okungakukhuthazi ukusetshenziswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane kanye nokucekelwa phansi kolwandle lwasendle.

Ngokwesibonelo, taro fishponds ezindaweni eziphakeme zaseHawaii zazisetshenziselwa ukutshala izinhlanzi eziningi ezikwazi ukumelana nosawoti namanzi ahlanzekile, njenge-mullet, i-silver perch, ama-gobies aseHawaii, ama-prawns kanye nolwelwe oluluhlaza. Amachibi ayephakelwa imifudlana egelezayo evela ekuniseleni kanye nezizalo zemifula ezenziwe ngezandla ezixhunywe olwandle oluseduze. Zazikhiqiza kakhulu, ngenxa yemithombo yamanzi egcwalisayo kanye nezindunduma zezitshalo ze-taro ezitshalwe ngesandla emaphethelweni, ezaziheha izinambuzane ukuze zidle izinhlanzi.

Abantu baseHawaii baphinde benza izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zokulima emanzini ane-brackish-water kanye namachibi amanzi olwandle ukuze bafuye izinhlanzi zasolwandle. Amachibi amanzi olwandle adalwa ukwakhiwa kodonga lolwandle, ngokuvamile olwakhiwe ngamatshe amakhorali noma odaka lwentaba-mlilo. Ulwelwe lwama-coralline oluqoqwe olwandle lwasetshenziselwa ukuqinisa izindonga, njengoba lusebenza njengosimende wemvelo. Amachibi amanzi olwandle aqukethe yonke i-biota yendawo yokuqala yezixhobo futhi asekela izinhlobo ezingu-22. Imisele emisha eyakhiwe ngokhuni ne-fern grates yayivumela amanzi avela olwandle, kanye nezinhlanzi ezincane kakhulu, ukuba zidlule odongeni lomsele ziye echibini. Ama-grate azovimbela izinhlanzi ezivuthiwe ukuba zingabuyeli olwandle kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo zivumela izinhlanzi ezincane ukuba zingene ohlelweni. Izinhlanzi zazivunwa ezitsheni ngesandla noma ngamanetha entwasahlobo, lapho zazizama ukubuyela olwandle ukuze ziyozalela. Ama-grate avumela amachibi ukuthi aphinde agcwaliswe ngezinhlanzi ezivela olwandle futhi ahlanzwe indle nemfucuza kusetshenziswa imisinga yamanzi emvelo, ngokubandakanyeka okuncane kakhulu komuntu.

AbaseGibhithe lasendulo bakha a indlela yokubuyisela umhlaba cishe ngonyaka wezi-2000 BCE esakhiqiza kakhulu, ibuyisa ngaphezu kwamahekitha angama-50,000 wenhlabathi enosawoti futhi yondla imindeni engaphezu kuka-10,000. Phakathi nentwasahlobo, amachibi amakhulu akhiwa enhlabathini enosawoti futhi ambozwe ngamanzi ahlanzekile amasonto amabili. Amanzi abe esekhishwa futhi izikhukhula ziyaphindwa. Ngemva kokulahlwa kwesikhukhula sesibili, amachibi agcwaliswa ngamanzi angama-30cm futhi agcwele iminwe ye-mullet ebanjwe olwandle. Abafuyi bezinhlanzi balawula usawoti omningi ngokufaka amanzi isizini yonke futhi asikho isidingo somanyolo. Izinhlanzi ezingaba ngu-300-500kg/ha/ngonyaka zivunwa kusukela ngoDisemba kuya ku-April. Ukusabalalisa kwenzeka lapho amanzi amile anosawoti omncane anosawoti aphoqa ukuthi amanzi angaphansi anosawoti aphezulu ehle. Unyaka ngamunye ngemva kokuvuna kwentwasahlobo inhlabathi ihlolwa ngokufaka igatsha likagamthilini enhlabathini yechibi. Uma igatsha lifa umhlaba uphinda usetshenziselwe ukufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini esinye isizini; uma igatsha lisinda abalimi bayazi ukuthi inhlabathi isibuyisiwe futhi isilungele ukusekela izitshalo. Le ndlela yokulima emanzini ibuyisela inhlabathi esikhathini seminyaka emithathu kuya kwemine, uma kuqhathaniswa nenkathi yeminyaka eyi-10 edingwa ezinye izindlela ezisetshenziswa esifundeni.

Ezinye zezilwane zasemanzini zasendulo eShayina naseThailand zasebenzisa lokhu osekubizwa ngakho manje i-multi-trophic aquaculture edidiyelwe (IMTA). Izinhlelo ze-IMTA zivumela ukudla okungadliwa kanye nemikhiqizo emoshayo yohlobo olufiselekayo, oluthengiswayo, njengemfanzi noma i-finfish, ukuthi iphinde ithathwe futhi iguqulwe ibe umanyolo, ukudla kanye namandla ezitshalweni ezifuywayo nezinye izilwane zasemapulazini. Izinhlelo ze-IMTA azigcini nje ngokuphumelela ngokwezomnotho; baphinde banciphise ezinye zezici ezinzima kakhulu zezilwane zasemanzini, ezifana nemfucuza, ukulimala kwemvelo kanye nokuminyana.

E-China naseThailand yasendulo, ipulazi elilodwa lalingase likhulise izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane, njengamadada, izinkukhu, izingulube nezinhlanzi kuyilapho lisizakala ngokugaya kwe-anaerobic (ngaphandle komoya-mpilo) kanye nokugaywa kabusha kwemfucuza ukuze kukhiqizwe ukufuywa okuphumelelayo komhlaba kanye nokulima okusekela amapulazi ezilwane zasemanzini aphumelelayo. .

Izifundo Esingazifunda Kubuchwepheshe Basendulo Bezasemanzini

Sebenzisa ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni esikhundleni sezinhlanzi zasendle;
Sebenzisa izinqubo ezididiyelwe ze-polyculture ezifana ne-IMTA;
Ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwe-nitrogen namakhemikhali ngokusebenzisa i-multi-trophic aquaculture;
Yehlisa ukubalekela kwezinhlanzi ezifuywayo ziye endle;
Vikela izindawo zokuhlala zendawo;
Qinisa imithetho futhi ukwandise ukubonakala;
Yethula kabusha izindlela ezihlonishwayo zokushintshashintsha nokushintshanisa i-aquaculture/agriculture (Imodeli YaseGibhithe).