I-Underwater Cultural Heritage yeMpi Yezwe II

Unyaka ngamunye ngalesi sikhathi, sizinika isikhathi sokukhumbula ukuhlasela kwePearl Harbor okwashaqisa i-United States endaweni yaseshashalazini yasePacific yeMpi Yezwe II. Ngenyanga edlule, ngibe nethuba lokuhlanganyela ekubizweni kwalabo abasahileleke ngokujulile ngemva kwezimpi ezidlule, ikakhulukazi iMpi Yezwe II. IKomidi Labameli Lokulondolozwa Kwamagugu Esiko libambe ingqungquthela yalo yaminyaka yonke eWashington, DC Kulo nyaka le ngqungquthela igubhe iminyaka engu-70 yezimpi zase-Coral Sea, Midway, kanye neGuadalcanal futhi yayinesihloko esithi. Ukusuka Ekuphangweni Ukuya Ekugcinweni: Indaba Engaziwa Yamagugu Amasiko, IMpi Yezwe II, kanye nePacific.

Usuku lokuqala lwengqungquthela lwalugxile emzamweni wokuxhuma kabusha ubuciko nezinto zobuciko nabanikazi bazo bangempela ngemva kokuba zithathwe phakathi nempi. Lo mzamo ngokudabukisayo uyehluleka ukubonisa umzamo wokuxazulula ukweba okufanayo enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseYurophu. Ukusabalala okukhulu kwendawo yetiyetha yase-Pacific, ukucwasa ngokobuhlanga, amarekhodi obunikazi obulinganiselwe, kanye nesifiso sokwenza ubungane ne-Japan njengomfelandawonye omelene nokukhula kobukhomanisi e-Asia, konke kwethule izinselele ezithile. Ngeshwa, futhi kwaba ukubandakanyeka kwabaqoqi bezobuciko base-Asia nabaphathi ekubuyiselweni nasekubuyiselweni kwabo ababengakhuthele kakhulu kunalokho obekufanele kube khona ngenxa yokungqubuzana kwezintshisekelo. Kodwa sezwa ngemisebenzi emangalisayo yabantu abafana no-Ardelia Hall abanikele ngethalente namandla amaningi njengomzamo wokubuyisa owesifazane oyedwa endimeni yakhe njengomeluleki Wezikhumbuzo, Ubuciko Obuhle, kanye Nokugcinwa Kwezinqolobane zoMnyango Wezwe phakathi neminyaka eyalandela iWW II. .

Usuku lwesibili lwanikelwa emzamweni wokuhlonza, ukuvikela, nokufunda izindiza ezehlisiwe, imikhumbi, namanye amagugu ezempi endaweni ukuze baqonde kangcono umlando wabo. Futhi, ukudingida inselele yamafutha angaba khona, izinhlamvu nokunye ukuvuza okuvela emikhunjini ecwile, izindiza, nezinye izikebhe njengoba zibola endaweni ngaphansi kwamanzi (iphaneli ebesinegalelo kulo engqungqutheleni).

IMpi Yezwe II ePacific ingabizwa ngokuthi impi yolwandle. Izimpi zenzeke eziqhingini naseziqhingini, olwandle oluvulekile nasemathekwini nasezilwandle. I-Fremantle Harbour (Western Australia) isingathe isizinda esikhulu semikhumbi-ngwenya yasePacific ye-US Navy isikhathi esiningi sempi. Isiqhingi ngesiqhingi saba inqaba yamabutho aphikisayo noma amanye. Imiphakathi yendawo ilahlekelwe izingxenye ezingenakulinganiswa zamagugu amasiko nengqalasizinda. Njengaku

zonke izimpi, amadolobha namadolobhana namadolobhana kwashintshwa kakhulu ngenxa yezikhali, umlilo, nokuqhuma kwamabhomu. Kanjalo kwakunezindawo ezide zezixhobo zamakhorali, iziqhingi, nezinye izinto zemvelo njengoba imikhumbi yayima, izindiza ziphahlazeka, namabhomu ewela emanzini nasemaphethelweni olwandle. Imikhumbi yezentengiselwano yaseJapane engaphezu kuka-7,000 XNUMX iyodwa yacwiliswa phakathi nempi.

Amashumi ezinkulungwane zemikhumbi nezindiza eziwile zingaphansi kwamanzi nasezindaweni ezikude kulo lonke elasePacific. Izingozi eziningi zimelela amathuna alabo ababesemkhunjini lapho kufika ukuphela. Kukholakala ukuthi ambalwa uma kuqhathaniswa aphelele, ngakho-ke, ambalwa uma kuqhathaniswa amele ingozi yemvelo noma ithuba lokuxazulula noma iyiphi imfihlakalo eqhubekayo mayelana nesiphetho somsebenzisi. Kodwa leyo nkolelo ingase ithikamezeke ukushoda kwedatha—asazi nje ukuthi konke kuphahlazeke kuphi, ngisho noma sazi ngokuvamile lapho ukucwila noma ukubekwa phansi kwenzeke khona.

Ezinye izikhulumi kule ngqungquthela zidingide izinselelo ikakhulukazi. Enye inselele ubunikazi bomkhumbi ngokumelene namalungelo ezindawo lapho umkhumbi wacwila khona. Ngokuqhubekayo, umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ongokwesiko uphakamisa ukuthi noma yimuphi umkhumbi ophethwe uhulumeni uyimpahla yalowo hulumeni (bona, isibonelo, uMthetho we-US Sunken Military Craft Act ka-2005) -noma yikuphi lapho ucwila khona, ushona phansi, noma utshuza olwandle. Kanjalo nanoma yimuphi umkhumbi oqashwe nguhulumeni ngesikhathi somcimbi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ezinye zalezi zinhlekelele zihlezi emanzini endawo iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi ayisithupha, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi zibe umthombo omncane wemali engenayo yendawo njengezinto ezihehayo zokutshuza.

Umkhumbi ngamunye owehlisiwe noma indiza imele ucezu lomlando wezwe elingabanikazi namagugu. Amazinga ahlukene okubaluleka kanye nokubaluleka komlando abelwe imikhumbi ehlukene. Isevisi kaMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy egibela i-PT 109 ingase iyinikeze ngokubaluleka okukhulu kunamanye ama-PT angamakhulu ambalwa asetshenziswe e-Pacific Theatre.

Ngakho-ke lokhu kusho ukuthini olwandle namuhla? Ngengamela iphaneli eyayibheke ngokukhethekile ukubhekana nosongo lwemvelo oluvela emikhunjini nakweminye imikhumbi ecwile kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II. Laba baholi abathathu kwakungu-Laura Gongaware (we-Tulane University Law School) owabeka umongo ngokufingqiwe kwemibuzo yezomthetho engase iphakame ngaphansi komthetho wase-US kanye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ekubhekaneni nokukhathazeka okwethulwa umkhumbi ocwile ongase ube usongo endaweni yasolwandle. ephepheni lakamuva ubhalele u-Ole Varmer (Ihhovisi Lesigaba Sommeli-Umeluleki Wamazwe Ngamazwe Lomeluleki Jikelele). Walandelwa uLisa Symons (iHhovisi Lezindawo Zokugcinwa Kwasolwandle Kazwelonke, NOAA) isethulo sakhe sigxile endleleni i-NOAA eyakhiwe ngayo ukuze inciphise uhlu lwezindawo ezingaba yizi-20,000 ezingase zibhidlize emanzini zibe ngaphansi kwe-110 ezidinga ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela. ngomonakalo okhona noma ongase ube khona. Futhi, u-Craig A. Bennett (Umqondisi, Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Sezimali Zokungcoliswa Kwemvelo) uvale ngesifinyezo sokuthi isikhwama se-oil spill liability trust kanye ne-Oil Pollution Act ka-1990 zingasetshenziswa kanjani futhi nini ukubhekana nokukhathazeka kwemikhumbi ecwile njengengozi engokwemvelo.

Ekugcineni, nakuba sazi ukuthi inkinga engaba khona kwezemvelo uphethiloli we-bunker, impahla eyingozi, izinhlamvu, okokusebenza okuqukethe izinto eziyingozi, njll. ezisekhona noma zingaphakathi kwemikhumbi yezempi ecwile (okuhlanganisa nemikhumbi yomthengisi), asazi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi ubani ongase abe necala. ukuvimbela ukulimala empilweni yemvelo, kanye/noma ubani onesibopho esimweni sokulimala okunjalo. Futhi, kufanele silinganisele ukubaluleka komlando kanye/noma kwamasiko kokuphahlazeka kweWWII ePacific? Ukuhlanza kanye nokuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwemvelo kuhlonipha kanjani amagugu kanye nesimo sethuna sezempi somkhumbi wezempi ocwile? Thina e-The Ocean Foundation siyalwazisa lolu hlobo lwethuba lokufundisa nokusebenzisana ekuphenduleni le mibuzo nokuklama uhlaka lokuxazulula izingxabano ezingaba khona.