Inkulumo-mpikiswano yakho ye-TOF ngemihlangano ye-March International Seabed Authority

Ingxenye I yama-28^th Iseshini ye-International Seabed Authority (ISA) isongwe ngokusemthethweni ekupheleni kukaNdasa.

Sabelana ngezikhathi ezibalulekile ezivela emihlanganweni yezimayini ezijulile olwandle, okuhlanganisa nezibuyekezo zokufakwa Amagugu Ezamasiko Angaphansi kwamanzi emithethweni ehlongozwayo yezimayini, engxoxweni ethi “kuthiwani-uma”, kanye nokuhlola izinga lokushisa ku- uchungechunge lwamagoli I-Ocean Foundation yaqala ngonyaka odlule kulandela imihlangano kaJulayi 2022.

Yeqela ku:

• I-Working Group Takeaways
• Umthetho Weminyaka Emibili
• Imicimbi Yaseceleni
• I-TOF Goal Check-In

Amazwe angamalungu nawo axoxile Umbhalo kaMongameli, iqoqo lemithethonqubo esalungiswa engangeni kwesinye sezigaba. Ingxoxo ethi “kuthiwani-ke” nayo yagqama kakhulu.

Njengoba abagqugquzeli bevula inkundla ukuze baphawule ngomthethonqubo ngamunye, Amalungu oMkhandlu, izifundazwe ezibuka i-Observer, kanye Nababukeli bakwazile ukuphawula okufushane okukhulunywayo mayelana nemithethonqubo, ukwenza izinguquko noma ukwethula ulimi olusha njengoba uMkhandlu usebenza ukuthuthukisa imithetho ye-extractive. imboni engenaso isibonelo. 

Amazwe ashiwo futhi aqinisekisa kabusha noma agxeka lokho okwashiwo yisifunda sangaphambilini, ngokuvamile enza ukuhlela kwesikhathi sangempela esitatimendeni esilungisiwe. Nakuba kungeyona ingxoxo evamile, lokhu kusetha kuvumele umuntu ngamunye osegumbini, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukusiphi isimo, ukuthi athembe ukuthi imibono yakhe iyezwakala futhi yahlanganiswa.

Ngokomthetho, futhi ngokuhambisana nemithetho ye-ISA uqobo, Ababukeli bangabamba iqhaza ezingxoxweni zoMkhandlu ngezindaba ezibathintayo. Empeleni, izinga lokubamba iqhaza kwe-Observer ku-ISA 28-I lincike kumgqugquzeli weseshini ngayinye. Kwacaca ukuthi abanye abagqugquzeli babezibophezele ekunikezeni izwi Kubabukeli NamaLungu ngokufanayo, bavumele ukuthula okudingekayo nesikhathi sokuba wonke amanxusa acabange ngezitatimende zawo. Abanye abagqugquzeli bacele Ababukeli ukuthi bagcine izitatimende zabo zifinyelele umkhawulo wemizuzu emithathu ngokunganaki futhi baphuthuma nemithethonqubo, beshaya indiva izicelo zokukhuluma ngomzamo wokukhombisa ukuvumelana noma ngabe lokho kuvumelana kwakungekho. 

Ekuqaleni kweseshini, izifundazwe zazwakalisa ukuseseka kwazo isivumelwano esisha esibizwa Izinhlobonhlobo Zezinto Eziphilayo Ngaphandle Kwendawo Yezwe (BBNJ). Isivumelwano kuvunyelwene ngaso phakathi neNgqungquthela Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngamazwe Ngamazwe Ngamazwe Ngamathuluzi Abopha ngokomthetho ngaphansi kwe-UNCLOS. Ihlose ukuvikela izilwane zasolwandle kanye nokugqugquzela ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza ngendlela eqhubekayo ezindaweni ezingale kwemingcele kazwelonke. Amazwe aku-ISA abone ukubaluleka kwesivumelwano ekukhuthazeni ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nokuhlanganisa ulwazi lwendabuko kanye nolwendabuko ocwaningweni lwasolwandle.

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Okuthathelwe Eqenjini Elisebenzayo Ngalinye

Iqembu Elisebenzayo Elivulelekile Ngemibandela Yezezimali Yenkontileka (March 16-17)

• Izithunywa zezwe izethulo ezimbili ezivela kochwepheshe bezezimali: eyodwa evela komele i-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), neyesibili evela ku-Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development (IGF).
• Abaningi ababekhona banomuzwa wokuthi ukuxoxa ngamamodeli ezezimali kwakungelona usizo ngaphandle kokuvumelana kuqala ngemithetho evamile. Lo muzwa waqhubeka kuyo yonke imihlangano njengoba izifunda eziningi zizwakalisa ukweseka ngokuvinjelwa, ukumiswa, noma ukumiswa kwezinyathelo zokuphepha ezimayini ezijulile olwandle.
• Umqondo wokudluliswa kwamalungelo nezibopho ngaphansi kwenkontileka yokuxhashazwa kwaxoxwa ngakho kabanzi, amanye amanxusa egcizelela ukuthi amazwe axhasayo kufanele abe nezwi kulokhu kudluliselwa. I-TOF ingenelele ukuze iqaphele ukuthi noma iluphi ushintsho lokulawula kufanele lubuyekezwe ngendlela eqinile njengokudluliselwa, njengoba luveza izindaba ezifanayo zokulawula, iziqinisekiso zezimali, kanye nesibopho sezomthetho.

Iqembu Elisebenza Ngokungahlelekile Lokuvikeleka Nokugcinwa Kwendawo Yasolwandle (March 20-22)

• Izakhamuzi zaseziqhingini zasePacific ezinhlanu zimenywe ithimba leGreenpeace International ukuthi likhulume nezihambeli mayelana nokuxhumana kokhokho babo namasiko ekujuleni kolwandle. U-Solomon “Uncle Sol” Kaho'ohalahala uvule umhlangano nge-oli yendabuko yaseHawaii (ingoma) ukuze amukele bonke esikhaleni sezingxoxo ezinokuthula. Ugcizelele ukubaluleka kokufakwa kolwazi lwendabuko emithethweni, ezinqumweni, nasekuthuthukisweni komgomo wokuziphatha.
• U-Hinano Murphy wethule iBlue Climate Initiative's Amazwi Omdabu Wokuvinjelwa Kwesicelo Sezimayini Ezijulile Zase-Seabed, okubiza imibuso ukuthi ibone ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu boMdabu kanye nolwandle olujulile futhi ifake amazwi abo ezingxoxweni. 
• Ngokuhambisana namazwi oMdabu, ingxoxo mayelana ne-Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) yahlangatshezwa ngobuqili nentshisekelo. I-TOF yangenelela ukuze igqamise amagugu aphathekayo nangaphatheki angaba sengozini yokumbiwa phansi olwandle, kanye nokuntuleka kobuchwepheshe obungawavikela okwamanje. I-TOF iphinde yakhumbula ukuthi amazwe amaningi angamalungu e-ISA azibophezele ukuvikela amagugu amasiko angaphansi kwamanzi ngokusebenzisa izivumelwano okuvunyelwene ngazo ngamazwe ngamazwe, okuhlanganisa i-Article 149 ye-UNCLOS, egunyaza ukuvikela izinto zemivubukulo nezomlando, I-UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, kanye ne-UNESCO. Ingqungquthela ka-2003 yokuvikela iGugu leSiko elingaphatheki.
• Izifundazwe eziningi zizwakalise ukuzibophezela kwazo ekuhlonipheni i-UCH futhi zanquma ukubamba umhlangano wokucobelelana ngolwazi ukuze kuxoxwe ngendlela yokufaka nokuchaza ngayo emithethweni. 
• Njengoba ucwaningo olwengeziwe luphuma, kuya ngokuya kucaca ukuthi ukuphila kolwandle olujulile, izinto eziphilayo, kanye namagugu abantu aphathekayo nangaphatheki asengozini yokumbiwa phansi olwandle. Njengoba amazwe angamalungu eqhubeka nokusebenzela ekuqedeni le mithethonqubo, ukuletha izihloko ezinjenge-UCH phambili kucela izithunywa ukuthi zicabange ngobunkimbinkimbi nezinhlobonhlobo zemithelela le mboni ezoba nayo.

Iqembu Elisebenzayo Elingahlelekile Lokuhlola, Ukuthobela, kanye Nokuqinisekisa Ukuthotshelwa Kwemithetho (March 23-24)

• Phakathi nemihlangano emayelana nokuhlolwa, ukuthotshelwa kwemithetho, kanye nokuqiniswa kwemithetho, izithunywa zaxoxa ngokuthi i-ISA kanye nezinhlaka zayo ezingaphansi kwayo bazozisingatha kanjani lezi zihloko nokuthi ubani owayezoba nesibopho ngazo.
• Ezinye izifundazwe zaba nomuzwa wokuthi lezi zingxoxo bezingakafiki isikhathi futhi zaphuthuma, njengoba izici eziyisisekelo zemithethonqubo, ezibalulekile emithethweni eminingi ethile, bekungakavunyelwana ngazo. 
• Amagugu Amasiko Angaphansi Kwamanzi aphinde avela kulezi zingxoxo, futhi izifundazwe eziningi zakhuluma ngokuvuma ngesidingo sengxoxo yezingxoxo kanye nokuthi umphumela wenkhulumomphendvulwano ufakwe ezingxoxweni ezinkulu emihlanganweni ezayo.

Iqembu Elisebenzayo Elingahlelekile Ezindabeni Zesikhungo (March 27-29)

• Izihambeli zaxoxa ngenqubo yokubuyekeza uhlelo lomsebenzi futhi zabonisana ngokubandakanyeka kwezifunda eziseduze nogu ekubuyekezeni lolu hlelo. Njengoba umthelela wokumbiwa kwezimayini ekujuleni kolwandle ungadlulela ngale kwendawo yezimayini emisiwe, okubandakanya izifunda eziseduze nogu kungenye yezindlela zokuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke ababambiqhaza okungenzeka bathinteke bayabandakanywa. Nakuba kungekho ziphetho ezifinyelelwe kulo mbuzo phakathi nemihlangano kaNdasa, izithunywa zivumile ukukhuluma ngendima yezifunda ezisogwini futhi ngaphambi kwemihlangano kaJulayi.
• Amazwe aphinde aqinisekisa isidingo sokuvikela imvelo yasolwandle, kunokulinganisa izinzuzo zezomnotho zokuxhashazwa nokuvikelwa. Bagcizelele ilungelo eliphelele lokuvikela imvelo yasolwandle njengoba lichazwe ku-UNCLOS, beqhubeka bevuma ukubaluleka kwayo okungaphakathi.

Umbhalo kaMongameli

• Amazwe akhulume ngokuthi yiziphi izehlakalo okufanele zibikwe ku-ISA ngosonkontileka uma izinto zingahambi njengoba bekuhleliwe. Phakathi neminyaka edlule, izithunywa ziye zaphakamisa 'imicimbi eyaziswayo' eminingana ukuze osonkontileka banake, okuhlanganisa izingozi nezigameko. Kulokhu, baphikisana ngokuthi ingabe izinto zobuciko ze-paleontological kufanele zibikwe, ngokusekelwa okuxubile.
• UmBhalo kaMongameli ubuye uhlanganise nemithethonqubo eminingi emayelana nomshwalense, izinhlelo zezimali, nezinkontileka okuzoxoxwa ngakho kakhulu ekufundweni okulandelayo kwemithetho.

Ngaphandle kwegumbi lengqungquthela elikhulu, izithunywa bezibambe iqhaza ochungechungeni lwezihloko, okuhlanganisa nomthetho weminyaka emibili kanye nemicimbi eseceleni egxile kwezezimayini, isayensi yasolwandle, amazwi endabuko kanye nokubonisana nababambiqhaza.

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Umthetho Weminyaka Emibili

Njengoba sekusondele umnqamulajuqu wangomhla ziyisi-9 kuJulayi 2023, izithunywa zisebenze ngeziphakamiso eziningi emakamelweni avaliwe isonto lonke, nesivumelwano esifinyelelwe ngosuku lokugcina. Umphumela waba owesikhashana Isinqumo soMkhandlu esho ukuthi uMkhandlu, noma ngabe uzobuyekeza uhlelo lomsebenzi, akudingekile ukuba ugunyaze noma ugunyaze okwesikhashana lolo hlelo. Isinqumo siphinde saphawula ukuthi Ikhomishana Yezomthetho Nezobuchwepheshe (LTC, indikimba engaphansi yoMkhandlu) ayinaso isibopho sokuncoma ukugunyazwa noma ukuchithwa kohlelo lomsebenzi nokuthi uMkhandlu unganikeza imiyalelo ku-LTC. Isinqumo sacela uNobhala-Jikelele ukuba azise amalungu oMkhandlu ngokuthola noma yisiphi isicelo zingakapheli izinsuku ezintathu. Izithunywa zivumile ukuqhubeka nezingxoxo ngoJulayi.

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Imicimbi Yaseceleni

I-Metals Company (TMC) isingathe imicimbi emibili eseceleni njengengxenye ye-Nauru Ocean Resources Inc. (NORI) ukuze yabelane ngokutholwe kwesayensi mayelana nokuhlolwa kwenhlabathi yenzika futhi yethule isisekelo sokuqala Sokuhlola Okuqhubekayo Komthelela Womphakathi. Abahambele umcimbi babuze ukuthi ukukhuphukela ezingeni lezentengiso ngemishini yokuthengisa kuzothinta kanjani okutholwe kokuhlolwa kwe-sediment plume, ikakhulukazi njengoba ukuhlola kwamanje kusebenzisa okokusebenza okungezona ezohwebo. Umethuli uveze ukuthi ngeke kube khona ushintsho, yize imishini yezimayini engeyona eyentengiso incane kakhulu. Ososayensi ababezethameli baqhubeka bengabaza indlela amapayipi atholakala ngayo, bephawula ubunzima okuvamile ososayensi abaye baba nabo ekuqapheni nasekuhloleni iziphepho zothuli. Eziphendulela, umethuli wezinhlelo uvumile ukuthi lolu wudaba abahlangabezane nalo, futhi abazange bahlaziye ngempumelelo okuqukethwe yi-plum kusukela ekubuyweni okuphakathi kwamanzi.

Ingxoxo ngomthelela womphakathi yahlangatshezwana nemibuzo mayelana nokuqina kwezinqubo zokufakwa kwababambe iqhaza. Ububanzi bamanje bokuhlola umthelela womphakathi buhlanganisa ukuxhumana nabantu phakathi kwamaqembu amathathu amakhulu ababambiqhaza: abadobi nabameleli babo, amaqembu abesifazane nabameleli babo, namaqembu entsha nabameleli bayo. Omunye obehambele umcimbi uphawule ukuthi la maqembu ahlanganisa abantu abaphakathi kwezigidigidi ezi-4 nezi-5, wabe esecela abethuli bezinhlelo ukuthi bathole incazelo yokuthi bafuna ukulihlanganisa kanjani iqembu ngalinye. Abethuli baveze ukuthi izinhlelo zabo zigxile kumthelela omuhle okulindeleke ukuthi izimayini ezijule olwandle zibe nawo kwizakhamizi zaseNauru. Bahlela nokuhlanganisa iFiji. Ukulandelela okuvela esihambelini sombuso kubuze ukuthi kungani bekhethe lezo zizwe ezimbili eziQhingini zase-Pacific kuphela futhi bengazange bacabangele ezinye iziQhingi eziningi zase-Pacific kanye ne-Pacific Islanders ezizobona imithelela ye-DSM. Bephendula, abethuli bezinhlelo bathi badinga ukuphinde bavakashele indawo ethintekayo njengengxenye ye-Environmental Impact Assessment.

I-Deep Ocean Stewardship Initiative (DOSI) ilethe izazi zebhayoloji ejulile yolwandle, u-Jesse van der Grient, uJeff Drazen, no-Matthias Haeckel, ukuthi bakhulume ngomthelela wezimayini ezijulile olwandle olwandle olunamapulangwe e-sediment, ezindaweni eziphilayo ezimaphakathi namanzi, kanye nezindawo zokudoba. Ososayensi bethule idatha evela ocwaningweni olusha olusabuyekezwa. I-Global Sea Mineral Resources (GSR), inkampani engaphansi kwefemu yobunjiniyela basolwandle yase-Belgian i-DEME Group, iphinde yahlinzeka ngombono wesayensi ngemithelela yenzinga futhi yabelana ngokutholwe ocwaningweni lwakamuva. I-Permanent Mission yaseNigeria e-Kingston, e-Jamaica isingathe umcimbi wokudingida izinyathelo umbuso ongazithatha ukuze ufake isicelo senkontileka yokuhlolwa kwezimbiwa.

IGreenpeace International isingathe umcimbi we-Island Perspectives on Deep Seabed Mining ukuze inikeze abaholi boMdabu basePacific abahambele imihlangano ikhono lokukhuluma. Isikhulumi ngasinye sinikeze umbono wezindlela imiphakathi yabo ethembele ngayo olwandle kanye nezinsongo zokumbiwa kwezimayini ekujuleni kolwandle.

Kuyo yonke imihlangano, amaqembu amabili omphakathi ase-Jamaica aphumele obala azobungaza ukufakwa kwamazwi aboMdabu emakamelweni okuhlangana nokubhikisha kwe-DSM. Ibutho lendabuko laseJamaican Maroon linikeze umcimbi wokwamukela amazwi e-Pacific Islander ngesonto lokuqala, ohambisana nezimpawu ezicela izithunywa ukuthi "zithi CHA ezimayini ezijulile olwandle." Ngesonto elilandelayo, inhlangano yezishoshovu zentsha yaseJamaica yaletha amabhanela futhi yabonisa ngaphandle kwebhilidi le-ISA, icela kuvalwe ukumbiwa kwezimayini ezijulile zolwandle ukuze kuvikelwe ulwandle.

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Ngo-Agasti 2022, ngemuva kokuthi i-TOF ibe yi-Observer e-ISA, senza uchungechunge lwamagoli. Njengoba siqala uchungechunge lwemihlangano yango-2023, nakhu ukuhlola eminye yayo:

Umgomo: Ukuze bonke ababambiqhaza abathintekile bazibandakanye ezimayini ezijulile olwandle.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nemihlangano yangoNovemba, ababambiqhaza abengeziwe bakwazile ukuba ngokoqobo ekamelweni - kodwa ngenxa yokuthi iGreenpeace International, i-NGO ye-Observer, ibamemile. Amazwi e-Pacific Indigenous Islander abebalulekile emihlanganweni kaMashi futhi ethula izwi elisha elalingakaze lizwakale phambilini. Izinhlangano ezizimele nazo zenze isiqiniseko sokuthi amazwi entsha afakiwe, aletha izishoshovu zentsha, abaholi bentsha beSustainable Ocean Alliance, kanye nabaholi bentsha boMdabu. Ubushoshovu bentsha bebukhona kanye ngaphandle kwemihlangano ye-ISA nenhlangano yentsha yase-Jamaica ebambe umbhikisho ovuthayo wokubhikishela i-DSM. Camille Etienne, isishoshovu sentsha yaseFrance egameni leGreenpeace International, ikhulume ngentshiseko nezihambeli ukuze icele ukwesekwa kwazo ekuvikeleni ulwandle e-DSM ngaphambi kokuthi luqale, njengoba "sesifikile ngaphambi kokuba indlu ishe." (ihunyushwe isuka kusiFulentshi)

Ukuba khona kwamaqembu ababambiqhaza ngalinye kunikeza ithemba le-TOF lokuxoxisana nababambiqhaza esikhathini esizayo, kodwa lesi sibopho akufanele siwele kuma-NGO kuphela. Kunalokho, kufanele kube yinto ehamba phambili kubo bonke abahambele umcimbi ukumema izithunywa ezihlukene ukuze wonke amazwi azwakale egumbini. I-ISA kufanele futhi ifune ababambiqhaza, okuhlanganisa nakweminye imihlangano yamazwe ngamazwe, njengaleyo emayelana nezinhlobonhlobo zemvelo, ulwandle, kanye nesimo sezulu. Kuze kube manje, i-TOF ibamba iqhaza engxoxweni ye-intersessional yokubonisana nababambe iqhaza ukuze kuqhutshekwe nale ngxoxo.

Umgomo: Phakamisa amagugu amasiko angaphansi kwamanzi futhi uqiniseke ukuthi ayingxenye ecacile yengxoxo ye-DSM ngaphambi kokuthi abhujiswe kungafanele.

I-Underwater Cultural Heritage yathola ukunakwa okudingeka kakhulu emihlanganweni kaMashi. Ngokusebenzisa amandla ahlanganisiwe eziphakamiso zombhalo, amazwi e-Pacific Indigenous Islanders, kanye nesifunda esizimisele ukuhola ingxoxo sivumele i-UCH ukuthi ibe yingxenye ecacile yengxoxo ye-DSM. Lo mfutho uholele esiphakamisweni sengxoxo ye-intersessional yokuthi ungayichaza kanjani kangcono futhi ifakwe i-UCH kumithethonqubo. I-TOF ikholelwa ukuthi i-DSM ingase ingahambisani nokuvikelwa kwe-UCH yethu ephathekayo, nengaphatheki futhi izosebenza ukuze ilethe lo mbono engxoxweni ye-intersessional.

Umgomo: Ukuqhubeka nokukhuthaza ukumiswa kwe-DSM.

Ngesikhathi semihlangano, I-Vanuatu kanye neDominican Republic umemezele ukwesekwa kokumiswa kwezinyathelo zokuphepha, okwandisa inani lezifundazwe ezithathe izikhundla ngokumelene nezimayini ezijulile zasolwandle ziye ku-14. Isikhulu esiphezulu saseFinland siphinde sabonisa ukwesekwa nge-Twitter. I-TOF ijabule ngokuvumelana eMkhandlwini ngokuthi i-UNCLOS ayikugunyazi ukugunyazwa kwenkontileka yezimayini uma ingekho imithethonqubo, kodwa isadumele ngokuthi indlela eqinile yenqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi izimayini zezohwebo azivunyelwa ayikanqunywa. Kuze kube manje, i-TOF izobamba iqhaza ezingxoxweni ze-intersessional mayelana nescenario ethi "what-uma".

Umgomo: Ukungabhubhisi i-ecosystem yethu yolwandle olujulile ngaphambi kokuthi sazi ukuthi iyini, nokuthi isenzelani.

Izibukeli ezihlanganisa i-Deep Ocean Stewardship Initiative (DOSI), i-Deep Sea Conservation Coalition (DSCC), futhi ngokukhuthala bakhumbuza izifundazwe kuyo yonke imihlangano mayelana namagebe amaningi esinawo mayelana ne-deep Sea Conservation Coalition.