I-Trawling kanye Nosongo Lwefa Lamasiko Angaphansi Kwamanzi

Kwethulwa ku-2022 European Association of Archaeologists Annual Meeting

Ukudotshwa Ngodobo kanye Namagugu Amasiko Angaphansi Kwamanzi

Kusukela kukhulunywe ngakho okokuqala esicelweni sephalamende saseNgilandi sangekhulunyaka leshumi nane, ukudoba ngamanetha kuye kwaqashelwa njengomkhuba olimaza kakhulu onemiphumela emibi ehlala njalo ku-ecology yasolwandle kanye nezilwane zasolwandle. Igama elithi trawling libhekisela, lapho lilula, umkhuba wokudonsa inetha ngemva kwesikebhe ukuze ubambe izinhlanzi. Yakhula isuka esidingweni sokuhambisana nokuncipha kwenani lezinhlanzi futhi yathuthukiswa ngokuqhubekayo nezinguquko kanye nezimfuno zezobuchwepheshe, nakuba abadobi babehlale bekhononda ngezinkinga zokudoba ngokweqile okwakudalwa. I-Trawling iphinde ibe nomthelela omkhulu ezizindeni zemivubukulo yasolwandle, nakuba lolo hlangothi lokudotshwa ngamanethi lungatholakali ngokwanele.

Abavubukuli basolwandle kanye nezazi zemvelo zasolwandle badinga ukuxhumana futhi basebenzisane ukuze bacele ukuvinjelwa kwamanethi. Ukuphahlazeka kwemikhumbi kuyingxenye enkulu yendawo yasolwandle, futhi ngenxa yalokho kubalulekile kuzazi zemvelo, njengoba kunjalo namasiko, indawo yomlando.

Kodwa-ke akukho osekwenziwe ukuze kukhawulwe umkhuba futhi kuvikelwe indawo yamasiko angaphansi kwamanzi, futhi imithelela yemivubukulo kanye nedatha ayikho emibikweni yezinto eziphilayo mayelana nenqubo. Azikho izinqubomgomo zangaphansi kwamanzi ezakhiwe zokuphatha ukudoba ogwini ngokusekelwe ekulondolozweni kwamasiko. Eminye imikhawulo yokudoba ngamanethi ibekwe ngemuva kokuhlehla ngeminyaka yawo-1990 futhi izazi zemvelo, ezazi kahle ubungozi bokudotshwa ngamanethi, ziye zacela imingcele eyengeziwe. Lolu cwaningo nokugqugquzelwa kokulawulwa kuyisiqalo esihle, kodwa akukho kulokhu okuvela ekukhathazekeni noma ekushisekeleni okwenziwa ngabavubukuli. I-UNESCO isanda kuveza ukukhathazeka, futhi, ngethemba ukuthi izohola imizamo yokubhekana nalolu songo. Kukhona I inqubomgomo ekhethwayo ngoba in situ ukulondolozwa kuNgqungquthela ka-2001 kanye nezinyathelo ezithile ezisebenzayo zabaphathi besizinda ukuze babhekane nezinsongo ezivela ekudobeni okuphansi. Uma in situ ukulondolozwa kufanele kusekelwe, ama-mooring angengezwa futhi ukuphahlazeka komkhumbi, uma kuyekwa, kungase kube izixhobo zokwenziwa kanye nezindawo zokudoba okwengeziwe, okuzinzile kwe-hook-and-line. Kodwa-ke, okudingeka kakhulu ukuthi izifundazwe kanye nezinhlangano zokudoba zamazwe ngamazwe zivimbele ukudotshwa kwezinhlanzi ngaphansi nasezindaweni ezizungezile ezihlonziwe ze-UCH njengoba kuye kwenziwa kwezinye izintaba. 

Indawo yasolwandle ihlanganisa ulwazi lomlando kanye nokubaluleka kwamasiko. Akuzona nje izindawo zezinhlanzi ezibonakalayo ezibhujiswayo—ukuphahlazeka kwemikhumbi okubalulekile nezinto zobuciko nazo ziyalahleka futhi bezilokhu zenzeka kusukela ekuqaleni kokudotshwa ngamanethi. Abavubukuli basanda kuqala ukuqwashisa ngomthelela wokudoba ngamanethi ezindaweni zabo, futhi kudingeka umsebenzi owengeziwe. Ukudotshwa ngamanethi ogwini kuyingozi kakhulu, njengoba kulapho izindawo eziphahlazeka kakhulu ezaziwayo zikhona, kodwa lokho akusho ukuthi ukuqwashisa kufanele kukhawulelwe ekudobeni ngamanethi ogwini kuphela. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, ukumba kuzodlulela ekujuleni kolwandle, futhi lezo zindawo kufanele zivikelwe ekudotshweni ngamanethi—ikakhulukazi njengoba kulapho ukudotshwa ngamanethi okusemthethweni kwenzeka khona. Iziza ezijulile zasolwandle nazo ziyizinqolobane ezibalulekile njengoba, ngenxa yokungafinyeleleki isikhathi eside, zibe nomonakalo omncane we-anthropocentric ongafinyeleleki isikhathi eside. Ukudonsa ngodobo kuzolimaza lawo masayithi futhi, uma kungakenzeki.

Izimayini ze-Deep Seabed kanye neGugu Lamasiko Angaphansi Kwamanzi

Mayelana nezinyathelo eziya phambili, esikwenzayo ngokudoba ngamanethi kungavula indlela yokunye ukuxhashazwa kolwandle okubalulekile. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuzoqhubeka nokusongela ulwandle lwethu (isibonelo, ukuphakama kwezinga lolwandle kuzocwilisa izindawo zangaphambili eziwumhlaba) futhi sesiyazi kakade ngokwezemvelo, ukuthi kungani kubalulekile ukuvikela ulwandle.

Isayensi ibalulekile, futhi nakuba kunokuningi okungaziwa mayelana nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezijulile olwandle kanye nezinkonzo ze-ecosystem, esikwaziyo ngokucacile kukhomba umonakalo omkhulu nofinyelela kude. Ngamanye amazwi, sesazi ngokwanele kakade ngomonakalo okhona wokudotshwa ngamanethi ositshela ukuthi kufanele siyeke imikhuba efanayo, njengokumba olwandle, siye phambili. Kufanele sisebenzise igunya eliyinhloko lokuqapha elikhonjiswe ngomonakalo wokudoba ngamanethi futhi singaqalisi eminye imikhuba yokuxhaphaza njengokumba kwethu olwandle.

Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekujuleni kolwandle, njengoba kuvame ukushiywa ngaphandle ezingxoxweni mayelana nolwandle, okubuye kube, esikhathini esidlule, kushiywe ngaphandle kwezingxoxo mayelana nesimo sezulu kanye nemvelo. Kodwa eqinisweni, lezi zinto zonke ziyizici ezibalulekile futhi zixhumene ngokujulile.

Asikwazi ukubikezela ukuthi yimaphi amasayithi okungenzeka abe abalulekile ngokomlando, ngakho ukudoba ngamanetha akufanele kuvunyelwe. Imikhawulo ehlongozwa abanye abavubukuli ukuze kukhawulwe ukudoba ezindaweni ezinomlando ophezulu wasolwandle, kuyisiqalo esihle kodwa akwanele. Ukudoba ngamanetha kuyingozi—kokubili izinhlanzi nezindawo ezihlala kuzo, nasezindaweni zamasiko. Akufanele kube ukuvumelana phakathi kwabantu nemvelo, kufanele kuvalwe.

I-Trawling yethulwe ku-EAA 2022

I-European Association of Archaeologists (EAA) ibambe iqhaza labo umhlangano waminyaka yonke e-Budapest, e-Hungary kusukela ngo-August 31 kuya ku-September 3, 2022. Engqungqutheleni yokuqala yeNhlangano eyingxubevange, ingqikithi yayithi Ukuhlanganisa kabusha futhi yamukela amaphepha “ahlanganisa ukuhlukahluka kwe-EAA kanye nobuningi bomkhuba wemivubukulo, okuhlanganisa nokuchazwa kwemivubukulo, ukuphathwa kwefa. kanye nepolitiki yakudala neyamanje”.

Nakuba le ngqungquthela ngokwesiko iqondiswe ezethulweni ezigxile ekuvubukulweni kwemivubukulo kanye nocwaningo lwakamuva, uClaire Zak (i-Texas A&M University) kanye no-Sheri Kapahnke (University of Toronto) babambe iseshini emayelana nemivubukulo yasogwini kanye nezinselele zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu izazi-mlando zasolwandle kanye nabavubukuli. ubuso bubheke phambili.

U-Charlotte Jarvis, umfundi oqeqeshelwa umsebenzi e-The Ocean Foundation kanye nesazi semivubukulo yasolwandle, wethula kulesi sikhathi futhi wenza ikhwelo lokuba abavubukuli basolwandle kanye nezazi zemvelo zasolwandle basebenze ngokubambisana futhi basebenzele emithethweni eyengeziwe, futhi okungcono kuvalwe, ukudotshwa ngamanethi olwandle. Lokhu kuhambisana nohlelo lwe-TOF: Kusetshenzelwa Ekumisweni Kwezimayini ze-Dead Seabed (DSM)..