BUYELA OCWANINGO

Okuqukethwe

1. Isingeniso
2. Izisekelo ze-Ocean Acidification
3. Imithelela ye-Ocean Acidification Emiphakathini Yasogwini
4. I-Ocean Acidification kanye Nemiphumela Yakho Engaba Khona Ezindaweni Eziphila Ngasolwandle
5. Izinsiza Zothisha
6. Imihlahlandlela Yenqubomgomo kanye Nezincwadi Zikahulumeni
7. Izinsiza Ezengeziwe

1. Isingeniso

Ulwandle lumunca ingxenye enkulu yokukhishwa kwethu kwe-carbon dioxide, okushintsha amakhemikhali olwandle ngezinga elingakaze libonwe. Cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yazo zonke izinto ezikhishwayo eminyakeni engama-200 edlule zimuncwe ulwandle, okubangele ukwehla kwesilinganiso se-pH yamanzi angaphezulu kolwandle cishe ngeyunithi engu-0.1 - ukusuka ku-8.2 kuya ku-8.1. Lolu shintsho seluvele ludale imithelela yesikhashana, yasendaweni ezimila nezilwane zasolwandle. Imiphumela yokugcina, yesikhathi eside yolwandle olune-asidi ekhulayo ingase ingaziwa, kodwa ubungozi obungaba khona buphezulu. I-Ocean acidification iyinkinga ekhulayo njengoba ukukhishwa kwe-anthropogenic carbon dioxide kuqhubeka nokushintsha umkhathi nesimo sezulu. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka, kuzoba nokwehla okwengeziwe kwamayunithi angama-0.2-0.3.

Iyini i-Ocean Acidification?

Igama elithi ocean acidification livamise ukuqondwa kabi ngenxa yegama lalo eliyinkimbinkimbi. 'I-acidification yolwandle ingase ichazwe njengoshintsho kumakhemikhali olwandle oluqhutshwa ukuthathwa kwamakhemikhali olwandle emkhathini okuhlanganisa ikhabhoni, i-nitrogen, nezinhlanganisela zesulfure.' Ngamagama alula, lokhu kulapho i-CO eyeqile₂ iyancibilika phezu kolwandle, iguqule amakhemikhali olwandle. Isizathu esivame kakhulu salokhu kungenxa yemisebenzi ye-anthropogenic efana nokushiswa kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi kanye nokushintsha kokusetshenziswa komhlaba okukhipha inani elikhulu le-CO.₂. Imibiko efana ne-IPCC Special Report on Oceans and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate ibonise ukuthi izinga lolwandle lokuthatha i-CO emkhathini.₂ liye lenyuka kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule. Njengamanje, i-atmospheric CO₂ ukugxila kungu-~420ppmv, izinga elingabonakali okungenani iminyaka engu-65,000. Lesi simo sivame ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-ocean acidification, noma "enye i-CO₂ inkinga,” ngaphezu kokufudumala kolwandle. I-Global surface ocean pH isivele yehle ngamayunithi angaphezu kuka-0.1 kusukela ngeNguquko Yezimboni, futhi Iphaneli Yohulumeni Kahulumeni Emayelana Nokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu Umbiko Okhethekile Wezimo Zokungcoliswa Komumo ubikezela ukwehla okuzayo kwamayunithi we-pH angu-0.3 kuya ku-0.5 emhlabeni wonke ngonyaka ka-2100, nakuba izinga nezinga ukwehla kuyaguquguquka ngokwesifunda.

Ulwandle lulonke luyohlala lune-alkaline, ne-pH engaphezu kuka-7. Pho, kungani lubizwa ngokuthi i-acidification yolwandle? Ngenkathi CO₂ isabela emanzini olwandle, iba yi-carbonic acid, engazinzile. Le molecule iphinde ihlangane namanzi olwandle ngokukhulula i-H⁺ i-ion ukuze ibe yi-bicarbonate. Lapho ekhulula i-H⁺ ion, kuba nensada yayo ebangela ukwehla kwe-pH. Ngakho-ke ukwenza amanzi abe ne-asidi.

Siyini isikali se-pH?

Isikali se-pH isilinganiso sokuhlangana kwama-ion e-hydrogen amahhala esixazululweni. Uma kukhona ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kwe-hydrogen ions, isisombululo sibhekwa njenge-acidic. Uma kukhona ukuhlushwa okuphansi kwama-ion e-hydrogen ngokuhlobene nama-ion hydroxide, isisombululo sibhekwa njengesisekelo. Lapho kuhlotshaniswa lokhu okutholakele nevelu, ukukalwa kwe-pH kusikali se-logarithmic (ushintsho oluphindwe ka-10) ukusuka ku-0-14. Noma yini engaphansi kuka-7 ibhekwa njengeyisisekelo, futhi ngaphezu kwayo ibhekwa njenge-acidic. Njengoba isikali se-pH siyi-logarithmic, ukwehla kweyunithi ku-pH kulingana nokunyuka okuphindwe kashumi kwe-asidi. Isibonelo sokuba thina bantu sikuqonde lokhu ukukuqhathanisa ne-pH yegazi lethu, okuyisilinganiso esicishe sibe ngu-7.40. Uma i-pH yethu ingashintsha, besiyoba nenkinga yokuphefumula futhi siqale ukugula ngempela. Lesi simo sifana nalokho izinto eziphilayo zasolwandle ezibhekana nazo ngosongo olukhulayo lwe-acidification yolwandle.

I-Ocean Acidification Ikuthinta Kanjani Impilo Yasolwandle?

I-Ocean acidification ingaba yingozi kwezinye izinto eziphilayo zasolwandle ezibalwayo, njenge-mollusk, i-coccolithophores, i-foraminifera, nama-pteropods akha i-biogenic calcium carbonate. I-Calcite kanye ne-aragonite angamaminerali amakhulu e-carbonate akhelwe nge-biogenically akhiqizwa yilawa ma-calcifiers olwandle. Ukuzinza kwala maminerali kuncike enanini le-CO2 emanzini futhi ngokwengxenye ngokwezinga lokushisa. Njengoba ukugxila kwe-anthropogenic CO2 kuqhubeka nokukhuphuka, ukuzinza kwalawa maminerali we-biogenic kuncipha. Lapho kukhona inqwaba ye-H⁺ ama-ion emanzini, enye yezinto zokwakha ze-calcium carbonate, i-carbonate ion (CO₃^2-) izobopha kalula kakhudlwana nge-hydrogen ions kune-calcium ions. Ukuze ama-calcifiers akhiqize izakhiwo ze-calcium carbonate, adinga ukwenza lula ukuboshwa kwe-carbonate ne-calcium, okungabiza kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ezinye izinto eziphilayo zibonisa ukwehla kwamazinga okubalwa kanye/noma ukwanda kokuncibilika lapho zivezwa ezimweni zesikhathi esizayo ze-acidification yolwandle.  (ulwazi oluvela eNyuvesi yasePlymouth).

Ngisho nezilwane ezingezona izibali zingase zithinteke ngenxa ye-acidification yolwandle. Umthetho wangaphakathi we-acid-base odingekayo ukuze ubhekane nokushintsha kwamakhemikhali olwandle angaphandle ungaphambukisa amandla ezinqubweni eziyisisekelo, ezifana nemetabolism, ukukhiqiza kabusha, kanye nokuzwa kwemvelo okujwayelekile. Izifundo zebhayoloji ziyaqhubeka nokuhlelwa ukuze kuqondwe uhla olugcwele lwemiphumela engaba khona yokushintsha izimo zasolwandle kububanzi bezinhlobo zasolwandle.

Nokho, le miphumela ingase ingagcini ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo ezithile. Uma izinkinga ezinjengalezi ziphakama, iwebhu yokudla iyaphazamiseka ngokushesha. Nakuba kungase kungabonakali kuyinkinga enkulu kithina bantu, sithembele kulezi zinambuzane ezinamagobolondo aqinile ukuze ziqhubekisele phambili ukuphila kwethu. Uma zingakhi noma zingakhiqizi kahle, umphumela we-domino uzovela kuyo yonke iwebhu yokudla, kube nezimo ezifanayo. Lapho ososayensi nabacwaningi beqonda imiphumela elimazayo i-acidification yolwandle engase ibe nayo, amazwe, abakhi bezinqubomgomo, nemiphakathi kudingeka bahlangane ukuze banciphise imiphumela yako.

Yini eyenziwa yi-Ocean Foundation Mayelana ne-Ocean Acidification?

I-Ocean Foundation's International Ocean Acidification Initiative yakha amandla ososayensi, abenzi benqubomgomo, nemiphakathi yokuqapha, ukuqonda, nokusabela ku-OA kokubili endaweni nangokuhlanganyela emhlabeni wonke. Senza lokhu ngokwakha amathuluzi angokoqobo nezisetshenziswa eziklanyelwe ukusebenza emhlabeni wonke. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nokuthi i-Ocean Foundation isebenza kanjani ukubhekana ne-Ocean Acidification sicela uvakashele Iwebhusayithi ye-International Ocean Acidification Initiative. Siphinde sincome ukuvakashela minyaka yonke ye-The Ocean Foundation Ikhasi lewebhu le-Ocean Acidification Day of Action. Isikhungo se-Ocean Foundation I-Ocean Acidification Guidebook Yabenzi Bezinqubomgomo yakhelwe ukuhlinzeka ngezibonelo ezamukelwe kakade zomthetho nolimi ukusiza ukubhalwa kokusha kwemithetho ukuze kubhekwane ne-acidification yolwandle, Incwadi Yomhlahlandlela iyatholakala uma uyicela.

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2. Izinsiza Eziyisisekelo Ekufakweni kwe-Ocean Acidification

Lapha e-The Ocean Foundation, i-International Ocean Acidification Initiative ikhulisa amandla ososayensi, abenzi bezinqubomgomo, kanye nemiphakathi ukuze iqonde futhi icwaninge i-OA endaweni kanye nasemhlabeni jikelele. Siyaziqhenya ngomsebenzi wethu wokukhulisa umthamo ngokuqeqeshwa komhlaba wonke, ukwesekwa kwesikhathi eside ngezinto zokusebenza, kanye nezimali ezitholwayo ukuze sisekele ukuqapha nokucwaninga okuqhubekayo.

Umgomo wethu ohlelweni lwe-OA wukuba nezwe ngalinye libe nesu eliqinile le-OA likazwelonke lokuqapha kanye nokunciphisa eliqhutshwa ochwepheshe nezidingo zendawo. Nakuba futhi kudidiyelwa izinyathelo zesifunda nezamazwe ngamazwe ukuze kuhlinzekwe ukubusa okudingekayo nokusekelwa kwezezimali okudingekayo ukuze kubhekwane nale nselele yomhlaba wonke. Kusukela kwasungulwa lolu hlelo sikwazile ukufeza:

• Kutshalwe amakhithi ayi-17 emishini yokuqapha emazweni ayi-16
• Uhole ukuqeqeshwa kwesifunda okungu-8 nososayensi abangaphezu kuka-150 ababekhona abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba
• Kushicilelwe ibhuku lomhlahlandlela elibanzi mayelana nomthetho we-acidification olwandle
• Kwakhiwe ikhithi entsha yemishini yokuqapha eyehlise izindleko zokuqapha ngo-90%
• Kuxhaswe amaphrojekthi amabili wokubuyisela ogwini ukuze kufundwe ukuthi ikhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, efana nomhlume notshani, inganciphisa kanjani ukugcwala kwe-asidi olwandle endaweni
• Kwakha ubudlelwano obusemthethweni nohulumeni kazwelonke kanye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuze kusizwe ukuxhumanisa izenzo ezinkulu
• Isizwe ngokuphasisa izinqumo ezimbili zesifunda ngezinqubo ezisemthethweni ze-UN ukuze kugqugquzelwe umfutho

Lokhu kumane kumbalwa kweziningi ezivelele uhlelo lwethu olukwazile ukuzifeza kule minyaka embalwa edlule. Izinsiza zocwaningo ze-OA, ezibizwa nge-“Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network in a Box,” abe yisisekelo somsebenzi we-IOAI. Lawa maphrojekthi ngokuvamile asungula ukuqapha kokuqala kwamakhemikhali olwandle ezweni ngalinye futhi avumele abacwaningi ukuthi bengeze ocwaningweni ukuze bafunde imiphumela yezinhlobo ezahlukene zasolwandle njengezinhlanzi namakhorali. Lawa maphrojekthi asekelwe yi-GOA-ON kukhithi Yebhokisi abe negalelo ocwaningweni njengoba abanye abamukeli bathola iziqu zabo noma bazakhela awabo amalebhu.

I-Ocean Acidification ibhekisela ekuncishisweni kwe-pH yolwandle esikhathini eside, ngokuvamile amashumi eminyaka noma ngaphezulu. Lokhu kubangelwa ukuthathwa kwe-CO₂ kusuka emkhathini, kodwa futhi kungabangelwa ezinye izithasiselo zamakhemikhali noma ukukhishwa olwandle. Isizathu esivame kakhulu se-OA emhlabeni wanamuhla kungenxa yezenzo ze-anthropogenic noma ngamagama alula, imisebenzi yabantu. Ngenkathi CO₂ isabela ngamanzi olwandle, iba yi-asidi ebuthakathaka, ikhiqize izinguquko eziningi kumakhemikhali. Lokhu kwandisa i-bicarbonate ion [HCO₃^-] kanye nekhabhoni ye-inorganic encibilikisiwe (C_t), futhi yehlisa i-pH.

Iyini i-pH? Isilinganiso se-acidity yolwandle esingabikwa kusetshenziswa izikali ezihlukene: I-National Bureau of Standards (pH_I-NBS), amanzi olwandle (pH_sws), kanye nesamba (pH_t) izikali. Isamba sesikali (pH_t) iyanconywa (Dickinson, 2007) futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu.

Hurd, C., Lenton, A., Tilbrook, B. & Boyd, P. (2018). Ukuqonda kwamanje nezinselelo zezilwandle ku-CO ephezulu₂ Umhlaba. Imvelo. Kubuyiswe kusuka https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0211-0

Nakuba i-acidification yolwandle iyinto yomhlaba wonke, ukuqashelwa kokuhlukahluka okuphawulekayo kwesifunda kuye kwaholela ekusungulweni kwamanethiwekhi okubuka. Izinselelo zesikhathi esizayo ku-CO ephezulu₂ umhlaba uhlanganisa idizayini engcono kanye nokuhlolwa okuqinile kokuzivumelanisa nezimo, ukuncishiswa, kanye nezinketho zokungenelela ukuze kuqedwe imiphumela ye-acidification yolwandle.

Ikhokhasi Kazwelonke Yezishayamthetho Zezemvelo. Ishidi Leqiniso le-NCEL: I-Ocean Acidification.

Iphepha lamaqiniso elinemininingwane yamaphuzu abalulekile, umthetho, nolunye ulwazi mayelana ne-acidification yolwandle.

Amaratunga, C. 2015. Uyini udeveli ocean acidification (OA) futhi kungani kufanele sikhathalele? Inethiwekhi Yokuqaphelisisa Kwemvelo Yasolwandle (i-MEOPAR). Canada.

Lesi sihloko somhleli wesivakashi sihlanganisa ukuhlangana kososayensi basolwandle kanye namalungu emboni yezasemanzini e-Victoria, BC lapho abaholi babedingida khona into ekhathazayo ye-acidification yolwandle kanye nemiphumela yako olwandle kanye ne-aquaculture yase-Canada.

U-Eisler, R. (2012). I-Ocean Acidification: Uhlolojikelele Oluphelele. Enfield, NH: Abashicileli Besayensi.

Leli bhuku libuyekeza izincwadi ezitholakalayo kanye nocwaningo nge-OA, okuhlanganisa ukubuka konke komlando we-pH kanye ne-CO yomkhathi₂ amazinga kanye nemithombo yemvelo kanye ne-anthropogenic ye-CO₂. Igunya liyiziphathimandla eziqashelwayo ekuhloleni ubungozi bamakhemikhali, futhi le ncwadi ifingqa imiphumela yangempela necatshangelwayo ye-acidification yolwandle.

Gattuso, J.-P. & L. Hansson. Ed. (2012). I-Ocean Acidification. ENew York: I-Oxford University Press. ISBN- 978-0-19-959108-4

I-Ocean Acidification iyinkinga ekhulayo futhi le ncwadi isiza ukulungisa inkinga. Le ncwadi ifaneleka kakhulu ezifundweni njengoba iwumbhalo wezinga locwaningo futhi ihlanganisa ucwaningo lwakamuva mayelana nemiphumela engase ibe khona ye-OA, ngenhloso yokwazisa kokubili okubalulekile ocwaningweni lwesikhathi esizayo kanye nenqubomgomo yokuphatha olwandle.

Gattuso, J.-P., J. Orr, S. Pantoja. H.-O. Portner, U. Riebesell, & T. Trull (Eds.). (2009). Ulwandle emhlabeni ophezulu we-CO2 II. Gottingen, Germany: Copernicus Publications. http://www.biogeosciences.net/ special_issue44.html

Lolu hlelo olukhethekile lwe-Biogeosciences lufaka phakathi izindatshana zesayensi ezingaphezu kuka-20 mayelana namakhemikhali olwandle kanye nomthelela we-OA kuzinto eziphilayo zasolwandle.

Turley, C. and K. Boot, 2011: Izinselelo ze-acidification yolwandle ezibhekene nesayensi nomphakathi. Ku: Ocean Acidification [Gattuso, J.-P. kanye noL. Hansson (eds.)]. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 249-271

Ukuthuthukiswa komuntu kuye kwathuthuka kakhulu ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule kwaba nemiphumela emihle nemibi endaweni ezungezile. Njengoba inani labantu liqhubeka likhula, abantu bebelokhu bedala futhi besungula ubuchwepheshe obusha ukuze baqhubeke nokuthola ingcebo. Lapho umgomo oyinhloko ucebile, ngezinye izikhathi imiphumela yezenzo zabo ayibhekwa. Ukuxhashazwa ngokweqile kwezinsiza zeplanethi nokwakheka kwamagesi kuye kwashintsha isimo samakhemikhali somkhathi nosolwandle sibe nemiphumela emibi kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi abantu banamandla kakhulu, lapho isimo sezulu sisengozini, siye sasabela ngokushesha futhi sahlehlisa lo monakalo odala okuhle. Ngenxa yengozi engaba khona yemiphumela emibi emvelweni, izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nemithetho kufanele yenziwe ukuze kugcinwe umhlaba unempilo. Abaholi bezepolitiki nososayensi kumele bahlangane ukuze banqume ukuthi kufanele bangenelele nini ukuze bahlehlise imiphumela yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu.

UMathis, JT, JN Cross, no-NR Bates, 2011: Ukuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa okuyisisekelo nokugeleza komhlaba ku-acidification yolwandle kanye nokucindezelwa kwamaminerali e-carbonate empumalanga yeBering Sea. Journal of Research Geophysical, 116, C02030, doi:10.1029/2010JC006453.

Uma ubheka i-organic carbon (DIC) encibilikisiwe kanye ne-alkalinity ephelele, ukugxila okubalulekile kwamaminerali e-carbonate ne-pH kungabonwa. Idatha ibonise ukuthi i-calcite ne-aragonite iye yathinteka kakhulu ukugeleza komfula, ukukhiqizwa okuyinhloko, nokuvuselelwa kabusha kwezinto eziphilayo. Lawa maminerali e-carbonate abalulekile aye agcwala ngaphansi kwekholomu yamanzi kusukela kulezi zenzakalo ezivela ku-anthropogenic carbon dioxide olwandle.

Gattuso, J.-P. I-Ocean Acidification. (2011) I-Villefranche-sur-mer Developmental Biological Laboratory.

Ukubuka konke okufushane kwamakhasi amathathu kwe-acidification yolwandle, lesi sihloko sinikeza isizinda esiyisisekelo sekhemistri, isikali se-pH, igama, umlando, nomthelela we-acidification yolwandle.

Harrould-Kolieb, E., M. Hirshfield, & A. Brosius. (2009). Ama-Emitters Amakhulu Phakathi Okushaywe Kakhulu yi-Ocean Acidification. I-Oceana.

Lokhu kuhlaziya kuhlola ubungozi obungase bube nomthelela we-OA emazweni ahlukene emhlabeni jikelele ngokusekelwe kubukhulu bezinhlanzi zabo kanye nezimbaza zabo, izinga labo lokudla kwasolwandle, iphesenti lezixhobo zamakhorali ngaphakathi kwe-EEZ yabo, kanye nezinga eliqagelwayo le-OA emazingeni abo. amanzi asogwini ngo-2050. Lo mbiko uphawula ukuthi amazwe anezindawo ezinkulu zama-coral reef, noma abambe futhi adle inani elikhulu lezinhlanzi namagobolondo, futhi lawo atholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme asengozini enkulu ye-OA.

U-Doney, SC, VJ Fabry, RA Feely, no-JA Kleypas, 2009: I-Ocean acidification: Enye i-CO₂ Inkinga. Ukubuyekezwa Konyaka Kwesayensi Yasolwandle, 1, 169-192, doi:10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834.

Njengoba ukukhishwa kwe-anthropogenic carbon dioxide kwenyusa ukushintsha kwe-carbonate chemistry kwenzeka. Lokhu kushintsha imijikelezo ye-biogeochemical yezinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali ezibalulekile njenge-aragonite ne-calcite, kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa okufanele kwezinto eziphilayo ezinamagobolondo aqinile. Ukuhlolwa kwelebhu kubonise ukuncishiswa kokubala kanye namazinga okukhula.

Dickson, AG, Sabine, CL kanye noChristian, JR (Eds.) 2007. Umhlahlandlela wemikhuba ehamba phambili yezilinganiso ze-CO2 yolwandle. I-PICES Incwadi Ekhethekile 3, 191 pp.

Izilinganiso ze-carbon dioxide ziyisisekelo ocwaningweni lwe-acidification yolwandle. Omunye weziqondiso ezingcono kakhulu zokulinganisa wathuthukiswa ithimba lesayensi noMnyango Wezamandla wase-US (i-DOE) ngephrojekthi yabo yokwenza inhlolovo yokuqala yomhlaba wonke ye-carbon dioxide olwandle. Namuhla umhlahlandlela unakekelwa yi-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

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3. Imithelela ye-Ocean Acidification Emiphakathini Yasogwini

I-Ocean acidification ithinta umsebenzi oyisisekelo wezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle kanye nemvelo. Ucwaningo lwamanje lubonisa ukuthi ukugcwala kwe-asidi olwandle kuzoba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu emiphakathini yasogwini ethembele ekuvikelweni kogu, izinhlanzi, kanye nezilwane zasemanzini. Njengoba i-acidity yolwandle ikhula ezilwandle zomhlaba, kuzoba noshintsho ekubuseni kwama-macroalgal, ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala, kanye nokulahlekelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Imiphakathi esezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo isengcupheni enkulu yokwehla okukhulu kwemali engenayo evela olwandle. Ucwaningo oluhlola imiphumela ye-acidification yolwandle kuzibalo zezinhlanzi eziveziwe lubonisa izinguquko ezilimazayo ekuhogeleni, ekuzaleni nasekuphenduleni kokubalekela (izicashunwa ngezansi). Lezi zinguquko zizophula isisekelo esibalulekile somnotho wasekhaya kanye ne-ecosystem. Ukube abantu bebezozibonela mathupha lezi zinguquko, ukunakwa kokunciphisa amazinga amanje e-CO₂ ukukhishwa kungachezuka kakhulu kunoma yiziphi izimo ezihloliwe ngenhla. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi uma le miphumela iqhubeka nokuba nale miphumela ezinhlanzini, kungase kulahleke amakhulu ezigidi zamaRandi ngonyaka ngo-2060.

Ngokuhambisana nezindawo zokudoba, i-coral reef ecotourism ingenisa izigidi zamaRandi ngonyaka. Imiphakathi yasogwini ithembele futhi incike ezixhobo zamakhorali ukuze iziphilise. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi njengoba i-acidity yolwandle iqhubeka ikhula, imiphumela yezixhobo zamakhorali izoba namandla, ngakho-ke ukuncipha kwempilo yazo okuyophumela ekulahlekeni okulinganiselwa ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-870 zamaRandi ngonyaka ngo-2100. Lokhu kukodwa kuwumphumela we-acidification yolwandle. Uma ososayensi bengeza imiphumela ehlanganisiwe yalokhu, ngokufudumala, ukukhishwa kwe-oxygenation, nokuningi, kungaholela emiphumeleni eyingozi nakakhulu kokubili umnotho kanye nesimiso semvelo emiphakathini yasogwini.

Moore, C. noFuller J. (2022). Imithelela Yezomnotho Ye-Ocean Acidification: Ukuhlaziywa Kwe-Meta. I-University of Chicago Press Journals. Marine Resource Economics Vol. 32, No. 2

Lolu cwaningo lukhombisa ukuhlaziya imiphumela ye-OA emnothweni. Imiphumela yezokudoba, i-aquaculture, ukuzijabulisa, ukuvikelwa kogu, nezinye izinkomba zomnotho zabuyekezwa ukuze kufundwe kabanzi mayelana nemiphumela yesikhathi eside ye-acidification yolwandle. Lolu cwaningo luthole isamba sezifundo ezingama-20 kusukela ngo-2021 ezihlaziye imiphumela yezomnotho ye-acidification yolwandle, nokho, eziyi-11 kuphela zazo ezaziqinile ngokwanele ukuthi zibuyekezwe njengezifundo ezizimele. Kulokhu, iningi ligxile ezimakethe ze-mollusk. Ababhali baphetha ucwaningo lwabo ngokubiza isidingo socwaningo olwengeziwe, ikakhulukazi izifundo ezibandakanya ukukhishwa okuthile kanye nezimo zenhlalo-mnotho, ukuze bathole izibikezelo ezinembile zemiphumela yesikhathi eside ye-acidification yolwandle.

Hall-Spencer JM, Harvey BP. I-acidification yolwandle inomthelela ezinhlelweni ze-ecosystem yasogwini ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala. I-Emerg Top Life Sci. 2019 Meyi 10;3(2):197-206. doi: 10.1042/ETLS20180117. PMID: 33523154; I-PMCID: PMC7289009.

I-Ocean acidification yehlisa ukusimama kwezindawo ezihlala ogwini ibe yiqoqo labanye abashayeli abahlobene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu (ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke, ukuphakama kwezinga lolwandle, ukwanda kweziphepho) okwandisa ubungozi bokuguquguquka kombuso wasolwandle kanye nokulahleka kwemisebenzi ebalulekile ye-ecosystem kanye nezinsizakalo. Ubungozi bempahla yasolwandle buyanda nge-OA edala ukushintsha kokubusa kwama-macroalgal, ukucekelwa phansi kwendawo yokuhlala, kanye nokulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Le miphumela iye yabonakala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele. Izifundo ze-CO₂ ama-seep azoba nomthelela ezindaweni zokudoba eziseduze, futhi izindawo ezishisayo nezishisayo zizobhekana nemiphumela emibi ngenxa yezigidi zabantu abathembele ekuvikelweni kogu, ukudoba, kanye nezilwane zasemanzini.

U-Cooley SR, u-Ono CR, uMelcer S no-Roberson J (2016) Izenzo Zezinga Lomphakathi ezingabhekana ne-Ocean Acidification. Ngaphambili. Mar. Sci. 2:128. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2015.00128

Leli phepha lingena ezenzweni zamanje ezithathwa yizifundazwe nezinye izifunda ezingazange ziyizwe imiphumela ye-OA kodwa ezikhathele yimiphumela yayo.

Ekstrom, JA et al. (2015). Ukuba sengozini kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezigobolondo zase-US ku-acidification yolwandle. Nature. 5, 207-215, doi: 10.1038/climate2508

Izinyathelo zokunciphisa ezingenzeka nezifanele endaweni ziyadingeka ukuze kubhekwane nemithelela ye-acidification yolwandle. Lesi sihloko sethula ukuhlaziya okucacile ngokwendawo kokuba sengozini kwemiphakathi yasogwini e-United States.

Spalding, MJ (2015). Inkinga Yechibi LaseSherman - Kanye Nolwandle Lomhlaba. Isithangami Sezemvelo. 32 (2), 38-43.

Lo mbiko uqokomisa ukuqina kwe-OA, umthelela wayo kuwebhu yokudla nasemithonjeni yabantu yamaprotheni, kanye neqiniso lokuthi akuyona nje usongo olukhulayo kodwa inkinga yamanje nebonakalayo. I-athikili idingida isenzo sezwe lase-US kanye nokusabela kwamazwe ngamazwe ku-OA, futhi iphetha ngohlu lwezinyathelo ezincane ezingathathwa futhi okufanele zithathwe ukuze kusizwe ukulwa ne-OA.

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4. I-Ocean Acidification kanye Nemiphumela Yakho Ezindaweni Eziphila Ngasolwandle

Doney, Scott C., Busch, D. Shallin, Cooley, Sarah R., & Kroeker, Kristy J. Imithelela Ye-Ocean Acidification ku-Marine Ecosystems kanye Nemiphakathi Yabantu Ethembele. Ukubuyekezwa Konyaka Kwendawo Ezungezile Nezinsiza, 45 (1). Kubuyiswe kusukela ku-https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10164807. https:// doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083019

Lolu cwaningo lugxile emiphumeleni yokukhuphuka kwamazinga e-carbon dioxide kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi neminye imisebenzi ye-anthropogenic. Ukuhlolwa kwelebhu kubonisa ukuthi lokhu kudale izinguquko ku-physiology yezilwane, ukuguquguquka kwenani labantu, kanye nokushintsha kwe-ecosystem. Lokhu kuzobeka umnotho engcupheni ethembele kakhulu olwandle. Ukudoba, ukufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini, nokuvikelwa kogu kuphakathi kokuningi okuzobhekana nemiphumela ebuhlungu kakhulu.

Olsen E, Kaplan IC, Ainsworth C, Fay G, Gaichas S, Gamble R, Girardin R, Eide CH, Ihde TF, Morzaria-Luna H, Johnson KF, Savina-Rolland M, Townsend H, Weijerman M, Fulton EA and Link I-JS (2018) I-Ocean Futures Ngaphansi Kwe-Ocean Acidification, Ukuvikelwa Kwasolwandle, kanye Nokushintsha Izingcindezi Zokudoba Ezihlolwa Ngokusebenzisa I-Worldwide Suite yamamodeli we-Ecosystem. Ngaphambili. Mar. Sci. 5:64. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00064

Ukuphathwa kwe-ecosystem-based, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-EBM, kube yintshisekelo ekhulayo yokuhlola amanye amasu okuphatha nokusiza ukuhlonza ukuhwebelana ukuze kwehliswe ukusetshenziswa kwabantu. Lena indlela yokucwaninga izixazululo zezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi zokulawulwa kolwandle ukuze kuthuthukiswe impilo ye-ecosystem ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba.

Mostofa, KMG, Liu, C.-Q., Zhai, W., Minella, M., Vione, D., Gao, K., Minakata, D., Arakaki, T., Yoshioka, T., Hayakawa, K ., Konohira, E., Tanoue, E., Akhand, A., Chanda, A., Wang, B., no-Sakugawa, H.: Izibuyekezo kanye nama-Syntheses: I-acidification yolwandle kanye nomthelela wayo ongaba khona ku-ecosystems yasolwandle, i-Biogeosciences, 13 , 1767-1786, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1767-2016, 2016.

Le ndatshana ingena engxoxweni yezifundo ezahlukahlukene ezenziwe ukuze kubonwe imiphumela ye-OA olwandle.

Cattano, C, Claudet, J., Domenici, P. and Milazzo, M. (2018, May) Ukuphila emhlabeni we-CO2 ephezulu: ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta-global kubonisa izimpendulo zezinhlanzi eziningi ze-trait-mediated ku-acidification yolwandle. I-Ecological Monographs 88(3). I-DOI:10.1002/ecm.1297

Izinhlanzi ziwumthombo obalulekile wokuziphilisa emiphakathini yasogwini futhi ziyingxenye ebalulekile yokuzinza kwezinhlelo zemvelo zasolwandle. Ngenxa yemiphumela ehlobene nengcindezi ye-OA ku-physiology, kudingeka kwenziwe okwengeziwe ukuze kugcwaliswe igebe lolwazi ezinqubweni ezibalulekile ze-eco-physiological futhi kwandiswe ucwaningo ezindaweni ezifana nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke, i-hypoxia, nokudoba. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi imiphumela yezinhlanzi ayizange ibe mikhulu, ngokungafani nezilwane ezingenamgogodla ezingaphansi kwe-spatiotemporal gradients yemvelo. Kuze kube manje, kunezifundo eziningi ezibonisa imiphumela ehlukahlukene kuma-vertebrates nama-invertebrates. Ngenxa yokuhlukahlukana, kubalulekile ukuthi kwenziwe ucwaningo ukuze kubonwe lokhu kuhlukahluka ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqonda ukuthi i-acidification yolwandle izowuthinta kanjani umnotho wemiphakathi yasogwini.

Albright, R. and Cooley, S. (2019). Ukubuyekezwa Kokungenelela okuhlongozwayo ukuze kuncishiswe imithelela ekuguqulweni kwe-asidi yolwandle ezitsheni zamakhorali Izifundo Zesifunda kuSayensi Yasolwandle, Umq. 29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2019.100612

Lolu cwaningo lungena ngemininingwane yokuthi izixhobo zamakhorali zithintwe kanjani yi-OA eminyakeni yamuva nje. Kulolu cwaningo, abacwaningi bathola ukuthi izixhobo zamakhorali kungenzeka zikwazi ukuhlehla esehlakalweni sokufiphala. 

1. Izixhobo zamakhorali zinamathuba amaningi okuthi zihlehle zisuka esehlakalweni sokufiphala ngendlela ehamba kancane uma zifaka imithelela endaweni ezungezile, efana ne-acidification yolwandle.
2. “Izinsizakalo ze-ecosystem zisengozini evela ku-OA kuma-coral reef ecosystem. Izinkonzo zokuhlinzeka zivame ukulinganiswa ngokwezomnotho, kodwa ezinye izinkonzo zibaluleke ngokufanayo emiphakathini yabantu egudle ugu.”

Malsbury, E. (2020, February 3) “Amasampula Ohambo Oludumile Lwekhulu Le-19 Aveza Imithelela 'Eshaqisayo' Ye-Ocean Acidification." Umagazini Wesayensi. I-AAAS. Kubuyiswe kusuka: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/02/ plankton-shells-have-become-dangerously-thin-acidifying-oceans-are-blame

Amasampula egobolondo, aqoqwe ku-HMS Challenger ngo-1872-76, aminyene kakhulu kunamagobolondo ohlobo olufanayo olutholakala namuhla. Abacwaningi bathola lokhu lapho amagobolondo aseneminyaka engaba ngu-150 ubudala avela eqoqweni le-Museum of Natural History yaseLondon eqhathaniswa nezibonelo zesimanje zangaso sikhathi. Ososayensi basebenzisa ugodo lomkhumbi ukuze bathole uhlobo oluqondile, indawo, nesikhathi sonyaka amagobolondo aqoqwa futhi basebenzisa lokhu ukuze baqoqe amasampula esimanje. Ukuqhathanisa kwakucacile: amagobolondo esimanje ayefika ku-76% azacile kunozakwabo bomlando futhi imiphumela ikhomba ukugcwala kwe-asidi olwandle njengembangela.

I-MacRae, Gavin (12 Ephreli 2019.) “I-Ocean Acidification Ilungisa Kabusha Amawebhu Okudla Kwasolwandle.” I-Watershed Sentinel. https://watershedsentinel.ca/articles/ocean-acidification-is-reshaping-marine-food-webs/

Ukujula kolwandle kunciphisa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, kodwa ngezindleko. I-asidi yamanzi olwandle iyanda njengoba ulwandle lumunca isikhutha emafutheni ezinto ezimbiwa phansi.

Spalding, u-Mark J. (21 Januwari 2019.) “Amazwana: Ulwandle luyashintsha – luba ne-asidi kakhulu.” Isiteshi Izindaba Asia. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/ commentary/ocean-acidification-climate-change-marine-life-dying-11124114

Konke okuphilayo emhlabeni kuyogcina kuthintekile njengoba ulwandle oluya lufudumala futhi olune-asidi lukhiqiza umoya omncane odala izimo ezisongela izinhlobonhlobo zezilwane zasolwandle kanye nemvelo. Kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokwakha ukumelana ne-asidi yolwandle ukuze kuvikelwe izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle emhlabeni wethu.

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5. Izinsiza Zothisha

NOAA. (2022). Imfundo Nokufinyelela. Uhlelo lwe-Ocean Acidification. https://oceanacidification.noaa.gov/AboutUs/ EducationOutreach/

I-NOAA inohlelo lwezemfundo nokufinyelela emphakathini ngomnyango wayo we-acidification olwandle. Lokhu kunikeza umphakathi izinsiza zokuthi ungadonsa kanjani ukunaka kubakhi benqubomgomo ukuze baqale ukuyisa imithetho ye-OA ezingeni elisha futhi iqalise ukusebenza. 

Thibodeau, Patrica S., Ukusebenzisa Idatha Yesikhathi Eside Kusukela E-Antarctica Ukuze Ufundise I-Ocean Acidification (2020). Yamanje The Journal of Marine Education, 34 (1), 43-45.https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles

I-Virginia Institute of Marine Science idale lolu hlelo lwesifundo lokubandakanya abafundi besikole esiphakathi ukuze baxazulule impicabadala: yini i-acidification yolwandle futhi ithinta kanjani impilo yasolwandle e-Antarctic? Ukuze kuxazululwe impicabadala, abafundi bazobamba iqhaza ekuzingeleni kodoti we-acidification olwandle, baphakamise imibono ecatshangelwayo futhi bafinyelele eziphethweni zabo ngokuchazwa kwedatha yesikhathi sangempela evela e-Antarctic. Uhlelo lwesifundo olunemininingwane luyatholakala kokuthi: https://doi.org/10.25773/zzdd-ej28.

Iqoqo Lekharikhulamu Ye-Ocean Acidification. 2015. Isizwe SakwaSuquamish.

Le nsiza eku-inthanethi iqoqo elikhethiwe lezinsiza zamahhala zokwenziwa kwe-asidi olwandle kothisha nabaxhumana nabo, kumabanga K-12.

I-Alaska Ocean Acidification Network. (2022). I-Ocean Acidification Kothisha. https://aoan.aoos.org/community-resources/for-educators/

I-Ocean Acidification Network yase-Alaska ithuthukise izinsiza kusukela kuma-PowerPoints alandisiwe nezindatshana kuya kumavidiyo nezinhlelo zezifundo zamabanga ahlukahlukene. Ikharikhulamu ekhethiwe ye-acidification yolwandle ithathwe njengebalulekile e-Alaska. Sisebenzela ezinye izifundo ezigqamisa ikhemistri yamanzi yase-Alaska eyingqayizivele kanye namashayeli e-OA.

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6. Imihlahlandlela Yenqubomgomo kanye Nemibiko Kahulumeni

Iqembu le-Interagency Working on Ocean Acidification. (2022, Okthoba, 28). Umbiko Wesithupha Wokucwaninga Nge-Ocean Acidification kanye Nemisebenzi Yokuqapha Exhaswe Ngohulumeni. Ikomidi elincane leKomidi leSayensi neThekhinoloji Yasolwandle Lemvelo loMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wesayensi Nobuchwepheshe. https://oceanacidification.noaa.gov/sites/oap-redesign/Publications/SOST_IWGOA-FY-18-and-19-Report.pdf?ver=2022-11-01-095750-207

I-Ocean acidification (OA), ukuncipha kwe-pH yolwandle okubangelwa ikakhulukazi ukumuncwa kwe-anthropogenically ekhishwe i-carbon dioxide (CO)₂) evela emkhathini, iwusongo ezintweni eziphilayo zasolwandle kanye nezinkonzo lezo zinhlelo ezihlinzeka umphakathi. Lo mbhalo ufingqa imisebenzi ye-Federal on OA in Fiscal Year (FY) 2018 kanye no-2019. Ihlelwe yaba yizigaba ezihambisana nezifunda eziyisishiyagalolunye, ikakhulukazi, izinga lomhlaba, izinga likazwelonke, kanye nomsebenzi e-United States Northeast, United States Mid. -Atlantic, United States Southeast and Gulf Coast, Caribbean, United States West Coast, Alaska, US Pacific Islands, Arctic, Antarctic.

IKomidi Lezemvelo, Izinsiza Zemvelo, kanye Nokusimama koMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wesayensi Nobuchwepheshe. (2015, Ephreli). Umbiko Wesithathu Omayelana Nemisebenzi Yocwaningo Lwe-Ocean Acidification kanye Nokuqapha exhaswe nguHulumeni.

Lo mbhalo wathuthukiswa i-Interagency Working Group on Ocean Acidification, eyeluleka, esiza, futhi yenza izincomo ezindabeni eziphathelene ne-acidification yolwandle, okuhlanganisa nokuxhumanisa imisebenzi ye-Federal. Lo mbiko ufingqa ucwaningo lwe-ocean-acidification oluxhaswe nguhulumeni kanye nemisebenzi yokuqapha; ihlinzeka ngezindleko zale misebenzi, futhi ichaza ukukhishwa kwakamuva kwesu locwaningo lwesu locwaningo lwe-Federal kanye nokuqapha kwe-acidification yolwandle.

I-NOAA Agencies Ikhuluma Nendaba Ye-Ocean Acidification Emanzini Asendaweni. I-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Lo mbiko uhlinzeka ngesifundo esifushane esithi “Ocean Chemistry 101” mayelana nokusabela kwamakhemikhali e-OA kanye nesikali se-pH. Iphinde ifake uhlu lwezinkinga ezijwayelekile ze-NOAA ze-acidification yolwandle.

I-NOAA Climate Science & Services. Iqhaza Elibalulekile Lokubhekwa Komhlaba Ekuqondeni Ukushintsha I-Ocean Chemistry.

Lo mbiko uveza umzamo we-NOAA's Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) okuhloswe ngawo ukukhomba, ukubikezela, nokuqapha izindawo ezisogwini, ulwandle, kanye ne-Great Lake.

Bika kuMbusi kanye ne-Maryland General Assembly. I-Task Force Yokufunda Umthelela We-Ocean Acidification Emanzini Ombuso. Iwebhu. Januwari 9, 2015.

Isifunda saseMaryland siyisifunda esingasogwini esinganciki olwandle kuphela kodwa naseChesapeake Bay. Buka lesi sihloko ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nocwaningo lwethimba elisebenza eMaryland elisetshenziswe yiMaryland General Assembly.

Iphaneli ye-Washington State Blue Ribbon on Ocean Acidification. I-Ocean Acidification: Ukusuka Kulwazi Kuya Esenzweni. Iwebhu. Novemba 2012.

Lo mbiko unikeza isizinda se-acidification yolwandle kanye nomthelela wako kusifunda sase-Washington. Njengombuso wasogwini othembele ekudobeni nasezinsizeni zasemanzini, ugxila emiphumeleni engase ibe khona yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu emnothweni. Funda lesi sihloko ukuze ufunde ukuthi iWashington yenzani njengamanje kwezesayensi nezepolitiki ukulwa nale miphumela.

Hemphill, A. (2015, February 17). I-Maryland Ithatha Isinyathelo Ukubhekana Ne-Ocean Acidification. I-Mid-Atlantic Regional Council on the Ocean. Ibuyiselwe kusuka http://www.midatlanticocean.org

Isifundazwe saseMaryland sihamba phambili ezifundazweni ezithatha isinyathelo esiwujuqu ukubhekana nomthelela we-OA. IMaryland yaphasisa i-House Bill 118, yakha ithimba elizofunda umthelela we-OA emanzini ombuso ngesikhathi seseshini yawo ka-2014. Ithimba lomsebenzi ligxile emikhakheni eyisikhombisa ebalulekile yokwenza ngcono ukuqonda kwe-OA.

Upton, HF & P. ​​Folger. (2013). Ukuqina kolwandle (CRS Report No. R40143). Washington, DC: Inkonzo Yocwaningo LweCongressional.

Okuqukethwe kufaka phakathi amaqiniso e-OA ayisisekelo, izinga okwenzeka ngalo i-OA, imithelela engaba khona ye-OA, izimpendulo zemvelo nezomuntu ezingase zikhawulele noma zehlise i-OA, intshisekelo yeCongress ku-OA, kanye nalokho uhulumeni wobumbano akwenzayo nge-OA. Ishicilelwe ngoJulayi ka-2013, lo mbiko we-CRS uyisibuyekezo semibiko yangaphambilini ye-CRS OA futhi uphawula umthethosivivinywa okuwukuphela kwawo owethulwe ku-113th Congress (Izichibiyelo Zomthetho Wokugcinwa Kwezinto Eziyi-Coral Reef of 2013) ozohlanganisa i-OA kumibandela esetshenziswa ukuhlola iziphakamiso zephrojekthi ukufunda izinsongo zamakhorali. Umbiko wangempela washicilelwa ngo-2009 futhi ungatholakala kulesi sixhumanisi esilandelayo: Buck, EH & P. ​​Folger. (2009). Ukuqina kolwandle (CRS Report No. R40143). Washington, DC: Inkonzo Yocwaningo LweCongressional.

II-GBP, IOC, SCOR (2013). Isifinyezo se-Ocean Acidification Sabenzi Bezinqubomgomo - Ingqungquthela Yesithathu Olwandle endaweni Ephakeme-CO₂ Umhlaba. I-International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, eStockholm, eSweden.

Lesi sifinyezo singesimo solwazi mayelana ne-acidification yolwandle esekelwe ocwaningweni olwethulwa ku-symposium yesithathu olwandle ku-High-CO₂ Umhlaba eMonterey, CA ngo-2012.

Iphaneli ye-InterAcademy Ezindabeni Zamazwe Ngamazwe. (2009). Isitatimende se-IAP mayelana ne-Ocean Acidification.

Lesi sitatimende esinamakhasi amabili, esigunyazwe izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme ezingaphezu kuka-60 emhlabeni jikelele, siveza kafushane izinsongo ezithunyelwe yi-OA, futhi sinikeza izincomo kanye nekhwelo lokuthatha isinyathelo.

Imiphumela Yemvelo Ye-Ocean Acidification: Usongo Ekuvikelekeni Kokudla. (2010). Nairobi, Kenya. UNEP.

Lesi sihloko sihlanganisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-CO₂, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, kanye ne-OA, umthelela we-OA ezinsizeni zokudla zasolwandle, futhi iphetha ngohlu lwezenzo ezidingekayo eziyi-8 zokunciphisa ubungozi bemiphumela ye-acidification yolwandle.

Isimemezelo saseMonaco nge-Ocean Acidification. (2008). I-Symposium Yesibili Yamazwe Ngamazwe Olwandle e-High-CO₂ Umhlaba.

Esicelwe uPrince Albert II ngemva kochungechunge lwesibili lwamazwe ngamazwe eMonaco mayelana ne-OA, lesi simemezelo, esisekelwe ekutholweni kwesayensi okungenakuphikiswa futhi sasayinwa ososayensi abangu-155 abavela ezizweni ezingu-26, sibeka izincomo, sibiza abenzi bezinqubomgomo ukuthi babhekane nenkinga enkulu ye-acidification yolwandle.

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7. Izinsiza Ezengeziwe

I-Ocean Foundation incoma izinsiza ezilandelayo ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe ngocwaningo lwe-Ocean Acidification

1. Isevisi ye-NOAA Ocean
2. University of Plymouth
3. I-National Marine Sanctuary Foundation

Spalding, MJ (2014) I-Ocean Acidification kanye Nokuphepha Kokudla. I-University of California, Irvine: I-Ocean Health, i-Global Fishing, kanye nesethulo senkomfa Yokuphepha Kokudla.

Ngo-2014, u-Mark Spalding wethule ngobudlelwano phakathi kwe-OA nokuvikeleka kokudla engqungqutheleni yezempilo yolwandle, ukudoba emhlabeni wonke, kanye nokuvikeleka kokudla e-UC Irvine. 

Isikhungo Sesiqhingi (2017). Uchungechunge Lwefilimu Yesimo Sezulu Sokushintsha. Isikhungo sase-Island. https://www.islandinstitute.org/stories/a-climate-of-change-film-series/

I-Island Institute ikhiqize uchungechunge olufushane lwezingxenye ezintathu olugxile emiphumeleni yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye ne-acidification yolwandle ezindaweni zokudoba e-United States. Amavidiyo ashicilelwe okokuqala ngo-2017, kodwa ulwazi oluningi lusasebenza nanamuhla.

Ingxenye yokuqala, Amanzi Afudumalayo eGulf of Maine, igxile emiphumeleni yesimo sezulu ezindaweni zokudoba zesizwe sakithi. Ososayensi, abaphathi, nabadobi bonke sebeqalile ukuxoxa ngokuthi singayihlela kanjani futhi okufanele siyihlelele imiphumela yesimo sezulu engenakugwenywa, kodwa engalindelekile, ohlelweni lwendalo yasolwandle. Ukuze uthole umbiko ogcwele, Chofoza lapha.

Ingxenye Yesibili, I-Ocean Acidification e-Alaska, igxile endleleni abadobi base-Alaska ababhekana ngayo nenkinga ekhulayo yokwenziwa kweasidi olwandle. Ukuze uthole umbiko ogcwele, Chofoza lapha.

Engxenyeni Yesithathu, Ukugoqa kanye Nokujwayela endaweni yokudoba i-Apalachicola Oyster, Abaphathi bezindawo baya e-Apalachicola, eFlorida, ukuze babone ukuthi kwenzekani lapho indawo yokudoba iwa ngokuphelele nokuthi umphakathi wenzani ukuze uzivumelanise nokuzivuselela. Ukuze uthole umbiko ogcwele, Chofoza lapha.

Izenzo Ongazithatha

Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla imbangela eyinhloko ye-acidification yolwandle ukwanda kwe-carbon dioxide, esuke imuncwa ulwandle. Ngakho-ke, ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kuyisinyathelo esilandelayo esibalulekile sokumisa ukwanda kwe-asidi olwandle. Sicela uvakashele i- Ikhasi le-International Ocean Acidification Initiative ukuze uthole ulwazi ngokuthi yiziphi izinyathelo ezithathwa yi-Ocean Foundation mayelana ne-Ocean Acidification.

Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe ngezinye izixazululo ezihlanganisa nokuhlaziywa kwamaphrojekthi okususa i-Carbon Dioxide Removal nobuchwepheshe sicela ubone Ikhasi Locwaningo Lokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu le-Ocean Foundatione, ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe bheka I-Ocean Foundation's Blue Resilience Initiative. 

Sebenzisa yethu I-SeaGrass Khulisa I-Carbon Calculator ukubala ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni yakho futhi unikele ukuze unciphise umthelela wakho! Isibali sithuthukiswe yi-The Ocean Foundation ukusiza umuntu noma inhlangano ukubala i-CO yaminyaka yonke₂ ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni, ukunquma inani lekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka edingekayo ukuze kuqedwe (amahektha otshani basolwandle azobuyiselwa noma okulingana nawo). Imali engenayo evela kumshini wekhredithi yecarbon eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ingasetshenziselwa ukuxhasa imizamo yokubuyisela, okubuye kukhiqize amakhredithi engeziwe. Izinhlelo ezinjalo zivumela ukuwina okubili: ukwakhiwa kwezindleko ezingalinganiswa ezinhlelweni zomhlaba wonke ze-CO₂-imisebenzi yokukhipha utshani kanye, okwesibili, nokubuyiselwa kwezimfunda zasolwandle ezakha ingxenye ebalulekile yemvelo yasogwini futhi ezidinga kakhulu ukululama.

BUYELA OCWANINGO