I-WHMSI: Ukuba Ngomakhelwane Abahle Ukusekela Izilwane Ezifudukayo

Ngu: Mark J. Spalding, uMongameli

Ngibe nenhlanhla enkulu yokuchitha ingxenye yokuqala yaleli sonto emhlanganweni okhethekile nozakwethu ophikweni lwamazwe ngamazwe lwe-US Fish and Wildlife Service. Umhlangano, obuqoqwe yiNhlangano Yamazwe AseMelika, ubungaza imizamo yokuvikela izilwane ezifudukayo endaweni esentshonalanga. Kwabuthana abantu abangaba amashumi amabili abamele amazwe ayisi-6, ama-NGO ama-4, iMinyango yeKhabhinethi yase-US emi-2, kanye nonobhala bemihlangano emi-3 yamazwe ngamazwe. Sonke singamalungu ekomiti eliqondisayo le-WHMSI, i-Western Hemisphere Migratory Species Initiative. Sakhethwa ngontanga yethu ukuze sisize ukuqondisa ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Initiative nokugcina ukuxhumana nababambe iqhaza phakathi kwezingqungquthela. 

Wonke amazwe aseNtshonalanga Nenkabazwe abelana ngefa elifanayo lebhayoloji, amasiko nezomnotho - ngezinyoni zethu ezifudukayo, imikhomo, amalulwane, izimfudu zasolwandle, nezimvemvane. I-WHMSI yazalwa ngo-2003 ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukubambisana mayelana nokuvikelwa kwalezi zinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezihamba ngaphandle kokubheka imingcele yezombangazwe emizileni yendawo kanye namaphethini esikhashana amakhulu eminyaka ukwenziwa. Ukuvikela ngokubambisana kudinga ukuthi izizwe zibone izinhlobo zezilwane ezinqamula imingcele futhi zabelane ngolwazi lwendawo mayelana nezidingo zendawo kanye nokuziphatha kwezinhlobo zezinto zokuhamba. Kuwo wonke umhlangano wezinsuku ezimbili, sezwa ngemizamo yezwe evela kubameleli baseParaguay, eChile, e-Uruguay, e-El Salvador, eDominican Republic, nase-St. Lucia, kanye ne-CITES Secretariat, Convention on Migratory Species, e-U.S. I-Conservancy, i-Inter-American Convention for the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles, kanye ne-Society for the Conservation and Study of Caribbean Birds.

Kusukela e-Arctic kuya e-Antarctica, izinhlanzi, izinyoni, izilwane ezincelisayo, izimfudu zasolwandle, ama-cetaceans, amalulwane, izinambuzane nezinye izinhlobo ezifudukayo zihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zemvelo nezomnotho ezabiwe ngamazwe kanye nabantu baseWestern Hemisphere. Ziyimithombo yokudla, indlela yokuziphilisa nezokungcebeleka, futhi zinenani elibalulekile lesayensi, ezomnotho, amasiko, ubuhle kanye nengokomoya. Naphezu kwalezi zinzuzo, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zasendle ezifudukayo ziya ngokuya ziba sengozini ngenxa yokulawulwa kwezinga likazwelonke ngendlela engahlelekile, ukucekelwa phansi nokulahlekelwa kwezindawo zemvelo, izinhlobo ezihlaselayo zangaphandle, ukungcoliswa komhlaba, ukuzingela nokudoba, ukubanjwa kwezilwane okungalindelekile, izinqubo zokufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini ezingalawuleki kanye nokuvuna nokushushumbiswa okungekho emthethweni.

Kulo mhlangano wekomiti eliqondisayo, sichithe isikhathi sethu esiningi sisebenza ngesethi yezimiso nezenzo ezihlobene nezinyoni ezifudukayo zokongiwa kwemvelo, eziphakathi kwezinhlobo zentshisekelo ethile endaweni yethu. Amakhulu ezinhlobo zezilwane zifuduka ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene zonyaka. Lokhu kufuduka kusebenza njengomthombo wesizini wamadola okuvakasha angaba khona kanye nenselele yokuphatha, uma kubhekwa ukuthi izinhlobo zezilwane azihlali futhi kungaba nzima ukukholisa imiphakathi ngenani lazo, noma ukuxhumanisa ukuvikelwa kwezinhlobo ezifanele zendawo yokuhlala.

Ngaphezu kwalokho kunezindaba zomthelela wokuthuthuka okungavimbelwe kanye nokuhweba ngezinhlobo zezilwane ukuze kudliwe noma ezinye izinhloso. Ngokwesibonelo, ngamangala lapho ngithola ukuthi izimfudu—zazo zonke izinhlobo—ziphezulu ohlwini lwezilwane ezinomgogodla ezisengozini yokushabalala kuwo wonke umhlaba. Isidingo sangaphambilini sokuhlinzeka ngezitolo ezifuywayo sithathelwe indawo yisidingo sezimfudu zamanzi ahlanzekile njengokudla okudliwa ngabantu-okuholela ezingozini zabantu ezibi kakhulu kangangokuba kuhlongozwa izindlela eziphuthumayo zokuvikela izimfudu yi-US ngokwesekwa yiChina emhlanganweni olandelayo. yamaqembu ku I-Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) ngoMashi. Ngenhlanhla, isidingo singahlangatshezwana ngokubambelela ngokuqinile ekuthengeni izimfudu ezifuywayo futhi abantu basendle banganikezwa ithuba lokululama ngokuvikela indawo yokuhlala eyanele kanye nokuqedwa kokuvuna.

Kulabo bethu abasolwandle, isithakazelo sethu ngokwemvelo sigxile ezidingweni zezilwane zasolwandle—izinyoni, izimfudu zasolwandle, izinhlanzi, nezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle—ezifudukela enyakatho naseningizimu unyaka ngamunye. I-Bluefin tuna isuka eGulf of Mexico lapho izalela khona futhi ikhuphuke iye e-Canada njengengxenye yomjikelezo wempilo yayo. Ama-groupers azalela ngamaqoqo ngasogwini lwaseBelize futhi ahlakazekela kwezinye izindawo. Unyaka ngamunye, izinkulungwane zezimfudu zigoduka ziye ogwini oluse-Caribbean, Atlantic, kanye nasePacific ukuze zizalele amaqanda azo, futhi cishe emasontweni angu-8 amaphuphu azo achanyuselwa enza okufanayo.

Imikhomo empunga ebusika e-Baja ukuze izale futhi izale amaphuphu ayo ichitha ihlobo layo kude le enyakatho njenge-Alaska, ifuduka ngasogwini lwaseCalifornia. Imikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ifuduka iyodla emanzini aseChile (endaweni engcwele I-Ocean Foundation yayiziqhenya ngokusiza ukusungula), kuze kufike eMexico nangale kwayo. Kodwa, sisasazi okuncane mayelana nokuziphatha kokukhwelana noma izindawo zokuzalanisa zalesi silwane esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

Ngemuva komhlangano we-WHMSI 4 eMiami, owenzeka ngoDisemba 2010, senze inhlolovo ukuze sinqume izinkinga ezicindezela kakhulu emkhakheni wasolwandle, okwasivumela ukuthi sibhale i-RFP yeziphakamiso zohlelo lwezibonelelo ezincane ukuze sisebenze kulezo zinto eziza kuqala. . Imiphumela yoCwaningo ibonise lokhu okulandelayo njengezigaba zezinhlobo zezilwane ezifudukayo kanye nezindawo zokuhlala ezikhathaza kakhulu:

1. Izilwane Ezincelisayo Ezincane Zasolwandle
2. Oshaka nemisebe
3. Izilwane Ezincelisayo Ezinkulu Zasolwandle
4. Izixhobo zamakhorali nemihlume
5. Amabhishi (okuhlanganisa namabhishi ahlala izidleke)
   [QAPHELA: izimfudu zasolwandle zazikleliswe phezulu, kodwa zafakwa ngaphansi kolunye uxhaso]

Ngakho, emhlanganweni waleli sonto sixoxile, futhi sakhethelwa uxhaso lwezimali iziphakamiso ezi-5 kwezingama-37 ezinhle kakhulu ezigxile ekwakhiweni kwamakhono ukuze kubhekwane kangcono nalezi zinto ezibalulekile ngokuthuthukisa kakhulu ukongiwa kwazo.

Amathuluzi esinawo ngokuhlanganyela afaka:

1. Ukusungula izindawo ezivikelekile ngaphakathi kwemingcele kazwelonke, ikakhulukazi lezo ezidingekayo ezindabeni zokuzalanisa kanye nenkulisa
2. Ukuthatha ithuba le-RAMSAR, i-CITES, Amagugu Omhlaba, nezinye izingqungquthela zamazwe ngamazwe ezivikelayo kanye nokuqokwa ukusekela ukusebenzisana nokuqiniswa
3. Ukwabelana ngedatha yesayensi, ikakhulukazi mayelana namandla okuguquguquka okukhulu kwamaphethini okufuduka ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Kungani ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu? Izinhlobo ezifudukayo ziyizisulu zemiphumela yamanje ebonakalayo yesimo sezulu esishintshayo. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi imijikelezo ethile yokufuduka ibangelwa ubude bosuku njengoba ibangelwa izinga lokushisa. Lokhu kungaholela ezinkingeni ezinkulu kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. Isibonelo, ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ukuncibilika enyakatho kungasho ukuqhakaza kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kwezitshalo eziyisihluthulelo ezisekelayo ngakho-ke izimvemvane ezifika ngesikhathi "esivamile" zivela eningizimu azinakho ukudla, futhi mhlawumbe, amaqanda azo achanyuselwa ngeke nawo. Ukuncibilika kwasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo kungasho ukuthi izikhukhula zasentwasahlobo zithinta ukudla okutholakala emaxhaphozini asogwini eduze kwemizila yezinyoni ezifudukayo. Iziphepho ezingalawuleki—isb. izivunguvungu ngaphambi kwesikhathi “esivamile” senkanyamba—zingaphephula izinyoni kude nemizila ejwayelekile noma ziziwise endaweni engaphephile. Ngisho nokushisa okukhiqizwa ezindaweni zasemadolobheni eziminyene kakhulu kungashintsha indlela yokuna kwemvula eqhele ngezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha futhi kuthinte ukutholakala kwakho kokubili ukudla nendawo yokuhlala yezilwane ezifudukayo. Ezilwaneni zasolwandle ezifudukayo, izinguquko kumakhemikhali olwandle, izinga lokushisa, nokujula kungathinta yonke into kusukela kuzimpawu zokuhamba, ukuya ekutholakaleni kokudla (isib. ukuguqula amaphethini ezindawo zezinhlanzi), kuya ekuqineni kwezehlakalo ezimbi. Njengoba lezi zilwane zizivumelanisa nezimo, imisebenzi esekelwe kwezokuvakasha kwemvelo kungase kudingeke ishintshe—ukuze kugcinwe isisekelo somnotho sokuvikela izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

Ngenze iphutha lokushiya igumbi imizuzu embalwa ekuseni yokugcina yomhlangano futhi ngaleyo ndlela, ngibizwe njengosihlalo weKomidi Lasolwandle le-WHMSI, okuyinto engihlonipheke kakhulu ukuyikhonza, kunjalo. Onyakeni olandelayo, sithemba ukuthuthukisa izimiso nezinto ezibalulekile zokwenza okufanayo nalezo ezethulwa abantu abasebenza ngezinyoni ezifudukayo. Ngokungangabazeki okunye kwalokhu kuzohlanganisa ukufunda okwengeziwe ngezindlela sonke esingasekela ngazo izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene nezimibalabala zezinhlobo ezifudukayo ezincike kakhulu ekuthakazelweni komakhelwane besizwe sakithi enyakatho naseningizimu njengokuthakazelelwa kwethu siqu nokuzibophezela ekulondolozweni kwazo. .

Ekugcineni, izinsongo zamanje zezilwane zasendle ezifudukayo zingabhekwana nazo ngempumelelo kuphela uma ababambiqhaza ababalulekile abanentshisekelo ekusindeni kwabo bengasebenza ndawonye njengembumba yamasu, ukwabelana ngolwazi, okuhlangenwe nakho, izinkinga, nezisombululo. Ngokwengxenye yethu, i-WHMSI ifuna uku:

1. Yakha amandla ezwe ukuze ulondoloze futhi ulawule izilwane zasendle ezifudukayo
2. Thuthukisa ukuxhumana kwe-hemispheric ezindabeni zokongiwa kwezithakazelo ezifanayo
3. Qinisa ukushintshisana ngolwazi oludingekayo ukuze kuthathwe izinqumo unolwazi
4. Nikeza ngenkundla lapho izinkinga ezisafufusa zingahlonzwa futhi zixazululwe