Oasis na Kimiyya

A gefen wani tafki mai nisa a cikin Baja California Sur, wanda ke kewaye da shimfidar shimfidar wuri na ciyayi mara nauyi, faffadan falon gishiri, da kuma tsayi. tsokana cacti da ke fitowa a sararin sama kamar safofin hannu masu kama da totem lulluɓe a cikin wani ƙanƙara, akwai ƙaramin dakin gwaje-gwaje. The Francisco “Pachico” Laboratory Field na Magajin gari. 

A cikin wannan dakin gwaje-gwaje, tare da jujjuyawar turbinsa da ke jujjuya da ƙarfi a kan gaɓoɓinta na tsaye don kama kowane gust, hasken rana yana haskakawa kamar wuraren tafki na obsidian tare da gridlines waɗanda ke wanka a cikin hamadar rana, ana gudanar da wasu daga cikin mafi kyawun kimiyya a duniya akan whale masu launin toka. . Kuma, wasu fitattun mutane a duniya ne suke yin shi don yin shi.

Wannan shine Shirin Kimiyyar Muhalli na Laguna San Ignacio, aikin Gidauniyar Tekun.

Kuma, wannan shine Laguna San Ignacio, inda hamada ta hadu da teku, wani tsarin yanayin teku na teku na duniya, wanda wani ɓangare ne na El Vizcaíno Biosphere Reserve na Mexico.

Shekaru da yawa, wannan yanki mai nisa ya ɗauki tunanin masu bincike, masana kimiyya, masu shirya fina-finai, da masunta, da masu kifin kifi da masana'antu. Lagoon, wanda aka fi sani da adadi mai yawa na kifin kifi masu launin toka waɗanda ke zuwa kowace hunturu don kiwo da maraƙi, cike da namun daji iri-iri, gami da kunkuru na teku, dolphins, lobsters, da nau'ikan kifaye masu daraja da yawa. Tafkin ya kuma kasance mahimmiyar mafaka ga tsuntsayen ruwa masu ƙaura da tsuntsayen bakin teku waɗanda ke neman abinci da matsuguni a cikin dausar da ke cikinta. Gandun daji na mangrove ja da fari sun cika da rai.

Daga sama, tafkin yana kama da wani yanki mai santsi da tsaunin ja da ja, babban tekun Pasifik ya fashe da ƙarfi a kan sandar yashi wanda ke bayyana ƙofar tafkin. Da yake kallon sama, sararin sama mai shuɗi mara iyaka yana jujjuya kowane dare zuwa wani alfarwar taurari da ke gudana a cikin ruɗani da raƙuman ruwa na Milky Way.

“Maziyarcin tafkin dole ne ya yi murabus da saurin iskar da ta ke yi, kuma ta yin hakan, duk abubuwan al’ajabi na wurin sun zama abin isa. Wannan canji na shekara-shekara a cikin halaye da fahimta, jinkirin rayuwar yau da kullun don bin ƙarin agogo na yanayi, haɓaka cikakkiyar godiya ga abin da kowace rana ta kawo mana, mafi kyau ko mafi muni, shine abin da muka zo kira 'Lagoon Time'” - Steven Swartz (1)

Taswirar hannu ta asali ta Steven Swartz da Mary Lou Jones

Lokacin da na fara isa da daddare a bakin tekun baƙar fata na bin tafiya mai nisan 4 × 4 a hamada, iska tana kadawa da ƙarfi-kamar yadda take yi sau da yawa — kuma ta cika da hamada da gishiri. duhun dake gabana. Yayin da na mai da hankali kan sautin, sauran hankulana sun shuɗe. An dakatar da tantunan da ɗalibai da masana kimiyya ke zaune a tsakiyar billow; Taurari sun koma cikin kumfa, farar pallor su maras ban sha'awa da alama yana rufe sautin kuma ya ba da ma'anar sinadirai. Kuma, to, na san asalin hayaniyar.

Sautin busa mai launin toka - uwaye da 'yan maruƙa - suna rera waƙa a sararin sama, duhun duhu wanda ya lulluɓe shi da asiri, da bayyana sabuwar rayuwa.

Ballanas yayi murmushi. Eschrichtius robustus. Abubuwan ban mamaki mai launin toka na Laguna San Ignacio. Daga baya zan gane da kaina cewa suma abokantaka ne.

Duk da yake wannan wurin ya jawo hankali sosai tun lokacin da masu bincike, kamar almara Dokta Ray Gilmore, "uban kallon whale," ya fara gudanar da balaguron kimiyya a farkon karni na 20, Dokta Steven Swartz da Mary Lou Jones sun gudanar. nazarin tsarin farko na launin toka whales a cikin tafkin daga 1977-1982. (2) Dr. Swartz daga baya zai haɗu tare da Dokta Jorge Urban don kafa Laguna San Ignacio Ecosystem Science Programme (LSIESP), wanda, a cikin 2009, ya zama wani shiri na kasafin kuɗi na The Ocean Foundation.

Shirin yana kallon "masu nuni" - nazarin halittu, muhalli, har ma da ma'auni na zamantakewa - don saka idanu da bayar da shawarwari don tabbatar da ci gaba da lafiyar Laguna San Ignacio Wetlands Complex. Bayanan da LSIESP ta tattara, wanda aka duba a cikin mahallin sauye-sauyen yanayi mafi girma sakamakon dumamar yanayi, yana da matukar amfani ga dogon shiri don tabbatar da wannan yanayin na musamman zai iya ci gaba da matsin lamba na waje daga yawon shakatawa, kamun kifi, da mutanen da ke kiran wannan. gida gida. Matsalolin bayanai marasa katsewa sun taimaka wajen daidaita fahimtarmu game da tafkin, abubuwan da ke damun sa, da hawan keke, da kuma yanayin mazaunanta na yanayi da dindindin. A haɗe tare da bayanan tushe na tarihi, ci gaba da ƙoƙarin LSIESP ya sanya wannan ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da aka fi nazari don lura da halayen whale mai launin toka a duniya.

Ɗayan kayan aiki mai taimako wanda ya fito a cikin ƴan shekarun da suka gabata shine daukar hoto na dijital. Da zarar aikin da ke buƙatar ɗimbin fina-finai, sinadarai masu guba, ɗakuna masu duhu, da ido don kwatantawa, yanzu masu bincike za su iya ɗaukar ɗaruruwa idan ba dubbai na hotuna a waje ɗaya don ɗaukar cikakkiyar harbi don dalilai kwatanci. Kwamfutoci suna taimakawa wajen nazarin hotuna ta hanyar ba da damar yin bita cikin sauri, tantancewa, da adana dindindin. Sakamakon kyamarori na dijital, gano hoto ya zama babban jigon nazarin halittu na namun daji kuma yana ba LSIESP damar shiga cikin sa ido kan lafiya, yanayin jiki, da ci gaban rayuwa na kowane nau'in kifin launin toka a cikin tafkin.

LSIESP da masu bincikenta suna buga rahotannin bincikensu tun farkon shekarun 1980 tare da tantance hoto da ke ba da muhimmiyar rawa. A cikin sabon rahoton filin na kakar 2015-2016, binciken ya lura: "Hotunan 'sake kama' whales sun tabbatar da shekarun whale na mata daga 26 zuwa 46 shekaru, kuma waɗannan matan suna ci gaba da haifuwa da ziyartar Laguna San Ignacio tare da sababbin maruƙansu kowace hunturu. Waɗannan su ne tsoffin bayanan tantance hoto na kowane rayayyun kifin mai launin toka, kuma suna nuna a fili amincin kifin kifin kifin kifin na mata zuwa Laguna San Ignacio. (3)

Dogon lokaci, bayanan da ba a katsewa ba sun baiwa masu binciken LSIESP damar daidaita halayen whale mai launin toka tare da manyan yanayin muhalli ciki har da hawan El Niño y La Niña, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, da yanayin yanayin teku. Kasancewar waɗannan abubuwan da ke faruwa yana da tasiri mai tasiri akan lokacin isowa da tashi whale ruwan toka a kowace hunturu, da kuma adadin whales da lafiyarsu gabaɗaya.

Sabon binciken kwayoyin halitta yana baiwa masu bincike damar kwatanta kifin kifi mai launin toka na Laguna San Ignacio tare da yawan mutanen da ke cikin hatsarin gaske na whales na yammacin yammacin teku, wadanda suka mamaye kishiyar tekun Pacific. Ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da sauran cibiyoyi a duniya, LSIESP ya zama maɓalli mai mahimmanci a cikin babbar hanyar sadarwa mai sa ido da aka keɓe don ƙarin fahimtar ilimin halittu da kewayon kifin kifi mai launin toka a duniya. Abubuwan da aka gani na baya-bayan nan na kifin kifi mai launin toka a gabar tekun Isra'ila da Namibiya na nuna cewa na iya kara fadadawa yayin da sauyin yanayi ya bude hanyoyin da ba su da kankara a yankin Arctic don ba da damar motsin kifayen su koma cikin Tekun Atlantika - tekun da ba su mamaye ba tun lokacin. faruwa bace a lokacin tsawo na kasuwanci whaling.

LSIESP kuma tana faɗaɗa bincikenta na avian don gano mahimmancin rawar da tsuntsaye ke takawa a cikin hadadden yanayin yanayin tafkin, da kuma yawan yawansu da halayensu. Bayan sun sha fama da mummunar asarar tsuntsayen da ke zaune a Isla Garza da Isla Pelicano ga mayunwata masu fama da yunwa, wadanda suka tabbatar da cewa sun kware sosai wajen lura da rafukan ruwa ko kuma masu yin iyo sosai, an sanya ginshikin wucin gadi a kusa da tafkin don taimakawa jama'a su sake ginawa. .

Koyaya, ana matukar buƙatar ƙarin albarkatu don tallafawa binciken ɗanyen ruwa na shirin don haɓaka dogon lokaci, tsararrun bayanai waɗanda suka ba da muhimmiyar rawa wajen faɗaɗa fahimtar mu game da kifin launin toka na lagoon. Wannan yunƙurin yana da mahimmanci musamman idan aka yi la'akari da rawar da amintattun bayanai ke takawa wajen tsara manufofin jama'a, wanda ke buƙatar haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa don kare nau'in tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura a tafkin.

Wataƙila ɗayan mahimman ayyukan shirin shine ilimi. LSIESP yana ba da dama don koyo ta hanyar haɗa ɗalibai-makarantar firamare ta hanyar kwaleji-da kuma fallasa su ga hanyoyin bincike na kimiyya, mafi kyawun ayyuka na kiyayewa, kuma, sama da duka, ƙaƙƙarfan yanayi na musamman wanda ba kawai ya dauki nauyin rayuwa ba - yana ƙarfafa rayuwa.

Komawa cikin Maris, shirin ya karbi bakuncin wani aji daga Jami'ar Mai zaman kanta ta Baja California Sur, babban abokin tarayya na LSIESP. A yayin balaguron balaguron, dalibai sun shiga atisayen fage, wanda ke nuna irin ayyukan da masu binciken shirin suka yi, da suka hada da tantance hotuna masu launin launin toka da kuma binciken jiragen ruwa don kiyasin yawan tsuntsaye da bambancin. Da yake magana da kungiyar a karshen tafiyar tasu, mun tattauna damammaki iri-iri da ake da su don tallafa wa wannan muhimmin aiki, da kuma muhimmancin fuskantar tafkin da idon basira. Duk da cewa ba dukkan daliban ne za su ci gaba da zama kwararrun nazarin halittun namun daji da ke aiki a wannan fanni ba, a bayyane yake cewa irin wannan hadin kai ba wai kawai ya kara wayar da kan jama’a ba ne – yana samar da sabbin masu kula da su don tabbatar da ci gaba da kariyar tafkin zuwa nan gaba. .

Yayin da ɗaliban suke a tafkin, LSIESP ta kuma gabatar da taronta na shekara na 10 na "Taron Al'umma" da taron ilimin kimiyya. Yawancin batutuwan da aka bincika a cikin rahoton filin na wannan shekara an gabatar da su ta hanyar gabatar da jawabai daga masu bincike, gami da sabuntawar ƙidayar whale mai launin toka, sakamakon binciken farko na avian, bincike kan shekarun kifin kifin mace mai launin toka daga tantance hoto na tarihi, muryoyin launin toka mai launin toka, da nazarce-nazarce kan diel cycles na nazarin halittu da sautunan mutum a cikin tafkin.

Zane a kusan baƙi 125, gami da masu yawon buɗe ido, ɗalibai, masu bincike, da mazauna gida, taron jama'a yana nuna himmar LSIESP don yada ingantaccen bayanan kimiyya da ƙirƙirar sararin tattaunawa tare da masu ruwa da tsaki da yawa waɗanda ke amfani da tafkin. Ta hanyar tarurruka irin wannan, shirin yana ilmantar da kuma ba wa al'ummar yankin damar yanke shawara game da zabin ci gaba na gaba.

Irin wannan haɗin kai na al'umma ya tabbatar da mahimmanci bayan shawarar da gwamnatin Mexico ta yanke na soke wani shiri mai cike da cece-kuce a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 don gina masana'antu sikelin samar da gishirin hasken rana a tafkin, wanda da zai canza yanayin muhalli sosai. Ta hanyar shigar da mazauna gida, LSIESP ta ba da bayanai don tallafawa ci gaba mai dorewa na masana'antar yawon buɗe ido mai bunƙasa wanda ya dogara da adana ciyayi da namun daji na musamman na tafkin. Yunkurin kiyayewa da ke ci gaba da haifar da koma bayan tattalin arziki kan saka hannun jari idan aka yi la'akari da mahimmancin kiyaye kyakkyawan yanayin yanayin tafkin don ci gaba da jawo hankalin masu yawon bude ido da ke tallafawa rayuwar mazauna yankin.

Menene makomar wannan wuri na musamman? Baya ga rashin tabbas da ke tattare da tasirin yanayin da ke faruwa sakamakon sauyin yanayi na duniya, ci gaban tattalin arziki yana ci gaba a tafkin. Duk da yake titin zuwa tafkin ba shi da wata hanya mai cike da cunkoson ababen hawa, akwai fargabar cewa karuwar hanyoyin da hanyar ke kaiwa ga ci gaban lafazin zai kara matsin lamba kan wannan shimfidar wuri mai laushi. Shirye-shiryen kawo sabis na lantarki da ruwa daga garin San Ignacio zai inganta rayuwa sosai ga mazauna yankin, amma ba a sani ba ko wannan wuri mai bushewa zai iya tallafawa ƙarin wurin zama na dindindin tare da kiyaye ingancinsa na musamman da yawan namun daji.

Duk abin da zai iya faruwa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, a bayyane yake cewa ci gaba da kariyar Laguna San Ignacio za ta dogara ne sosai, kamar yadda ya kasance a baya, a kan mafi yawan baƙi na yankin, la ballena gris.

“Daga karshe launin toka whale sune jakadunsu na fatan alheri. Mutane kaɗan da suka ci karo da waɗannan na farko leviaths ba su canzawa. Babu wasu dabbobi a Meziko da ke da ikon samar da irin tallafin da whales masu launin toka ke da su. Saboda haka, wadannan cetaceans za su tsara nasu makomar. " - Serge Dedina (4)

Komawa cikin Washington, DC, na sami kaina sau da yawa ana tunawa da lokacina a tafkin. Wataƙila saboda a koyaushe ina ganowa, har wa yau, hamada a cikin abubuwa daban-daban da na kawo wurin—a cikin jakar barcita, a cikin kyamarata, har ma da maɓallan madannai wanda nake bugawa a daidai wannan lokacin. Ko wataƙila don lokacin da na ji taguwar ruwa na ta karkaɗe gaɓar teku, ko kuma kukan iskar teku, har yanzu na kasa yin tunanin cewa akwai wani sautin da ke ƙara tashi a ƙasa. Kuma, lokacin da na mai da hankali kan wannan sautin-kamar yadda na yi da dare na isa tafkin don jin sautin bugun whale a sararin sama-ya fara kama da waƙa. A cetacean concerto. Amma wannan waƙar ta haye fiye da manyan kwalayen teku. Ya ketare sararin ruhin ɗan adam, tare da haɗa mutane daga ko'ina cikin duniya, a cikin gidan yanar gizon sa. Waka ce da ba ta barin baƙo zuwa tafkin. Waƙar ce da ke kiran mu zuwa wancan tsohon wurin inda kifin kifi da ɗan adam ke tare a matsayin daidai, abokan tarayya, da kuma dangi.

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(1) Swartz, Steven (2014). Lokacin Lagoon. The Ocean Foundation. San Diego, CA. bugu na daya. Shafi na 1.

(2) Laguna San Ignacio Shirin Kimiyyar Muhalli (2016). "Game da." http://www.sanignaciograywhales.org/about/. 

(3) Laguna San Ignacio Tsarin Kimiyyar Muhalli (2016). Rahoton Bincike na 2016 don Laguna San Ignacio & Bahia Magdalena. 2016 http://www.sanignaciograywhales.org/2016/06/2016-research-reports-new-findings/

(4) Dedina, Serge (2000). Ajiye Grey Whale: Mutane, Siyasa, da Kariya a Baja California. Jami'ar Arizona Press. Tucson, Arizona. bugu na daya.