Mummunan Mutuwar: Tekun Acid da Abin da Dole ne Mu Yi

ta Mark J. Spalding, Shugaban Gidauniyar Ocean Foundation

A makon da ya gabata na kasance a Monterey, California don bikin Taro na 3 na kasa da kasa akan Teku a cikin Babban CO2 Duniya, wanda ya kasance lokaci guda ga Bikin Fim na BLUE Ocean a otal ɗin da ke kusa (amma wannan shine sauran labarin da za a faɗi). A wurin taron, na haɗu da ɗaruruwan sauran masu halarta don koyo game da halin da ake ciki na ilimi da yuwuwar mafita don magance tasirin iskar carbon dioxide (CO2) akan lafiyar tekunan mu da rayuwar da ke ciki. Muna kiran illar acidification na teku saboda pH na tekun mu yana raguwa kuma don haka ya fi acidic, tare da babbar illa ga tsarin teku kamar yadda muka san su.

Amincewa da Ocean

Taron Babban CO2012 na 2 ya kasance babban tsalle daga taron na 2nd a Monaco a 2008. Sama da masu halarta 500 da masu magana 146, waɗanda ke wakiltar ƙasashe 37, sun taru don tattauna batutuwan da ke kusa. Ya haɗa da babban haɗakar da nazarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na farko. Kuma, yayin da babban abin da ya fi mayar da hankali shi ne kan martanin kwayoyin halittu na marine zuwa ga acidification na teku da kuma abin da ke nufi ga tsarin teku, kowa ya yarda cewa iliminmu game da tasiri da mafita ya ci gaba sosai a cikin shekaru hudu da suka gabata.

A nawa bangare, na zauna cikin tsananin mamaki yayin da masanin kimiyya daya bayan daya ya ba da tarihin kimiyya game da acidification na teku (OA), bayanai kan yanayin ilimin kimiyya na yanzu game da OA, da kuma bayanin mu na farko game da ƙayyadaddun halittu da sakamakon tattalin arziki. na teku mai zafi wanda ya fi acidic kuma yana da ƙananan matakan oxygen.

Kamar yadda Dr. Sam Dupont na Cibiyar Sven Lovén don Kimiyyar Ruwa - Kristineberg, Sweden ya ce:

Me muka sani?

Ocean Acidification gaskiya ne
Yana fitowa kai tsaye daga hayaƙin carbon ɗin mu
Yana faruwa da sauri
Tasiri ya tabbata
Kashewa ya tabbata
An riga an gani a cikin tsarin
Canji zai faru

Zafi, mai tsami da numfashi duk alamun cuta iri daya ne.

Musamman idan aka haɗu da wasu cututtuka, OA ya zama babbar barazana.

Za mu iya sa ran ɗimbin sauye-sauye, da tasiri mai kyau da mara kyau.

Wasu nau'ikan za su canza hali a ƙarƙashin OA.

Mun san isa don yin aiki

Mun san babban bala'i na zuwa

Mun san yadda za mu hana shi

Mun san abin da ba mu sani ba

Mun san abin da muke bukata mu yi (a cikin kimiyya)

Mun san abin da za mu mayar da hankali a kai (kawo mafita)

Amma, ya kamata mu kasance cikin shiri don abubuwan mamaki; mun haka gaba daya dagula tsarin.

Dokta Dupont ya rufe maganganunsa da hoton 'ya'yansa guda biyu tare da wata magana mai karfi da jumloli guda biyu:

Ni ba dan gwagwarmaya ba ne, ni masanin kimiyya ne. Amma, ni ma uba ne mai alhakin.

Bayanin da aka bayyana na farko cewa tarin CO2 a cikin teku zai iya samun "sakamakon bala'i mai yiwuwa" an buga shi a cikin 1974 (Whitfield, M. 1974. Tarin burbushin CO2 a cikin yanayi da cikin teku. Yanayi 247:523-525.). Shekaru hudu bayan haka, a cikin 1978, an kafa haɗin kai tsaye na albarkatun mai zuwa gano CO2 a cikin teku. Tsakanin 1974 da 1980, yawancin bincike sun fara nuna ainihin canji a cikin alkalinity na teku. Kuma, a ƙarshe, a cikin 2004, specter of ocean acidification (OA) ya sami karɓuwa daga al'ummar kimiyya gabaɗaya, kuma an gudanar da na farko na babban taron CO2.

A cikin bazara mai zuwa, an yi wa masu ba da kuɗaɗen kuɗin ruwa bayani a taronsu na shekara-shekara a Monterey, gami da balaguron balaguro don ganin ɗan gajeren bincike a Cibiyar Binciken Aquarium ta Monterey Bay (MBARI). Ya kamata in lura cewa yawancin mu dole ne a tuna da abin da ma'aunin pH ke nufi, ko da yake kowa ya yi kamar ya tuna da yin amfani da takarda litmus don gwada ruwa a cikin azuzuwan kimiyya na makarantar sakandare. Abin farin ciki, masana sun yarda su bayyana cewa ma'aunin pH yana daga 0 zuwa 14, tare da 7 kasancewa tsaka tsaki. Ƙananan pH, yana nufin ƙananan alkalinity, ko fiye da acidity.

A wannan lokaci, ya bayyana a fili cewa farkon sha'awar pH na teku ya haifar da wasu sakamako masu mahimmanci. Muna da wasu ingantaccen binciken kimiyya, wanda ke nuna mana cewa yayin da pH na teku ya faɗi, wasu nau'ikan za su bunƙasa, wasu sun tsira, wasu sun maye gurbinsu, kuma da yawa sun shuɗe (sakamakon da ake sa ran shi ne asarar nau'ikan halittu, amma kula da biomass). Wannan faffadan ƙarshe shine sakamakon gwaje-gwajen lab, gwaje-gwajen fallasa filin, abubuwan lura a wurare masu girma na CO2, da kuma binciken da aka mayar da hankali kan bayanan burbushin halittu daga abubuwan OA da suka gabata a tarihi.

Abin da Muka Sani Daga Abubuwan Da Ya Faru Acicin Teku

Duk da yake za mu iya ganin canje-canje a cikin ilmin sunadarai na teku da zafin jiki na teku a cikin shekaru 200 tun lokacin juyin juya halin masana'antu, muna buƙatar komawa baya a cikin lokaci don kwatanta sarrafawa (amma ba da nisa ba). Don haka lokacin Pre-Cambrian (na farko 7/8s na tarihin geological na duniya) an gano shi a matsayin analog mai kyau kawai (idan ba wani dalili ba sai nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i)) kuma ya haɗa da wasu lokuta tare da ƙananan pH. Wadannan lokutan da suka gabata sun sami irin wannan babban CO2 duniya tare da ƙananan pH, ƙananan matakan oxygen, da yanayin zafi na teku.

Duk da haka, babu wani abu a cikin tarihin da ya kai namu canjin halin yanzu na pH ko zazzabi.

Lamarin na ƙarshe mai ban mamaki mai ban mamaki a cikin teku ana kiransa PETM, ko Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, wanda ya faru shekaru miliyan 55 da suka gabata kuma shine mafi kyawun kwatancenmu. Ya faru da sauri (sama da shekaru 2,000) ya dade har tsawon shekaru 50,000. Muna da bayanai masu ƙarfi/shaida a gare shi - don haka masana kimiyya suna amfani da shi azaman mafi kyawun analog ɗin mu don babban sakin carbon.

Duk da haka, ba cikakken analog ba ne. Muna auna waɗannan sakewar a cikin petagrams. PgC su ne Petagrams na carbon: 1 petagram = 1015 grams = metric ton biliyan 1. PETM yana wakiltar lokacin da aka saki PgC 3,000 a cikin 'yan shekaru dubu. Abin da ke da mahimmanci shi ne canjin canji a cikin shekaru 270 na ƙarshe (juyin masana'antu), kamar yadda muka fitar da 5,000 PgC na carbon cikin yanayin duniyarmu. Wannan yana nufin sakin sannan ya kasance 1 PgC y-1 idan aka kwatanta da juyin juya halin masana'antu, wanda shine 9 PgC y-1. Ko kuma, idan kai ɗan doka ne kamar ni, wannan yana fassara ga gaskiyar cewa abin da muka yi a cikin ƙasa da ƙarni uku shine. 10 sau mafi sharri fiye da abin da ya haifar da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin teku a PETM.

Lamarin haɓaka acidification na PETM ya haifar da manyan canje-canje a cikin tsarin tekun duniya, gami da wasu ɓarna. Abin sha'awa shine, kimiyyar ta nuna cewa jimillar biomass ta tsaya kusan ko da, tare da furannin dinoflagellate da makamantan abubuwan da suka haifar da asarar wasu nau'ikan. Gabaɗaya, rikodin yanayin ƙasa yana nuna sakamako da yawa: furanni, ɓarna, jujjuyawa, canje-canjen ƙididdiga, da dwarfism. Don haka, OA yana haifar da gagarumin halayen ƙwayoyin cuta ko da lokacin da adadin canjin ya yi ƙasa da hankali fiye da adadin iskar carbon ɗinmu na yanzu. Amma, saboda ya kasance a hankali sosai, "makoma yanki ne da ba a bayyana shi ba a cikin tarihin juyin halitta na yawancin halittu na zamani."

Don haka, wannan taron OA na ɗan adam zai iya haɓaka PETM cikin sauƙin tasiri. KUMA, yakamata mu yi tsammanin ganin canje-canjen yadda canji ke faruwa saboda mun dagula tsarin. Fassara: Yi tsammanin mamaki.

Martanin Muhalli da Nau'in

Ruwan acidification da yanayin zafi duka suna da carbon dioxide (CO2) a matsayin direba. Kuma, yayin da za su iya yin hulɗa, ba sa gudana a layi daya. Canje-canje a cikin pH sun fi layi-layi, tare da ƙananan ƙetare, kuma sun fi kama da juna a wurare daban-daban. Zazzabi ya fi muni sosai, tare da rarrabuwar kawuna, kuma yana da sauye-sauye a sarari.

Zazzabi shine babban abin da ke haifar da canji a cikin teku. Don haka, ba abin mamaki bane cewa canji yana haifar da canzawa wajen rarraba nau'in halitta har zuwa lokacin da suke iya daidaitawa. Kuma dole ne mu tuna cewa duk nau'ikan suna da iyaka ga iyawar haɓakawa. Tabbas, wasu nau'ikan sun kasance sun fi wasu hankali saboda suna da kunkuntar iyakoki na zafin jiki wanda suke bunƙasa. Kuma, kamar sauran masu damuwa, matsananciyar zafin jiki yana ƙara yawan hankali ga tasirin CO2 mai girma.

Hanyar tana kama da haka:

CO2 watsi → OA → tasirin biophysical → asarar ayyukan muhalli (misali reef ya mutu, kuma baya daina guguwa) → tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki (lokacin da guguwar guguwar guguwa ta tashi daga kogon garin)

Lura a lokaci guda, cewa buƙatar sabis na yanayin muhalli yana ƙaruwa tare da haɓakar yawan jama'a da karuwar kuɗi (dukiya).

Don duba tasirin, masana kimiyya sun bincika yanayin raguwa daban-daban (yawan canjin pH) idan aka kwatanta da kiyaye matsayin da ke da haɗari:

Sauƙaƙe na bambance-bambance (har zuwa 40%), don haka rage ƙimar ingancin muhalli
Babu kadan ko babu tasiri akan yawa
Matsakaicin girman nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan sun ragu kuma da kashi 50}
OA yana haifar da ƙaura daga rinjaye ta masu ƙididdigewa (kwayoyin da tsarinsu ya kasance na tushen calcium):

Babu bege ga rayuwa na murjani waɗanda ke dogara gaba ɗaya ga ruwa a wani pH don tsira (kuma ga murjani na ruwan sanyi, yanayin zafi mai zafi zai tsananta matsalar);
Gastropods (katantan ruwan teku masu bakin ciki) sune mafi mahimmancin mollusks;
Akwai babban tasiri akan invertebrates na ruwa masu ɗauke da exoskeleton, gami da nau'ikan mollusks, crustaceans, da echinoderms (tunanin clams, lobsters da urchins)
A cikin wannan nau'in nau'in nau'in, arthropods (irin su shrimp) ba su da kyau sosai, amma akwai alamar raguwar su.

Sauran invertebrates suna daidaita sauri (kamar jellyfish ko tsutsotsi)
Kifi, ba yawa ba, kuma kifaye na iya samun wurin yin ƙaura zuwa (misali a SE Australia)
Wasu nasara ga tsire-tsire na ruwa waɗanda za su iya bunƙasa akan cinye CO2
Wasu juyin halitta na iya faruwa akan ma'aunin ɗan gajeren lokaci, wanda zai iya nufin bege
Ceto juyin halitta ta wasu nau'ikan da ba su da mahimmanci ko yawan jama'a a cikin nau'in daga tsayayyen bambancin kwayoyin halitta don jurewar pH (zamu iya ganin wannan daga gwaje-gwajen kiwo; ko daga sabbin maye gurbi (wadanda ba su da yawa)))

Don haka, babbar tambaya ta kasance: Wane nau'in OA ne zai shafa? Muna da kyakkyawan ra'ayin amsar: bivalves, crustaceans, mafarauta na calcifiers, da manyan mafarauta gabaɗaya. Ba shi da wahala a hango irin tsananin sakamakon kuɗi zai kasance ga kifin kifi, abincin teku, da masana'antar yawon buɗe ido kaɗai, da ƙasa da sauran a cikin hanyar sadarwar masu kaya da sabis. Kuma ta fuskar girman matsalar, yana iya zama da wahala a mai da hankali kan mafita.

Me Ya Kamata Martanin Mu Ya Kasance

Hawan CO2 shine tushen dalilin (cutar) [amma kamar shan taba, samun mai shan taba ya daina yana da wahala sosai]

Dole ne mu magance alamun [hawan hawan jini, emphysema]
Dole ne mu rage wasu abubuwan damuwa [yanke sha da yawan cin abinci]

Rage tushen acidification na teku yana buƙatar ci gaba da ƙoƙarin rage tushen tushe a ma'aunin duniya da na gida. Fitar da iskar carbon dioxide ta duniya ita ce mafi girma da ke haifar da acidification na teku a ma'aunin tekun duniya, don haka dole ne mu rage su. Abubuwan da aka tara na gida na nitrogen da carbon daga tushen ma'ana, hanyoyin da ba su da tushe, da tushen halitta na iya tsananta tasirin acidification na teku ta hanyar ƙirƙirar yanayi waɗanda ke ƙara haɓaka raguwar pH. Zubar da gurɓataccen iska na gida (musamman carbon dioxide, nitrogen da sulfur oxide) na iya taimakawa wajen rage pH da acidification. Ayyukan gida na iya taimakawa rage saurin acidification. Don haka, muna buƙatar ƙididdige mahimman hanyoyin anthropogenic da na halitta waɗanda ke ba da gudummawar acidification.

Wadannan sune fifiko, abubuwan ayyuka na kusa don magance acidification na teku.

1. Da sauri kuma da sauri rage fitar da carbon dioxide a duniya don ragewa da kuma juyar da acidification na tekunan mu.
2. Iyakance fitar da abinci mai gina jiki da ke shiga cikin ruwan ruwa daga kanana da manya-manyan tsarin najasa a wurin, wuraren sharar gida na birni, da noma, don haka yana iyakance abubuwan da ke damun rayuwar teku don tallafawa daidaitawa da rayuwa.
3. Aiwatar da ingantaccen kula da ruwa mai tsafta da mafi kyawun ayyukan gudanarwa, da kuma sake fasalin abubuwan da ke wanzuwa da/ko ɗaukar sabbin ka'idojin ingancin ruwa don sanya su dacewa da acidification na teku.
4. Bincika zaɓin kiwo don jurewar acidification na teku a cikin kifin shell da sauran nau'ikan marine masu rauni.
5. Gano, saka idanu da sarrafa ruwan teku da nau'ikan halittu a cikin yuwuwar mafaka daga acidification na teku don su iya jure damuwa na lokaci guda.
6. Fahimtar haɗin kai tsakanin sauye-sauyen sinadarai na ruwa da samar da kifin kifi da rayuwa a cikin ƙyanƙyashe da muhalli, haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tsakanin masana kimiyya, manajoji, da masu noman kifi. Kuma, kafa faɗakarwar gaggawa da ƙarfin amsawa lokacin da saka idanu ke nuna ƙanƙara a cikin ƙananan ruwan pH wanda ke yin barazanar muhalli mai mahimmanci ko ayyukan masana'antar kifi.
7. Mayar da ciyawa, mangroves, ciyawa da sauransu waɗanda za su ɗauka da gyara narkar da carbon a cikin ruwan teku da kuma hana (ko jinkirin) canje-canje a cikin pH na ruwan teku.
8. Ilimantar da jama'a game da matsalar acidity na teku da sakamakonsa ga muhallin ruwa, tattalin arziki, da al'adu.

Labari mai dadi shine ana samun ci gaba ta dukkan wadannan bangarori. A duk duniya, dubun dubatar mutane suna aiki don rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi (ciki har da CO2) a matakin kasa da kasa, na kasa da na gida (Abu na 1). Kuma, a cikin Amurka, abu na 8 shine babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali ga haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin sa-kai da abokanmu a Ocean Conservancy suka daidaita. Don abu na 7, masu masaukin baki na TOF kokarinmu na maido da lalacewar ciyawa na teku. Amma, a cikin ci gaba mai ban sha'awa don abubuwa 2-7, muna aiki tare da manyan masu yanke shawara na jihohi a cikin jihohi huɗu na bakin teku don haɓaka, raba da gabatar da dokokin da aka tsara don magance OA. Abubuwan da ake samu na acidification na teku akan kifin shell da sauran rayuwar ruwa a Washington da kuma ruwan tekun Oregon sun zaburar da ayyuka ta hanyoyi da dama.

Dukkan masu magana a taron sun bayyana a fili cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin bayani-musamman game da inda pH ke canzawa cikin sauri, wanda nau'in nau'in zai iya bunkasa, tsira, ko daidaitawa, da kuma dabarun gida da yanki da ke aiki. Har ila yau, darasin ɗaukar hoto shine, duk da cewa ba mu san duk abin da muke son sani game da acidity na teku ba, muna iya kuma ya kamata mu dauki matakai don rage tasirinsa. Za mu ci gaba da yin aiki tare da masu ba da gudummawa, masu ba da shawara, da sauran membobin ƙungiyar TOF don tallafawa mafita.