Teku Masu Bacewa: Menene za a iya yi game da ƙarancin yashi na duniya?

Yayin da kuke tafiya zuwa bakin tekun da kuka zaɓa a wannan lokacin rani, ku kula da wani muhimmin sashi na rairayin bakin teku: yashi. Yashi wani abu ne da muke tunaninsa da yawa; ya shafi rairayin bakin teku a duniya kuma shine babban bangaren hamada. Duk da haka, ba duka yashi ne aka halicce su daidai ba kuma yayin da yawan jama'ar duniya ke ci gaba da girma, bukatar mu na yashi yana karuwa. Don haka ya zama ƙarara cewa yashi albarka ce mai iyaka. Yana da wuya a sanya farashi akan wannan jin yashi tsakanin yatsun kafa ko gina ginin yashi, kuma nan da nan za mu iya zama kamar yadda yashin duniya ke raguwa a hankali.   

Yashi shine ainihin albarkatun da muke amfani da su bayan iska da ruwa. Yana cikin kusan komai. Misali, ginin da kuke zaune a ciki yanzu an fi yin shi ne da siminti, wanda shi ne yashi da tsakuwa. An yi hanyoyi da kankare. Gilashin taga har ma da wani ɓangaren wayarka shima an yi shi da yashi mai narkewa. A da, yashi ya kasance tushen ruwa na gama-gari, amma yanzu da aka samu karanci a wasu wuraren, an sanya wasu ka’idoji.

Yashi ya zama abin da ake nema a duk duniya. Don haka abin ya kara tsada.

To daga ina ne duk wannan yashi ke fitowa kuma ta yaya za mu iya karewa? Yashi da farko ya samo asali ne daga tsaunuka; iska da ruwan sama sun lalace duwãtsu, suna yin hasarar ɗimbin yawa a cikin nau'ikan ɓangarorin da ba a kwance ba. A cikin dubban shekaru, koguna sun kwashe waɗannan barbashi a gefen tsaunuka kuma suna yin ajiya a ko kusa da inda suka hadu da teku (ko tafkin) ya zama abin da muke gani a matsayin dunes na yashi da bakin teku.   

Kirjin Hoto: Josh Withers/Unsplash

A halin yanzu garuruwan mu suna ci gaba da habaka irin wanda ba a taba ganin irinsa ba, kuma garuruwa suna amfani da siminti fiye da kowane lokaci. Misali, kasar Sin ta yi amfani da siminti a cikin 'yan shekarun nan fiye da yadda Amurka ta yi amfani da ita a daukacin karni na 20. Kasar Singapore ta zama kasa ta farko da ta fi shigo da yashi a duniya. Ta kara da fadin kasa murabba'in kilomita 130 a cikin tsawon shekaru 40. Daga ina duk wannan sabuwar ƙasar ta fito? Zubar da yashi cikin teku. Hakanan akwai nau'ikan yashi na musamman waɗanda za'a iya amfani da su don kankare da sauran nau'ikan ba su da amfani ga ayyukan ɗan adam. Yashi mai laushi da za ku samu a cikin hamadar Sahara ba za a iya yin gini ba. Mafi kyawun wurare don nemo yashi don kankare sune bankunan koguna da kan bakin teku. Bukatar yashi yana sa mu tube gadajen kogi, rairayin bakin teku, dazuzzuka, da filayen noma don mu kai ga yashi. Laifukan da aka shirya ma sun mamaye wasu yankunan.

Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa a shekarar 2012, duniya ta yi amfani da kusan tan biliyan 30 na yashi da tsakuwa wajen yin siminti.

Wannan ya isa yashi don gina katanga mai tsayin mita 27 da faɗin mita 27 a kewayen equator! Darajar cinikin yashi ya kai kusan sau shida kamar yadda yake shekaru 25 da suka gabata kuma a Amurka, yawan yashi ya karu da kashi 24% a cikin shekaru 5 da suka gabata. An sami tashin hankali kan albarkatun yashi a wurare kamar Indiya, Kenya, Indonesia, China, da Vietnam. Mafia na yashi da hakar yashi ba bisa ka'ida ba ya zama ruwan dare musamman a kasashen da ke fama da raunin mulki da cin hanci da rashawa. A cewar darektan Sashen Gina Kayayyakin Gina na Vietnam, ƙasar na iya ƙarewa daga yashi nan da shekara ta 2020. 

Haka ma'adinan yashi ya kasance ya zama ruwan dare a duniya. Mahaka ma'adinan yashi sune manya-manyan rafuffukan da zasu ja yashi daidai bakin tekun. Daga ƙarshe, mutane sun fara fahimtar cewa waɗannan ma'adanai suna lalata rairayin bakin teku kuma ma'adinan sun fara rufewa a hankali. Duk da haka, ko da wannan ya ce, yashi har yanzu shine kayan da aka fi hakowa a duniya. Yashi da tsakuwa suna da kashi 85% na duk abin da ake hakowa a duniya kowace shekara. Yashi na bakin teku na ƙarshe a Amurka zai rufe a cikin 2020.

Yashi Mining

Juyo don yashi, wanda ake aiwatarwa a ƙarƙashin ruwa, wata hanya ce da ake motsa yashi daga wannan wuri zuwa wani. Sau da yawa ana amfani da wannan yashi don "sake gina bakin teku," wanda ke cika yashin da ya ɓace a wani yanki daga ɗigon ruwa mai nisa, zaizayewa, ko wasu hanyoyin bazuwar. Sake cin abinci na rairayin bakin teku yana da rikici a wurare da yawa saboda farashin farashin da ya zo tare da shi da kuma gaskiyar cewa gyara ne na wucin gadi. Misali, Bathtub Beach a gundumar Martin, Florida ta sami adadin sake gina jiki mai ban mamaki. A cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata, an kashe fiye da dala miliyan 6 wajen sake gina jiki da kuma maido da duniyoyi a Tekun Bathtub kadai. Hotuna daga rairayin bakin teku wani lokaci suna nuna sabon yashi yana ɓacewa daga bakin teku a cikin sa'o'i 24 (duba ƙasa). 

Shin akwai maganin wannan karancin yashi? A wannan lokaci, al'umma sun dogara da rairayi don kawai su daina amfani da shi gaba daya. Amsa ɗaya zai iya zama yashi sake yin amfani da su. Misali, idan kana da tsohon ginin simintin da ba a amfani da shi ko kuma ake maye gurbinsa, za ka iya da gaske murkushe simintin da aka yi amfani da shi don yin simintin “sabon”. Tabbas, akwai lahani don yin wannan: yana iya zama tsada kuma siminti wanda aka riga aka yi amfani da shi ba shi da kyau kamar amfani da sabon yashi. Hakanan ana iya sake sarrafa kwalta da amfani da shi azaman madadin wasu aikace-aikace. Bugu da ƙari, sauran abubuwan da za su maye gurbin yashi sun haɗa da gine-ginen gine-gine tare da itace da bambaro, amma yana da wuya wadanda za su fi shahara fiye da kankare. 

Kirjin Hoto: Bogomil Mihaylo/Unsplash

A shekara ta 2014, Biritaniya ta yi nasarar sake sarrafa kashi 28% na kayayyakin gininta, kuma nan da shekarar 2025, EU na shirin sake sarrafa kashi 75% na kayayyakin ginin gilasai, wanda ya kamata ya taimaka wajen rage bukatar yashin masana'antu. Kasar Singapore na shirin yin amfani da tsarin dykes da famfo don aikin sake gyarawa na gaba ta yadda ba za ta dogara da yashi ba. Masu bincike da injiniyoyi suna neman hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su, kuma suna fatan a halin yanzu, sake yin amfani da yawancin kayayyakin mu na yashi zai taimaka wajen rage bukatar yashi. 

Hakar yashi, hakar ma'adinai, da zube duk an danganta su da mummunan tasirin muhalli. Misali, a Kenya, an danganta hakar yashi tare da lalata tarkacen murjani. A Indiya, hakar yashi ya yi barazana ga kadawa masu hatsarin gaske. A Indonesiya, tsibiran sun bace daga hakar yashi da yawa.

Cire yashi daga wani yanki na iya haifar da zaizayar teku, lalata yanayin muhalli, sauƙaƙe yada cututtuka, da kuma sa yankin ya fi fuskantar bala'i.

An nuna hakan a wurare irin su Sri Lanka, inda bincike ya nuna cewa saboda hakar yashi da ya faru kafin guguwar Tsunami ta 2004, igiyoyin ruwa sun yi barna fiye da yadda suke da idan ba a samu yashi ba. A Dubai, kwararowar ruwa yana haifar da guguwa mai yashi a karkashin ruwa, wanda ke kashe kwayoyin halitta, da lalata murjani reefs, da canza yanayin zagawar ruwa, kuma yana iya shake dabbobi kamar kifaye daga toshe gillarsu. 

Babu wani tsammanin cewa yashi na duniyarmu zai dakatar da turkey mai sanyi, amma ba ya buƙatar tsayawa. Mu kawai muna buƙatar koyon yadda za mu rage girman tasirin hakar da dawowa. Ya kamata a ɗaga ƙa'idodin gine-gine don tsawaita rayuwar ginin, kuma gwargwadon yawan kayan gini ya kamata a sake yin fa'ida. Yashi zai ci gaba da bacewa yayin da yawan jama'armu ke karuwa, haka ma garuruwanmu. Sanin matsalar shine mataki na farko. Matakai na gaba sune tsawaita rayuwar samfuran yashi, sake amfani da su, da kuma binciken wasu samfuran da za su iya maye gurbin yashi. Ba lallai ne mu kasance muna faɗan rashin nasara ba tukuna, amma muna buƙatar canza dabarunmu. 

Sources

https://www.npr.org/2017/07/21/538472671/world-faces-global-sand-shortage
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