Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1. Gabatarwa
2.Baya Kan Hakkokin Dan Adam da Tekun
3. Dokoki da Dokoki
4. IUU Fishing and Human Rights
5. Jagoran Amfani da Abincin teku
6. Rage Matsugunin Matsugunai da Rage Zama
7. Mulkin Tekun
8. Watsewar Jirgin ruwa da cin zarafin Bil Adama
9. Magance Magani

1. Gabatarwa

Abin baƙin ciki shine, take haƙƙin ɗan adam yana faruwa ba kawai a kan ƙasa ba har ma a cikin teku. Fataucin bil adama, cin hanci da rashawa, cin zarafi, da sauran laifukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba, haɗe da rashin 'yan sanda da aiwatar da dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa yadda ya kamata, shine mumunan gaskiyar ayyukan teku. Wannan ci gaban da ake samu na take haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin teku da kuma cin zalin teku kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye suna tafiya tare. Ko dai ta hanyar kamun kifi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ko kuma gudun hijira na ƙasƙantattun ƙasashe daga hawan teku, tekun yana cike da laifuka.

Yin amfani da albarkatun teku ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma karuwar fitar da iskar Carbon ya kara dagula kasancewar haramtattun ayyukan teku. Sauyin yanayi da ɗan adam ya jawo ya sa yanayin teku ya ɗumama, matakin teku ya ƙaru, da kuma guguwa, wanda ya tilasta wa al'ummomin da ke bakin ruwa tserewa daga gidajensu da neman abin rayuwa a wani wuri tare da ƙarancin kuɗi ko taimakon ƙasa da ƙasa. Fiye da kifaye, a matsayin martani ga karuwar bukatar abincin teku, ya tilastawa masunta na gida yin tafiya mai nisa don nemo kifin da ya dace ko kuma shiga tasoshin kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ko kadan ba.

Rashin aiwatar da tsari, tsari, da sa ido kan teku ba sabon jigo bane. Ya kasance kalubale akai-akai ga hukumomin kasa da kasa wadanda ke rike da wasu nauyin kula da teku. Bugu da kari, gwamnatoci na ci gaba da yin watsi da alhakin da ya rataya a wuyansu na dakile fitar da hayaki da kuma bayar da tallafi ga wadannan kasashe da suke bacewa.

Matakin farko na gano bakin zaren magance yawaitar take hakin bil'adama a teku shi ne wayar da kan jama'a. Anan mun tattara wasu mafi kyawun albarkatun da suka dace da batun 'yancin ɗan adam da teku.

Bayanin Mu Akan Tilastawa Aiki Da Fataucin Bil Adama A Bangaren Kamun Kifi

Shekaru da dama, al'ummar tekun suna ƙara fahimtar cewa masunta suna cikin haɗari ga cin zarafin ɗan adam a cikin jiragen ruwa masu kamun kifi. Ana tilasta wa ma’aikata yin aiki mai wahala da kuma wani lokaci mai haɗari na tsawon sa’o’i masu ƙarancin albashi, ƙarƙashin barazanar ƙarfi ko kuma ta hanyar bautar bashi, wanda ke haifar da cin zarafi ta jiki da ta hankali har ma da mutuwa. Kamar yadda Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta bayar da rahoton, kamun kifi yana daya daga cikin mafi girman yawan mace-macen sana'a a duniya. 

Bisa ga Yarjejeniyar Fataucin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, fataucin mutane ya ƙunshi abubuwa uku:

• daukar ma'aikata na yaudara ko yaudara;
• sauƙaƙe motsi zuwa wurin amfani; kuma
• cin zarafi a inda aka nufa.

A fannin kamun kifi, aikin tilastawa da fataucin bil adama duk sun keta haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma suna barazana ga dorewar teku. Idan aka yi la'akari da haɗin kai na biyun, ana buƙatar hanya mai ban sha'awa kuma ƙoƙarin mai da hankali kan gano sarkar samar da kayayyaki bai isa ba. Da yawa daga cikinmu a Turai da Amurka na iya kasancewa masu cin abincin teku da aka kama a ƙarƙashin yanayin aikin tilastawa. Ɗayan bincike na kayan abincin teku da ake shigowa da su Turai da Amurka sun nuna cewa idan aka hada kifin da aka shigo da su da kuma aka kama a cikin gida a kasuwannin cikin gida, hadarin siyan abincin teku da aka gurbata ta hanyar amfani da bautar zamani yana karuwa kusan sau 8.5, idan aka kwatanta da kifin da ake kamawa a cikin gida.

Gidauniyar Ocean Foundation tana goyon bayan Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya "Shirin Ayyuka na Duniya game da aikin tilastawa da fataucin masunta a teku" (GAPfish), wanda ya hada da: 

• Samar da mafita mai ɗorewa don hana cin zarafin ɗan adam da ƙwadago na masunta a cikin jahohin daukar ma'aikata da masu wucewa;
• Haɓaka ikon jihohin tuta don tabbatar da bin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa da na ƙasa kan jiragen ruwa masu ɗaga tutarsu don hana aikin tilastawa;
• Ƙarfafa ƙarfin jihohin tashar jiragen ruwa don magancewa da kuma mayar da martani ga yanayin aikin tilastawa a cikin kamun kifi; kuma 
• Ƙirƙirar ingantaccen tushen mabukaci na aikin tilastawa a cikin kamun kifi.

Don kada a ci gaba da aikin tilastawa da fataucin bil adama a fannin kamun kifi, Gidauniyar Ocean Foundation ba za ta yi tarayya ko yin aiki tare da (1) ƙungiyoyin da za su iya samun babban haɗarin bautar zamani a cikin ayyukansu ba, bisa bayanai daga Ƙididdigar Bauta ta Duniya. a tsakanin sauran kafofin, ko tare da (2) ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ba su da ƙaƙƙarfan sadaukarwar jama'a don haɓaka ganowa da bayyana gaskiya a cikin tsarin samar da abincin teku. 

Duk da haka, aiwatar da doka a cikin teku yana da wahala. Koyaya, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ana amfani da sabbin fasahohi don bin diddigin jiragen ruwa da yaƙi da fataucin mutane ta sabbin hanyoyi. Yawancin ayyuka a kan manyan tekuna sun biyo bayan 1982 Dokar Teku ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wanda bisa doka ya ba da ma'anar amfani da tekuna da teku don fa'ida ɗaya da na kowa, musamman, ta kafa yankunan tattalin arziki keɓantacce, 'yancin kewayawa, da ƙirƙirar Hukumar Kula da Teku ta Duniya. A cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, an yi yunƙurin neman a Sanarwar Geneva kan 'Yancin Dan Adam a Teku. Tun daga ranar 26 ga Fabrairu^th, 2021 an sake duba sigar ƙarshe ta Sanarwar kuma za a gabatar da ita a cikin watanni masu zuwa.

2.Baya Kan Hakkokin Dan Adam da Tekun

Vithani, P. (2020, Disamba 1). Magance Cin Haƙƙin Dan Adam Yana da Muhimmanci ga Dorewar Rayuwa a Teku da Ƙasa. Dandalin Tattalin Arzikin Duniya.  https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/12/how-tackling-human-rights-abuses-is-critical-to-sustainable-life-at-sea-and-on-land/

Tekun yana da girma yana sa ya zama mai wahala ga 'yan sanda. Kamar yadda irin wadannan haramtattun ayyuka ke ci gaba da yaduwa kuma al'ummomi da dama a fadin duniya suna ganin tasirin tattalin arzikinsu na cikin gida da kuma al'adun gargajiya. Wannan ɗan gajeren rubuce-rubucen ya ba da kyakkyawar gabatarwa mai girma ga matsalar cin zarafin ɗan adam a cikin kamun kifi da kuma ba da shawarar magunguna kamar haɓaka saka hannun jari na fasaha, ƙara sa ido, da buƙatar magance tushen kamun kifi na IUU.

Ma'aikatar Jiha. (2020). Rahoton fataucin mutane. Ofishin Ma'aikatar Jiha don Sa ido da Yaki da fataucin mutane. PDF. https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-trafficking-in-persons-report/.

Rahoton fataucin mutane (TIP) rahoto ne na shekara-shekara da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta buga wanda ya haɗa da nazarin fataucin bil adama a kowace ƙasa, ayyuka masu ban sha'awa don yaƙar fataucin, labaran da aka azabtar, da abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu. Hukumar ta TIP ta bayyana Burma, Haiti, Thailand, Taiwan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Korea ta Kudu, China a matsayin kasashen da ke fama da fataucin mutane da tilasta yin aiki a fannin kamun kifi. Bisa la'akari da rahoton TIP na 2020 da aka rarraba Tailandia a matsayin Tier 2, duk da haka, wasu kungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari suna jayayya cewa ya kamata a rage darajar Thailand zuwa Jerin Kallon Tier 2 saboda ba su yi abin da ya dace ba don yakar fataucin ma'aikatan bakin haure.

Urbina, I. (2019, Agusta 20). Bakin Teku: Tafiya zuwa Ƙarshen Ƙarshe mara iyaka. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.

Tekun ya yi girma da yawa ga 'yan sanda da ke da manyan wuraren da ba su da cikakkiyar ikon duniya. Da yawa daga cikin manyan yankuna na da manyan laifuka tun daga masu fataucin mutane zuwa 'yan fashi, masu fasa kwauri zuwa 'yan haya, mafarauta zuwa ga bayi. Mawallafi, Ian Urbina, ya yi aiki don kawo hankali ga tashe-tashen hankula a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Afirka, da sauran su. Littafin Outlaw Ocean ya dogara ne akan rahoton Urbina na New York Times, za a iya samun zaɓaɓɓun labarai anan:

1. "Hannun Hannu da Laifuka A Cikin Jirgin Ruwa na Scofflaw." The New York Times, 17 Yuli 2015.
   Yin aiki a matsayin bayyani na duniya marar bin doka na manyan tekuna, wannan labarin ya mai da hankali kan labarin wasu mutane biyu da ke cikin jirgin ruwa Dona Liberty na ba'a.
2.  "Kisan kai a Teku: An kama shi akan Bidiyo, Amma Masu Kisan sun tafi Kyauta." The New York Times, Yuli 20, 2015.
   Hotunan yadda aka kashe wasu mutane hudu marasa makami a tsakiyar teku saboda har yanzu ba a san wasu dalilai ba.
3. " 'Bayin Teku:' Bala'in Dan Adam da ke Ciyar da Dabbobi da Dabbobi." The New York Times, Yuli 27, 2015.
   Tattaunawar mutanen da suka gudu daga bauta a cikin kwale-kwalen kamun kifi. Suna ba da labarin dukan da suka yi da kuma mafi muni yayin da ake jefa tarunan don kama wanda zai zama abincin dabbobi da abincin dabbobi.
4. "Wani Mai Sake Trawler, Wanda Vigilantes ya farautarsa ​​na mil 10,000." The New York Times, Yuli 28, 2015.
   Kidayar kwanaki 110 da mambobin kungiyar kare muhalli, Sea Shepherd, ke bin wani jirgin ruwa da ya yi kaurin suna wajen kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba.
5.  “Waɗanda ake bin su a ƙasa, an zage su ko a bar su a Teku. "The New York Times, Nuwamba 9, 2015.
   “Hukumomin ‘yan sanda” da ba bisa ka’ida ba sun yaudari mazauna ƙauye a Philippines da alkawuran ƙarya na ƙarin albashi da aika su zuwa jiragen ruwa da suka shahara saboda rashin tsaro da bayanan aiki.
6. "Marin 'Repo Men' na Maritime: Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe don Jiragen Sata." New York Times, Disamba 28, 2015.
   Ana sace dubban kwale-kwale a kowace shekara, wasu kuma ana kwato su ta hanyar amfani da barasa, karuwai, bokaye da sauran hanyoyin yaudara.
7. "Palau vs. Mafarauta." The New York Times Magazine, 17 Fabrairu 2016.
   Paula, keɓantacciyar ƙasa mai girman girman Philadelphia ce ke da alhakin yin sintiri a cikin teku mai girman girman Faransa, a cikin yankin da ke cike da manyan jiragen ruwa, jiragen mafarauta da gwamnati ke ba da tallafi, tarun raƙuman ruwa mai tsawon mil mil da masu jan hankalin kifin da aka fi sani da FADs. . Hanyarsu ta muni na iya kafa ma'auni don aiwatar da doka a teku.

Tickler, D., Meeuwig, JJ, Bryant, K. et al. (2018). Bautar zamani da tseren Kifi. Nature Communications Vol. 9,4643 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07118-9

A cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata an sami yanayin raguwar samun koma baya a masana'antar kamun kifi. Ta yin amfani da Indexididdigar Bauta ta Duniya (GSI), marubutan sun yi jayayya cewa ƙasashen da ke da rubuce-rubucen cin zarafin ma'aikata suma suna raba manyan matakan kamun kifi na nesa da kuma rahotan kama. Sakamakon raguwar dawowar, akwai alamun munanan cin zarafin ma'aikata da bautar zamani waɗanda ke cin gajiyar ma'aikata don rage farashi.

Associated Press (2015) Associated Press Bincika a cikin Bayi a Teku a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, jerin sassa goma. [fim]. https://www.ap.org/explore/seafood-from-slaves/

Binciken Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Associated Press na daya daga cikin bincike mai zurfi na farko kan masana'antar abincin teku, a Amurka da kasashen waje. A cikin watanni goma sha takwas, 'yan jarida hudu na Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Associated Press sun bi diddigin jiragen ruwa, inda bayi suke, da kuma bin diddigin manyan motoci masu sanyi don fallasa munanan ayyukan sana'ar kamun kifi a kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Binciken ya kai ga sakin bayi fiye da 2,000 da kuma daukin gaggawar manyan ‘yan kasuwa da gwamnatin Indonesiya. 'Yan jaridar hudu sun lashe lambar yabo ta George Polk don Rahoton Harkokin Waje a watan Fabrairun 2016 saboda aikinsu. 

Hakkin Dan Adam a Teku. (2014). Hakkin Dan Adam a Teku. London, Birtaniya. https://www.humanrightsatsea.org/

Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam A Teku (HRAS) ta fito a matsayin jagorar dandali mai cin gashin kan hakkin dan adam na teku. Tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2014, HRAS ta yi ƙaƙƙarfan bayar da shawarwari don ƙara aiwatarwa da kuma ba da lamuni na ainihin tanadin haƙƙin ɗan adam a tsakanin ma'aikatan ruwa, masunta, da sauran abubuwan rayuwa na tushen teku a duniya. 

Hanyar kifi. (2014, Maris). Fataucin II - Takaitacciyar Takaitacciyar Takaitacciyar Cin Haƙƙin Dan Adam a Masana'antar Abincin Teku. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/Trafficked_II_FishWise_2014%20%281%29.compressed.pdf

Trafficked II by FishWise yana ba da bayyani game da batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin sarkar samar da abincin teku da ƙalubalen sake fasalin masana'antu. Wannan rahoto zai iya zama kayan aiki don haɗa ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu da masana haƙƙin ɗan adam.

Treves, T. (2010). Hakkin Dan Adam da Dokar Teku. Berkeley Journal of International Law. Juzu'i na 28, Mas'ala ta 1. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/Human%20Rights%20and%20the%20Law%20of%20the%20Sea.pdf

Marubuci Tillio Treves ya yi la’akari da dokar teku ta mahangar dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam da ke tabbatar da cewa haƙƙin ɗan adam na da alaƙa da dokar teku. Treves ya shiga cikin shari'o'i na shari'a waɗanda ke ba da shaida ga haɗin kai na Dokar Teku da 'yancin ɗan adam. Labari ne mai mahimmanci ga waɗanda ke neman fahimtar tarihin shari'a da ke tattare da take haƙƙin ɗan adam a halin yanzu kamar yadda ya sanya cikin mahallin yadda aka ƙirƙiri Dokar Tekuna.

3. Dokoki da Dokoki

Hukumar Ciniki ta Duniya ta Amurka. (2021, Fabrairu). Ana Samun Abincin Teku ta hanyar Kamun Kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba, Ba a Ba da rahoto ba, da Kamun kifi mara tsari: Shigowar Amurka da Tasirin Tattalin Arziki akan Kamun Kifin Kasuwancin Amurka. Buga Hukumar Ciniki ta Duniya ta Amurka, Lamba 5168, Binciken Lamba 332-575. https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/pub5168.pdf

Hukumar ciniki ta kasa da kasa ta Amurka ta gano cewa kusan dala biliyan 2.4 na aikin shigo da abincin teku ana samun su ne daga kamun kifi na IUU a shekarar 2019, da farko kaguwar ninkaya, jatan daji da aka kama, tuna tuna yellowfin, da squid. Manyan masu fitar da kayayyaki na IUU masu kama ruwa sun samo asali ne daga China, Rasha, Mexico, Vietnam, da Indonesia. Wannan rahoto ya yi cikakken nazari kan kamun kifi na IUU tare da lura da yadda ake keta haƙƙin bil adama a ƙasashen da ake shigowa da su Amurka. Musamman ma, rahoton ya nuna cewa kashi 99 cikin XNUMX na jiragen ruwan DWF na kasar Sin a Afirka an kiyasta su ne na kamun kifi na IUU.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2020). Bayar da rahoto ga fataucin ɗan adam na Majalisa a cikin Sarkar Samar da Abincin teku, Sashe na 3563 na Dokar Ba da izinin Tsaro ta ƙasa don Shekarar Kudi ta 2020 (PL 116-92). Sashen Kasuwanci. https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/2020-12/DOSNOAAReport_HumanTrafficking.pdf?null

A karkashin jagorancin Majalisa, NOAA ta buga rahoto kan fataucin mutane a cikin sarkar samar da abincin teku. Rahoton ya bayyana kasashe 29 da suka fi fuskantar barazanar fataucin bil adama a bangaren abincin teku. Shawarwari don yaƙar fataucin bil adama a fannin kamun kifi sun haɗa da isar da saƙo ga ƙasashen da aka lissafa, da haɓaka ƙoƙarin gano duniya da tsare-tsare na ƙasa da ƙasa don magance fataucin mutane, da ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa da masana'antu don magance fataucin ɗan adam a cikin sarkar samar da abincin teku.

Greenpeace. (2020). Kasuwancin Kifi: Yadda Canjawa a Teku ke Sauƙaƙa Ba bisa ka'ida ba, Ba a ba da rahoto ba, da Kamun kifi mara tsari wanda ke lalata Tekunmu. Greenpeace International. PDF. https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-international-stateless/2020/02/be13d21a-fishy-business-greenpeace-transhipment-report-2020.pdf

Greenpeace ta gano wasu jiragen ruwa masu “haɗari” 416 waɗanda ke aiki a kan manyan tekuna da sauƙaƙe kamun kifi na IUU yayin da suke tauye haƙƙin ma’aikata a cikin jirgin. Greenpeace tana amfani da bayanai daga Global Fishing Watch don nuna a sikelin yadda jiragen ruwa na reefers ke da hannu wajen jigilar kayayyaki da amfani da tutoci masu dacewa don ƙa'ida da ƙa'idodin aminci. Ci gaba da gibin mulki yana ba da damar ci gaba da tabarbarewar ruwa a cikin ruwa na duniya. Rahoton ya ba da shawarar yin yarjejeniya kan tekun duniya don samar da ingantacciyar hanyar gudanar da mulkin teku.

Oceana. (2019, Yuni). Kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba da cin zarafin ɗan adam a Teku: Amfani da Fasaha don Hana Halayen da ake tuhuma. 10.31230/osf.io/juh98. PDF.

Kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba, ba a ba da rahoto ba, da kuma rashin ka'ida (IUU) lamari ne mai tsanani ga kula da kamun kifi na kasuwanci da kiyaye teku. Yayin da kamun kifi na kasuwanci ke ƙaruwa, kifin kifi yana raguwa kamar yadda IUU ke samun raguwa. Rahoton na Oceana ya hada da nazarce-nazarce guda uku, na farko a kan nutsewar jirgin Oyang 70 a gabar tekun New Zealand, na biyu a kan jirgin ruwan Hung Yu na kasar Taiwan, sai na uku na wani jirgin ruwan dakon kaya mai sanyi Renown Reefer da ke aiki a gabar tekun Somaliya. Tare waɗannan nazarin shari'o'in sun goyi bayan hujjar cewa kamfanonin da ke da tarihin rashin bin doka, idan aka haɗa su tare da rashin kulawa da rashin ƙarfi na tsarin shari'a na kasa da kasa, suna sa kamun kifi na kasuwanci ya kasance mai rauni ga ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba.

Human Rights Watch. (2018, Janairu). Saƙon Boye: Cin Haƙƙin Haƙƙi da Tilasta Aiki a Masana'antar Kamun kifi ta Thailand. PDF.

Ya zuwa yanzu, Thailand ba ta dauki kwararan matakai na magance matsalolin cin zarafin bil'adama a masana'antar kamun kifi ta Thailand ba. Wannan rahoton ya rubuta aikin tilastawa, rashin kyawun yanayin aiki, hanyoyin daukar ma'aikata, da matsalolin aikin yi da ke haifar da munanan yanayi. Yayin da aka ƙaddamar da ƙarin ayyuka tun bayan buga rahoton a cikin 2018, binciken ya zama dole don karantawa ga duk mai sha'awar ƙarin koyo game da 'Yancin Dan Adam a cikin kamun kifi na Thailand.

Hukumar Kula da Hijira ta Duniya (2017, Janairu 24). Rahoto kan Fataucin Bil Adama, Tilasta Ma'aikata da Laifin Kamun Kifi a Masana'antar Kamun kifi ta Indonesiya. Ofishin Jakadancin IOM a Indonesia. https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/country/docs/indonesia/Human-Trafficking-Forced-Labour-and-Fisheries-Crime-in-the-Indonesian-Fishing-Industry-IOM.pdf

Sabuwar dokar gwamnati bisa binciken hukumar IOM kan fataucin mutane a kamun kifi na Indonesiya za ta magance take hakkin bil adama. Wannan rahoto ne na hadin gwiwa na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Ruwa da Kamun kifi ta Indonesiya (KKP), Task Force Task Force na Shugaban Indonesiya don Yakar Kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba, Kungiyar Kula da Hijira ta Duniya (IOM) Indonesia, da Jami'ar Coventry. Rahoton ya ba da shawarar kawo karshen amfani da Tutocin Jin daɗi ta hanyar Kamun Kifi da Tallafin Kamun Kifi, inganta tsarin yin rajista na ƙasa da ƙasa da tsarin tantance jirgin ruwa, ingantattun yanayin aiki a Indonesia da Thailand, da ƙara yawan shugabancin kamfanonin kamun kifin don tabbatar da bin haƙƙin ɗan adam, ƙarin ganowa. da dubawa, rajistar da ta dace ga bakin haure, da kokarin hadin gwiwa a fadin hukumomi daban-daban.

Braestrup, A., Neumann, J., da Zinariya, M., Spalding, M. (ed), Middleburg, M. (ed). (2016, Afrilu 6). Hakkokin Dan-Adam & Tekun: Bautar da Jariri a Farantinku. Farar Takarda. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/SlaveryandtheShrimponYourPlate1.pdf

Asusun Jagorancin Tekun na The Ocean Foundation ne ya dauki nauyin samar da wannan takarda a matsayin wani bangare na jerin abubuwan da ke nazarin alakar 'yancin dan adam da ingantaccen teku. A matsayin sashe na biyu na jerin, wannan farar takarda ta yi nazari kan cin zarafi na haɗin kai na babban ɗan adam da babban birnin ƙasar wanda ke tabbatar da cewa mutane a Amurka da Burtaniya za su iya cin ciyawa sau huɗu fiye da yadda suka yi shekaru biyar da suka gabata, kuma a rabin farashin.

Alifano, A. (2016). Sabbin Kayan Kaya Don Kasuwancin Abincin Ruwa don Fahimtar Haɗarin Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Inganta Biyayyar Jama'a. Hanyar kifi. Nunin Abincin teku na Arewacin Amurka. PDF.

Kamfanoni suna karuwa a ƙarƙashin binciken jama'a game da cin zarafin ma'aikata, don magance wannan, Fishwise da aka gabatar a 2016 Seafood Expo North America. Gabatarwar ta ƙunshi bayanai daga Fishwise, Humanity United, Verite, da Seafish. Su mayar da hankali a kan a-teku daji-kama da kuma inganta m yanke shawara dokoki da kuma amfani da samuwan bayanai na jama'a daga tabbatattu kafofin.

Hanyar kifi. (2016, Yuni 7). LABARI: Takaitaccen Bayani kan Fataucin Bil Adama da Cin Hanci da Rashawa a cikin Samar da Shrimp na Thailand. Hanyar kifi. Santa Cruise, California. PDF.

Tun daga farkon 2010s Tailandia tana fuskantar ƙarin bincike game da rubuce-rubuce da yawa na bin diddigi da cin zarafin aiki. Musamman, akwai bayanan da aka yi wa fataucin da aka yi wa safarar su kan jiragen ruwa da ke nesa da gaɓar teku don kama kifi don ciyar da kifi, yanayin bautar da ake yi a cibiyoyin sarrafa kifi, da cin zarafin ma'aikata ta hanyar kangin bashi da ma'aikata da ke riƙe takaddun. Bisa la'akari da tsananin take hakkin bil'adama, masu ruwa da tsaki daban-daban sun fara daukar matakin hana cin zarafin ma'aikata a sarkar samar da abincin teku, duk da haka, akwai bukatar kara kaimi.

Kamun Kifin Ba bisa Ka'ida ba: Wadanne nau'ikan Kifi ne ke cikin Haɗarin Kamun Kifin Ba bisa ka'ida ba? (2015, Oktoba). Asusun namun daji na duniya. PDF. https://c402277.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/publications/834/files/original/Fish_Species_at_Highest_Risk_ from_IUU_Fishing_WWF_FINAL.pdf?1446130921

Asusun namun daji na Duniya ya gano cewa sama da kashi 85% na kifin ana iya la'akari da shi cikin babban haɗarin kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba, ba a ba da rahoto ba, da kuma kamun kifi (IUU). Kamun kifi na IUU ya zama ruwan dare gama gari da yankuna.

Couper, A., Smith, H., Ciceri, B. (2015). Masu Kamun Kifi da Masu Wawa: Sata, Bauta da Kifi a Teku. Latsa Pluto.

Wannan littafi ya mayar da hankali ne kan yadda ake cin moriyar kifaye da masunta a cikin masana'antar duniya da ba ta la'akari da ko dai kiyayewa ko yancin ɗan adam. Alastair Couper kuma ya rubuta littafin 1999, Voyages of Abuse: Seafarers, Human Rights, and International Shipping.

Gidauniyar Justice Environmental. (2014). Bautar da Teku: Ci gaba da Halin Bakin Haure a Masana'antar Kamun kifi ta Thailand. London. https://ejfoundation.org/reports/slavery-at-sea-the-continued-plight-of-trafficked-migrants-in-thailands-fishing-industry

Wani rahoto da Gidauniyar Adalci ta Muhalli ya yi nazari mai zurfi kan masana'antar sarrafa abincin teku a Thailand da kuma dogaro da safarar mutane domin yin aiki. Wannan shi ne rahoto na biyu na EJF kan wannan batu, wanda aka buga bayan da Thailand ta koma cikin jerin sa ido na Tier 3 na rahoton fataucin mutane na ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka. Yana daya daga cikin mafi kyawun rahotanni ga waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin fahimtar yadda fataucin ɗan adam ya zama babban ɓangare na masana'antar kamun kifi da kuma dalilin da ya sa ba a cimma kaɗan ba don dakatar da shi.

Filin, M. (2014). Kama: Yadda Kamfanonin Kamun Kifi suka Sake Kirkirar Bauta da Kwace Teku. AWA Press, Wellington, NZ, 2015. PDF.

Wani dan jarida mai dadewa Michael Field ya dauki nauyin bankado fataucin mutane a cikin kamun kifi na New Zealand, yana mai nuna irin rawar da kasashe masu arziki za su iya takawa wajen dawwamar da aikin bautar da ake yi wajen kifayen kifaye.

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. (2011). Laifukan Tsare-tsare na Ƙasashen Duniya a Masana'antar Kamun kifi. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Magunguna da Laifuka. Vienna. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/TOC_in_the_Fishing%20Industry.pdf

Wannan binciken na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya duba alakar da ke tsakanin manyan laifuffukan kasa da kasa da masana'antar kamun kifi. Ya bayyana dalilai da dama da masana'antar kamun kifi ke da rauni ga ƙungiyoyin laifuka da yuwuwar hanyoyin da za a magance wannan raunin. Ana nufin masu sauraron shugabanni da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda za su iya haɗuwa tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don yaƙar take haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyar manyan laifuka.

Agnew, D., Pearce, J., Pramod, G., Peatman, T. Watson, R., Beddington, J., da Pitcher T. (2009, Yuli 1). Ƙididdiga Yawan Kamun Kifin Ba bisa Ka'ida ba a Duniya. PLOS Daya.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004570

Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kama abincin teku a duniya sakamakon ayyukan kamun kifi na IUU ne wanda ya kai kusan fam biliyan 56 na abincin teku a kowace shekara. Irin wannan yawan kamun kifi na IUU yana nufin tattalin arzikin duniya yana fuskantar asarar tsakanin dala biliyan 10 zuwa dala biliyan 23 a kowace shekara. Kasashe masu tasowa sun fi fuskantar hadari. IUU matsala ce ta duniya da ta shafi wani kaso mai tsoka na duk abincin teku da ake cinyewa da kuma raunana kokarin dorewa da kuma kara rashin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa.

Conathan, M. da Siciliano, A. (2008) Makomar Tsaron Abincin Teku - Yaki da Kamun Kifin Ba bisa ka'ida ba da Zamba. Cibiyar Ci gaban Amirka. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/IllegalFishing-brief.pdf

Dokar Kariya da Kula da Kifi ta Magnuson-Stevens na 2006 ta kasance babbar nasara, har ta kai ga kawo ƙarshen kamun kifi a cikin ruwan Amurka. Duk da haka, Amurkawa suna ci gaba da cin miliyoyin ton na abincin teku da ba a ɗorewa ba a kowace shekara - daga ketare.

4. IUU Fishing and Human Rights

Task Force a kan fataucin mutane a cikin Kamun kifi a cikin kasa da kasa ruwa. (2021, Janairu). Task Force a kan fataucin mutane a cikin Kamun kifi a cikin kasa da kasa ruwa. Rahoton zuwa Majalisa. PDF.

Don magance matsalar fataucin mutane a masana'antar kamun kifi Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta ba da umarnin gudanar da bincike. Sakamakon wata runduna ce ta hadin gwiwa wacce ta binciki take hakkin dan adam a bangaren kamun kifi daga Oktoba 2018 zuwa Agusta 2020. Rahoton ya hada da manyan dokoki 27 da shawarwarin ayyuka ciki har da, tsawaita shari'a ga aikin tilastawa, ba da izini sabon hukunci ga ma'aikata da aka gano suna da. tsunduma cikin ayyukan cin zarafi, haramta biyan kuɗin daukar ma'aikata a kan jiragen ruwan kamun kifi na Amurka, haɗa ayyukan da suka dace, ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da fataucin mutane ta hanyar takunkumi, haɓakawa da ɗaukar kayan aikin tantance fataucin ɗan adam da jagorar tunani, ƙarfafa tattara bayanai, fuse, da bincike. , da haɓaka horo ga masu duba jirgin ruwa, masu sa ido, da takwarorinsu na ƙasashen waje.

Ma'aikatar Shari'a. (2021). Teburin Hukumomin Gwamnatin Amurka Masu Alaka da Fataucin Bil Adama a Kamun kifi a Ruwan Duniya. https://www.justice.gov/crt/page/file/1360371/download

Teburin hukumomin gwamnatin Amurka da ke da alaƙa da fataucin bil adama a cikin Kamun kifi a cikin ruwa na duniya ya ba da haske kan ayyukan da gwamnatin Amurka ke gudanarwa don magance matsalolin haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin sarkar samar da abincin teku. Sashen ya raba rahoton kuma yana ba da jagora kan ikon kowace hukuma. Teburin ya hada da Ma'aikatar Shari'a, Ma'aikatar Kwadago, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Gida, Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen, Ofishin Wakilin Kasuwancin Amurka, Ma'aikatar Baitulmali, da Sabis na Harajin Cikin Gida. Teburin kuma ya haɗa da bayanai kan hukumar tarayya, ikon gudanarwa, nau'in iko, kwatance, da iyakokin ikon.

Hakkin Dan Adam a Teku. (2020, Maris 1). Hakkokin Dan Adam a Takaitaccen Bayanin Teku: Shin Ka'idodin Jagororin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2011 suna Aiki yadda ya kamata kuma ana Aiwatar da su sosai a Masana'antar Maritime.https://www.humanrightsatsea.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/HRAS_UN_Guiding_Principles_Briefing_Note_1_March_2020_SP_LOCKED.pdf

Ka'idodin Jagorancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2011 sun dogara ne akan ayyukan kamfanoni da na jihohi da kuma ra'ayin cewa kamfanoni suna da alhakin mutunta 'yancin ɗan adam. Wannan rahoto ya waiwayi baya cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ya kuma bayar da takaitaccen nazari kan nasarorin da aka samu da kuma wuraren da ya zama dole a gyara domin samun kariya da mutunta hakkin dan Adam. Rahoton ya lura da rashin haɗin kai a halin yanzu da kuma samar da manufofin da aka amince da su yana da wahala kuma ƙarin tsari da aiwatarwa ya zama dole. Karin bayani akan Ana iya samun ƙa'idodin Jagorancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a nan.

Teh LCL, Caddell R., Allison EH, Finkbeiner, EM, Kittinger JN, Nakamura K., et al. (2019). Matsayin Haƙƙin Dan Adam wajen Aiwatar da Abincin Teku mai alhakin Al'umma. PLoS DAYA 14 (1): e0210241. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210241

Ka'idodin abincin teku da ke da alhakin zamantakewa suna buƙatar tushe a cikin fayyace wajibai na shari'a kuma a goyi bayan isassun iya aiki da nufin siyasa. Marubutan sun gano cewa dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam yawanci suna magana game da yancin ɗan adam da na siyasa, amma suna da doguwar hanya don magance haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da al'adu. Ta hanyar yin amfani da kayan aiki na duniya gwamnatoci za su iya zartar da manufofin kasa don kawar da kamun kifi na IUU.

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. (1948). Sanarwar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya. https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights

Sanarwar 'yancin ɗan adam ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kafa ma'auni don kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da kare su gaba ɗaya. Takardar mai shafi takwas ta bayyana cewa, an haifi dukkan bil’adama ‘yantacciya kuma daidai da mutunci da hakki, ba tare da nuna wariya ba, kuma ba za a yi masa bauta ba, ko kuma a yi masa mugun hali, ko cin mutunci, ko wulakanci da dai sauransu. Sanarwar ta kara karfafa yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama saba'in, an fassara su zuwa harsuna sama da 500 kuma suna ci gaba da jagorantar manufofi da ayyuka a yau.

5. Jagoran Amfani da Abincin teku

Nakamura, K., Bishop, L., Ward, T., Pramod, G., Thomson, D., Tungpuchayakul, P., da Srakaew, S. (2018, Yuli 25). Ganin Bauta a cikin Sarkar Samar da Abincin teku. Ci gaban Kimiyya, E1701833. https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/7/e1701833

Sarkar samar da abincin teku ta rabu sosai tare da yawancin ma'aikatan da ke aiki a matsayin 'yan kwangila ko ta hanyar dillalai suna yin wahalar gano tushen abincin teku. Don magance wannan, masu bincike sun ƙirƙiri wani tsari kuma sun ɓullo da wata hanya don tantance haɗarin aikin tilastawa a cikin sarkar samar da abincin teku. Sharuɗɗa guda biyar, mai suna Labor Safe Screen, ya gano cewa, inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayin aiki ta yadda kamfanonin abinci za su iya magance matsalar.

Shirin Nereus (2016). Takardun Bayani: Kamun Kifi na Bauta da Cin Abincin Tekun Jafan. Gidauniyar Nippon - Jami'ar British Columbia. PDF.

Yin aikin dole da bautar zamani matsala ce da ta zama ruwan dare a masana'antar kamun kifi ta duniya a yau. Don sanar da masu amfani da su, Gidauniyar Nippon ta ƙirƙiri jagorar da ke nuna nau'ikan guraben aikin da aka ruwaito a cikin kamun kifi dangane da ƙasar asali. Wannan gajeriyar jagorar ta yi tsokaci ne kan kasashen da suka fi son fitar da kifin da ke haifar da aikin tilastawa a wani lokaci a cikin samar da kayayyaki. Yayin da jagorar ke jagorantar masu karatu na Jafananci, ana buga shi cikin Ingilishi kuma yana ba da kyakkyawan bayani ga duk wanda ke sha'awar zama mabukaci mai ilimi. Mafi munin masu laifi, bisa ga jagorar, sune Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, da Myanmar.

Warne, K. (2011) Bari su ci shrimp: Bacewar dazuzzuka na Teku mai ban tausayi. Island Press, 2011.

Noman kifin shrimp na duniya ya haifar da babbar illa ga gandun daji na bakin teku na yankuna masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi na duniya-kuma yana da mummunan tasiri kan rayuwar bakin teku da wadatar dabbobin ruwa.

6. Rage Matsugunin Matsugunai da Rage Zama

Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (2021, Mayu). Yin watsi da Kisa: Bincike da Ceto da Kariya na Baƙi a Bahar Rum ta Tsakiya. Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Migration/OHCHR-thematic-report-SAR-protection-at-sea.pdf

Daga Janairu 2019 zuwa Disamba 2020 Ofishin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi hira da bakin haure, masana, da masu ruwa da tsaki don gano yadda wasu dokoki, manufofi, da ayyuka suka yi mummunar illa ga kare hakkin dan Adam na bakin haure. Rahoton ya mayar da hankali ne kan aikin neman agaji da ceto yayin da bakin haure ke bi ta Libya da tsakiyar tekun Bahar Rum. Rahoton ya tabbatar da cewa rashin kare hakkin bil adama ya afku wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar daruruwan mutane da ba za a iya karewa ba a teku saboda gazawar tsarin hijira. Dole ne ƙasashen Bahar Rum su kawo ƙarshen manufofin da suka sauƙaƙe ko ba da damar keta haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma dole ne su bi hanyoyin da za su hana ƙarin mutuwar bakin haure a teku.

Vinke, K., Blocher, J., Becker, M., Ebay, J., Fong, T., da Kambon, A. (2020, Satumba). Ƙasar Gida: Tsarin Tsibiri da Tsarin Jihohin Archipelagic don Motsin Dan Adam a cikin Yanayin Canjin Yanayi. Hadin gwiwar Jamus. https://disasterdisplacement.org/portfolio-item/home-lands-island-and-archipelagic-states-policymaking-for-human-mobility-in-the-context-of-climate-change

Tsibirai da yankunan bakin teku na fuskantar manyan sauye-sauye saboda sauyin yanayi da suka hada da: karancin filayen noma, nesantaka, asarar filaye, da kalubalen samun agaji a lokacin bala'i. Wadannan wahalhalun da ake fuskanta suna ingiza mutane da yawa yin hijira daga kasashensu. Rahoton ya hada da nazarin shari'ar kan Gabashin Caribbean (Anguilla, Antigua & Barbuda, Dominica, da St. Lucia), Pacific (Fiji, Kiribati, Tuvalu, da Vanuatu), da Philippines. Don magance wannan ƴan wasan na ƙasa da na yanki suna buƙatar aiwatar da manufofi don gudanar da ƙaura, tsara ƙaura, da magance ƙaura don rage ƙalubalen motsin ɗan adam.

Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Sauyin yanayi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNFCCC). (2018, Agusta). Taswirar Motsin Dan Adam (Hijira, Matsuwa da Tsara Tsara) da Canjin Yanayi a Tsare-tsare na Duniya, Manufofi da Tsarin Shari'a. Hukumar Kula da Hijira ta Duniya (IOM). PDF.

Yayin da sauyin yanayi ke tilasta wa mutane da yawa barin gidajensu, matakai da ayyuka daban-daban na doka sun fito. Rahoton ya ba da mahallin da kuma nazarin manufofin manufofin kasa da kasa da suka dace da tsarin shari'a a wurin da suka shafi ƙaura, ƙaura, da shirin ƙaura. Rahoton ya fito ne daga Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Tawagar Tawagar Sauyin Yanayi akan Matsuguni.

Greenshack Dotinfo. (2013). 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Yanayi: Alaska akan Edge yayin da Mazaunan Newtok ke tsere don hana Kauyen Fadawa cikin Teku. [Fim].

Wannan bidiyon yana nuna wasu ma'aurata daga Newtok, Alaska waɗanda suka bayyana canje-canje ga yanayin ƙasarsu: hawan matakin teku, guguwa mai ƙarfi, da canza yanayin tsuntsayen ƙaura. Sun tattauna bukatar a ƙaura zuwa wani wuri mafi aminci, cikin ƙasa. Duk da haka, saboda matsalolin samun kayayyaki da taimako, sun shafe shekaru suna jiran komawa.

Puthucherril, T. (2013, Afrilu 22). Canji, Hawan Teku da Kare Matsugunan Al'ummomin bakin Teku: Matsaloli masu yuwuwa. Jaridar Duniya ta Kwatanta Dokar. Vol. 1. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/sea%20level%20rise.pdf

Sauyin yanayi zai yi tasiri sosai a rayuwar miliyoyin mutane. Wannan takarda ta zayyana yanayin ƙaura biyu da ke haifar da hawan teku kuma ta yi bayanin cewa rukunin “yan gudun hijirar yanayi” ba shi da matsayin doka ta duniya. An rubuta a matsayin bita na doka, wannan takarda ta bayyana karara dalilin da yasa ba za a ba wa waɗanda suka rasa muhallansu sakamakon sauyin yanayi ba.

Gidauniyar Justice Environmental. (2012). Ƙasar da ke cikin Barazana: Tasirin Sauyin Yanayi akan Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Tilastawa Hijira a Bangladesh. London. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/A_Nation_Under_Threat.compressed.pdf

Bangladesh na da matukar rauni ga sauyin yanayi saboda yawan yawan jama'arta da karancin albarkatu, da dai sauransu. Wannan rahoton Gidauniyar Adalci na Muhalli an yi niyya ne ga waɗanda ke da matsayi a cikin kiyayewa da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin ɗan adam, da kuma ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya yi bayanin rashin taimako da amincewar doka ga 'yan gudun hijirar yanayi' da masu ba da shawarwari don taimakon gaggawa da sabbin kayan aiki na doka don ganewa.

Gidauniyar Justice Environmental. (2012). Babu Wuri Kamar Gida - Tabbatar da Ganewa, Kariya da Taimako ga 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Yanayi. London.  https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/NPLH_briefing.pdf

'Yan gudun hijirar yanayi suna fuskantar matsalolin gane, kariya, da rashin taimako gaba ɗaya. Wannan bayanin da Gidauniyar Adalci ta Muhalli ta yi ya tattauna ne kan kalubalen da ke fuskantar wadanda ba za su iya daidaitawa da tabarbarewar yanayin muhalli ba. Wannan rahoto an yi shi ne don masu sauraro gaba ɗaya da ke neman fahimtar take haƙƙin ɗan adam, kamar asarar ƙasa, sakamakon sauyin yanayi.

Bronen, R. (2009). Tilasta Hijira Daga Al'ummar Asalin Alaska Saboda Canjin Yanayi: Samar da Amsar Haƙƙin Dan Adam. Jami'ar Alaska, Tsarin juriya da daidaitawa. PDF. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/forced%20migration%20alaskan%20community.pdf

Tilastawa Hijira saboda sauyin yanayi yana shafar wasu al'ummomin Alaska masu rauni. Marubuci Robin Bronen yayi cikakken bayanin yadda gwamnatin jihar Alaska ta mayar da martani ga ƙaura ta tilastawa. Takardar ta ba da misalai na kan layi ga waɗanda ke neman koyo game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam a Alaska tare da fayyace tsarin hukumomi don amsa ƙauran ɗan adam da yanayi ya haifar.

Claus, CA da Mascia, MB (2008, Mayu 14). Hanyar Haƙƙin Kaya don Fahimtar Gudun Hijira Daga Wuraren da aka Kare: Al'amarin Yankunan Kare Ruwa. Tsarin Halittar Kiyayewa, Asusun namun daji na Duniya. PDF. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/A%20Property%20Rights%20Approach%20to% 20Understanding%20Human%20Displacement%20from%20Protected%20Areas.pdf

Yankunan Kare Ruwa (MPAs) sune tsakiya ga yawancin dabarun kiyaye halittu da kuma abin hawa don ci gaban zamantakewa mai dorewa da tushen tsadar zamantakewa baya ga dabarun kiyaye halittu. Tasirin mayar da haƙƙoƙin albarkatun MPA sun bambanta a cikin da tsakanin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa, haifar da canje-canje a cikin al'umma, cikin tsarin amfani da albarkatu, da kuma cikin muhalli. Wannan maƙala tana amfani da wuraren da aka keɓe ta ruwa a matsayin wani tsari don yin nazari akan illolin sake tsugunar da haƙƙin da ke haifar da ƙaura daga matsugunan mutanen gida. Yana bayyana sarƙaƙƙiya da gardama da ke tattare da haƙƙin mallaka kamar yadda suka shafi ƙaura.

Alisopp, M., Johnston, P., da Santillo, D. (2008, Janairu). Kalubalanci Masana'antar Aquaculture akan Dorewa. Bayanan fasaha na Greenpeace Laboratories. PDF. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/Aquaculture_Report_Technical.pdf

Haɓaka noman kiwo na kasuwanci da ƙarin hanyoyin samarwa ya haifar da ƙara mummunan tasiri a kan muhalli da al'umma. Wannan rahoto an yi shi ne don masu sha'awar fahimtar sarkar masana'antar kiwo da kuma bayar da misalan batutuwan da ke da alaƙa da yunƙurin warware matsalar doka.

Lonergan, S. (1998). Matsayin Lalacewar Muhalli a cikin Matsugunin Jama'a. Canjin Muhalli da Rahoton Ayyukan Tsaro, Fitowa ta 4: 5-15.  https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/The%20Role%20of%20Environmental%20Degradation% 20in%20Population%20Displacement.pdf

Adadin mutanen da gurbata muhalli ya raba da muhallansu yana da yawa. Don bayyana abubuwa masu rikitarwa da ke haifar da irin wannan sanarwa wannan rahoton yana ba da jerin tambayoyi da amsoshi game da ƙungiyoyin ƙaura da kuma rawar da muhalli ke takawa. Takardar ta ƙare da shawarwarin manufofi tare da mai da hankali kan mahimmancin ci gaba mai dorewa a matsayin hanyar tabbatar da tsaron ɗan adam.

7. Mulkin Tekun

Gutierrez, M. da Jobbins, G. (2020, Yuni 2). Tawagar Kamun Kifi na Nisa na China: Sikeli, Tasiri, da Mulki. Cibiyar Raya Ƙasashen waje. https://odi.org/en/publications/chinas-distant-water-fishing-fleet-scale-impact-and-governance/

Rushewar kifin cikin gida yana sa wasu ƙasashe yin tafiye-tafiye don biyan buƙatun abincin teku. Mafi girma daga cikin wadannan jiragen ruwa masu nisa (DWF) shi ne na kasar Sin, wanda ke da DWF da adadinsu ya kai kusan 17,000, wani rahoto na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa, wannan jirgin ya ninka sau 5 zuwa 8 fiye da yadda aka ruwaito a baya, kuma akalla jiragen ruwa 183 ne ake zargin suna da hannu a ciki. in IUU kamun kifi. Trawlers sune mafi yawan jiragen ruwa, kuma kusan jiragen ruwa na kasar Sin 1,000 ne aka yiwa rajista a wasu kasashe banda China. Ana buƙatar ƙarin gaskiya da shugabanci tare da tsauraran tsari da aiwatar da doka. 

Hakkin Dan Adam a Teku. (2020, Yuli 1). Mutuwar Masu Sa ido Kan Kamun Kifi A Teku, Hakkokin Dan Adam & Rawar da Alhaki na Kungiyoyin Kifi. PDF. https://www.humanrightsatsea.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/HRAS_Abuse_of_Fisheries_Observers_REPORT_JULY-2020_SP_LOCKED-1.pdf

Ba wai kawai akwai matsalolin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ma'aikata a cikin sashin kamun kifi ba, akwai damuwa ga masu sa ido kan Kamun kifi da ke aiki don magance take haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin teku. Rahoton ya yi kira da a samar da ingantacciyar kariya ga ma’aikatan jirgin da masu lura da Kamun kifi. Rahoton ya bayyana yadda ake gudanar da bincike kan mutuwar masu sa ido kan Kifi da kuma hanyoyin inganta kariya ga duk masu sa ido. Wannan rahoto shi ne na farko a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen da Human Rights at Sea ta samar rahoton na biyu na jerin, wanda aka buga a watan Nuwamba 2020, zai mai da hankali kan shawarwarin da za a iya aiwatarwa.

Hakkin Dan Adam a Teku. (2020, Nuwamba 11). Haɓaka Shawarwari da Manufofi don Tallafawa Tsaron Masu Sa ido na Kifi, Tsaro & Lafiya. PDF.

Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam a teku ta fitar da jerin rahotanni don magance matsalolin masu sa ido kan kamun kifi a kokarin wayar da kan jama'a. Wannan rahoto ya mayar da hankali kan shawarwari don magance matsalolin da aka nuna a cikin jerin. Shawarwarin sun haɗa da: bayanan tsarin sa ido kan jirgin ruwa da ake samu a bainar jama'a (VMS), kariya ga masu sa ido kan kamun kifi da inshorar ƙwararru, samar da na'urorin aminci masu ɗorewa, ƙara sa ido da sa ido, aikace-aikacen haƙƙin ɗan adam na kasuwanci, ba da rahoton jama'a, ƙarin bincike na gaskiya, kuma a ƙarshe magance matsalar. fahimtar rashin hukunci daga adalci a matakin jiha. Wannan rahoto na ci gaba ne da kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta teku, Mutuwar Masu Sa ido Kan Kamun Kifi A Teku, Hakkokin Dan Adam & Rawar da Alhaki na Kungiyoyin Kifi wanda aka buga a watan Yuli 2020.

Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka. (2016, Satumba). Juya Ruwa: Haɓaka Ƙirƙirar Ƙirƙirar Ƙarfafawa da Haɗin gwiwar Yaƙi da Fataucin Bil Adama a Sashin Abincin teku. Ofishin Kula da Yaki da Fataucin Mutane. PDF.

Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amirka, a cikin rahotonta na fataucin mutane a shekarar 2016, ta bayar da rahoton cewa, fiye da kasashe 50, sun lura da damuwar yin aikin tilas, a harkar kamun kifi, da sarrafa abincin teku, ko kiwo da ke shafar maza, mata, da yara a kowane yanki na duniya. Don magance wannan yawancin ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a kudu maso gabashin Asiya suna aiki don ba da taimako kai tsaye, ba da horar da al'umma, haɓaka ƙarfin tsarin adalci daban-daban (ciki har da Thailand da Indonesiya), haɓaka tattara bayanai na ainihin lokaci, da haɓaka ƙarin alhakin samar da sarƙoƙi.

8. Watsewar Jirgin ruwa da cin zarafin Bil Adama

Daems, E. da Goris, G. (2019). Munafuncin Mafi Kyawun Teku: Watsewar Jirgin ruwa a Indiya, masu jirgin ruwa a Switzerland, yin zaɓe a Belgium. NGO Platform Karɓar Jirgin ruwa. MO Magazine. PDF.

A ƙarshen rayuwar jirgin, ana aika jiragen ruwa da yawa zuwa ƙasashe masu tasowa, a bakin teku, kuma sun lalace, cike da abubuwa masu guba, kuma a wargaje su a gabar tekun Bangladesh, Indiya, da Pakistan. Ma'aikatan da ke fasa jiragen ruwa sukan yi amfani da hannayensu a cikin matsanancin yanayi mai guba da ke haifar da lalacewar zamantakewa da muhalli da kuma hatsarori masu mutuwa. Kasuwar tsoffin jiragen ruwa ba ta da kyau kuma kamfanonin jiragen ruwa, da yawa suna zaune a Switzerland da sauran ƙasashen Turai, galibi suna samun rahusa don aika jiragen ruwa zuwa ƙasashe masu tasowa duk da cutarwa. Rahoton na da nufin kawo hankali ga batun fasa jiragen ruwa da kuma karfafa sauye-sauyen manufofi don magance take hakkin bil'adama a kan rairayin bakin teku masu. Rukunin rahoton da ƙamus gabatarwa ne mai ban sha'awa ga masu sha'awar ƙarin koyan kalmomi da dokokin da suka shafi fasa jirgin ruwa.

Heidegger, P., Jenssen, I., Reuter, D., Mulinaris, N. da Carlsson, F. (2015). Menene Bambancin Tuta: Me yasa Haƙƙin Masu Jirgin Ruwa Don Tabbatar da Dorewa Maimaituwar Jirgin Ruwa Yana Bukatar Ya Wuce Ikon Jihar Tuta. NGO Platform Karɓar Jirgin ruwa. PDF. https://shipbreakingplatform.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/FoCBriefing_NGO-Shipbreaking-Platform_-April-2015.pdf

A kowace shekara sama da manyan jiragen ruwa 1,000, da suka haɗa da tanka, jiragen ruwa, na fasinja, da na'urorin mai, ana sayar da su don wargaza kashi 70% na waɗanda ke ƙarewa a yadudduka na bakin teku a Indiya, Bangladesh, ko Pakistan. Tarayyar Turai ita ce kasuwa mafi girma guda ɗaya don aika jiragen ruwa na ƙarshen rayuwa zuwa ƙazantattun jiragen ruwa masu haɗari. Yayin da Tarayyar Turai ta ba da shawarar matakan daidaitawa kamfanoni da yawa sun yi watsi da waɗannan dokokin ta hanyar yin rajistar jirgin a wata ƙasa tare da ƙarin dokoki masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Wannan al'ada ta canza tutar jirgin yana buƙatar canjawa kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin kayan aikin doka da na kuɗi don hukunta kamfanonin jigilar kayayyaki don dakatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam da muhalli na fasa rairayin bakin teku.

Heidegger, P., Jenssen, I., Reuter, D., Mulinaris, N., da Carlsson, F. (2015). Menene Bambancin Tuta. NGO Platform Karɓar Jirgin ruwa. Brussels, Belgium. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/FoCBriefing_NGO-Shipbreaking-Platform_-April-2015.pdf

The Shipbreaking Platform yana ba da shawara game da sabbin dokoki da ke da nufin daidaita sake amfani da jiragen ruwa, wanda aka kera bisa ƙa'idodin EU iri ɗaya. Suna jayayya cewa dokar da ta dogara da tutocin jin daɗi (FOC) za ta lalata ikon daidaita jigilar jiragen ruwa saboda lalurar da ke cikin tsarin FOC.

Lipman, Z. (2011). Ciniki a cikin Sharar Mahimmanci: Adalci na Muhalli Da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki. Adalci na Muhalli da Tsarin Shari'a, Jami'ar Macquarie, Ostiraliya. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/Trade%20in%20Hazardous%20Waste.pdf

Yarjejeniyar Basel, wacce ke neman dakatar da safarar datti daga kasashen da suka ci gaba zuwa kasashe masu tasowa wadanda ke fama da rashin tsaro da kuma rashin biyan albashin ma'aikatansu, shi ne batun wannan takarda. Ya bayyana abubuwan da suka shafi doka da ke da alaƙa da dakatar da fasa-kwaurin jiragen ruwa da ƙalubalen ƙoƙarin samun amincewar Yarjejeniyar da isassun ƙasashe.

Dann, B., Zinariya, M., Aldalur, M. da Braestrup, A. (edita na jerin), Dattijo, L. (ed), Neumann, J. (ed). (2015, Nuwamba 4). Hakkokin Dan Adam & Tekun: Karɓar Jirgin ruwa da Guba.  Takardar Fari. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/TOF%20Shipbreaking%20White%20Paper% 204Nov15%20version.compressed%20%281%29.pdf

Asusun Jagorancin Tekun na The Ocean Foundation ne ya dauki nauyin samar da wannan takarda a matsayin wani bangare na jerin abubuwan da ke nazarin alakar 'yancin dan adam da ingantaccen teku. A wani bangare na daya daga cikin jerin, wannan farar takarda ta yi nazari kan illolin zama masu fasa jirgin ruwa da kuma rashin wayar da kan jama'a da manufofin kasa da kasa don daidaita irin wannan babbar masana'anta.

Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya. (2008). Rage Yadudduka: Aikin Yara a Masana'antar Sake Amfani da Jirgin ruwa a Bangladesh. NGO Platform Karɓar Jirgin ruwa. PDF. https://shipbreakingplatform.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Report-FIDH_Childbreaking_Yards_2008.pdf

Masu binciken da ke binciko rahotannin raunin ma'aikaci da mutuwa a farkon 2000s sun gano cewa masu lura da kullun suna lura da yara a cikin ma'aikata kuma suna da hannu cikin ayyukan fasa jirgin. Rahoton - wanda ya gudanar da bincike tun daga 2000 kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa 2008 - ya mayar da hankali kan filin jirgin ruwa a Chittagong, Bangladesh. Sun gano cewa yara da matasa 'yan kasa da shekaru 18 sun kasance kashi 25% na duk ma'aikata da dokokin gida da ke sa ido kan lokutan aiki, mafi karancin albashi, diyya, horarwa, da mafi karancin shekarun aiki ana yin watsi da su akai-akai. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata ana samun sauyi ta hanyar shari'o'in kotu, amma ana buƙatar ƙarin yin aiki don tilasta 'yan sanda da ke kare yaran da ake amfani da su.

Greenpeace da Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya. (2005, Disamba).Ƙarshen Rayuwar Jiragen Ruwa - Farashin ɗan Adam na fasa jiragen ruwa.https://wayback.archive-it.org/9650/20200516051321/http://p3-raw.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/planet-2/report/2006/4/end-of-life-the-human-cost-of.pdf

Rahoton hadin gwiwa na Greenpeace da FIDH ya bayyana masana'antar fasa jirgin ta hanyar asusun sirri daga ma'aikatan da ke fasa jirgin a Indiya da Bangladesh. An yi niyya wannan rahoton a matsayin kira ga masu hannu a cikin masana'antar jigilar kaya don bin sabbin ka'idoji da manufofin da ke tafiyar da ayyukan masana'antar.

KOMA GA BINCIKE