Rasa bege. Rasa Vaquita

Daga Mark J. Spalding, Shugaba

Ranar Groundhog Duk Agare

A karshen wannan makon, na ji cewa Vaquita Porpoise na cikin hadari, cikin rikici, kuma yana matukar bukatar kariya cikin gaggawa. Abin takaici, wannan magana ɗaya ce da za ta iya kasancewa, kuma ana yinta, a kowace shekara tun tsakiyar shekarun 1980 lokacin da na fara aiki a Baja California.

Ee, kusan shekaru 30, mun san matsayin Vaquita. Mun san mene ne manyan barazana ga rayuwar Vaquita. Ko da a matakin yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa, mun san ainihin abin da ya kamata a yi don hana bacewa.

Shekaru da yawa, Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin Ruwa ta Amurka ta yi la'akari sosai da Vaquita a matsayin mai yiwuwa dabbobi masu shayarwa na gaba su mutu, da kuma sadaukar da lokaci, kuzari da albarkatu don ba da shawarar kiyayewa da kariyarta. Babbar murya a waccan hukumar ita ce shugabanta, Tim Ragen, wanda tun daga lokacin ya yi ritaya. A cikin 2007, ni ne mai gudanarwa na Hukumar Kula da Haɗin Kan Muhalli ta Arewacin Amirka ta Tsarin Ayyukan Kiyayewa na Arewacin Amurka don Vaquita, wanda duk gwamnatocin Arewacin Amirka uku suka amince su yi aiki don magance barazanar cikin sauri. A cikin 2009, mun kasance manyan masu goyan bayan wani fim ɗin gaskiya na Chris Johnson mai suna The "Damar Ƙarshe ga Desert Porpoise."  Wannan fim ɗin ya haɗa da hoton bidiyo na farko-farko na wannan dabbar da ta gagara.

An fara gano Vaquita mai saurin girma ta kasusuwa da gawa a cikin 1950s. Ba a bayyana yanayin halittarsa ​​na waje ba sai a shekarun 1980 lokacin da Vaquita ya fara bayyana a cikin gidajen masunta. Masunta sun kasance bayan finfish, shrimp, da kuma kwanan nan, Totoaba da ke cikin hatsari. Vaquita ba babban porpoise ba ne, yawanci yana da tsayin ƙafa 4, kuma asalinsa ne a arewacin Gulf of California, wurin zama kawai. Kifin Totoaba dai kifi ne na ruwa, musamman ga Tekun California, wanda ake neman mafitsararsa don biyan buƙatu a kasuwannin Asiya duk da haramcin cinikin. Wannan bukata ta fara ne bayan wani irin kifin mai kama da shi dan kasar Sin ya bace saboda yawan kamun kifi.

Amurka ita ce kasuwa ta farko don kamun kifi na yankin Gulf of California shrimp. An kama shrimp, kamar finfish da Totoaba da ke cikin haɗari da gillnets. Abin takaici, Vaquita yana ɗaya daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa na bazata, "bycatch," wanda aka kama tare da kayan aiki. Vaquita yakan kama fin pectoral kuma ya mirgina don fita-kawai don ya zama mai matsewa. Yana da ɗan jin daɗi don sanin cewa suna bayyana suna mutuwa da sauri don gigita maimakon jinkirin, shaƙa mai raɗaɗi.

Vaquita yana da ƙaramin yanki da aka keɓe a cikin babban gulf na Tekun Cortez. Wurin zama ya ɗan fi girma kuma gabaɗayan mazauninsa, abin takaici, ya zo daidai da manyan jatan lande, finfish da kamun kifi na Totoaba ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Kuma ba shakka, ba shrimp ko Totoaba, ko Vaquita ba zai iya karanta taswira ko sanin inda barazanar ta ta'allaka. Amma mutane na iya kuma ya kamata.

Ranar Juma'a, a Shekarar mu ta Shida Kudancin California Marine Mammal Workshop, akwai wani kwamiti don tattauna halin yanzu na Vaquita. Ƙashin ƙasa yana da ban tausayi, kuma yana baƙin ciki. Kuma, martanin waɗanda abin ya shafa ya kasance mai ban haushi kuma bai isa ba - kuma yana tashi a fuskar kimiyya, hankali, da ƙa'idodin kiyayewa na gaskiya.

A cikin 1997, mun riga mun damu sosai game da ƙaramin girman yawan jama'ar Vaquita porpoise da ƙimar raguwarta. A lokacin an yi kiyasin mutane 567. Lokacin da za a ceci Vaquita ya kasance - kafa cikakken dokar hana cin hanci da rashawa da inganta wasu hanyoyin rayuwa da dabaru na iya ceton Vaquita da daidaita al'ummomin kamun kifi. Abin baƙin ciki, babu wata shawara tsakanin jama'ar kiyayewa ko masu kula da su don "a'a kawai" da kuma kare wurin zama na porpoise.

Barbara Taylor, Jay Harlow da sauran jami'an NOAA sun yi aiki tuƙuru don sa kimiyyar da ke da alaƙa da iliminmu na Vaquita ya yi ƙarfi kuma ba za a iya tsinkewa ba. Har ma sun shawo kan gwamnatocin biyu don ba da izinin jirgin ruwa na NOAA don ciyar da lokaci a cikin Gulf na sama, ta yin amfani da fasahar ido mai girma don daukar hoto da kuma yin kirga yawan dabba (ko rashinsa). An kuma gayyaci Barbara Taylor kuma an ba shi izinin yin aiki a kwamitin shugaban kasa na Mexico game da shirin dawo da wannan gwamnati na Vaquita.

A cikin watan Yunin 2013, gwamnatin Mexico ta ba da lambar ƙa'ida ta 002 wanda ya ba da umarnin kawar da ragamar gill daga cikin kamun kifi. Ana yin wannan a kusan 1/3 a kowace shekara a cikin sararin sama da shekaru uku. Ba a cimma wannan ba kuma yana bayan jadawalin. Bugu da kari, a maimakon haka, masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar a rufe dukkan kamun kifi a mazaunin Vaquita da wuri-wuri.

Abin baƙin ciki, a cikin duka Hukumar Kula da Dabbobi ta Amurka ta yau da kuma tsakanin wasu shugabannin kiyayewa a Mexico, an ƙara himma ga dabarun da wataƙila ta yi aiki shekaru 30 da suka gabata amma a yau kusan abin dariya ne ga rashin isa. An sadaukar da dubban daloli da kuma shekaru masu yawa don samar da wasu kayan aikin don gujewa kawo cikas a harkar kamun kifi. Kawai kawai "a'a" ba zaɓi ba ne - aƙalla ba a madadin matalauta Vaquita ba. Madadin haka, sabon jagoranci a Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin Ruwa ta Amurka tana ɗaukar “dabarun ƙarfafa tattalin arziƙi,” irin da aka tabbatar da rashin tasiri ta kowane babban bincike-na kwanan nan ta rahoton Bankin Duniya, “Hankali, Al’umma, da Halaye.”

Ko da ya kamata a yi ƙoƙari irin wannan alamar "Vaquita safe shrimp" ta hanyar ingantattun kayan aiki, mun san irin wannan ƙoƙarin yana ɗaukar shekaru kafin masunta su fara aiwatar da su kuma suna iya samun nasu sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba akan sauran nau'ikan. A halin yanzu, Vaquita yana da watanni, ba shekaru ba. Ko da a lokacin da shirin mu na 2007 ya ƙare, 58% na yawan jama'a sun yi asara, wanda ya bar mutane 245. A yau an kiyasta yawan jama'a zuwa mutane 97. Girman yawan jama'a na halitta na Vaquita shine kawai kashi 3 cikin dari a shekara. Kuma, sake fasalin wannan shine raguwar rashin lafiya, wanda aka kiyasta a 18.5%, saboda ayyukan ɗan adam.

Sanarwar tasirin dokokin Mexico da aka fitar a ranar 23 ga Disamba, 2014 ya nuna cewa an haramta kamun gillnet a yankin na tsawon shekaru biyu kawai, cikakken diyya ga asarar kudin shiga ga masunta, tilasta aiwatar da al'umma, da fatan cewa za a sami karuwar adadin Vaquita. cikin watanni 24. Wannan bayani daftarin aiki ne na gwamnati wanda ke buɗe don jin ra'ayin jama'a, don haka ba mu da masaniya ko gwamnatin Mexico za ta ɗauka ko a'a.

Abin takaici, tattalin arzikin haramtacciyar kamun kifi na Totoaba na iya lalata kowane shiri, har ma da marasa ƙarfi a kan teburin. Akwai rahotannin da aka tabbatar cewa kungiyoyin masu fafutuka na Mexico suna shiga cikin kamun kifi na Totoaba don fitar da mafitsarar kifi zuwa kasar Sin. Har ma an kira shi da "Cocack na kifi" saboda ana siyar da mafitar Totoaba akan dala 8500 a kowace kilogiram; kuma kifayen da kansu suna zuwa dala 10,000- $20,000 kowanne a China.

Ko da an karbe shi, ba a bayyana cewa rufewar zai isa ba. Don zama ko da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri, akwai buƙatar aiwatar da aiki mai mahimmanci kuma mai ma'ana. Saboda shigar da ƴan kasuwa, mai yiwuwa tilastawa sojojin ruwa na Mexiko ya kasance. Kuma, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Mexiko za ta kasance tana da niyyar hukuntawa da kuma kwace kwale-kwale da kayan kamun kifi, daga masunta da za su iya samun jinƙai na wasu. Koyaya, saboda ƙimar kowane kifin, aminci da amincin duk masu tilastawa za a gwada su cikin matsanancin gwaji. Duk da haka, yana da wuya gwamnatin Mexico za ta yi maraba da taimakon tilasta yin aiki a waje.

Kuma a zahiri, Amurka tana da laifi a cikin haramtacciyar cinikin. Mun ƙetare isassun Totoaba (ko mafitsara) ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a kan iyakar Amurka da Mexico da sauran wurare a California don sanin cewa LAX ko wasu manyan filayen jirgin sama na iya zama wuraren jigilar kaya. Ya kamata a dauki mataki don tabbatar da cewa gwamnatin kasar Sin ba ta da hannu wajen shigo da wannan kayan da aka girbe ba bisa ka'ida ba. Hakan na nufin daukar wannan matsala zuwa matakin yin shawarwarin cinikayya da kasar Sin, da kuma tantance inda ake samun ramuka a cikin gidajen yanar gizo da cinikin ke kutsawa cikinsa.

Ya kamata mu ɗauki waɗannan matakan ba tare da la'akari da Vaquita da yuwuwar bacewa ba-a madadin Totoaba da ke cikin haɗari aƙalla, da kuma a madadin al'adar hanawa da rage cinikin haramtattun namun daji, mutane, da kayayyaki. Na yarda cewa na yi baƙin ciki da gazawar mu tare wajen aiwatar da abin da muka sani game da buƙatun wannan dabbar dabbar ruwa ta musamman shekarun da suka gabata, lokacin da muka sami dama kuma matsalolin tattalin arziki da siyasa ba su da ƙarfi.

Na yi mamakin cewa kowa ya manne da ra'ayin cewa za mu iya haɓaka wasu dabarun "Vaquita-amintaccen shrimp" tare da mutane 97 kawai suka rage. Na yi mamakin cewa Arewacin Amurka zai iya barin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i)) wanda ya zo kusa da barewa tare da dukkanin kimiyya da ilimi a hannunmu. misalin kwanan nan na Baiji dolphin don shiryar da mu. Ina so in kasance da bege cewa matalauta iyalai masu kamun kifi sun sami taimakon da suke buƙata don maye gurbin kuɗin shiga daga kamun kifi da finfish. Ina so in kasance da bege cewa za mu fitar da duk tashoshi don rufe gillnet kamun kifi da tilasta shi a kan kati. Ina so in yi imani cewa za mu iya.

Babban hoton Barb Taylor