MMPA: Shekaru 45 na Kare Dabbobin Ruwa

A watan Oktoba, mun yi bikin shekaru 45 na kariya ga whales, dolphins, porpoises, likes, zakoki na teku, manatees, dugongs, walruses, sea otters, da polar bears, wanda ya biyo bayan sa hannun Shugaba Nixon na Dokar Kariya na Mammal Marine a cikin doka. Idan muka waiwayi baya, za mu ga yadda muka yi nisa.

"Amurka ita ce ta farko, kuma shugaba, kuma har yanzu ita ce jagora a yau a kare lafiyar marine"
– Patrick Ramage, Asusun Kula da Dabbobi na Duniya

A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya bayyana a fili cewa yawan dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin ruwa sun yi ƙasa da haɗari a duk ruwan Amurka. Jama'a sun kara fahimtar cewa ana wulakanta dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin ruwa, ana farautar su, kuma suna cikin hadarin bacewa. Wani sabon bincike ya fito da ke nuna hazaka da tunanin dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin ruwa, wanda ya haifar da rashin jin dadi da cin zarafi daga yawancin masu fafutukar kare muhalli da kuma kungiyoyin jin dadin dabbobi. Ba a ga hatimin sufancin Caribbean ba a cikin ruwan Florida fiye da shekaru goma. Sauran nau'in kuma suna cikin hadarin bacewa gaba daya. A fili ya zama dole a yi wani abu.

An kafa Dokar Kariya na Dabbobin Ruwa na Amurka, ko MMPA, a cikin 1972 don mayar da martani ga raguwar yawan nau'in nau'in dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa saboda galibin ayyukan ɗan adam. An fi sanin dokar saboda ƙoƙarinta na karkata hankalin kiyayewa daga jinsuna zuwa yanayin muhalli, kuma daga mai da hankali ga yin taka tsantsan. Dokar ta kafa wata manufa da ke da nufin hana yawan dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin ruwa daga raguwa ta yadda jinsin ko yawan jama'a ya daina zama muhimmin sashi mai aiki na yanayin. Don haka, MMPA tana kare duk nau'in dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin ruwan Amurka. Cin zarafi, ciyarwa, farauta, kamawa, tattarawa, ko kashe dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa ya haramta a ƙarƙashin Dokar. Nan da shekarar 2022, Dokar Kariya ta Maguzawa ta Marine za ta buƙaci Amurka ta hana shigo da abincin teku da ke kashe dabbobin ruwa a matakin sama da abin da aka saita a Amurka don kamun kifi.

Keɓancewar waɗannan ayyukan haramun sun haɗa da ingantaccen binciken kimiyya da nunin jama'a a cibiyoyin lasisi (kamar aquariums ko cibiyoyin kimiyya). Bugu da ƙari, dakatarwar kama ba ta shafi ƴan asalin Alaska na bakin teku ba, waɗanda aka ba su izinin farauta da ɗaukar kifin kifi, hatimi, da walruses don rayuwa da kuma yin da sayar da kayan aikin hannu. Ayyukan da ke tallafawa tsaron Amurka, kamar na sojojin ruwa na Amurka, ana iya keɓance su daga haramcin da ke ƙarƙashin dokar.

Hukumomi daban-daban a cikin gwamnatin tarayya ne ke da alhakin sarrafa nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke da kariya a ƙarƙashin MMPA.

Ma'aikatar Kifi ta Kasa (a cikin Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci) tana da alhakin kula da whales, dolphins, porpoises, likes, da zakoki na teku. Sabis na Kifi da namun daji na Amurka, a cikin Sashen Cikin Gida, shine ke da alhakin sarrafa walruses, manatees, dugongs, otters, da polar bears. Sabis na Kifi da namun daji kuma yana da alhakin tallafawa aiwatar da dokar hana safara ko siyar da dabbobi masu shayarwa ruwa ko kayayyakin haram da aka yi daga gare su. Sabis na Kula da Lafiyar Dabbobi da Tsirrai, a cikin Sashen Aikin Noma, ne ke da alhakin ka'idojin da suka shafi kula da wuraren da ke dauke da dabbobi masu shayarwa ruwa a cikin bauta.

MMPA kuma tana buƙatar Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa ta ƙasa (NOAA) ta gudanar da kimar haja na shekara-shekara don nau'ikan dabbobin ruwa. Yin amfani da wannan binciken na yawan jama'a, dole ne masu gudanarwa su tabbatar da cewa tsare-tsaren gudanarwar su sun goyi bayan manufar taimaka wa duk nau'in al'umma masu dorewa (OSP).

Don haka me ya sa za mu damu da MMPA? Shin da gaske yana aiki?

MMPA tabbas ta kasance nasara akan matakai da yawa. Halin halin yanzu na yawan yawan dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa ya fi na 1972 kyau. Dabbobin ruwa a cikin ruwan Amurka yanzu suna da ƙarancin jinsuna a cikin nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari da ƙari a cikin nau'ikan "mafi ƙarancin damuwa." Misali, an sami farfadowa na ban mamaki na hatimin tashar jiragen ruwa da hatimi mai launin toka a New England da na zakuna na California, hatimin giwaye, da hatimin tashar jiragen ruwa a Tekun Pacific. Kallon Whale a Amurka yanzu ya zama masana'antar dala biliyan saboda MMPA (da kuma na gaba na Moratorium na kasa da kasa akan whaling) ya taimaka wa tekun tekun Pasifik, da Atlantika da Pacific humpbacks sun murmure.

Wani misali na nasarar MMPA shine a Florida inda wasu sanannun dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa sun hada da dolphin na kwalba, manajan Florida, da kuma Arewacin Atlantic dama whale. Waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa sun dogara kacokan akan rairayin bakin teku na Florida, suna tafiya zuwa ruwan Florida don kiwo, don abinci, kuma a matsayin gida a cikin watannin hunturu. Ayyukan yawon shakatawa sun dogara ne akan kyawawan kyawawan dabbobin ruwa da ganin su a cikin daji. Masu nishadantarwa, masu jirgin ruwa, da sauran baƙi kuma za su iya dogara ga ganin dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa don haɓaka ƙwarewarsu ta waje. Ga Florida musamman, yawan manatee ya karu zuwa kusan 6300 tun daga 1991, lokacin da aka kiyasta kusan mutane 1,267. A cikin 2016, wannan nasarar ta jagoranci Ma'aikatar Kifi da Namun Daji ta Amurka don ba da shawarar cewa a ƙididdige matsayinsu na cikin haɗari don yin barazana.

Yayin da masu bincike da masana kimiyya da yawa za su iya ƙididdige nasarorin da aka samu a ƙarƙashin MMPA, wannan ba yana nufin MMPA ba ta da kurakurai. Haƙiƙa ƙalubale sun kasance ga nau'ikan nau'ikan. Misali, Arewacin Pacific da Atlantic Whales dama sun ga mafi ƙarancin ci gaba kuma suna cikin haɗarin mace-mace daga ayyukan ɗan adam. An kiyasta yawan yawan whale na dama na Atlantic ya kai kololuwa a cikin 2010, kuma yawan mata ba su da yawa don ci gaba da haifuwa. A cewar Hukumar Kula da Kifi da namun daji ta Florida, kashi 30% na mace-macen kifin dama na tekun Atlantika suna faruwa ne daga karon jirgin da kuma cuku-cuwa. Abin takaici, kayan kamun kifi na kasuwanci da ayyukan jigilar kaya ba su da sauƙin gujewa ta hanyar kifin kifin dama, kodayake MMPA tana ba da wasu abubuwan ƙarfafawa don haɓaka dabaru da fasaha don rage hulɗar.

Kuma wasu barazanar na da wuya a iya aiwatar da su saboda yanayin ƙaura na dabbobin ruwa da ƙalubalen aiwatar da su a tekun gaba ɗaya. Gwamnatin tarayya ta ba da izini a ƙarƙashin MMPA wanda zai iya ba da damar wasu matakan "ɗaukar abin da ya faru" yayin irin waɗannan ayyuka kamar gwajin girgizar ƙasa na mai da iskar gas-amma ainihin tasirin gwajin girgizar ƙasa sau da yawa ya wuce kimanta masana'antu. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta yi kiyasin cewa shawarwarin girgizar kasa da aka yi nazari a baya-bayan nan za su haifar da lahani fiye da miliyan 31 ga dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin Tekun Fasha da mu'amalar cutarwa miliyan 13.5 da dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin Tekun Atlantika, wanda ke iya kashe ko jikkata 138,000 dolphins da whales - ciki har da Guda tara na arewacin tekun Atlantika da ke cikin haɗari, waɗanda wuraren haifuwarsu ke kusa da gabar tekun Florida.

Hakazalika, yankin Gulf na Mexico ana daukarsa a matsayin matattarar laifuffukan da suka shafi dolphins na kwalbar ruwa duk da cewa MMPA ta hana cin zarafi ko wata cutar da dabbobi masu shayarwa ta ruwa. Rauni daga harsasai, kibau, da bama-bamai na bututu wasu ne kawai daga cikin barnar da aka saba samu a gawawwakin da ke bakin teku, amma masu laifin sun daɗe. Masu bincike sun sami shaidar cewa an raba dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa kuma an bar su don ciyar da sharks da sauran mafarauta maimakon a ba da rahoto kamar yadda MMPA ke buƙata-zai yi wuya a kama kowane cin zarafi.

Bugu da ƙari, Dokar ba ta yi tasiri ba wajen magance tasirin kai tsaye (hayaniyar ɗan adam, raguwar ganima, mai da sauran zube masu guba, da cututtuka, don suna kaɗan). Matakan kiyayewa na yanzu ba za su iya hana cutar da malalar mai ko wani bala'in gurbatar yanayi ba. Matakan kiyaye teku na yanzu ba za su iya shawo kan sauye-sauyen kifayen ganima da sauran wuraren abinci da wuraren da suka samo asali ba tare da kifayen kifaye ba. Kuma matakan kiyaye teku na yanzu ba za su iya hana mace-mace daga gubar da ke fitowa daga tushen ruwa mai kyau irin su cyanobacteria da suka kashe daruruwan teku a Tekun Fasifik. Za mu iya amfani da MMPA a matsayin dandalin da za mu magance waɗannan barazanar.

Ba za mu iya tsammanin Dokar Kariyar Mammal ta Marine ta kare kowace dabba ba. Abin da yake yi ya fi muhimmanci. Yana bai wa kowane mai shayarwa na ruwa matsayin kariya na iya yin ƙaura, ciyarwa, da hayayyafa ba tare da tsangwama daga mutane ba. Kuma, inda aka sami lahani daga ayyukan ɗan adam, yana ba da ƙwarin gwiwa don samar da mafita da kuma hukunta masu keta saboda zalunci da gangan. Za mu iya iyakance kwararar gurɓataccen ruwa, rage yawan hayaniya daga ayyukan ɗan adam, ƙara yawan kifayen ganima, da kuma guje wa haɗarin da aka sani kamar binciken mai da iskar gas da ba dole ba a cikin ruwan tekunmu. Lafiyayyen dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa suna taka rawa wajen daidaita rayuwa a cikin tekunan mu, da kuma iyawar tekun na adana carbon. Dukanmu za mu iya taka rawa wajen tsira.

Sources:

http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/what-we-do/rescue/marine-mammal-protection-act.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/

http://www.joeroman.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/The-Marine-Mammal-Protection-Act-at-40-status-recovery-and-future-of-U.S.-marine-mammals.pdf      (takarda mai kyau tana kallon nasarorin da aka samu na Dokar sama da shekaru 40).

"Masu shayarwa na ruwa," Hukumar Kula da Kifi da namun daji ta Florida, http://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/mammals/aquatic/

Rahoton Gidan Lamba 92-707, "Tarihin Dokokin MMPA 1972," Dokokin Dabbobi da Cibiyar Tarihi, https://www.animallaw.info/statute/us-mmpa-legislative-history-1972

"Dokar Kariya na Dabbobin Ruwa na 1972, An gyara 1994," Cibiyar Mammal na Marine, http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/what-we-do/rescue/marine-mammal-protection-act.html

"Al'ummar Manatee sun dawo da kashi 500 cikin XNUMX, ba a kara fuskantar barazana ba,"

Good News Network, wanda aka buga 10 Jan 2016, http://www.goodnewsnetwork.org/manatee-population-has-rebounded-500-percent/

"Arewacin Atlantic Right Whale," Florida Kifi da Hukumar Kare namun daji, http://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/mammals/aquatic/

"Arewacin Atlantic Right Whale Fuskantar Kashewa, ta Elizabeth Pennissi, Kimiyya. ”http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/11/north-atlantic-right-whale-faces-extinction

"Bayyana Ƙarfafa Abubuwan da ke faruwa na Cutar da Bottlenose a cikin Gulf da Matsaloli masu yiwuwa" ta Courtney Vail, Whale & Dolphin Conservation, Plymouth MA. 28 ga Yuni, 2016  https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2016.00110/full

"Deepwater Horizon Man Fetur: Dogon Tasirin Tasiri akan Kunkuru na Teku, Dabbobin Ruwa," 20 Afrilu 2017 Sabis na Tekun Kasa  https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/news/apr17/dwh-protected-species.html