Neman Matsayin Wuri Mai Tsarki don Tsibirin Aleutian Archipelago

Daga Mark J. Spalding tare da Catharine Cooper

Wani sigar Wannan shafin An fara buga shi akan ƙaramin rukunin yanar gizon National Geographic's Ocean Views

Nisan mil 4,405 daga yin musafaha da musabaha na Washington DC ya ta'allaka ne da sarkar sarkakiya na kyawawan tsibiran da ke rokon hada Wurin Ruwa. Tsawon daga bakin tekun Alaska, tsibiran Aleutian gida ne ga ɗayan mafi arziƙi kuma mafi fa'ida a cikin yanayin rayuwar ruwa, kuma ɗayan mafi yawan yawan dabbobi masu shayarwa ruwa, tsuntsayen teku, kifi da kifi a duniya. Tsibiran 69 (manyan volcanic 14 da ƙananan 55) sun samar da baka mai nisan mil 1,100 zuwa Kamchatka Peninsula a Rasha, kuma sun raba Tekun Bering daga Tekun Pacific.

Anan ne gidan wasu nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari, waɗanda suka haɗa da zakuna na teku na Steller, otters na teku, albatross gajeriyar wutsiya, da kifayen kifaye. Anan akwai hanyoyin wucewa waɗanda ke ba da mahimman hanyoyin balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguro na duniya da hatimin fur na arewa, waɗanda ke amfani da fasinja don isa ga wuraren ciyarwa da kiwo. Anan ne gidan wasu mafi bambance-bambancen tarin murjani na ruwan sanyi da aka sani a duniya. Anan ga yanayin yanayin da ya tallafawa bukatun rayuwa na mutanen Alaska na bakin teku na tsawon shekaru dubu.

A sama, kurar mikiya. A cikin ruwa, tsawa mai tsawa na fashewar kifin kifin humpback. A cikin nesa, hayaƙi yana tashi a cikin ƙwanƙwasa sama da tsaunuka masu tururi. A bakin tekun, fuskokin dutse masu launin kore da kwaruruka suna kwance a gindin ƙoramar dusar ƙanƙara.

A kallo na farko, wannan jeji ya yi kama da tsafta, ba shi da tushe, ba ya shafa shi da barnar da ke shafar tudun ruwa masu yawan gaske. Amma waɗanda suke rayuwa, aiki, ko bincike a yankin sun ga canje-canje masu ban mamaki a cikin shekaru 25 da suka shige.

Ɗaya daga cikin sauye-sauyen da ake iya gani a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa shine asara ko kusa da bacewar nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'i da nau'i da nau'i da nau'i da nau'፥ nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'i da nau'፥ nau'ikan nau'i da nau'i da nau'i da nau'ikan da za a iya gani asara." Waɗannan furanni masu haske zuwa jajayen dabbobi masu shayarwa na teku sun kasance a lokaci guda ana ganin su a kusan kowane shingen dutse. Amma adadinsu ya ragu da kashi 75 cikin 1976 tsakanin 1990 da 40, sannan ya ragu da wani kashi 1991 cikin 2000 tsakanin 100,000 da 1980. Yawan otter na teku da ya kai kusan 6,000 a XNUMX ya ragu zuwa kasa da XNUMX.

Har ila yau, bacewar daga hoton sarkar Aleutian na sarki kaguwa da jatantanwa, makarantu na smelt na silvery, da dazuzzukan kelp na karkashin teku. Sharks, pollock da urchins yanzu sun mamaye waɗannan ruwayen. George Estes na Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayin Kasa ta Amurka wanda ake kira "canjin mulki" an inganta daidaiton ganima da mafarauta.

Ko da yake yankin yana da nisa kuma ba shi da yawan jama'a, jigilar kayayyaki ta cikin tsibirin Aleutian na karuwa, kuma ana ci gaba da yin amfani da albarkatun kasa na yankin don kamun kifi na kasuwanci. Zubewar mai yana faruwa tare da na yau da kullun mai ban tsoro, sau da yawa ba a ba da rahoto ba, kuma sau da yawa yana haifar da lalacewa maras misaltuwa. Yankin ya kasance yana da wahala a samu, kuma akwai gagarumin gibin bayanai don binciken da ya shafi teku. Bukatar ƙarin fahimtar yanayin yanayin teku yana da mahimmanci don sarrafa yadda ya kamata da magance haɗarin nan gaba.

Na fara shiga cikin al'ummar muhalli na Alaskan a cikin 2000. A matsayina na shugaban shirin Alaska Oceans, na taimaka wajen tsara kamfen da yawa don magance matsalolin da suka shafi yankin - kamar buƙatar kafa iyaka mafi kyau a kan kasa da ruwa a cikin Tekun Bering - don Alaska Conservation Foundation. Mun taimaka wajen bayar da shawarwari ga dabarun ba da shawarwari na tushen halittu don inganta sarrafa kamun kifi, faɗaɗa shirye-shiryen ilimin teku, haɓaka ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwar Tsaron Jirgin ruwa, da haɓaka ƙoƙarin ƙasa da ƙasa don ɗorewar zaɓin abincin teku. Mun gina Cibiyar sadarwa ta Alaska Oceans, wacce ke ba da hanyoyin sadarwa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin kiyayewa kamar Oceana, Conservancy Ocean, Earthjustice, Asusun namun daji na Duniya, Majalisar Kula da Ruwa ta Alaska, da Amintattu na Alaska. Kuma a duk tsawon lokacin, mun nemo hanyoyin da za a iya amincewa da sha'awar al'ummomin Aleutian na makomar teku mai dorewa.

A yau, a matsayina na ɗan ƙasa mai damuwa kuma Shugaba na The Ocean Foundation (TOF), na shiga cikin neman nadin Tsibirin National Marine Sanctuary (AINMS). Ma'aikatan Jama'a sun gabatar da su don Haƙƙin Muhalli, kuma Cibiyar Bayar da Halittu, Majalisar Kula da Eyak, Cibiyar Bayar da Shawarar Ruwa, Arewacin Gulf Oceanic Society, TOF, da Ƙoƙarin Ruwa, matsayin wuri mai tsarki zai ba da ƙarin matakan kariya ga yawancin barazanar da ke fuskantar ruwan Aleutian. Dukkanin ruwan da ke cikin tsibiran tsibiran Aleutian - daga mil 3 zuwa 200 arewa da kudu na tsibiran - zuwa babban yankin Alaska da ruwan tarayya daga tsibiran Pribilof da Bristol Bay, an ba da shawarar haɗa su. Ƙididdigan Wuri Mai Tsarki zai ƙunshi yanki mai girman murabba'in murabba'in nautical mil 554,000 (nm2), wanda zai zama yanki mafi girma na kariyar ruwa a cikin ƙasa, kuma ɗayan mafi girma a duniya.

Cewa Aleutians sun cancanci kariyar tun daga 1913, lokacin da Shugaba Taft, ta Dokar Zartarwa, ya kafa "Tsarin Tsibirin Aleutian a matsayin Kiyaye ga Tsuntsaye, Dabbobi da Kifi." A cikin 1976, UNESCO ta nada Tsarin Tsibirin Aleutian Biosphere Reserve, kuma 1980 Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) ya kafa Alaska Maritime National Refuge Refuge da 1.3 acre Aleutian Islands Wilderness.

Ko da waɗannan sunayen, Aleutians suna buƙatar ƙarin kariya. Babban barazana ga shirin AINMS shine kifin kifin da ya wuce kima, haɓaka mai da iskar gas, nau'in ɓarna, da ƙarin jigilar kayayyaki. Haɓaka tasirin sauyin yanayi yana ƙara tsananta waɗannan barazanar guda huɗu. Ruwan Tekun Bering/Aleutian Islands ya fi kowane ruwan teku a duniya acidic, saboda shanyewar CO2, da ja da baya kan kankarar teku ya canza tsarin mazaunin yankin.

An kafa Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta Kasa (NMSA) a cikin 1972 don kare mahimman wuraren zama na ruwa da yankunan teku na musamman. Ana gudanar da wurare masu tsarki don dalilai da yawa, muddin ana ganin amfani da su sun dace da kariya ta albarkatu ta Sakataren Kasuwanci, wanda ya ƙayyade ta hanyar jama'a irin ayyukan da za a yarda da kuma waɗanne ƙa'idodi za a yi amfani da su don amfani daban-daban.

An sake ba NMSA izini a cikin 1984 don haɗa halayen "tarihi" da "al'adu" ga abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli. Wannan ya faɗaɗa manufa ta farko na wurare masu tsarki don adana albarkatun ruwa fiye da yanayin muhalli, nishaɗi, ilimi, bincike ko kyawawan dabi'u.

Tare da karuwar barazanar ga ruwan Aleutian, manufofin da aka tsara na tsibirin Aleutian Marine National Marine Sanctuary sune:

1. Kare tsuntsun teku, dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa, da wuraren kifaye, da dawo da yawan jama'a da juriyar yanayin yanayin ruwa;
2. Kare da haɓaka wadatar ruwa na 'yan asalin Alaska;
3. Kare da haɓaka ƙananan kamun kifi na bakin teku;
4. Gano, saka idanu, da kare wuraren zama na bakin teku na musamman, gami da murjani mai sanyi;
5. Rage haɗarin muhalli daga jigilar kayayyaki, gami da malalar mai da kayan haɗari masu haɗari, da buge-buge-fasalin jiragen ruwa;
6. Kawar da illolin muhalli daga bunƙasar mai da iskar gas a teku;
7. Saka idanu da sarrafa kasada na gabatarwar nau'ikan nau'ikan magudanar ruwa;
8. Rage da sarrafa tarkacen ruwa;
9. Haɓaka bunƙasa ayyukan yawon shakatawa na teku; kuma
10. Haɓaka fahimtar kimiyya na yankin.

Ƙaddamar da wuri mai tsarki zai ƙara damar yin bincike a cikin ilimin kimiyyar ruwa, ilimi da kuma godiya ga yanayin ruwa, da kuma taimakawa wajen samar da kyakkyawar fahimtar tasiri da barazanar daga amfani na yanzu da na gaba. Mayar da hankali na musamman kan ruwan Subarctic da Arctic, juriyar yanayin yanayin ruwa, da farfadowa daga girbin kifin da ya wuce kima da tasirinsa zai haifar da sabbin bayanai don taimakawa wajen haɓaka manufofin haɓaka tattalin arziƙi da dorewa na Wuri Mai Tsarki. Za a fadada bincike don bincika abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin yankin, kamar rawar murjani na ruwan sanyi, aikin nau'ikan kasuwanci a cikin gidan yanar gizon abinci na ruwa, da hulɗar tsuntsayen teku da dabbobi masu shayarwa.

A halin yanzu akwai wuraren mafaka na ruwa na Amurka goma sha huɗu, kowannensu yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodinsa da kariya, kowannensu na musamman ga mazauninsa da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli. Tare da kariya, matsugunan ruwa na ƙasa suna ba da ƙimar tattalin arziki nesa da ruwa, suna tallafawa ayyuka kusan 50,000 a ayyuka daban-daban tun daga kamun kifi da nutsewa zuwa bincike da karɓar baƙi. A duk wurare masu tsarki, ana samar da kusan dala biliyan 4 a cikin tattalin arzikin gida da na bakin teku.

Kusan dukkanin Aleutians suna da kariya a matsayin wani ɓangare na Gudun Gudun namun daji na Alaska Maritime National Wild Wilderness da Aleutian Islands Wilderness, don haka matsayin National Marine Sanctuary zai kawo sabon. dubawa zuwa yankin, kuma ya kawo adadin wuraren tsafi zuwa goma sha biyar - wurare goma sha biyar na ban mamaki mai ban sha'awa, wanda ke da darajar tarihi, al'adu da tattalin arziki. Tsibirin Aleutian sun cancanci nadi, duka don kariyar su da ƙimar da za su kawo ga dangin tsarkakakku.

Don raba tunanin Dr. Linwood Pendleton, (sannan) na NOAA:

"Na yi imanin matsugunan ruwa na kasa muhimmin bangare ne na ababen more rayuwa na teku, kuma bisa kyakkyawan fatanmu na tabbatar da cewa tattalin arzikin tekun da muka bunkasa don dogaro da shi ya dore kuma yana da amfani ga tsararraki masu zuwa."

Hoton Whale daga NOAA