KOMA GA BINCIKE

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1. Gabatarwa
2. Tushen Acidification Tekun
3. Tasirin Acidification Teku akan Al'ummomin Gabas
4. Acid Acid ɗin Teku da Tasirinsa akan Tsarin Ruwa
5. Albarkatun Malamai
6. Jagororin Siyasa da Bugawar Gwamnati
7. Ƙarin Albarkatu

1. Gabatarwa

Teku yana ɗaukar wani kaso mai tsoka na iskar carbon dioxide da muke fitarwa, wanda ke canza sinadarai na tekun da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba. Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na duk hayaƙi a cikin shekaru 200 da suka gabata teku ne ya mamaye shi, yana haifar da raguwar matsakaicin pH na ruwan saman teku da kusan raka'a 0.1 - daga 8.2 zuwa 8.1. Wannan canjin ya riga ya haifar da ɗan gajeren lokaci, tasirin gida akan flora da fauna na teku. Ƙarshe, sakamakon dogon lokaci na ƙaramar teku mai acidic na iya zama ba a sani ba, amma haɗarin da ke tattare da shi yana da yawa. Rashin acidification na teku matsala ce mai girma yayin da hayaƙin carbon dioxide na ɗan adam ke ci gaba da canza yanayi da yanayi. An kiyasta cewa a ƙarshen karni, za a sami ƙarin digo na raka'a 0.2-0.3.

Menene Acidification Ocean?

Kalmar ocean acidification an fi yin kuskuren fahimta saboda hadadden sunanta. 'Za a iya bayyana ma'anar acidification na teku a matsayin canji a cikin ilmin sunadarai na teku wanda ke haifar da hawan teku na abubuwan da ke tattare da sinadarai zuwa yanayin da suka hada da carbon, nitrogen, da sulfur mahadi.' A cikin mafi sauƙi, wannan shine lokacin da wuce haddi CO₂ yana narkar da shi cikin saman teku, yana canza sinadarai na teku. Mafi yawan abin da ke haifar da wannan shine saboda ayyukan ɗan adam kamar kona man fetur da kuma canjin amfani da ƙasa wanda ke fitar da adadi mai yawa na CO.₂. Rahotanni kamar rahoton IPCC na Musamman akan Tekuna da Cryosphere a cikin Canjin Yanayi sun nuna cewa adadin tekun na ɗaukar yanayin CO.₂ ya karu a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. A halin yanzu, Atmospheric CO₂ maida hankali shine ~ 420ppmv, matakin da ba a gani ba aƙalla shekaru 65,000. Ana kiran wannan al'amari a matsayin acidification na teku, ko "sauran CO₂ matsala,” ban da dumamar teku. Tsarin pH na saman duniya ya riga ya ragu da fiye da raka'a 0.1 tun bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu, kuma Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi na Musamman game da Fitowar Yanayi yana hasashen raguwar raka'a 0.3 zuwa 0.5 na pH a duniya nan da shekara ta 2100, kodayake adadin da girman raguwa yana canzawa ta yanki.

Teku gaba ɗaya zai kasance alkaline, tare da pH sama da 7. Don haka, me yasa ake kiran shi acidification na teku? Lokacin CO₂ reacts da ruwan teku, ya zama carbonic acid, wanda shi ne m. Wannan kwayar halitta ta kara yin martani da ruwan teku ta hanyar sakin H⁺ ion don zama bicarbonate. Lokacin fitar da H⁺ ion, ana samun rarar sa yana haifar da raguwar pH. Don haka sanya ruwa ya zama acidic.

Menene Ma'aunin pH?

Ma'auni na pH shine ma'auni na ƙaddamar da ions hydrogen kyauta a cikin bayani. Idan akwai babban taro na ions hydrogen, ana ɗaukar maganin acidic. Idan akwai ƙananan ƙwayar hydrogen ions dangane da ions hydroxide, ana ɗaukar maganin asali. Lokacin daidaita waɗannan binciken zuwa ƙima, ma'aunin pH yana kan sikelin logarithmic (canjin sau 10) daga 0-14. Duk wani abu da ke ƙasa da 7 ana la'akari da asali, kuma a sama an dauke shi acidic. Kamar yadda ma'aunin pH ya kasance logarithmic, raguwar raka'a a pH daidai yake da karuwar acidity sau goma. Misali a gare mu mutane don fahimtar wannan shine kwatanta shi da pH na jininmu, wanda a matsakaici ya kai 7.40. Idan pH ɗinmu ta canza, za mu fuskanci matsalar numfashi kuma mu fara yin rashin lafiya sosai. Wannan yanayin ya yi kama da abin da kwayoyin halittun ruwa ke fuskanta tare da karuwar barazanar acidification na teku.

Ta Yaya Acidification Tekun Ya Shafi Rayuwar Ruwa?

Ruwan acidification na teku zai iya zama mai lahani ga wasu kwayoyin halitta na ruwa, irin su mollusks, coccolithophores, foraminifera, da pteropods waɗanda ke haifar da ƙwayoyin calcium carbonate. Calcite da aragonite sune manyan ma'adinan carbonate da aka samar da waɗannan ma'adanai na ruwa. Zaman lafiyar waɗannan ma'adanai sun dogara ne akan adadin CO2 a cikin ruwa da kuma wani ɓangare ta yanayin zafi. Yayin da adadin CO2 na anthropogenic ya ci gaba da tashi, kwanciyar hankali na waɗannan ma'adanai na halitta yana raguwa. Lokacin da akwai yalwar H⁺ ions a cikin ruwa, daya daga cikin tubalan ginin calcium carbonate, carbonate ions (CO₃^2-) zai ɗaure cikin sauƙi tare da ions hydrogen maimakon ions na calcium. Don masu ƙididdigewa don samar da sifofin calcium carbonate, suna buƙatar sauƙaƙe haɗin carbonate tare da calcium, wanda zai iya zama tsada mai tsada. Don haka, wasu kwayoyin halitta suna nuna raguwar ƙimar ƙididdigewa da / ko haɓakar narkarwa lokacin da aka fallasa yanayin yanayin acidification na teku na gaba.  (bayani daga Jami'ar Plymouth).

Hatta kwayoyin halitta wadanda ba ma'auni ba na iya shafar acidification na teku. Tsarin tushen tushen acid na ciki wanda ake buƙata don yin gwagwarmaya tare da canza sinadarai na ruwa na teku na waje na iya karkatar da kuzari daga matakai na asali, kamar su metabolism, haifuwa, da kuma fahimtar muhalli na yau da kullun. Ana ci gaba da shirya nazarin nazarin halittu don fahimtar cikakken tasirin tasirin canjin yanayin teku a kan nau'in nau'in ruwa.

Duk da haka, waɗannan tasirin bazai iyakance ga nau'ikan mutum ɗaya ba. Lokacin da matsaloli irin wannan suka taso, gidan yanar gizon abinci ya rushe nan da nan. Duk da yake yana iya zama kamar ba babbar matsala a gare mu ’yan adam ba, mun dogara ga waɗannan halittu masu tauri don ciyar da rayuwarmu. Idan ba su ƙirƙira ko samarwa da kyau ba, tasirin domino zai faru ga duk gidan yanar gizon abinci, tare da abubuwan da ke faruwa. Lokacin da masana kimiyya da masu bincike suka fahimci mummunan tasirin da acidification na teku zai iya haifar, kasashe, masu tsara manufofi, da al'ummomi suna buƙatar haɗuwa don iyakance tasirinsa.

Menene Gidauniyar Teku ke yi Game da Acidification Teku?

Ƙaddamar da Tsarin Acidification na Tekun Duniya na Ƙasashen Duniya yana gina ƙarfin masana kimiyya, masu tsara manufofi, da al'ummomi don saka idanu, fahimta, da kuma mayar da martani ga OA a cikin gida da kuma haɗin gwiwa a kan sikelin duniya. Muna yin haka ta hanyar ƙirƙirar kayan aiki masu amfani da albarkatu waɗanda aka tsara don yin aiki a duk faɗin duniya. Don ƙarin bayani kan yadda Gidauniyar Ocean ke aiki don magance Ocean Acidification don Allah ziyarci Yanar Gizon Initiative Ocean Acidification Initiative. Muna kuma ba da shawarar ziyartar The Ocean Foundation na shekara-shekara Ranar Acidification Ocean of Action shafin yanar gizon. The Ocean Foundation Littafin Jagorar Acidification na Tekun don Masu tsara manufofi an ƙera shi don samar da misalan dokoki da harshe da aka riga aka karɓa don taimakawa wajen tsara sabbin dokoki don magance acidification na teku, Littafin Jagora yana samuwa akan buƙata.

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2. Tushen Albarkatun Acidification Tekun

Anan a Gidauniyar Ocean Foundation, Ƙaddamarwar Tekun Acidification na Duniya na ƙara ƙarfin masana kimiyya, masu tsara manufofi, da al'ummomi don fahimta da bincike OA akan sikelin gida da na duniya. Muna alfahari da aikinmu don haɓaka iyawa ta hanyar horo na duniya, tallafi na dogon lokaci tare da kayan aiki, da kuma tallafi don tallafawa ci gaba da saka idanu da bincike.

Burinmu a cikin shirin OA shine a sami kowace ƙasa ta sami ingantaccen tsarin kulawa da ragi na OA na ƙasa wanda masana na cikin gida da buƙatu ke tafiyar da su. Yayin da kuma ke daidaita ayyukan yanki da na kasa da kasa don samar da ingantaccen shugabanci da tallafin kudi da ake bukata don tunkarar wannan kalubale na duniya. Tun daga ci gaban wannan yunƙurin mun sami damar cim ma:

• An tura kayan aikin sa ido guda 17 a cikin kasashe 16
• Ya jagoranci horon yanki guda 8 tare da masana kimiyya sama da 150 da suka halarta daga ko'ina cikin duniya
• An buga cikakken littafin jagora akan dokokin acidification na teku
• Ƙirƙirar sabon kayan aikin sa ido wanda ya rage farashin sa ido da kashi 90%
• An ba da kuɗin ayyukan sake dawo da bakin teku guda biyu don nazarin yadda carbon shuɗi, kamar mangrove da ciyawa, na iya rage yawan acid ɗin teku a cikin gida.
• Ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa na yau da kullun tare da gwamnatocin ƙasa da hukumomin gwamnatoci don taimakawa daidaita manyan ayyuka
• Taimakawa wajen zartar da kudurori biyu na yanki ta hanyar ayyukan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na yau da kullun don kara kuzari

Waɗannan kaɗan ne daga cikin manyan abubuwan da yunƙurinmu suka iya cim ma a cikin ƴan shekarun da suka gabata. Kayan binciken OA, wanda ake kira "Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network in a Box," sun kasance ginshiƙin aikin IOAI. Wadannan ayyukan sun kafa sau da yawa na farko na sa ido kan ilmin sunadarai na teku a kowace ƙasa kuma suna ba da damar masu bincike su ƙara bincike don nazarin tasirin nau'in nau'in ruwa daban-daban kamar kifi da murjani. Wadannan ayyukan da GOA-ON ta tallafa a cikin akwatin akwatin sun ba da gudummawa ga binciken yayin da wasu masu karɓa suka sami digiri na digiri ko kuma sun gina nasu labs.

Tekun Acidification yana nufin rage pH na teku a cikin tsawan lokaci, yawanci shekaru da yawa ko fiye. Wannan yana faruwa ne sakamakon haɓakar CO₂ daga yanayi, amma kuma ana iya haifar da shi ta hanyar wasu ƙarin sinadarai ko ragi daga cikin teku. Mafi yawan sanadin OA a cikin duniyar yau shine saboda ayyukan ɗan adam ko a cikin sauƙi, ayyukan ɗan adam. Lokacin CO₂ yana amsawa da ruwan teku, ya zama acid mai rauni, yana haifar da canje-canje masu yawa a cikin sunadarai. Wannan yana ƙara ions bicarbonate [HCO₃^-da kuma narkar da inorganic carbon (C_t), kuma yana rage pH.

Menene pH? Ma'auni na acidity na teku wanda za'a iya ba da rahoto ta amfani da ma'auni daban-daban: Ofishin Ƙididdiga na Ƙasa (pH_{ta bayyana}), ruwan teku (pH_sws), da kuma jimlar (pH_t) ma'auni. Jimlar sikelin (pH_t) an ba da shawarar (Dickinson, 2007) kuma shine aka fi amfani dashi.

Hurd, C., Lenton, A., Tilbrook, B. & Boyd, P. (2018). Fahimtar yanzu da ƙalubale ga tekuna a cikin mafi girma-CO₂ duniya. Yanayi. An dawo daga https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0211-0

Ko da yake acidification na teku al'amari ne na duniya, amincewa da gagarumin bambancin yanki ya haifar da kafa hanyoyin sadarwa na kallo. Kalubalen gaba a cikin mafi girma-CO₂ duniya ta haɗa da ingantacciyar ƙira da ƙaƙƙarfan gwaji na daidaitawa, ragewa, da zaɓin shiga tsakani don daidaita tasirin acidification na teku.

Majalisar Dokokin Muhalli ta Kasa. Tabbacin Gaskiyar NCEL: Tsabtace Tekun.

Taswirar gaskiya mai cikakken bayani game da mahimman bayanai, dokoki, da sauran bayanai game da acidification na teku.

Amaratunga, C. 2015. Menene shaidan shine acidification na teku (OA) kuma me yasa zamu damu? Hasashen Hasashen Hasashen Muhalli da Ruwan Ruwa (MEOPAR). Kanada.

Wannan editan baƙon ya ƙunshi taron masana kimiyyar ruwa da membobin masana'antar kiwo a Victoria, BC inda shugabannin suka tattauna al'amarin damuwa na acidification na teku da tasirinsa akan tekuna da kiwo na Kanada.

Eisler, R. (2012). Tekun Acidification: Cikakken Bayani. Enfield, NH: Mawallafin Kimiyya.

Wannan littafin yana nazarin wallafe-wallafen da ake da su da bincike akan OA, gami da bayyani na tarihi na pH da yanayi CO₂ matakan da na halitta da anthropogenic tushen CO₂. Hukumar sanannen hukuma ce akan kimanta haɗarin sinadarai, kuma littafin ya taƙaita haƙiƙanin tasirin acidification na teku.

Gattuso, J.-P. & L. Hansson. Eds. (2012). Tekun Acidification. New York: Jami'ar Oxford Press. ISBN- 978-0-19-959108-4

Ocean Acidification matsala ce mai girma kuma wannan littafi yana taimakawa wajen daidaita matsalar. Wannan littafi ya fi dacewa da masu ilimi kamar yadda rubutu ne na bincike kuma yana haɗa bincike na yau da kullun akan yiwuwar sakamakon OA, tare da manufar sanar da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da bincike na gaba da manufofin kula da ruwa.

Gattuso, J.-P., J. Orr, S. Pantoja. H.-O. Portner, U. Riebesell, & T. Trull (Eds.). (2009). Teku a cikin babban CO2 duniya II. Gottingen, Jamus: Copernicus Publications. http://www.biogeosciences.net/ special_issue44.html

Wannan fitowar ta musamman ta Biogeosciences ta ƙunshi labarai sama da 20 na kimiyya akan sinadarai na teku da tasirin OA akan yanayin yanayin ruwa.

Turley, C. da K. Boot, 2011: Kalubalen acidification na teku da ke fuskantar kimiyya da al'umma. A cikin: Tekun Acidification [Gattuso, J.-P. da L. Hansson (eds.)]. Jami'ar Oxford Press, Oxford, UK, shafi na 249-271

Ci gaban ɗan adam ya sami ci gaba sosai a cikin ƙarni da suka gabata tare da tasiri mai kyau da mara kyau ga muhalli. Yayin da yawan jama'a ke ci gaba da karuwa, mutane suna ci gaba da ƙirƙira da ƙirƙira sabbin fasahohi don ci gaba da samun wadata. A lokacin da babbar manufa ita ce dukiya, wani lokacin ba a la'akari da tasirin ayyukansu. Yin amfani da albarkatu na duniya fiye da kima da haɓakar iskar gas ya canza yanayin yanayi da sinadarai na teku suna da tasirin gaske. Saboda mutane suna da ƙarfi sosai, lokacin da yanayin ya kasance cikin haɗari, mun yi saurin amsawa kuma mu juya waɗannan lalacewar haifar da kyau. Saboda yuwuwar haɗarin mummunan tasiri akan muhalli, ana buƙatar yin yarjejeniya da dokoki na ƙasa da ƙasa don kiyaye ƙasa lafiya. Shugabannin siyasa da masana kimiyya na bukatar su taru domin sanin lokacin da ake ganin ya zama dole a shiga tsakani don kawar da illolin sauyin yanayi.

Mathis, JT, JN Cross, da NR Bates, 2011: Haɗuwa da samarwa na farko da zubar da ruwa zuwa ƙasa zuwa acidification na teku da danne ma'adinan carbonate a gabashin Tekun Bering. Jaridar Nazarin Geophysical, 116, C02030, doi:10.1029/2010JC006453.

Dubi narkar da kwayoyin carbon (DIC) da jimlar alkalinity, ana iya lura da mahimman ma'adanai na carbonate da pH. Bayanai sun nuna cewa calcite da aragonite sun sami tasiri sosai ta hanyar ruwan kogin, samar da farko, da sake farfado da kwayoyin halitta. Wadannan ma'adanai masu mahimmanci na carbonate ba su da yawa a cikin ginshiƙi na ruwa daga waɗannan abubuwan da suka samo asali daga carbon dioxide na anthropogenic a cikin teku.

Gattuso, J.-P. Tekun Acidification. (2011) Villefranche-sur-mer Developmental Biological Laboratory.

Wani ɗan taƙaitaccen bayani mai shafuka uku game da acidification na teku, wannan labarin yana ba da asali na asali na sinadarai, sikelin pH, suna, tarihi, da tasirin acidification na teku.

Harrould-Kolieb, E., M. Hirshfield, & A. Brosius. (2009). Manyan Emitters Daga cikin Mafi Wuya ta Bugawa ta Tekun Acidification. Oceana.

Wannan bincike yana kimanta yuwuwar rauni da tasirin OA akan ƙasashe daban-daban na duniya bisa la'akari da girman kifinsu da kamun kifi, matakin cin abincin teku, adadin murjani da ke cikin EEZ ɗinsu, da matakin da ake hasashen OA a cikin su. ruwan tekun bakin teku a shekarar 2050. Rahoton ya lura cewa al'ummomin da ke da manyan yankuna na murjani, ko kamawa da cinye kifaye da kifaye masu yawa, da kuma wadanda ke cikin manyan latitudes sun fi fuskantar OA.

Doney, SC, VJ Fabry, RA Feely, da JA Kleypas, 2009: Ocean acidification: Sauran CO₂ matsala. Binciken Kimiyyar Ruwa na Shekara-shekara, 1, 169-192, doi:10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834.

Yayin da fitar da iskar carbon dioxide na anthropogenic ke ƙaruwa da motsi a cikin sinadarai na carbonate yana faruwa. Wannan yana canza zagayowar biochemical na mahimman mahaɗan sinadarai kamar aragonite da calcite, yana rage haɓakar haifuwa mai ƙarfi na ƙwayoyin cuta. Gwajin gwaje-gwaje sun nuna raguwar ƙididdiga da ƙimar girma.

Dickson, AG, Sabine, CL da Kirista, JR (Eds.) 2007. Jagora ga mafi kyawun ayyuka don ma'aunin teku na CO2. PICES Bugawa na Musamman 3, 191 pp.

Ma'auni na carbon dioxide sune tushen bincike na acidification na teku. Ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun jagororin aunawa ƙungiyar kimiyya tare da Sashen Makamashi na Amurka (DOE) ne suka ƙera don aikinsu na gudanar da binciken farko na duniya na carbon dioxide a cikin tekuna. A yau jagorar tana kulawa da Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa ta Kasa.

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3. Tasirin Acidification Teku akan Al'ummomin Gabas

Rashin acidification na teku yana rinjayar ainihin aikin rayuwar ruwa da yanayin halittu. Bincike na yanzu ya nuna cewa acid ɗin teku zai haifar da mummunan sakamako ga al'ummomin bakin teku waɗanda suka dogara da kariyar bakin teku, kamun kifi, da kiwo. Yayin da yawan acidity na teku ke tasowa a cikin tekunan duniya, za a sami sauyi a cikin mamayar macroalgal, gurɓacewar muhalli, da asarar halittu masu rai. Al'ummomi a wurare masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi suna cikin mafi haɗari don gagarumin raguwar kudaden shiga daga teku. Nazarin da ke nazarin tasirin acidification na teku a kan yawan kifin da aka fallasa ya nuna canje-canje masu lahani a cikin omfi, halayyar haɓaka, da amsawar tserewa (ƙididdigar da ke ƙasa). Waɗannan sauye-sauye za su karya ginshiƙi mai mahimmanci ga tattalin arzikin gida da yanayin muhalli. Idan mutane za su lura da waɗannan canje-canjen da kansu, da hankali don rage yawan ƙimar CO na yanzu₂ fitar da hayaki zai bambanta sosai daga kowane yanayin da aka bincika a sama. An yi kiyasin cewa idan wadannan illolin suka ci gaba da yin tasiri a kan kifin, za a iya yin asarar daruruwan miliyoyin daloli a duk shekara nan da shekara ta 2060.

Tare da kamun kifi, masana'antar muhalli ta coral reef yana kawo miliyoyin daloli na kudaden shiga kowace shekara. Al'ummomin bakin teku sun dogara kuma sun dogara da murjani reef don rayuwarsu. An yi kiyasin cewa yayin da yawan acidity na teku ke ci gaba da karuwa, illar da ke tattare da rafukan murjani za su yi karfi, don haka rage lafiyarsu wanda zai haifar da asarar dala biliyan 870 a duk shekara nan da shekara ta 2100. Wannan kadai shi ne tasirin acidification na teku. Idan masana kimiyya suka ƙara haɗakar tasirin wannan, tare da ɗumama, deoxygenation, da ƙari, na iya haifar da ƙarin illa ga duka tattalin arziki da muhalli ga al'ummomin bakin teku.

Moore, C. da Fuller J. (2022). Tasirin Tattalin Arziki na Acidification Teku: Meta-Analysis. Jami'ar Chicago Press Journals. Tattalin Arzikin Albarkatun Ruwa Vol. 32, Na 2

Wannan binciken yana nuna nazarin tasirin OA akan tattalin arziki. An yi bitar illolin kamun kifi, kiwo, nishadi, kariyar gaɓar ruwa, da sauran alamomin tattalin arziki don ƙarin koyo game da dogon lokaci na tasirin acid ɗin teku. Wannan binciken ya samo jimillar karatu guda 20 kamar na 2021 waɗanda suka yi nazarin tasirin tattalin arzikin tekun acidification, duk da haka, 11 kawai daga cikinsu sun yi ƙarfi sosai don sake duba su azaman karatu mai zaman kansa. Daga cikin waɗannan, mafi yawan sun mayar da hankali kan kasuwannin mollusk. Marubutan sun kammala bincikensu ta hanyar yin kira ga buƙatar ƙarin bincike, musamman nazarce-nazarcen da suka haɗa da ƙayyadaddun hayaki da yanayin tattalin arziƙin ƙasa, don samun ingantacciyar hasashen illolin da ke tattare da acidification na teku na dogon lokaci.

Hall-Spencer JM, Harvey BP. Rashin acidification na teku yana tasiri akan ayyukan yanayin yanayin bakin teku saboda lalatar wuraren zama. Emerg Top Life Sci. 2019 Mayu 10; 3 (2): 197-206. doi: 10.1042/ETLS20180117. PMID: 33523154; Saukewa: PMC7289009.

Ruwan acidification na teku yana rage juriyar wuraren zama na bakin teku zuwa gungu na wasu direbobi masu alaƙa da sauyin yanayi (ɗumamar yanayi, hawan teku, haɓakar guguwa) yana ƙara haɗarin canje-canjen tsarin mulkin ruwa da asarar ayyuka da ayyuka masu mahimmanci na muhalli. Haɗarin kayan ruwa na haɓaka tare da OA yana haifar da sauye-sauye a cikin rinjayen macroalgal, lalatar wuraren zama, da asarar bambancin halittu. An ga waɗannan tasirin a wurare daban-daban na duniya. Nazarin kan CO₂ seps zai yi tasiri a kan kamun kifi da ke kusa, kuma wurare masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi za su fuskanci tsananin illar saboda miliyoyin mutanen da suka dogara da kariyar bakin teku, kamun kifi, da kiwo.

Cooley SR, Ono CR, Melcer S da Roberson J (2016) Ayyukan Matakan Al'umma waɗanda zasu iya magance Acidification Ocean. Gaba. Mar. Sci. 2:128. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2015.00128

Wannan takarda ta nutse cikin ayyukan da ake yi a halin yanzu da jihohi da sauran yankunan da ba su ji tasirin OA ba amma sun gaji da tasirinta.

Ekstrom, JA et al. (2015). Rashin lahani da daidaitawar kifin kifin Amurka zuwa acidification na teku. Nature. 5, 207-215, doi: 10.1038/nclimate2508

Ana buƙatar matakan daidaitawa masu dacewa da dacewa a cikin gida don magance tasirin acidification na teku. Wannan labarin yana gabatar da ƙayyadadden bincike na rashin lahani na al'ummomin bakin teku a Amurka.

Spalding, MJ (2015). Rikici ga Lagon Sherman - Da Tekun Duniya. Dandalin Muhalli. 32 (2), 38-43.

Wannan rahoto ya nuna tsananin OA, da tasirinsa akan gidan yanar gizo na abinci da kuma tushen furotin na ɗan adam, da kuma gaskiyar cewa ba kawai barazanar girma bane amma matsala ce da ake iya gani. Labarin ya tattauna matakin da Amurka ta dauka da kuma martanin da kasashen duniya suka mayar wa OA, kuma ya kare da jerin kananan matakan da za a iya kuma ya kamata a dauka don taimakawa yaki da OA.

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4. Acid Acid Tekun Da Illarsa Akan Tsarin Ruwan Ruwa

Doney, Scott C., Busch, D. Shallin, Cooley, Sarah R., & Kroeker, Kristy J. Tasirin Acidification Teku akan Tsarin Tsarin Ruwa da Dogaran Al'ummomin Bil'adama. Binciken Muhalli da Albarkatun Shekara-shekara, 45 (1). An dawo daga https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10164807. https:// doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083019

Wannan binciken yana mai da hankali kan tasirin hauhawar matakan carbon dioxide daga burbushin mai da sauran ayyukan ɗan adam. Gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa wannan ya haifar da canje-canje a ilimin halittar dabbobi, yanayin yawan jama'a, da canza yanayin muhalli. Wannan zai jefa tattalin arzikin cikin haɗari waɗanda suka dogara sosai kan teku. Kamun kifi, kiwo, da kariyar bakin ruwa na daga cikin da yawa da za su fuskanci mummunan tasiri.

Olsen E, Kaplan IC, Ainsworth C, Fay G, Gaichas S, Gamble R, Girardin R, Eide CH, Ihde TF, Morzaria-Luna H, Johnson KF JS (2018) Makomar Tekun Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Teku, Kariyar Ruwa, da Canza Matsalolin Kamun Kifi da Aka Bincika Ta Amfani da Tsarin Tsarin Muhalli na Duniya. Gaba. Mar. Sci. 5:64. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00064

Gudanar da tushen tsarin muhalli, wanda kuma aka sani da EBM, ya kasance ƙara sha'awa don gwada wasu dabarun gudanarwa da kuma taimakawa gano ɓarna don rage amfanin ɗan adam. Wannan wata hanya ce ta binciken hanyoyin magance matsalolin sarrafa teku masu rikitarwa don inganta lafiyar halittu a sassa daban-daban na duniya.

Mostofa, KMG, Liu, C.-Q., Zhai, W., Minella, M., Vione, D., Gao, K., Minakata, D., Arakaki, T., Yoshioka, T., Hayakawa, K ., Konohira, E., Tanoue, E., Akhand, A., Chanda, A., Wang, B., da Sakugawa, H.: Reviews and Syntheses: Ocean acidification da kuma yiwuwar tasirinsa a kan halittun ruwa, Biogeosciences, 13 , 1767-1786, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1767-2016, 2016.

Wannan labarin ya nutse cikin tattaunawa na bincike daban-daban da aka yi don ganin tasirin OA akan teku.

Cattano, C, Claudet, J., Domenici, P. da Milazzo, M. (2018, Mayu) Rayuwa a cikin duniyar CO2 mai girma: nazarin meta-bincike na duniya yana nuna martanin kifaye da yawa-matsakaici game da acidification na teku. Halayen Muhalli 88(3). DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1297

Kifi wani abu ne mai mahimmanci don rayuwa a cikin al'ummomin da ke bakin teku kuma muhimmin sashi na kwanciyar hankali na yanayin teku. Saboda abubuwan da ke da alaka da damuwa na OA akan ilimin lissafi, akwai bukatar a kara yin aiki don cike gibin ilimi game da muhimman hanyoyin nazarin halittu da kuma fadada bincike zuwa wurare kamar dumamar yanayi, hypoxia, da kamun kifi. Abin sha'awa shine, illar kifaye ba su yi tsauri ba, sabanin nau'in invertebrate waɗanda aka yiwa gradients muhalli na sararin samaniya. Ya zuwa yau, akwai binciken da yawa da ke nuna tasiri daban-daban akan kashin baya da invertebrates. Saboda bambancin, yana da mahimmanci cewa ana gudanar da bincike don ganin waɗannan bambance-bambancen don ƙara fahimtar yadda acidity na teku zai shafi tattalin arzikin al'ummomin bakin teku.

Albright, R. da Cooley, S. (2019). Bita na Sassan da aka ba da shawarar don rage tasirin acidification na teku akan raƙuman murjani Nazarin Yanki a Kimiyyar Ruwa, Vol. 29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2019.100612

Wannan binciken yayi daki-daki kan yadda OA ta shafi murjani reef a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A cikin wannan binciken, masu bincike sun gano cewa murjani reefs sun fi iya dawowa daga abin da ya faru na bleaching. 

1. Coral reefs suna da yuwuwar komawa baya daga abin da ya faru na bleaching a hankali a hankali yayin da ya shafi tasirin muhalli, kamar acidification na teku.
2. “Ayyukan yanayin muhalli suna cikin haɗari daga OA a cikin yanayin halittun murjani. Yawancin ayyuka ana ƙididdige su ta hanyar tattalin arziki, amma sauran ayyukan suna da mahimmanci ga al'ummomin ɗan adam na bakin teku."

Malsbury, E. (2020, Fabrairu 3) "Misalai daga Shahararrun Tafiya na Ƙarni na 19 sun Bayyana Tasirin 'Mai Girma' na Ƙarfafawar Teku." Mujallar Kimiyya. AAAS. An dawo daga: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/02/ plankton-shells-have-become-dangerously-thin-acidifying-oceans-are-blame

Samfuran Shell, waɗanda aka tattara daga HMS Challenger a 1872-76, sun yi kauri sosai fiye da harsashi iri ɗaya da aka samu a yau. Masu binciken sun yi wannan binciken ne a lokacin da aka kwatanta harsashi na kusan shekaru 150 daga tarin gidan tarihin tarihi na Landan da samfuran zamani na zamani guda. Masana kimiyya sun yi amfani da katako na jirgin don gano ainihin nau'in nau'in, wuri, da kuma lokacin shekara ana tattara harsashi kuma sun yi amfani da wannan wajen tattara samfurori na zamani. Kwatancen ya bayyana a sarari: harsashi na zamani sun kai kashi 76% na bakin ciki fiye da takwarorinsu na tarihi kuma sakamakon yana nuna acidification na teku a matsayin sanadin.

MacRae, Gavin (12 Afrilu 2019.) "Tsarin Acid ɗin Teku yana Sake fasalin Gidan Yanar Gizon Abincin Ruwa." Sentinel Watershed. https://watershedsentinel.ca/articles/ocean-acidification-is-reshaping-marine-food-webs/

Zurfin teku yana rage sauyin yanayi, amma a farashi. Acid ruwan teku yana ƙaruwa yayin da tekuna ke ɗaukar carbon dioxide daga burbushin mai.

Spalding, Mark J. (21 Janairu 2019.) "Sharhi: Teku yana canzawa - yana ƙara acidic." Labaran Asiya. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/ commentary/ocean-acidification-climate-change-marine-life-dying-11124114

Duk rayuwar da ke duniya za ta yi tasiri a ƙarshe yayin da ruwa mai dumi da acidic ke samar da ƙarancin iskar oxygen da ke yin barazana ga nau'in nau'in ruwa da yanayin muhalli. Akwai buƙatar gaggawa don gina juriya daga acidification na teku don kare nau'in halittun ruwa a duniyarmu.

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5. Albarkatun Malamai

NOAA. (2022). Ilimi da Wayar da kai. Shirin Acidation Ocean. https://oceanacidification.noaa.gov/AboutUs/ EducationOutreach/

NOAA tana da shirin ilmantarwa da wayar da kan jama'a ta hanyar sashin acidification na teku. Wannan yana ba da albarkatu ga al'umma kan yadda za a jawo hankali ga masu tsara manufofi don fara ɗaukar dokokin OA zuwa wani sabon matakin da aiki. 

Thibodeau, Patrica S., Amfani da Dogon Bayanai Daga Antarctica don Koyar da Acidification Tekun (2020). Jaridar Ilimin Ruwa na Yanzu, 34 (1), 43-45.https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles

Cibiyar Kimiyyar Ruwa ta Virginia ta ƙirƙiri wannan shirin darasi don haɗa ɗaliban tsakiyar makaranta don warware wani asiri: menene acidification na teku kuma ta yaya yake shafar rayuwar ruwa a cikin Antarctic? Don warware asirin, ɗalibai za su shiga cikin farautar faɗuwar acidification na teku, ba da shawarar hasashe kuma su isa ga nasu ƙarshe tare da fassarar bayanan ainihin lokaci daga Antarctic. Ana samun cikakken shirin darasi a: https://doi.org/10.25773/zzdd-ej28.

Tarin Tsarin Karatun Tekun Acidification. 2015. Kabilar Suquamish.

Wannan hanya ta kan layi tarin albarkatun kyauta ce akan acidification na teku don malamai da masu sadarwa, don maki K-12.

Cibiyar Acidification ta Alaska. (2022). Tekun Acidification don Malamai. https://aoan.aoos.org/community-resources/for-educators/

Cibiyar Alaska's Ocean Acidification Network ta haɓaka albarkatun da ke jere tun daga ba da labari na PowerPoints da labarai zuwa bidiyo da tsare-tsaren darasi na maki iri-iri. An yi la'akari da tsarin karatun da aka sarrafa akan acidification na teku yana dacewa a Alaska. Muna aiki akan ƙarin manhajoji waɗanda ke haskaka musamman sinadarai na ruwa na Alaska da direbobin OA.

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6. Jagororin Siyasa da Rahoton Gwamnati

Rukunin Ayyuka na Interagency akan Tekun Acidification. (2022, Oktoba, 28). Rahoto Na Shida Akan Tallafin Da Gwamnatin Tarayya Ta Bayar da Tallafin Bincike da Ayyukan Sa Ido. Kwamitin Karamin Kwamitin Kimiyya da Fasahar Teku kan Muhalli na Majalisar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kasa. https://oceanacidification.noaa.gov/sites/oap-redesign/Publications/SOST_IWGOA-FY-18-and-19-Report.pdf?ver=2022-11-01-095750-207

Ocean acidification (OA), raguwa a cikin pH na teku wanda ya haifar da farko ta hanyar ɗaukar carbon dioxide da aka saki (CO).₂) daga yanayi, barazana ce ga muhallin ruwa da kuma ayyukan da waɗancan tsarin ke bayarwa ga al'umma. Wannan takaddar ta taƙaita ayyukan Tarayya akan OA a cikin Shekarun Fiscal (FY) 2018 da 2019. An tsara shi cikin sassan da suka dace da yankuna tara, musamman, matakin duniya, matakin ƙasa, da aiki a Amurka Arewa maso Gabas, Tsakiyar Amurka -Atlantic, Amurka Kudu maso Gabas da Gulf Coast, Caribbean, United States West Coast, Alaska, US Pacific Islands, Arctic, Antarctic.

Kwamitin Muhalli, Albarkatun Kasa, da Dorewar Majalisar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kasa. (2015, Afrilu). Rahoto na Uku akan Ayyukan Bincike da Sa-ido akan Ruwan Ruwa da Gwamnatin Tarayya ke bayarwa.

Ƙungiyar Ayyuka ta Interagency Working Group on Ocean Acidification ce ta kirkiro wannan takarda, wanda ke ba da shawara, taimako, da bada shawarwari kan al'amuran da suka shafi acidification na teku, ciki har da daidaita ayyukan tarayya. Wannan rahoto ya taƙaita ayyukan bincike da sa ido kan samar da ruwa-acid na tarayya; yana ba da kashe kuɗi don waɗannan ayyukan, kuma ya bayyana sakin kwanan nan na shirin bincike mai mahimmanci don bincike na Tarayya da saka idanu akan acidity na teku.

Hukumomin NOAA Suna Magana Kan Batun Acid Acid A cikin Ruwan Gida. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Wannan rahoto yana ba da taƙaitaccen darasi na "Ocean Chemistry 101" akan halayen sinadarai na OA da ma'aunin pH. Har ila yau, ya lissafa abubuwan da ke damun NOAA na gabaɗayan teku.

NOAA Kimiyyar Yanayi & Sabis. Muhimman Matsayin Abubuwan Dubawa na Duniya a Fahimtar Canjin Sinadarai na Teku.

Wannan rahoton ya zayyana yunƙurin NOAA na Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) da ke da nufin keɓancewa, tsinkaya, da kuma sa ido kan muhallin bakin teku, teku, da Babban Tafki.

Rahoton zuwa ga Gwamna da Babban Taro na Maryland. Task Force don Nazari Tasirin Acid Acid Acid akan Ruwan Jiha. Yanar Gizo. Janairu 9, 2015.

Jihar Maryland jiha ce ta bakin teku wacce ba kawai ta dogara ga teku ba har ma da Chesapeake Bay. Duba wannan labarin don ƙarin koyo game da binciken ƙarfin aiki da Maryland ta aiwatar da Babban Taro na Maryland.

Ƙungiyar Blue Ribbon ta Jihar Washington akan Acidification Tekun. Tekun Acidification: Daga Ilimi zuwa Aiki. Yanar Gizo. Nuwamba 2012.

Wannan rahoto ya ba da bayani game da acidity na teku da tasirinsa ga jihar Washington. A matsayinta na jihar bakin teku da ta dogara da kamun kifi da albarkatun ruwa, tana nutsewa cikin illolin da sauyin yanayi zai iya haifar da tattalin arziki. Karanta wannan labarin don koyon abin da Washington ke yi a halin yanzu a fagen kimiyya da siyasa don yaƙar waɗannan tasirin.

Hemphill, A. (2015, Fabrairu 17). Maryland ta ɗauki mataki don magance Acidification Tekun. Majalisar yankin tsakiyar Atlantika akan Tekun. An dawo daga http://www.midatlanticocean.org

Jihar Maryland ita ce kan gaba wajen jihohin da ke daukar kwararan matakai don magance illolin OA. Maryland ta wuce House Bill 118, ta ƙirƙira ƙungiyar ɗawainiya don nazarin tasirin OA akan ruwan jaha yayin zamanta na 2014. Rundunar ta mayar da hankali ne kan muhimman wurare guda bakwai don inganta fahimtar OA.

Upton, HF & P. ​​Folger. (2013). Amincewa da Ocean (Rahoton CRS mai lamba R40143). Washington, DC: Sabis na Bincike na Majalisa.

Abubuwan da ke ciki sun haɗa da ainihin bayanan OA, ƙimar da OA ke faruwa, yuwuwar tasirin OA, martani na halitta da na ɗan adam wanda zai iya iyakancewa ko rage OA, sha'awar majalisa ga OA, da abin da gwamnatin tarayya ke yi game da OA. An buga shi a cikin Yuli na 2013, wannan rahoton CRS sabuntawa ne ga rahotannin CRS OA na baya kuma ya lura da lissafin kawai da aka gabatar a cikin Majalisa ta 113 (Coral Reef Conservation Act Amendments of 2013) wanda zai haɗa da OA a cikin ma'auni da aka yi amfani da su don kimanta shawarwarin aikin don nazarin barazanar da murjani reefs. An buga ainihin rahoton a cikin 2009 kuma ana iya samun su a mahaɗin da ke biyowa: Buck, EH & P. ​​Folger. (2009). Amincewa da Ocean (Rahoton CRS mai lamba R40143). Washington, DC: Sabis na Bincike na Majalisa.

IGBP, IOC, SCOR (2013). Takaitaccen Takaitaccen Takaddun Tsarin Acid Tekun Ga Masu Tsara Manufofin – Taro na Uku akan Teku a BabbanCO₂ Duniya. Shirin Duniya na Geosphere-Biosphere, Stockholm, Sweden.

Wannan taƙaitaccen bayani ne game da yanayin ilimi game da acidification na teku bisa binciken da aka gabatar a taron tattaunawa na uku akan Tekun a High-CO₂ Duniya a Monterey, CA a cikin 2012.

InterAcademy Panel akan Al'amuran Duniya. (2009). Bayanin IAP akan Acidification Tekun.

Wannan bayani mai shafi biyu, wanda sama da makarantu 60 suka amince da shi a duk duniya, a taƙaice ta zayyana barazanar da OA ta buga, kuma tana ba da shawarwari da kira zuwa aiki.

Sakamakon Muhalli na Acidification Tekun: Barazana ga Tsaron Abinci. (2010). Nairobi, Kenya. UNEP.

Wannan labarin ya shafi dangantakar dake tsakanin CO₂, Sauyin yanayi, da OA, tasirin OA akan albarkatun abinci na ruwa, kuma ya ƙare tare da jerin ayyuka 8 masu mahimmanci don rage haɗarin tasirin acidification na teku.

Sanarwa ta Monaco akan Acidification Tekun. (2008). Taron Taro Na Duniya Na Biyu Kan Tekun A Babban-CO₂ Duniya.

Yarima Albert II ya nema bayan taron tattaunawa na kasa da kasa na biyu a Monaco kan OA, wannan sanarwar, bisa ga binciken kimiyya da ba za a iya musantawa ba kuma masana kimiyya 155 daga kasashe 26 suka sanya hannu, ta gabatar da shawarwari, suna kira ga masu tsara manufofi don magance babbar matsala ta acidification na teku.

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7. Ƙarin Albarkatu

Gidauniyar Ocean Foundation tana ba da shawarar albarkatu masu zuwa don ƙarin bayani kan Binciken Acidification Ocean

1. Sabis na Tekun NOAA
2. Jami'ar Plymouth
3. National Marine Sanctuary Foundation

Spalding, MJ (2014) Tekun Acidification da Tsaron Abinci. Jami'ar California, Irvine: Lafiyar Tekun, Kamun Kifi na Duniya, da Rikodi gabatarwar taron Tsaron Abinci.

A cikin 2014, Mark Spalding ya gabatar da dangantakar dake tsakanin OA da samar da abinci a wani taro kan lafiyar teku, kamun kifi na duniya, da samar da abinci a UC Irvine. 

Cibiyar Tsibirin (2017). Yanayin Sauya Jerin Fina-Finai. Cibiyar Island. https://www.islandinstitute.org/stories/a-climate-of-change-film-series/

Cibiyar Tsibirin ta samar da wani gajeren jerin sassa uku da ke mai da hankali kan illolin sauyin yanayi da acid na teku a kan kamun kifi a Amurka. An fara buga bidiyon a cikin 2017, amma yawancin bayanan sun kasance masu dacewa a yau.

Kashi na daya, Ruwan Dumama a cikin Gulf of Maine, ya mayar da hankali ne kan illar da sauyin yanayi ke yi ga kamun kifi na kasarmu. Masana kimiyya, manajoji, da masunta duk sun fara tattauna yadda za mu iya kuma ya kamata mu kasance da shiri don abubuwan da ba makawa, amma maras tabbas, tasirin yanayi kan yanayin yanayin teku. Ga cikakken rahoton. danna nan.

Kashi Na Biyu, Ocean Acidification a Alaska, ya mai da hankali kan yadda masunta a Alaska ke tunkarar matsalar karuwar acid acid a cikin teku. Ga cikakken rahoton. danna nan.

A kashi na uku, Rushewa da daidaitawa a cikin Apalachicola Oyster Fishery, Mainers suna tafiya zuwa Apalachicola, Florida, don ganin abin da ke faruwa lokacin da kamun kifi ya rushe gaba daya da abin da al'umma ke yi don daidaitawa da farfado da kanta. Ga cikakken rahoton. danna nan.

Ayyukan da Za ku iya ɗauka

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama babban dalilin da ke haifar da acidification na teku shine karuwar carbon dioxide, wanda sai tekun ke shiga. Don haka, rage fitar da iskar carbon wani muhimmin mataki ne na gaba don dakatar da karuwar acidification a cikin teku. Da fatan za a ziyarci International Ocean Acidification Initiative page don ƙarin bayani kan matakan da Gidauniyar Ocean Foundation ke ɗauka game da Acidification Ocean.

Don ƙarin bayani kan wasu mafita gami da nazarin ayyukan Cire Carbon Dioxide da fasaha don Allah a duba Shafin Bincike na Canjin Yanayi na Gidauniyar Oceane, don ƙarin bayani duba Initiative na Blue Resilience Initiative na The Ocean Foundation. 

amfani da mu Kalkuleta na Girman Carbon SeaGrass don ƙididdige fitar da iskar carbon ku da ba da gudummawa don rage tasirin ku! The Ocean Foundation ne ya ƙirƙira kalkuleta don taimakawa mutum ko ƙungiya don lissafin CO na shekara-shekara₂ fitar da hayaki zuwa, bi da bi, ƙayyade adadin shuɗin carbon da ake bukata don kashe su (kakar kadada na ciyawa da za a dawo da su ko makamancin haka). Za a iya amfani da kudaden shiga daga tsarin kiredit mai shuɗi don tallafawa ƙoƙarin maidowa, wanda hakan ke haifar da ƙarin ƙima. Irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna ba da damar samun nasara biyu: ƙirƙirar ƙima mai ƙima ga tsarin duniya na CO₂-ayyukan fitar da kaya da, na biyu, maido da ciyayi na ciyawa da ke samar da wani muhimmin al'amari na yanayin yanayin bakin teku kuma suna cikin tsananin bukatar murmurewa.

KOMA GA BINCIKE