Sha'awar Coral Reefs

A ƙarshen watan Yuni, na yi farin ciki da gata don halartar taro na 13th International Coral Reef Symposium (ICRS), babban taron masana kimiyya na murjani daga ko'ina cikin duniya da ake gudanarwa kowace shekara huɗu. Na kasance tare da Fernando Bretos, darektan shirin CubaMar.

Na halarci gabatarwa na farko na ICRS a matsayin dalibi na PhD a watan Oktoba 2000 a Bali, Indonesia. Hoto ni: ɗalibin grad mai faɗin ido yana jin yunwa don cika sha'awara game da kowane abu na murjani. Wannan taron na ICRS na farko ya ba ni damar jiƙa shi duka kuma in cika zuciyata da tambayoyi don bincika tun daga lokacin. Ya ƙarfafa tafarkin aiki na kamar babu wani taron ƙwararru a lokacin karatun digiri na. Taron Bali - tare da mutanen da na sadu da su a wurin, da kuma abin da na koya - shine lokacin da na bayyana a gare ni cewa karatun murjani na tsawon rayuwata zai zama sana'a mafi gamsarwa.

"Yi saurin ci gaba shekaru 16, kuma ina rayuwa da wannan mafarkin zuwa cikakkiyar hidima a matsayin masanin ilimin halittu na coral reef don Shirin Bincike da Kare Ruwa na Cuba na Gidauniyar Ocean." – Daria Sicilano

Ci gaba da sauri shekaru 16, kuma ina rayuwa wannan mafarkin zuwa cikakkiyar hidima a matsayin masanin ilimin halittu na coral reef don Shirin Bincike da Kare Ruwa na Cuba (CariMar) Kamfanin The Ocean Foundation. A lokaci guda, a matsayina na abokin bincike, ina yin amfani da kayan aikin bincike mai ban mamaki da na nazari na Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyyar Ruwa ta Jami'ar California Santa Cruz don gudanar da aikin dakin gwaje-gwajen da ake buƙata don bincikenmu a kan murjani na Cuban.

Taron ICRS a watan da ya gabata, wanda aka gudanar a Honolulu, Hawaii, ya kasance ɗan dawowa gida. Kafin in ba da kaina ga waɗanda ba a yi karatu ba kuma masu ban sha'awa na Cuba, na shafe fiye da shekaru 15 ina nazarin murjani na tekun Pacific. Yawancin waɗannan shekarun an sadaukar da su don bincika tsibiran tsibiri na Arewa maso yammacin Hawaiyan mai nisa, wanda yanzu ake kira Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, iyakokin da abokan kiyayewa da Pew Charitable Trusts a halin yanzu ke neman faɗaɗawa. Sun tattara sa hannu kan wannan aiki a taron ICRS a watan da ya gabata, wanda na sanya hannu cikin farin ciki. At wannan taron Na sami damar tuno abubuwan kasada da yawa a karkashin ruwa a cikin wannan tsibiri mai ban sha'awa tare da tsoffin abokan aiki, abokan aiki da abokai. Wasu daga cikinsu shekaru goma ko fiye da haka ban gani ba.

Daria, Fernando da Patricia na Cibiyar Binciken Ruwa na Cuban a ICRS​

Tare da zama na lokaci guda 14 daga 8AM da suka wuce 6PM wanda ke nuna jawabai na baya-baya kan batutuwan da suka kama daga ilimin geology da ilmin kimiyyar halittu na murjani reefs zuwa haifuwar murjani zuwa murjani genomics, Na ciyar da isasshen lokaci kafin kowace rana tana tsara jadawalina. Kowace dare na kan tsara shirin gobe a hankali, ina kimanta lokacin da zai ɗauki ni in yi tafiya daga ɗakin taro zuwa wancan… (Ni ne bayan duk masanin kimiyya). Amma abin da sau da yawa ya katse shirina a hankali shi ne gaskiyar cewa waɗannan manyan tarurrukan sun kasance game da shiga cikin tsofaffi da sababbin abokan aiki, kamar yadda ake ji a zahiri gabatarwar da aka tsara. Kuma haka muka yi.

Tare da abokin aikina Fernando Bretos, mutumin da ya yi aiki shekaru da yawa a Amurka don cike gibin da ke tsakanin kimiyyar murjani na Cuban da Amurka, mun sami tarurruka masu fa'ida da yawa, yawancinsu ba su da shiri. Mun sadu da abokan aikin Cuba, masu sha'awar dawo da murjani (e, irin wannan farawa a zahiri akwai!), dalibai masu digiri, da ƙwararrun masana kimiyya na murjani reef. Wadannan tarurrukan dai sun kasance abin jan hankali a taron.

A ranar farko ta taron, na fi dacewa da nazarin nazarin halittu da nazarin halittu, ganin cewa ɗayan layin bincikenmu na yanzu a CubaMar shine sake gina yanayin da ya gabata da shigar da ɗan adam zuwa ga murjani na Cuban ta amfani da dabarun geochemical akan murjani. Amma na yi nasarar yin magana a wannan rana game da gurɓataccen kayan aikin kulawa na sirri kamar su kayan shafa na fuska da sabulu. Gabatarwar ta zurfafa cikin ilmin sunadarai da toxicology na samfuran amfani na yau da kullun, irin su oxybenzone daga hasken rana, da kuma nuna tasirin gubar da suke da shi akan murjani, amfrayo na teku, da larvae na kifi da shrimp. Na koyi cewa gurbatar yanayi ba ta samo asali ne daga kayan da ake wanke fata ba kawai yayin da muke wanka a cikin teku. Har ila yau yana fitowa daga abin da muke sha ta fata da kuma fitar da fitsari, a ƙarshe yana yin hanyarsa zuwa ga ruwa. Na san game da wannan batu tsawon shekaru, amma shi ne karo na farko da na ga ainihin bayanan toxicology na murjani da sauran halittun reef - yana da hankali sosai.

Daria yana nazarin rafin Jardines de la Reina, Kudancin Cuba, a cikin 2014 

Daya daga cikin batutuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a taron shi ne lamarin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba a duniya wanda magudanan ruwa na duniya ke fuskanta a halin yanzu. Lamarin na yanzu na bleaching na murjani ya fara ne a tsakiyar 2014, wanda ya sa ya zama mafi tsayi kuma mafi yaɗuwar taron bleaching na murjani, kamar yadda NOAA ta bayyana. A yanki, ya shafi Babban Barrier Reef zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba. Dokta Terry Hughes na Jami'ar James Cook da ke Ostiraliya ya gabatar da nazarce-nazarce na baya-bayan nan game da taron bleaching na jama'a a cikin Babban Barrier Reef (GBR) wanda ya faru a farkon wannan shekarar. Tsanani da yaɗuwar bleaching ya faru a Ostiraliya sakamakon yanayin zafi na tekun rani (SSF) daga Fabrairu zuwa Afrilu 2016. Lamarin da ya haifar da ɓarkewar ɓarkewar jama'a ya fi ƙunci a yankin arewa mai nisa na GBR. Daga binciken da aka yi na sararin samaniya wanda aka kammala kuma ya tabbatar da binciken ruwa, Dokta Hughes ya ƙaddara cewa kashi 81% na rafukan da ke yankin Arewa mai nisa na GBR sun lalace sosai, tare da 1% kawai suna tserewa ba a taɓa su ba. A cikin Tsakiya da Kudancin ɓangarorin ɓarkewar ɓarkewar ruwa suna wakiltar 33% da 1% bi da bi.

Kashi 81% na rafukan da ke yankin Arewa mai nisa na Babban Barrier Reef sun lalace sosai, inda kashi 1% kawai suka tsira ba a taɓa su ba. - Dr. Terry Hughes

Lamarin bleaching na 2016 shine na uku da ke faruwa akan GBR (waɗanda suka gabata sun faru a cikin 1998 da 2002), amma shine mafi muni. Daruruwan raƙuman ruwa sun yi bleaching a karon farko har abada a cikin 2016. A cikin abubuwan da suka faru na bleaching guda biyu da suka gabata, an kare yankin Arewa Great Barrier Reef mai nisa kuma an ɗauke shi a matsayin gudun hijira daga bleaching, tare da manyan yankuna masu yawa na murjani da suka daɗe. A fili ba haka lamarin yake ba a yau. Yawancin waɗancan ƴan mulkin mallaka da aka daɗe ana hasarar su. Saboda wadannan asara "Northern GBR ba zai yi kama da a watan Fabrairun 2016 ba kuma a rayuwarmu" in ji Hughes.

"Kungiyar GBR ta Arewa ba za ta yi kama da ita a watan Fabrairun 2016 ba kuma a rayuwarmu." – Dr. Terry Hughes

Me yasa aka kare sashen Kudancin GBR a wannan shekara? Za mu iya gode wa guguwar Winston a watan Fabrairun 2016 (wanda ya mamaye Fiji). Ya sauka a kudancin GBR kuma ya kawo yanayin yanayin tekun da yawa, ta haka yana rage tasirin bleaching. Don haka, Dokta Hughes ya ƙara da ba’a cewa: “Mun kasance muna damuwa game da guguwa a kan raƙuman ruwa, yanzu muna fata!” Darussa biyu da aka koya daga taron na uku na bleaching a kan GBR shine cewa gudanarwa na gida ba ya inganta bleaching; kuma cewa ayyukan gida na iya taimakawa wajen haɓaka (bangare) farfadowa, amma ya jaddada cewa raƙuman ruwa ba za su iya zama "tabbatar da yanayi ba." Dokta Hughes ya tunatar da mu cewa mun riga mun shiga wani zamani da lokacin dawowar al'amuran bilicin da dumamar yanayi ke haifarwa ya fi guntu lokacin dawo da tarin murjani na dogon lokaci. Ta haka Babban Barrier Reef ya canza har abada.

Daga baya a cikin mako, Dokta Jeremy Jackson ya ba da rahoto game da sakamakon da aka yi daga nazarin da aka yi daga 1970 zuwa 2012 daga Caribbean mafi girma, kuma ya ƙaddara a maimakon cewa matsalolin gida suna tayar da matsalolin duniya a wannan yanki. Waɗannan sakamakon sun goyi bayan hasashen cewa kariyar gida na iya ƙara ƙarfin juriya a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci da ake jira matakin duniya kan sauyin yanayi. A cikin cikakken jawabinsa, Dokta Peter Mumby na Jami'ar Queensland ya tunatar da mu game da "da hankali" a cikin murjani reefs. Tasirin abubuwan da ke tattare da damuwa da yawa suna rage bambance-bambancen mahalli na reef, ta yadda ayyukan gudanarwa ke niyya a kan rafukan da ba su da bambanci sosai. Ayyukan gudanarwa dole ne su dace da wannan dabarar a cikin murjani reefs.

The kifi zaki zaman da aka yi a ranar Juma'a ya samu halartar mutane da dama. Na yi farin ciki da fahimtar cewa muhawarar ta ci gaba da ci gaba game da hasashen juriya na biotic, ta yadda mafarauta na asali, ta hanyar gasa ko tsinkaya ko duka biyun, suna iya kiyayewa. kifi zaki mamayewa a cikin dubawa. Abin da muka gwada ke nan a Jardines de la Reina MPA a kudancin Cuba a lokacin bazara na 2014. Yana da ban sha'awa don koyo har yanzu tambaya ce mai dacewa da aka ba cewa Pacific kifi zaki yawan jama'a a cikin Caribbean na ci gaba da bunƙasa da faɗaɗawa.

Idan aka kwatanta da taron ICRS na farko da na sami damar halarta a 2000, ICRS na 13 daidai yake da ban sha'awa, amma ta wata hanya dabam. Wasu lokuta mafi ban sha'awa a gare ni sun faru lokacin da na ci karo da wasu "dattijai" na kimiyyar coral reef, wadanda suka kasance fitattun masu magana a taron Bali, kuma a yau ina iya ganin lumshe ido yayin da suke magana game da su. Murjani da suka fi so, kifi, MPAs, zooxanthellae, ko El Niño na baya-bayan nan. Wasu shekarun ritayar da suka wuce… amma har yanzu suna jin daɗin karatun murjani reefs. Ba na zargin su ba shakka: Wa zai so ya yi wani abu kuma?