Filastik a cikin Tekun

KOMA GA BINCIKE

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1. Gabatarwa
2. Manufar Filastik Amurka
- 2.1 Manufofin Ƙarshen Ƙasa
- 2.2 Manufofin Ƙasa
3. Manufofin Duniya
- 3.1 Yarjejeniyar Duniya
- 3.2 Kwamitin Manufofin Kimiyya
- 3.3 Basel Convention Plastic Sharar gida
4. Tattalin Arziki na Da'ira
5. Koren Chemistry
6. Lafiyar Filastik da Teku
- 6.1 Ghost Gear
- 6.2 Tasiri kan Rayuwar Ruwa
- 6.3 Filayen Filastik (Nurdles)
7. Filastik da Lafiyar Dan Adam
8. Adalcin Muhalli
9. Tarihin Filastik
10. Daban Daban

1. Gabatarwa

Menene iyakar matsalar robobi?

Filastik, mafi yawan nau'i na tarkacen ruwa na dindindin, yana ɗaya daga cikin batutuwan da suka fi dacewa a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa. Ko da yake yana da wahala a iya aunawa, ana ƙara kimanin metric ton miliyan 8 na robobi a cikin tekun mu kowace shekara, ciki har da 236,000 ton na microplastics (Jambeck, 2015), wanda yayi daidai da motocin datti fiye da ɗaya na robobi da ake jibge a cikin tekunan mu kowane minti (Pennington, 2016).

An kiyasta cewa akwai Guda tiriliyan 5.25 na tarkacen filastik a cikin teku, ton 229,000 da ke shawagi a sama, da microfibers filastik biliyan 4 a kowace murabba'in kilomita a cikin zurfin teku (National Geographic, 2015). Tiriliyoyin na robobin da ke cikin tekun mu sun samar da manyan facin shara guda biyar, gami da Babban Faci na Sharar Faci wanda ya fi girman Texas girma. A cikin 2050, za a sami ƙarin filastik a cikin teku da nauyi fiye da kifi (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2016). Ita dai robobin ba ya cikin tekun mu, yana cikin iska ne da abincin da muke ci har aka kiyasta kowane mutum zai ci. darajar katin kiredit na filastik kowane mako (Wit, Bigaud, 2019).

Yawancin robobin da ke shiga rafin sharar suna ƙarewa ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba ko kuma a cikin wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa. A cikin 2018 kadai, akwai tan miliyan 35 na robobi da aka samar a Amurka, kuma daga ciki kawai kashi 8.7 na robobi ne aka sake sarrafa su (EPA, 2021). Amfani da robobi a yau kusan ba zai yuwu ba kuma zai ci gaba da zama matsala har sai mun sake tsarawa kuma mu canza dangantakarmu zuwa robobi.

Ta yaya filastik ke ƙarewa a cikin teku?

1. Filastik a cikin wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa: Ana yawan yin hasarar robobi ko busa yayin jigilar kaya zuwa wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa. Daga nan robobin ya taru a kusa da magudanar ruwa ya shiga magudanan ruwa, daga karshe ya koma cikin teku.
2. Zubarwa: Sharar da aka zubar a kan titi ko a cikin yanayin mu ana ɗaukar iska da ruwan sama zuwa cikin ruwanmu.
3. Kasa magudanar ruwa: Kayayyakin tsafta, kamar goge-goge da kuma Q-tips, galibi ana zubar dasu cikin magudanar ruwa. Lokacin da ake wanke tufafi (musamman kayan aikin roba) ana fitar da microfibers da microplastics a cikin ruwan sharar gida ta injin wanki. A ƙarshe, kayan kwaskwarima da kayan tsaftacewa tare da microbeads za su aika microplastics saukar da magudanar ruwa.
4. Masana'antar Kamun kifi: Kwale-kwalen kamun kifi na iya yin asara ko barin kayan kamun kifi (duba Ghost Gear) a cikin teku yana haifar da tarko masu mutuwa ga rayuwar ruwa.

Me yasa filastik a cikin teku matsala ce mai mahimmanci?

Filastik ne ke da alhakin cutar da rayuwar ruwa, lafiyar jama'a, da tattalin arzikin duniya a matakin duniya. Ba kamar sauran nau'ikan sharar gida ba, filastik ba ya lalacewa gaba ɗaya, don haka zai kasance a cikin teku tsawon ƙarni. Gurɓatar filastik ba ta da iyaka tana haifar da barazanar muhalli: haɗewar namun daji, ci, jigilar nau'ikan baƙo, da lalata wuraren zama (duba Tasiri kan Rayuwar Ruwa). Bugu da ƙari, tarkacen ruwa wani ido ne na tattalin arziƙi wanda ke ƙasƙantar da kyawun yanayin yanayin bakin teku (duba Shari'ar Muhalli).

Tekun ba wai kawai yana da babban mahimmancin al'adu ba amma yana aiki a matsayin babban abin rayuwa ga al'ummomin bakin teku. Filastik a magudanan ruwanmu suna barazana ga ingancin ruwan mu da hanyoyin abinci na ruwa. Microplastics suna yin hanyarsu zuwa sarkar abinci kuma suna yin barazana ga lafiyar ɗan adam (Duba Filastik da Lafiyar Dan Adam).

Yayin da gurɓatar filastik teku ke ci gaba da girma, waɗannan matsalolin da ke haifarwa za su daɗa ta'azzara sai dai idan mun ɗauki mataki. Nauyin alhakin filastik bai kamata ya ta'allaka kan masu amfani kawai ba. Maimakon haka, ta hanyar sake fasalin samar da filastik kafin ma ya kai ga masu amfani da ƙarshen, za mu iya jagorantar masana'antun zuwa hanyoyin samar da tushen samar da wannan matsala ta duniya.

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2. Manufar Filastik Amurka

2.1 Manufofin Ƙarshen Ƙasa

Schultz, J. (2021, Fabrairu 8). Dokokin Jakar Filastik na Jiha. Majalisar Dokokin Muhalli ta Kasa. http://www.ncsl.org/research/environment-and-natural-resources/plastic-bag-legislation

Jihohi takwas suna da doka da ke rage samarwa/amfani da buhunan filastik masu amfani guda ɗaya. Garuruwan Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, da Seattle sun kuma haramta buhunan roba. Boulder, New York, Portland, Washington DC, da Montgomery County Md. sun haramta buhunan robobi da kuma sanya kudade. Hana buhunan robobi muhimmin mataki ne, domin suna daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi samunsu a gurbatar robobin teku.

Gardiner, B. (2022, Fabrairu 22). Yadda nasara mai ban mamaki a cikin sharar filastik na iya magance gurɓatar teku. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/how-a-dramatic-win-in-plastic-waste-case-may-curb-ocean-pollution

A watan Disamba na 2019, mai fafutukar kare gurbatar yanayi Diane Wilson ya yi nasara a wata kara mai ban mamaki a kan Formosa Plastics, daya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin man fetur na duniya, tsawon shekarun da suka gabata na gurbatar gurbataccen filastik ba bisa ka'ida ba a gabar Tekun Texas. Matsakaicin dala miliyan 50 yana wakiltar nasara mai tarihi a matsayin kyauta mafi girma da aka taɓa bayarwa a cikin karar ɗan ƙasa akan mai gurɓata masana'antu a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta Amurka. Dangane da sasantawar, an umarci Formosa Plastics da ta kai ga “fitarwa” na sharar filastik daga masana'antarta ta Point Comfort, ta biya hukunce-hukunce har sai an daina fitar da guba, da kuma ba da kuɗin tsaftace robobin da ke taru a ko'ina cikin wuraren da ya shafa Texas. rairayin bakin teku, da hanyoyin ruwa. Wilson, wanda aikinsa na rashin gajiyawa ya ba ta babbar lambar yabo ta 2023 na Goldman Environmental Prize, ta ba da gudummawar gabaɗayan sasantawa ga amintaccen, don amfani da shi don dalilai daban-daban na muhalli. Wannan rigar ta 'yan ƙasa ta haifar da sauye-sauye na canje-canje a cikin masana'antar masana'anta wanda galibi ke lalatawa ba tare da wani hukunci ba.

Gibbens, S. (2019, Agusta 15). Duba rikitaccen yanayin bangaran filastik a Amurka National Geographic. nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/08/map-nuna-da-rikitaccen-tsare-tsare-na-plastic-bans

Akwai fadace-fadacen kotuna da dama da ke gudana a Amurka inda birane da jihohi suka yi sabani kan ko ya halatta a haramta robobi ko a'a. Daruruwan gundumomi a duk faɗin Amurka suna da wani nau'in kuɗin filastik ko haram, gami da wasu a California da New York. Sai dai jihohi goma sha bakwai sun ce haramun ne a haramta kayayyakin robobi, tare da haramta haramcin yadda ya kamata. Haramcin da aka yi yana aiki don rage gurɓatar filastik, amma mutane da yawa sun ce kudade sun fi haramcin kai tsaye wajen canza halayen masu amfani.

Majalisar Kare Tekun California. (2022, Fabrairu). Dabarun Microplastics na Jiha. https://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/agenda_items/ 20220223/Abu_6_Baniyar_A_Statewide_Microplastics_Strategy.pdf

Tare da amincewa da Dokar Majalisar Dattijai 1263 (Sen. Anthony Portantino) a cikin 2018, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California ta amince da buƙatar wani tsari mai mahimmanci don magance barazanar da ke tattare da microplastics a cikin yanayin ruwa na jihar. Majalisar Kare Tekun California (OPC) ta buga wannan Dabarun Microplastic na Jiha, tana ba da taswirar taswirar shekaru masu yawa don hukumomin jihohi da abokan hulɗa na waje don yin aiki tare don bincike da kuma rage gurɓataccen gurɓataccen microplastic mai guba a cikin yanayin gabar teku da ruwa na California. Tushen wannan dabara shine sanin cewa dole ne jihar ta ɗauki ƙwaƙƙwaran, matakin yin taka tsantsan don rage gurɓacewar microplastic, yayin da fahimtar kimiyya game da tushen microplastics, tasiri, da ingantattun matakan rage haɓaka suna ci gaba da girma.

HB 1085 - 68th Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Washington, (2023-24 Reg. Sess.): Rage Gurbacewar Filastik. (2023, Afrilu). https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?Year=2023&BillNumber=1085

A cikin Afrilu 2023, Majalisar Dattijan Jihar Washington baki ɗaya ta zartar da Dokar Majalisa ta 1085 (HB 1085) don rage gurɓatar filastik ta hanyoyi daban-daban guda uku. Wakilin Sharlett Mena (D-Tacoma) ya dauki nauyin wannan kudiri, kudirin ya bukaci sabbin gine-ginen da aka gina da mabubbugar ruwa suma sun kunshi tashoshi masu cike da kwalba; kawar da amfani da ƙananan kayan kiwon lafiya ko kayan ado a cikin kwantena filastik waɗanda otal-otal da sauran wuraren kwana ke samarwa; kuma ya hana siyar da kumfa mai laushi mai laushi da kuma tasoshin ruwa, yayin da ya ba da umarnin yin nazarin gine-ginen robobin da ke kan ruwa. Domin cimma burinsa, kudirin ya shafi hukumomi da majalisu da yawa na gwamnati kuma za a aiwatar da shi tare da wasu lokuta daban-daban. Wakilin Mena ya lashe HB 1085 a matsayin wani bangare na muhimmin yaki na Jihar Washington don kare lafiyar jama'a, albarkatun ruwa, da kamun kifi daga gurbataccen filastik.

Hukumar Kula da Albarkatun Ruwa ta Jihar California. (2020, Yuni 16). Hukumar kula da ruwan sha ta jiha ta yi bayani kan na’urar da ake kira microplastics a cikin ruwan sha domin karfafa wayar da kan al’umma kan tsarin ruwan sha [Sakin latsawa]. https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/ 2020/pr06162020_microplastics.pdf

Kalifoniya ita ce cibiyar gwamnati ta farko a duniya da ta gwada tsarinta na ruwan sha don gurɓacewar microplastic tare da ƙaddamar da na'urar gwajin ta a duk faɗin jihar. Wannan yunƙuri na Hukumar Kula da Albarkatun Ruwa ta Jihar California sakamakon Kudiddigar Majalisar Dattijai ta 2018 ne A'a. 1422 da kuma A'a. 1263, wanda Sen. Anthony Portantino ya dauki nauyinsa, wanda, bi da bi, ya umurci masu samar da ruwa na yanki don samar da daidaitattun hanyoyin da za a gwada kutsen microplastic a cikin ruwa mai tsabta da ruwan sha da kuma kafa tsarin kula da microplastics na ruwa a bakin tekun California. Yayin da jami'an ruwa na yanki da na jihohi suka ba da kansu don fadada gwaji da bayar da rahoton matakan microplastic a cikin ruwan sha a cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, gwamnatin California za ta ci gaba da dogara ga al'ummomin kimiyya don ci gaba da bincike game da tasirin lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli na ƙwayar microplastic.

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2.2 Manufofin Ƙasa

Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka. (2023, Afrilu). Daftarin Dabarun Kasa don Hana Gurbacewar Filastik. Ofishin EPA na Kare Albarkatu da Farfaɗowa. https://www.epa.gov/circulareconomy/draft-national-strategy-prevent-plastic-pollution

Dabarun na nufin rage gurbatar yanayi yayin samar da robobi, inganta sarrafa kayan aiki bayan amfani, da hana sharar gida da micro/nano-roba daga shiga hanyoyin ruwa da kuma kawar da sharar da suka tsere daga muhalli. Daftarin sigar, wanda aka ƙera a matsayin faɗaɗa dabarun sake amfani da EPA na ƙasa da aka fitar a cikin 2021, ya jaddada buƙatar da'irar hanya don sarrafa robobi da kuma yin gagarumin aiki. Dabarun na kasa, duk da cewa ba a aiwatar da su ba, yana ba da jagora ga manufofin matakin tarayya da na jihohi da sauran kungiyoyi masu neman magance gurbatar filastik.

Jain, N., da LaBeaud, D. (2022, Oktoba) Ta Yaya Ya Kamata Kulawar Kiwon Lafiyar Amurka Ya Jagoranci Canjin Duniya a Sharar Filastik. AMA Journal of Ethics. 24 (10): E986-993. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2022.986.

Har ya zuwa yau, Amurka ba ta kasance kan gaba a manufofin da suka shafi gurɓatar filastik ba, amma hanya ɗaya da Amurka za ta iya jagoranci ita ce batun zubar da shara na filastik daga kula da lafiya. Zubar da sharar kula da lafiya na daya daga cikin manyan barazana ga dorewar kiwon lafiya a duniya. Abubuwan da ake yi a halin yanzu na zubar da sharar kiwon lafiya na cikin gida da na kasa da kasa a cikin kasa da kuma cikin teku, al'adar da ke lalata daidaiton lafiyar duniya ta hanyar yin illa ga lafiyar al'ummomi masu rauni. Marubutan sun ba da shawarar sake fasalin alhaki na zamantakewa da ɗabi'a don samar da sharar kiwon lafiya ta hanyar ba da cikakken lissafi ga shugabannin ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya, ƙarfafa aiwatar da tsarin samar da kayayyaki da kulawa, da ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi a cikin masana'antar kiwon lafiya, filastik, da sharar gida.

Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka. (2021, Nuwamba). Dabarun sake amfani da ƙasa Sashi na ɗaya na jeri akan Gina Tattalin Arziki na Da'ira ga kowa. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-11/final-national-recycling-strategy.pdf

Dabarun sake amfani da su na ƙasa an mayar da hankali ne kan haɓakawa da haɓaka tsarin sake amfani da datti na birni na ƙasa (MSW) tare da burin ƙirƙirar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfi, juriya da tsadar sharar sarrafa sharar da tsarin sake amfani da su a cikin Amurka. Makasudin rahoton sun hada da ingantattun kasuwanni na kayayyaki da aka sake sarrafa su, da kara tarawa da inganta ababen more rayuwa na sarrafa sharar kayayyaki, rage gurbatar yanayi a rafi da kayan da aka sake yin fa'ida, da karuwar manufofin tallafawa da'ira. Duk da yake sake yin amfani da shi ba zai magance matsalar gurɓatar filastik ba, wannan dabarar na iya taimakawa wajen jagorantar mafi kyawun ayyuka don motsi zuwa tattalin arziƙin madauwari. Abin lura, sashe na ƙarshe na wannan rahoto ya ba da taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen aikin da hukumomin tarayya ke yi a Amurka.

Bates, S. (2021, Yuni 25). Masana kimiyya suna amfani da bayanan tauraron dan adam NASA don bin diddigin Microplastics daga sararin samaniya. Kungiyar Labaran Kimiyyar Duniya ta NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/esnt2021/scientists-use-nasa-satellite-data-to-track-ocean-microplastics-from-space

Masu bincike kuma suna amfani da bayanan tauraron dan adam na NASA na yanzu don bin diddigin motsin microplastics a cikin teku, ta hanyar amfani da bayanai daga tsarin tauraron dan adam Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite (CYGNSS) na NASA.

Doka, KL, Starr, N., Siegler, TR, Jambeck, J., Mallos, N., & Leonard, GB (2020). Gudunmawar da Amurka ke bayarwa na sharar robobi ga kasa da teku. Ci gaban Kimiyya, 6(44). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd0288

Wannan binciken kimiyya na 2020 ya nuna cewa, a cikin 2016, Amurka ta samar da ƙarin sharar filastik ta nauyi da kowane mutum fiye da kowace ƙasa. An zubar da wani kaso mai yawa na wannan sharar ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin Amurka, har ma fiye da haka ba a sarrafa shi sosai a cikin ƙasashen da ke shigo da kayan da aka tattara a Amurka don sake amfani da su. Bisa kididdigar da aka bayar na wadannan gudunmawar, adadin dattin robobi da aka samar a Amurka da aka kiyasta zai shiga yanayin gabar teku a shekarar 2016 ya ninka har sau biyar fiye da wanda aka kiyasta a shekarar 2010, wanda ya ba da gudummawar kasar a cikin mafi girma a duniya.

Makarantun Kimiyya na Kasa, Injiniya, da Magunguna. (2022). Yin la'akari da rawar da Amurka ta taka a cikin sharar filastik Tekun Duniya. Washington, DC: Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi ta Kasa. https://doi.org/10.17226/26132.

An gudanar da wannan tantancewar ne a matsayin martani ga buƙatu a cikin Dokar Ajiye Tekunmu 2.0 don haɗar ilimin kimiyya na gudummawar da Amurka ke bayarwa da kuma rawar da take takawa wajen magance gurɓatar ruwan robobin teku a duniya. A yayin da Amurka ke samar da mafi yawan sharar robobi na kowace kasa a duniya tun daga shekarar 2016, wannan rahoto ya yi kira da a samar da dabarun kasa don dakile fasa-kwaurin robobin Amurka. Har ila yau, ya ba da shawarar fadada tsarin sa ido, don fahimtar ma'auni da madogaran gurɓataccen filastik na Amurka, da kuma sa ido kan ci gaban ƙasar.

Karya Daga Filastik. (2021, Maris 26). Kau da kai Daga Dokar Gurbacewar Filastik. Karya Daga Filastik. http://www.breakfreefromplastic.org/pollution-act/

Break Free Daga Plastic Pollution Act na 2021 (BFFPPA) wani lissafin tarayya ne wanda Sen. Jeff Merkley (OR) da Wakilai Alan Lowenthal (CA) suka dauki nauyinsa. kudurin dokar shine rage gurbacewar robobi daga tushe, da kara yawan sake yin amfani da su, da kuma kare al’ummomin sahun gaba, wannan kudiri zai taimaka wajen kare al’ummomi masu karamin karfi, masu launin fata, da ‘yan asalin kasar daga karuwar gurbatar yanayi ta hanyar rage amfani da robobi da samar da su. lissafin zai inganta lafiyar ɗan adam, ta hanyar rage haɗarin mu na amfani da microplastics, kawar da robobi zai kuma rage yawan hayakin da muke fitarwa. dokoki a matakin kasa a Amurka.

Rubutu – S. 1982 – 116^th Majalisa (2019-2020): Ajiye Tekunmu 2.0 Dokar (2020, Disamba 18). https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1982

A cikin 2020, Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Ajiye Tekunmu 2.0 wanda ya kafa buƙatu da ƙarfafawa don ragewa, sake yin fa'ida, da hana tarkacen ruwa (misali, sharar filastik). A lura da lissafin kuma kafa da Kamfanin Marine Debris Foundation, ƙungiyar agaji da mai zaman kanta kuma ba hukuma ba ce ko kafa Amurka. Gidauniyar Debris Foundation za ta yi aiki tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da shirin NOAA na Marine Debris da kuma mai da hankali kan ayyukan tantancewa, hanawa, ragewa, da cire tarkacen ruwa da magance mummunan tasirin tarkacen ruwa da tushen sa akan tattalin arzikin Amurka, marine. yanayi (ciki har da ruwa a cikin ikon Amurka, manyan tekuna, da ruwa a cikin ikon wasu ƙasashe), da amincin kewayawa.

S.5163 - Majalisa ta 117 (2021-2022): Kare Al'umma daga Dokar Filastik. (2022, Disamba 1). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/5163

A cikin 2022, Sen. Cory Booker (DN.J.) da Rep. Jared Huffman (D-CA) sun shiga Sen. Jeff Merkley (D-OR) da Wakilin Alan Lowenthal (D-CA) don gabatar da Ƙungiyoyin Kariya daga Filastik. Dokokin aiki. Gina kan muhimman abubuwan da aka tanada daga Dokar Kare Lafiyar Filastik, wannan lissafin yana da nufin magance rikicin samar da robobin da ke shafar lafiyar ƙananan yankuna da kuma al'ummomin launi. Ta hanyar babban burin kawar da tattalin arzikin Amurka daga robobin amfani guda ɗaya, Dokar Kare Al'umma daga Filastik tana da nufin kafa ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idoji don tsire-tsire masu sinadarai da ƙirƙirar sabbin maƙasudai na ƙasa baki ɗaya don rage tushen filastik da sake amfani da su a cikin marufi da sassan sabis na abinci.

S.2645 - Majalisa ta 117 (2021-2022): Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Rage Gurɓatar da Ba a Sake Yin Amfani da su ba a cikin Dokar Muhalli ta 2021. (2021, Agusta 5). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/2645

Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI) ya gabatar da wani sabon kudiri don ƙirƙirar sabon ƙarfin kuzari don sake sarrafa robobi, rage samar da filastik budurwoyi, da ɗaukar masana'antar robobi da alhakin ɓarna mai guba wanda ke lalata lafiyar jama'a da mahimman wuraren muhalli. . Dokar da aka gabatar, mai taken Ƙoƙarin Bayar da Lada don Rage gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu a cikin Ecosystem (RAGE) Dokar, za ta sanya kuɗin kashi 20 cikin XNUMX a kowace fam akan siyar da robobin budurwa da aka yi aiki a cikin samfuran amfani guda ɗaya. Wannan kuɗin zai taimaka wa robobi da aka sake yin fa'ida suyi gogayya da robobin budurwa akan daidai ƙafa. Abubuwan da aka rufe sun haɗa da marufi, samfuran sabis na abinci, kwantena na abin sha, da jakunkuna - tare da keɓance samfuran likita da samfuran tsabtace mutum.

Jain, N., & LaBeaud, D. (2022). Ta yaya Kiwon Lafiyar Amurka zai jagoranci Canjin Duniya a zubar da Sharar Filastik? AMA Journal of Ethics, 24(10):E986-993. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2022.986.

Hanyoyin zubar da sharar lafiyar filastik a halin yanzu suna yin illa ga daidaiton lafiya a duniya, yana yin tasiri daidai da lafiyar jama'a masu rauni da marasa galihu. Ta ci gaba da fitar da sharar kiwon lafiya na cikin gida da za a jibge a cikin ƙasa da ruwa na ƙasashe masu tasowa, Amurka tana haɓaka tasirin muhalli da kiwon lafiya da ke barazana ga tsarin kiwon lafiya mai dorewa a duniya. Ana buƙatar sake fasalin alhaki na zamantakewa da ɗabi'a don samarwa da sarrafa sharar lafiyar filastik. Wannan labarin yana ba da shawarar sanya cikakken lissafi ga shugabannin ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya, ƙarfafa aiwatar da tsarin samar da kayayyaki da kulawa, da ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi a cikin masana'antar likitanci, filastik, da sharar gida. 

Wong, E. (2019, Mayu 16). Kimiyya akan Tudu: Magance Matsalar Sharar Filastik. Yanayin yanayi. An dawo daga: bit.ly/2HQTrfi

Tarin labaran da ke haɗa masana kimiyya zuwa ƴan majalisa a Dutsen Capitol. Suna magance yadda sharar filastik ke zama barazana da kuma abin da za a iya yi don magance matsalar yayin haɓaka kasuwanci da kuma haifar da haɓaka aiki.

Koma baya

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3. Manufofin Duniya

Nielsen, MB, Clausen, LP, Cronin, R., Hansen, SF, Oturai, NG, & Syberg, K. (2023). Bayyana kimiyyar da ke bayan manufofin manufofin da ke niyya da gurɓataccen filastik. Microplastics da Nanoplastics, 3(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43591-022-00046-y

Marubutan sun yi nazari kan muhimman tsare-tsare guda shida na manufofin da suka shafi gurbatar filastik kuma sun gano cewa ayyukan filastik akai-akai suna nuni ga shaida daga labaran kimiyya da rahotanni. Labaran kimiyya da rahotanni sun ba da ilimi game da tushen filastik, tasirin muhalli na robobi da samarwa da tsarin amfani. Fiye da rabin shirye-shiryen manufofin filastik da aka bincika suna nufin bayanan sa ido kan sharar gida. Ƙungiya daban-daban na labaran kimiyya daban-daban da kayan aikin da alama an yi amfani da su lokacin tsara manufofin manufofin filastik. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai rashin tabbas da yawa da ke da alaƙa da ƙayyadaddun cutarwa daga gurɓataccen filastik, wanda ke nuna cewa manufofin manufofin dole ne su ba da damar sassauci. Gabaɗaya, ana ƙididdige shaidar kimiyya lokacin tsara manufofin manufofin. Shaida iri-iri iri-iri da ake amfani da su don tallafawa manufofin manufofin na iya haifar da yunƙuri masu karo da juna. Wannan rikici na iya shafar shawarwari da manufofin kasa da kasa.

OECD (2022, Fabrairu), Hannun Filastik na Duniya: Direbobin Tattalin Arziki, Tasirin Muhalli da Zaɓuɓɓukan Manufofi. OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/de747aef-en.

Yayin da robobi ke da matukar amfani ga al’ummar wannan zamani, samar da robobi da samar da sharar gida na ci gaba da karuwa kuma ana bukatar daukar matakin gaggawa don ganin tsarin rayuwar robobi ya zama madauwari. A duniya baki daya, kashi 9% na sharar robobi ne ake sake yin amfani da su yayin da kashi 22% ba a sarrafa su ba daidai ba. Kungiyar OECD ta yi kira da a fadada manufofin kasa da inganta hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa don rage tasirin muhalli a duk tsawon sarkar darajar. Wannan rahoto ya mayar da hankali ne kan ilmantarwa da tallafawa kokarin manufofin yaki da leken asiri. Outlook yana gano manyan levers guda huɗu don lanƙwasa lanƙwan robobi: ƙarin tallafi mai ƙarfi don kasuwannin robobi da aka sake fa'ida (na biyu); manufofi don haɓaka fasahar fasaha a cikin robobi; karin matakan manufofin cikin gida masu kishi; da kuma babban hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa. Wannan shi ne na farko daga cikin rahotanni biyu da aka tsara, rahoto na biyu. Hannun Filastik na Duniya: Yanayin Siyasa zuwa 2060 an jera a kasa.

OECD (2022, Yuni), Hannun Filastik na Duniya: Yanayin Siyasa zuwa 2060. OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/aa1edf33-en. 

Duniya ba ta kusa cimma burinta na kawo karshen gurbatar filastik ba, sai dai in ba a aiwatar da wasu tsauraran manufofi da tsare-tsare ba. Don taimakawa cimma burin da kasashe daban-daban suka tsara, OECD ta ba da shawarar duban robobi da yanayin siyasa don taimakawa masu tsara manufofi. Rahoton ya gabatar da wani tsari mai daidaituwa game da robobi zuwa 2060, ciki har da amfani da robobi, sharar gida da kuma tasirin muhalli da ke da alaƙa da robobi, musamman malala ga muhalli. Wannan rahoto shine bibiyar rahoton farko, Direbobin Tattalin Arziki, Tasirin Muhalli da Zaɓuɓɓukan Siyasa (wanda aka jera a sama) wanda ya ƙididdige abubuwan da ake amfani da su na yau da kullun na amfani da robobi, samar da sharar gida da ɗigogi, tare da gano maƙasudin manufofi guda huɗu don dakile tasirin muhalli na robobi.

IUCN. (2022). Takaitaccen bayani na IUCN don Masu Tattaunawa: Plastics Treaty INC. Yarjejeniyar IUCN WCEL akan Task Force Pollution Task Force. https://www.iucn.org/our-union/commissions/group/iucn-wcel-agreement-plastic-pollution-task-force/resources 

IUCN ta ƙirƙiro jerin taƙaitaccen bayanai, kowanne ƙasa da shafuka biyar, don tallafawa zagaye na farko na shawarwarin yarjejeniyar gurɓacewar filastik kamar yadda ƙudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEA) ya gabatar 5/14, Takaitattun bayanan sun dace da takamaiman zama. kuma an gina su akan matakan da aka ɗauka a cikin shekarar da ta gabata game da ma'anar yarjejeniyar, mahimman abubuwan, hulɗa tare da wasu yarjejeniyoyin, yuwuwar tsarin da hanyoyin shari'a. Duk takaitattun bayanai, gami da waɗancan kan mahimman sharuɗɗa, tattalin arziƙin madauwari, hulɗar tsarin mulki, da yarjejeniyoyin muhalli na bangarori da yawa suna samuwa nan. Waɗannan takaitattun bayanai ba wai kawai taimako ne ga masu tsara manufofi ba, amma sun taimaka jagorar ci gaban yarjejeniyar robobi yayin tattaunawar farko.

Tsabtace Tekun Ƙarshe. (2021, Yuli). Dokokin Ƙasa akan Kayayyakin Filastik. lastbeachcleanup.org/countrylaws

Cikakken jerin dokokin duniya masu alaƙa da samfuran filastik. Ya zuwa yanzu, kasashe 188 suna da dokar hana buhun robo na kasar baki daya ko kuma sun yi alkawarin kawo karshen ranar, kasashe 81 suna da dokar hana bambaro robobi a duk fadin kasar ko kuma ranar da aka yi alkawarin kawo karshensu, sannan kasashe 96 suna da haramcin kwandon filastik ko kuma ranar da aka yi alkawarin kawo karshen.

Buchholz, K. (2021). Bayani: Ƙasashen da Suka Hana Jakunkunan Filastik. Bayanan Statista. https://www.statista.com/chart/14120/the-countries-banning-plastic-bags/

Kasashe sittin da tara a duniya suna da cikakken ko wani bangare na hana buhunan robobi. Wasu kasashe talatin da biyu suna biyan kuɗi ko haraji don iyakance robobi. A baya-bayan nan kasar Sin ta sanar da cewa, za ta dakatar da duk wani buhunan da ba za a iya takin zamani ba a manyan biranen kasar nan da karshen shekarar 2020, tare da tsawaita dokar ga daukacin kasar nan da shekarar 2022. magance rikicin robobi.

Umarnin (EU) 2019/904 na Majalisar Turai da na Majalisar 5 Yuni 2019 kan rage tasirin wasu samfuran filastik akan muhalli. PE/11/2019/REV/1 OJ L 155, 12.6.2019, shafi. 1–19 (BG, ES, CS, DA, DE, ET, EL, EN, FR, GA, HR, IT, LV, LT, HU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SL, FI, SV). ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/904/oj

Dole ne a magance ci gaba da haɓakar samar da shara da robobi da zubewar dattin robobi a cikin muhalli, musamman cikin yanayin ruwa, domin a cimma madauwari ta rayuwar robobi. Wannan doka ta hana nau'ikan robobi guda 10 masu amfani guda ɗaya kuma ta shafi wasu samfuran SUP, samfuran da aka yi daga robobin da ba za a iya lalata su ba da kayan kamun kifi mai ɗauke da robobi. Ya sanya takunkumin kasuwa a kan kayan yankan filastik, bambaro, faranti, kofuna kuma ya saita manufa ta tara na sake amfani da 90% na kwalaben filastik SUP nan da 2029. Wannan haramcin kan robobin amfani guda ɗaya ya riga ya fara yin tasiri kan yadda masu amfani ke amfani da filastik da da fatan za ta haifar da raguwar gurɓacewar filastik a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa.

Cibiyar Siyasa ta Duniya (2022). Bita na duniya game da manufofin robobi don tallafawa ingantattun yanke shawara da lissafin jama'a. Maris, A., Salam, S., Evans, T., Hilton, J., da Fletcher, S. (masu gyara). Revolution Plastics, Jami'ar Portsmouth, UK. https://plasticspolicy.port.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/GPPC-Report.pdf

A cikin 2022, Cibiyar Manufofin Filastik ta Duniya ta fitar da wani bincike na tushen shaida wanda ke kimanta tasirin manufofin robobi 100 waɗanda kamfanoni, gwamnatoci, da ƙungiyoyin jama'a ke aiwatarwa a duk faɗin duniya. Wannan rahoto ya ba da cikakken bayani game da waɗannan binciken- gano mahimmancin gibi a cikin shaida ga kowace manufa, kimanta abubuwan da suka hana ko haɓaka ayyukan manufofin, da kuma haɗa kowane bincike don haskaka ayyuka masu nasara da mahimmanci ga masu tsara manufofi. Wannan zurfin bita na manufofin robobi na faɗin duniya wani faɗaɗa ne na bankin Global Plastic Policy Centre na nazarin dabarun robobi da kansa, irinsa na farko da ke aiki a matsayin babban malami kuma mai ba da labari kan ingantacciyar manufar gurɓataccen filastik. 

Royle, J., Jack, B., Parris, H., Hogg, D., & Eliot, T. (2019). Fitowar Filastik: Sabuwar hanya don magance gurɓacewar filastik daga tushe zuwa teku. Tekun gama gari. https://commonseas.com/uploads/Plastic-Drawdown-%E2%80%93-A-summary-for-policy-makers.pdf

Samfurin Drawdown na Filastik ya ƙunshi matakai guda huɗu: ƙirƙira ƙirƙira da ƙirar robobi na ƙasar, tsara taswirar hanyar amfani da robobi da zub da jini a cikin teku, nazarin tasirin mahimman manufofi, da sauƙaƙe samar da yarjejeniya kan manyan manufofin gwamnati, al'umma, da masu ruwa da tsaki na kasuwanci. Akwai manufofi daban-daban guda goma sha takwas da aka bincika a cikin wannan takarda, kowanne yana tattauna yadda suke aiki, matakin nasara (tasiri), da kuma abin da macro da / ko microplastics yake magana.

Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (2021). Daga Lalacewa zuwa Magani: Kima a duniya game da sharar ruwa da gurbatar ruwa. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.unep.org/resources/pollution-solution-global-assessment-marine-litter-and-plastic-pollution

Wannan kima ta duniya ta yi nazarin girma da tsananin dattin ruwa da gurɓacewar robobi a cikin dukkan halittu da kuma illolinsu ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli. Yana ba da cikakkiyar sabuntawa game da ilimin halin yanzu da gibin bincike game da tasirin gurɓataccen filastik kai tsaye akan yanayin yanayin ruwa, barazanar lafiyar duniya, da kuma tsadar zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin tarkacen teku. Gabaɗaya, rahoton yana ƙoƙarin faɗakarwa da faɗakar da gaggawa, matakin tushen shaida a duk matakai a duk faɗin duniya.

Koma baya

3.1 Yarjejeniyar Duniya

Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. (2022, Maris 2). Abin da Kuna Bukatar Sanin Game da Ƙaƙƙarfan Ƙaƙƙarfan Filastik. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/what-you-need-know-about-plastic-pollution-resolution

Daya daga cikin amintattun gidajen yanar gizo don samun bayanai da sabuntawa kan yarjejeniyar Duniya, Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya yana daya daga cikin ingantattun hanyoyin samun labarai da sabuntawa. Wannan gidan yanar gizon ya sanar da kudurin mai cike da tarihi a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ya koma zama na biyar.UNEA-5.2) a Nairobi don kawo karshen gurbatar filastik da kuma kulla yarjejeniya ta doka ta kasa da kasa nan da 2024. Sauran abubuwan da aka jera a shafin sun hada da hanyoyin haɗi zuwa takarda akan Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi game da Yarjejeniyar Duniya da kuma rikodin na Kudirin UNEP ciyar da yarjejeniyar gaba, da kuma a kayan aiki akan gurbatar filastik.

IISD (2023, Maris 7). Takaitacciyar Taro Na Biyar Da Aka Ci Gaba Da Bude Ƙarshen Kwamitin Wakilai na Dindindin da Majalisar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Tunawa da UNEP@50: 21 Fabrairu - 4 Maris 2022. Tattaunawar Tattaunawar Duniya, Vol. 16, Na 166. https://enb.iisd.org/unea5-oecpr5-unep50

Taro na biyar na Majalisar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEA-5.2), wanda aka yi a karkashin taken "Karfafa Ayyuka don Nature don Cimma Manufofin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa," Bulletin na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ruwaito. domin tattaunawa kan muhalli da raya kasa. Wannan taswirar ta musamman ta ƙunshi UNEAS 5.2 kuma hanya ce mai ban mamaki ga waɗanda ke neman ƙarin fahimta game da UNEA, ƙudurin 5.2 na "Ƙarshen gurɓataccen filastik: Zuwa ga na'urar da ta dace ta duniya" da sauran kudurorin da aka tattauna a taron.  

Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. (2023, Disamba). Zama na farko na Kwamitin Tattaunawa tsakanin gwamnatoci kan gurbatar Filaye. Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Punta del Este, Uruguay. https://www.unep.org/events/conference/inter-governmental-negotiating-committee-meeting-inc-1

Wannan shafin yanar gizon ya ba da cikakken bayani game da taron farko na kwamitin tattaunawa tsakanin gwamnatoci (INC) da aka gudanar a ƙarshen 2022 a Uruguay. Ya shafi zaman farko na kwamitin sulhu na gwamnatoci don samar da wani na'ura mai daure kai ta kasa da kasa kan gurbatar robobi, gami da muhallin ruwa. Ana samun ƙarin hanyoyin haɗi zuwa rikodin taron ta hanyoyin haɗin YouTube da kuma bayanai kan zaman taƙaitaccen bayani da PowerPoints daga taron. Ana samun waɗannan rikodin duk cikin Ingilishi, Faransanci, Sinanci, Rashanci, da Sifaniyanci.

Andersen, I. (2022, Maris 2). Jagorar Gaba don Ayyukan Muhalli. Jawabi don: Babban yanki na Majalisar Muhalli ta Biyar da aka Ci gaba. Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/speech/leap-forward-environmental-action

Babban Daraktan Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP), ya ce yarjejeniyar ita ce mafi mahimmancin yarjejeniyar kare muhalli ta kasa da kasa tun bayan yarjejeniyar sauyin yanayi ta Paris a cikin jawabinsa na bayar da shawarar zartas da kudurin fara aiki kan yarjejeniyar filaye ta duniya. Ya yi nuni da cewa yarjejeniyar za ta kirga ne kawai idan tana da fayyace tanade-tanade wadanda suka dace da doka, kamar yadda kudurin ya bayyana kuma dole ne ya dauki cikakkiyar tsarin rayuwa. Wannan jawabin yana yin kyakkyawan aiki na rufe buƙatun Yarjejeniya ta Duniya da abubuwan da Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da fifiko yayin da ake ci gaba da tattaunawa.

IISD (2022, Disamba 7). Takaitacciyar Taron Farko na Kwamitin Tattaunawa na Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa don Ƙirƙirar Na'urar da ta Dogara ta Ƙasashen Duniya game da Gurbacewar Filastik: 28 Nuwamba - 2 Disamba 2022. Tattaunawar Duniya, Vol 36, No. 7. https://enb.iisd.org/plastic-pollution-marine-environment-negotiating-committee-inc1

Taron da aka yi a karon farko, kwamitin tattaunawa tsakanin gwamnatoci (INC), Membobin kasashe sun amince da yin shawarwari kan wani na'ura mai daurewa doka ta kasa da kasa (ILBI) kan gurbatar gurbataccen ruwa, gami da muhallin ruwa, inda ta kafa wani lokaci mai cike da buri na kammala shawarwari a shekarar 2024. Kamar yadda muka gani a sama. Bulletin Tattaunawar Duniya bulletin ne na UNEA wanda ke aiki a matsayin sabis na bayar da rahoto don tattaunawar muhalli da ci gaba.

Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. (2023). Zama na Biyu na Kwamitin Tattaunawa tsakanin gwamnatoci kan gurɓacewar filastik: 29 ga Mayu - 2 ga Yuni 2023. https://www.unep.org/events/conference/second-session-intergovernmental-negotiating-committee-develop-international

Abubuwan da za a sabunta bayan kammala zama na 2 a watan Yuni 2023.

Cibiyar Sadarwar Jagorancin Tekun Filastik. (2021, Yuni 10). Tattaunawar Yarjejeniyar Filastik ta Duniya. YouTube. https://youtu.be/GJdNdWmK4dk.

An fara tattaunawa ta hanyar jerin tarurrukan kan layi na duniya don shirye-shiryen yanke shawarar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEA) a watan Fabrairun 2022 kan ko za a bi yarjejeniya ta duniya kan robobi. The Ocean Plastics Leadership Network (OPLN) ƙungiya mai fafutuka-zuwa masana'antu mai mutane 90 tana haɗawa da Greenpeace da WWF don samar da ingantattun jerin tattaunawa. Kasashe 30 ne ke kiran da a kulla yarjejeniyar robobi ta duniya tare da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da manyan kamfanoni XNUMX. Bangarorin suna kira da a ba da cikakken rahoto kan robobi a tsawon rayuwarsu don yin la’akari da duk wani abu da ake yi da yadda ake tafiyar da shi, amma har yanzu akwai sauran gibin rashin jituwa.

Parker, L. (2021, Yuni 8). Yarjejeniyar duniya don daidaita gurɓatar filastik ta sami ci gaba. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/global-treaty-to-regulate-plastic-pollution-gains-momentum

A duniya akwai ma'anoni bakwai na abin da ake ɗaukar jakar filastik kuma wanda ya zo tare da dokoki daban-daban ga kowace ƙasa. Ajandar yarjejeniyar ta duniya ta ta'allaka ne kan gano daidaitattun ma'anoni da ma'auni, daidaita manufofin kasa da tsare-tsare, yarjejeniyoyin da suka shafi ka'idojin bayar da rahoto, da kuma samar da asusu don taimakawa wajen ba da gudummawar wuraren sarrafa sharar gida inda aka fi bukatar su a cikin kasa da kasa. kasashe.

Gidauniyar namun daji ta Duniya, Gidauniyar Ellen MacArthur, & Kungiyar Masu Ba da Shawarwari ta Boston. (2020). Batun Kasuwanci don Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan gurbatar Filastik. WWF, Ellen MacArthur Foundation, da BCG. https://f.hubspotusercontent20.net/hubfs/4783129/ Plastics/UN%20treaty%20plastic%20poll%20report%20a4_ single_pages_v15-web-prerelease-3mb.pdf

An yi kira ga kamfanoni da kamfanoni na kasa da kasa da su goyi bayan yarjejeniyar robobi na duniya, saboda gurbatar filastik zai shafi makomar kasuwanci. Kamfanoni da yawa suna fuskantar haɗari na mutunci, yayin da masu amfani suka ƙara fahimtar haɗarin filastik da kuma buƙatar bayyana gaskiya game da sarkar samar da filastik. Ma'aikata suna so su yi aiki a kamfanoni tare da kyakkyawar manufa, masu zuba jari suna neman tsammanin kamfanoni masu kyau na muhalli, kuma masu mulki suna inganta manufofi don magance matsalar filastik. Ga 'yan kasuwa, yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan gurbatar robobi za ta rage hadaddun aiki da dokoki daban-daban a fadin kasuwanni, saukaka bayar da rahoto, da kuma taimakawa wajen inganta abubuwan da za su iya cimma burin kamfanoni. Wannan dama ce ga manyan kamfanoni na duniya su kasance a sahun gaba wajen sauya manufofi don ci gaban duniyarmu.

Hukumar Binciken Muhalli. (2020, Yuni). Yarjejeniyar Kan Gurbacewar Filastik: Zuwa Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Duniya don Magance Gurɓacewar Filastik. Hukumar Binciken Muhalli da Gaia. https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Convention-on-Plastic-Pollution-June- 2020-Shafuka-daya-daya.pdf.

Kasashe membobi zuwa Yarjejeniyar Filastik sun gano manyan wurare 4 inda tsarin duniya ya zama dole: saka idanu / rahoto, rigakafin gurɓataccen filastik, haɗin kai na duniya, da tallafin fasaha / kuɗi. Sa ido da bayar da rahoto za su dogara ne akan alamu guda biyu: tsarin sa ido na sama na sa ido kan gurɓacewar filastik a halin yanzu, da kuma hanyar ƙasa zuwa sama na ba da rahoton ɓarna. Ƙirƙirar hanyoyin daidaitattun rahotanni na duniya tare da tsarin rayuwar robobi zai haifar da canji zuwa tsarin tattalin arziki madauwari. Rigakafin gurbataccen filastik zai taimaka sanar da tsare-tsaren ayyuka na kasa, da magance takamaiman batutuwa kamar microplastics da daidaitawa a cikin sarkar darajar filastik. Haɗin kai na ƙasa da ƙasa kan tushen tushen robobi, cinikin sharar gida, da gurɓataccen sinadarai zai taimaka wajen haɓaka nau'ikan halittu tare da faɗaɗa musayar ilimin yanki. A ƙarshe, tallafin fasaha da na kuɗi zai haɓaka yanke shawara na kimiyya da zamantakewar tattalin arziki, yayin da yake taimakawa sauyin yanayi ga ƙasashe masu tasowa.

Koma baya

3.2 Kwamitin Manufofin Kimiyya

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. (2023, Janairu - Fabrairu). Rahoton kashi na biyu na zama na farko na rukunin aiki na wucin gadi na bude kofa ga kwamitin kula da manufofin kimiyya don kara ba da gudummawa ga ingantaccen sarrafa sinadarai da sharar gida da kuma hana gurbatar yanayi.. Ƙungiya mai buɗe ido na Ad hoc akan kwamitin manufofin kimiyya don ƙara ba da gudummawa ga ingantaccen sarrafa sinadarai da sharar gida da kuma hana gurɓata zaman farko na Nairobi, 6 Oktoba 2022 da Bangkok, Thailand. https://www.unep.org/oewg1.2-ssp-chemicals-waste-pollution

Kungiyar aiki bude ido ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (OEWG) a kan wani kwamiti na siyasa don ba da gudummawa ga ingantaccen sarrafa sinadarai da sharar gida da kuma hana gurbatar yanayi an gudanar da shi a Bangkok, daga 30 ga Janairu zuwa 3 ga Fabrairu 2023. Yayin taron. , Neman 5 / 8, Majalisar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEA) ta yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata a kafa kwamitin kula da harkokin kimiyya don kara ba da gudummawa ga ingantaccen sarrafa sinadarai da sharar gida da kuma hana gurbatar yanayi. UNEA ta kuma yanke shawarar yin taro, bisa la'akari da wadatar albarkatu, OEWG don shirya shawarwari ga kwamitin kula da harkokin kimiyya, don fara aiki a 2022 tare da burin kammala shi a karshen 2024. Rahoton karshe daga taron zai iya zama samu nan. 

Wang, Z. et al. (2021) Muna buƙatar ƙungiyar kimiyya-manufa ta duniya akan sinadarai da sharar gida. Kimiyya. 371 (6531) E: 774-776. DOI: 10.1126/kimiyya.abe9090 | Madadin hanyar haɗi: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abe9090

Yawancin ƙasashe da ƙungiyoyin siyasa na yanki suna da tsari da tsare-tsaren manufofi don sarrafa sinadarai da sharar gida da ke da alaƙa da ayyukan ɗan adam don rage cutar da lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli. Wadannan tsare-tsare an haɗa su tare da faɗaɗa su ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na kasa da kasa, musamman masu alaƙa da gurbataccen yanayi waɗanda ke yin jigilar dogon zango ta iska, ruwa, da biota; tafiya ta kan iyakokin kasa ta hanyar cinikin albarkatun kasa da kasa, kayayyaki, da sharar gida; ko kuma suna cikin ƙasashe da yawa (1). An sami wasu ci gaba, amma Global Chemicals Outlook (GCO-II) daga Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) (1) ta yi kira da "ƙarfafa [ƙarfafa] dabarun kimiyya da manufofin kimiyya da amfani da kimiyya wajen sa ido kan ci gaba, saitin fifiko, da aiwatar da manufofi a duk tsawon rayuwar sinadarai da sharar gida." Tare da Majalisar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEA) nan ba da jimawa ba za ta yi taro don tattauna yadda za a karfafa haɗin gwiwar kimiyya da manufofin kimiyya kan sinadarai da sharar gida (2), mun yi nazari kan yanayin ƙasa tare da fayyace shawarwari don kafa wata ƙungiya mai ƙarfi kan sinadarai da sharar gida.

Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (2020). Ƙimar Zaɓuɓɓuka don Ƙarfafa Mahimman Bayanan Kimiyya-Manufa a Matakin Duniya don Gudanar da Sauti na Sinadarai da Sharar gida. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/33808/ OSSP.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Bukatar gaggawa don ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar tsarin kimiyya-kimiyya a kowane matakai don tallafawa da haɓaka aikin tushen kimiyya na gida, ƙasa, yanki da na duniya akan ingantaccen sarrafa sinadarai da sharar gida fiye da 2020; amfani da kimiyya wajen sa ido kan ci gaba; saitin fifiko da tsara manufofi a duk tsawon rayuwar sinadarai da sharar gida, la'akari da gibi da bayanan kimiyya a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa.

Fadeeva, Z., & Van Berkel, R. (2021, Janairu). Buɗe tattalin arziƙin madauwari don rigakafin gurɓacewar filastik ta ruwa: Binciken manufofin G20 da tsare-tsare. Jaridar Gudanar da Muhalli. 277(111457). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111457

Ana samun ci gaba a duniya game da sharar ruwan teku da kuma sake tunani kan tsarinmu na robobi da marufi, da kuma fayyace matakan ba da damar sauye-sauye zuwa tattalin arzikin madauwari wanda zai yaki robobin amfani guda daya da kuma mummunan waje. Wadannan matakan sun kasance a matsayin shawarwarin siyasa ga kasashen G20.

Koma baya

3.3 Basel Convention Plastic Sharar gida

Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. (2023). Taron Basel. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. http://www.basel.int/Implementation/Plasticwaste/Overview/ tabid/8347/Default.aspx

Babban taron jam'iyyun da ke da yarjejeniyar Basel ne ya motsa wannan matakin BC-14/12 ta inda ta gyara Annexes II, VIII da IX ga Yarjejeniyar dangane da sharar filastik. Hanyoyi masu taimako sun haɗa da sabon taswirar labari akan 'Sharar gida da kuma Yarjejeniyar Basel' wanda ke ba da bayanai na gani ta hanyar bidiyo da bayanan bayanai don bayyana rawar da Basel Convention Plastic Waste gyaran gyare-gyare a cikin sarrafa motsin iyaka, haɓaka ingantaccen tsarin muhalli, da haɓaka rigakafi da rage haɓakar haɓakar sharar filastik. 

Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. (2023). Sarrafa Matsalolin Matsala na Tsararru masu haɗari da zubar da su. Taron Basel. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. http://www.basel.int/Implementation/Plasticwastes/PlasticWaste Partnership/tabid/8096/Default.aspx

An kafa Ƙwararrun Sharar Filastik (PWP) a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Basel, don haɓakawa da haɓaka tsarin kula da lafiyar muhalli (ESM) na sharar filastik da kuma hanawa da rage yawan tsarar sa. Shirin ya sa ido ko tallafawa ayyukan gwaji guda 23 don haɓaka aiki. Wadannan ayyukan an yi niyya ne don inganta rigakafin sharar gida, inganta tarin sharar, magance zirga-zirgar sharar robobi daga kan iyaka, da ba da ilimi da wayar da kan gurbatar filastik a matsayin abu mai hadari.

Benson, E. & Mortsensen, S. (2021, Oktoba 7). Yarjejeniya ta Basel: Daga Sharar Datti zuwa Gurbacewar Filastik. Cibiyar Dabaru & Nazarin Ƙasashen Duniya. https://www.csis.org/analysis/basel-convention-hazardous-waste-plastic-pollution

Wannan labarin yana aiki mai kyau na bayyana mahimman abubuwan al'ada na Basel ga masu sauraro gaba ɗaya. Rahoton CSIS ya ƙunshi kafa yarjejeniyar Basel a cikin 1980s don magance sharar gida mai guba. Jihohi 53 da Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Turai (EEC) ne suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Basel don taimakawa wajen daidaita kasuwancin datti da kuma rage jigilar da ba a so na jigilar guba da gwamnatoci ba su amince da karba ba. Labarin ya kara ba da bayanai ta hanyar jerin tambayoyi da amsoshi ciki har da wanda ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar, menene illar gyare-gyaren filastik, da abin da zai biyo baya. Tsarin Basel na farko ya haifar da ƙaddamarwa don magance daidaitaccen zubar da sharar gida, kodayake wannan wani ɓangare ne kawai na babban dabarun da ake buƙata don cimma tattalin arziƙin madauwari da gaske.

Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka. (2022, Yuni 22). Sabbin bukatu na kasa da kasa don fitarwa da shigo da abubuwan sake amfani da filastik da sharar gida. EPA. https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/new-international-requirements-export-and-import-plastic-recyclables-and-waste

A cikin Mayu na 2019, ƙasashe 187 sun hana kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin tarkacen filastik / sake yin amfani da su ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Basel kan Kula da Matsalolin Matsala na Barasa mai haɗari da zubar da su. Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2021 ana iya sake yin amfani da su da sharar gida kawai zuwa ƙasashe tare da izinin rubutaccen izinin ƙasar da ake shigowa da su da kowace ƙasa mai wucewa. {Asar Amirka ba ita ce jam'iyyar Basel a halin yanzu ba, ma'ana cewa duk wata ƙasa da ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Basel ba za ta iya yin cinikin sharar da Basel ta kayyade tare da Amurka (waɗanda ba jam'iyya ba) ba tare da wasu yarjejeniyoyin da aka kayyade tsakanin ƙasashe ba. Waɗannan buƙatun suna nufin magance zubar da shara mara kyau na robobi da rage zub da jini a cikin muhalli. Ya kasance al'ada ce ta al'ada ga kasashen da suka ci gaba su aika robobin su zuwa kasashe masu tasowa, amma sabbin takunkumin na kara yin wahala.

Koma baya

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4. Tattalin Arziki na Da'ira

Gorrasi, G., Sorrentino, A., & Lichtfouse, E. (2021). Komawa gurbataccen filastik a lokutan COVID. Haruffa Chemistry na Muhalli. 19 (shafi na 1-4). HAL Budaddiyar Kimiyya. https://hal.science/hal-02995236

Rikici da gaggawar da cutar ta COVID-19 ta haifar ya haifar da yawan samar da robobi da aka samu daga mai wanda ya yi watsi da ƙa'idodin da aka tsara a cikin manufofin muhalli. Wannan labarin ya jaddada cewa mafita don dorewar tattalin arziki da madauwari yana buƙatar sabbin abubuwa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, ilimin mabukaci da kuma mafi mahimmancin son siyasa.

Cibiyar Dokokin Muhalli ta Duniya. (2023, Maris). Bayan Maimaituwa: Lissafi tare da Filastik a Tattalin Arziƙi na Da'ira. Cibiyar Dokokin Muhalli ta Duniya. https://www.ciel.org/reports/circular-economy-analysis/ 

An rubuta shi don masu tsara manufofi, wannan rahoto yana yin jayayya don ƙarin la'akari da za a yi lokacin yin dokoki game da filastik. Musamman ma marubucin ya ce ya kamata a kara kaimi dangane da illar robobi, ya kamata a gane cewa kona robobi ba wani bangare ne na tattalin arzikin da'ira ba, ana iya daukar tsari mai aminci da madauwari, kuma kiyaye hakkin dan Adam ya zama dole don haka. cimma tattalin arziki madauwari. manufofi ko hanyoyin fasaha da ke buƙatar ci gaba da faɗaɗa samar da robobi ba za a iya lakafta su da madauwari ba, don haka bai kamata a yi la'akari da su mafita ga rikicin robobi na duniya ba. A ƙarshe, marubucin ya yi jayayya cewa duk wata sabuwar yarjejeniya ta duniya kan robobi, alal misali, dole ne ta kasance ta ƙididdige takunkumin hana kera robobi da kuma kawar da sinadarai masu guba a cikin sarkar samar da robobi.

Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2022, Nuwamba 2). Rahoton Ci gaba na Alƙawarin Duniya na 2022. Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. https://emf.thirdlight.com/link/f6oxost9xeso-nsjoqe/@/# 

Kiyasin ya gano cewa burin da kamfanoni suka tsara don cimma buƙatun da za a sake amfani da su 100%, da za a iya sake yin amfani da su, ko kuma takin zamani nan da shekarar 2025, kusan ba za a cimma su ba kuma za su rasa maƙasudin 2025 na tattalin arziƙin madauwari. Rahoton ya yi nuni da cewa ana samun ci gaba mai karfi, amma hasashen rashin cimma matsaya na kara karfafa bukatar hanzarta daukar matakai tare da bayar da hujjar kawar da ci gaban kasuwanci daga yin amfani da marufi tare da daukar matakin gaggawa da gwamnatoci ke bukata domin kawo sauyi. Wannan rahoto wani muhimmin fasali ne ga masu neman fahimtar halin da ake ciki na alkawurran da kamfanin ke yi na rage robobi yayin bayar da sukar da ake bukata ga ‘yan kasuwa su dauki mataki na gaba.

Greenpeace. (2022, Oktoba 14). Da'awar da'ira ta sake Faduwa. Rahoton Greenpeace. https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/reports/circular-claims-fall-flat-again/

A matsayin sabuntawa ga Nazarin GreenPeace na 2020, marubutan sun sake nazarin iƙirarinsu na baya cewa direban tattalin arziƙin don tattarawa, rarrabuwa, da sake sarrafa samfuran filastik bayan masu siye na iya yin muni yayin da samar da filastik ke ƙaruwa. Marubutan sun gano cewa a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata an tabbatar da wannan da'awar ta gaskiya tare da sake yin amfani da wasu nau'ikan kwalabe na filastik kawai. Takardar ta kuma tattauna dalilan da suka sa sake yin amfani da injina da sinadarai suka gaza ciki har da yadda tsarin sake yin amfani da shi yake da almubazzaranci da guba da kuma cewa ba shi da tattalin arziki. Akwai bukatar a dauki karin matakai nan take don magance matsalar gurbacewar filastik.

Hocevar, J. (2020, Fabrairu 18). Rahoto: Da'awar Da'ira Sun Faru. Greenpeace. https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Greenpeace-Report-Circular-Claims-Fall-Flat.pdf

Binciken tarin sharar filastik na yanzu, rarrabuwa, da sake sarrafa su a cikin Amurka don sanin ko samfuran za a iya kiran su da gaskiya "mai sake yin fa'ida". Binciken ya gano cewa kusan dukkanin abubuwan gurɓataccen filastik na yau da kullun, gami da sabis na abinci guda ɗaya da kayayyakin jin daɗi, ba za a iya sake yin amfani da su ba saboda dalilai daban-daban daga gundumomi suna tattarawa amma ba sake yin amfani da su ba zuwa robobi na ruɓewa a kan kwalabe da ke sa ba za a iya sake yin su ba. Duba sama don sabunta rahoton 2022.

Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka. (2021, Nuwamba). Dabarun sake amfani da ƙasa Sashi na ɗaya na jeri akan Gina Tattalin Arziki na Da'ira ga kowa. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-11/final-national-recycling-strategy.pdf

Dabarun sake amfani da su na ƙasa an mayar da hankali ne kan haɓakawa da haɓaka tsarin sake amfani da datti na birni na ƙasa (MSW) tare da burin ƙirƙirar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfi, juriya da tsadar sharar sarrafa sharar da tsarin sake amfani da su a cikin Amurka. Makasudin rahoton sun hada da ingantattun kasuwanni na kayayyaki da aka sake sarrafa su, da kara tarawa da inganta ababen more rayuwa na sarrafa sharar kayayyaki, rage gurbatar yanayi a rafi da kayan da aka sake yin fa'ida, da karuwar manufofin tallafawa da'ira. Duk da yake sake yin amfani da shi ba zai magance matsalar gurɓatar filastik ba, wannan dabarar na iya taimakawa wajen jagorantar mafi kyawun ayyuka don motsi zuwa tattalin arziƙin madauwari. Abin lura, sashe na ƙarshe na wannan rahoto ya ba da taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen aikin da hukumomin tarayya ke yi a Amurka.

Bayan Filastik (2022, Mayu). Rahoto: Gaskiyar Gaskiya Game da Adadin Sake Amfani da Filastik na Amurka. Tsabtace Tekun Ƙarshe. https://www.lastbeachcleanup.org/_files/ ugd/dba7d7_9450ed6b848d4db098de1090df1f9e99.pdf 

Adadin sake yin amfani da filastik na Amurka na yanzu na 2021 an kiyasta yana tsakanin 5 da 6%. Haɓaka ƙarin asarar da ba a auna su ba, kamar sharar filastik da aka tattara a ƙarƙashin sunan "sake amfani da" da aka ƙone, a maimakon haka, ƙimar sake amfani da filastik na gaskiya na Amurka na iya zama ƙasa da ƙasa. Wannan yana da mahimmanci saboda ƙimar kwali da ƙarfe sun fi girma sosai. Rahoton ya kuma ba da taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen tarihin tarihin sharar robobi, fitar da kaya, da kuma sake yin amfani da su a Amurka tare da yin jayayya game da ayyukan da ke rage adadin robobin da ake amfani da su kamar haramcin robobi guda ɗaya, tashoshi na ruwa, da kwantena da za a sake amfani da su. shirye-shirye.

Sabon Tattalin Arzikin Filastik. (2020). Hangen Tattalin Arziki na Da'ira don Filastik. PDF

Siffofin shida da ake buƙata don cimma tattalin arziƙin madauwari sune: (a) kawar da matsala ko robobin da ba dole ba; (b) Ana sake amfani da abubuwa don rage buƙatar robobin amfani guda ɗaya; (c) duk filastik dole ne a sake amfani da su, sake yin amfani da su, ko takin; (d) Ana sake amfani da duk marufi, sake yin fa'ida, ko takin a aikace; (e) Ana cire filastik daga amfani da albarkatu masu iyaka; (f) duk fakitin filastik ba su da sinadarai masu haɗari kuma ana mutunta haƙƙoƙin kowane mutum. Daftarin aiki madaidaiciya shine saurin karantawa ga duk wanda ke da sha'awar mafi kyawun hanyoyin hanyoyin tattalin arzikin madauwari ba tare da cikakken bayani ba.

Fadeeva, Z., & Van Berkel, R. (2021, Janairu). Buɗe tattalin arziƙin madauwari don rigakafin gurɓacewar filastik ta ruwa: Binciken manufofin G20 da tsare-tsare. Jaridar Gudanar da Muhalli. 277(111457). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111457

Ana samun ci gaba a duniya game da sharar ruwan teku da kuma sake tunani kan tsarinmu na robobi da marufi, da kuma fayyace matakan ba da damar sauye-sauye zuwa tattalin arzikin madauwari wanda zai yaki robobin amfani guda daya da kuma mummunan waje. Wadannan matakan sun kasance a matsayin shawarwarin siyasa ga kasashen G20.

Nunez, C. (2021, Satumba 30). Hanyoyi huɗu masu mahimmanci don gina tattalin arzikin madauwari. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/paid-content-four-key-ideas-to-building-a-circular-economy-for-plastics

Masana a sassa daban-daban sun yarda cewa za mu iya ƙirƙirar ingantaccen tsari inda ake sake amfani da kayan akai-akai. A cikin 2021, Ƙungiyar Shaye-shaye ta Amurka (ABA) kusan ta kira ƙungiyar ƙwararru, gami da shugabannin muhalli, masu tsara manufofi, da masu ƙirƙira kamfanoni, don tattauna rawar filastik a cikin marufi, masana'anta na gaba, da tsarin sake amfani da su, tare da babban tsarin shine la'akari da daidaitawa da'ira tattalin arziki mafita. 

Meys, R., Frick, F., Westhues, S., Sternberg, A., Klankermayer, J., & Bardow, A. (2020, Nuwamba). Zuwa tattalin arzikin madauwari don sharar fakitin filastik - yuwuwar muhalli na sake amfani da sinadarai. Albarkatu, Kiyayewa da sake amfani da su. 162 (105010). DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105010.

Keijer, T., Bakker, V., & Slootweg, JC (2019, Fabrairu 21). Chemistry madauwari don ba da damar tattalin arzikin madauwari. Nature Chemistry. 11 (190-195). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-019-0226-9

Don inganta ingantaccen albarkatu da ba da damar rufaffiyar madauki, masana'antar sinadarai marasa sharar gida, abin da ake amfani da shi na layi sannan dole ne a maye gurbin tattalin arzikin da aka kashe. Don yin wannan, la'akari da dorewar samfur ya kamata ya haɗa da tsawon rayuwar sa gaba ɗaya kuma da nufin maye gurbin tsarin layi tare da sunadarai madauwari. 

Spalding, M. (2018, Afrilu 23). Karka Bari Filastik Ya Shiga Teku. The Ocean Foundation. earthday.org/2018/05/02/kada-ka-la-da-plastic-shiga-cikin-teku

Babban abin da aka yi don Tattaunawar Ƙarshen Gurbacewar Filastik a Ofishin Jakadancin Finland ya tsara batun robobi a cikin teku. Spalding ya tattauna matsalolin robobi a cikin teku, yadda robobin da ake amfani da su guda ɗaya ke taka rawa, da kuma inda robobi suka fito. Rigakafi shine mabuɗin, kar ku kasance cikin matsalar, kuma aikin sirri shine farawa mai kyau. Sake amfani da rage sharar gida yana da mahimmanci.

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5. Koren Chemistry

Tan, V. (2020, Maris 24). Shin Bio-plastics Magani Mai Dorewa? Tattaunawar TEDx. YouTube. https://youtu.be/Kjb7AlYOSgo.

Bio-roba na iya zama mafita ga samar da robobi na tushen man fetur, amma bioplastics ba ya hana matsalar sharar filastik. Bioplastics a halin yanzu sun fi tsada kuma ba su da sauƙi idan aka kwatanta da robobin tushen man fetur. Bugu da ari, bioplastics ba lallai ba ne mafi kyau ga muhalli fiye da robobin tushen man fetur kamar yadda wasu bioplastics ba za su lalace ta zahiri a cikin muhalli ba. Bioplastics kadai ba zai iya magance matsalar mu filastik ba, amma suna iya zama wani ɓangare na mafita. Muna buƙatar ƙarin cikakkun dokoki da ingantaccen aiwatarwa wanda ya shafi samarwa, amfani, da zubar da filastik.

Tickner, J., Jacobs, M. da Brody, C. (2023, Fabrairu 25). Chemistry Yana Bukatar Gaggawa Don Haɓaka Kayayyakin Amintattun. Kimiyyar Amurka. www.scientificamerican.com/article/chemistry-urgently-needs-to-develop-safer-materials/

Marubutan sun bayar da hujjar cewa idan za mu kawo karshen illolin sinadarai masu haɗari da ke sa mutane da halittu marasa lafiya, muna buƙatar magance dogaro da ɗan adam ga waɗannan sinadarai da hanyoyin kera da ake buƙata don ƙirƙirar su. Abubuwan da ake buƙata su ne masu tsada, aiki mai kyau, da mafita mai dorewa.

Neitzert, T. (2019, Agusta 2). Me yasa robobin takin zamani bazai zama mafi kyau ga muhalli ba. Tattaunawa. theconversation.com/why-compostable-plastics-may-be-no-better-for-the-environment-100016

Yayin da duniya ke juyawa daga robobin amfani guda ɗaya, sabbin samfuran da za a iya lalata su ko takin suna da alama sun zama mafi kyawun madadin filastik, amma suna iya zama marasa kyau ga muhalli. Yawancin matsalar ta ta'allaka ne da ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi, rashin sake amfani da kayan aikin takin zamani, da kuma gubar robobi masu lalacewa. Ana buƙatar nazarin yanayin rayuwar samfurin gaba ɗaya kafin a yi masa lakabi da mafi kyawun madadin filastik.

Gibbens, S. (2018, Nuwamba 15). Abin da Kuna Bukatar Ku sani game da Filastik na Tushen Shuka. National Geographic. nationalgeographic.com.au/nature/me-kana-bukatar-ka sani-about-plant-based-plastics.aspx

A kallo, bioplastics suna kama da babban madadin robobi, amma gaskiyar ta fi rikitarwa. Bioplastic yana ba da mafita don rage kona mai, amma yana iya haifar da ƙarin gurɓatawar takin zamani da ƙarin filaye da ake karkatar da su daga samar da abinci. An kuma yi hasashen cewa kwayoyin halitta ba za su yi kadan ba wajen dakatar da adadin robobin da ke shiga magudanan ruwa.

Steinmark, I. (2018, Nuwamba 5). An ba da lambar yabo ta Nobel don Haɓaka Green Chemistry Catalysts. Royal Society of Chemistry. eic.rsc.org/soundbite/nobel-prize-award-for-evolving-green-chemistry-catalysts/3009709.article

Frances Arnold daya ce daga cikin wadanda suka samu lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin ilmin sinadarai na wannan shekarar saboda aikinta a cikin Directed Evolution (DE), wani koren chemistry biochemical hack wanda a cikinsa ake canza sunadarai/enzymes ba da gangan ba sau da yawa, sannan a tantance su don gano wadanda suka fi aiki. Zai iya sake fasalin masana'antar sinadarai.

Greenpeace. (2020, Satumba 9). yaudara ta Lambobi: Majalisar Chemistry ta Amurka ta yi iƙirarin game da saka hannun jari na sake amfani da sinadarai sun kasa ci gaba da bincike. Greenpeace. www.greenpeace.org/usa/research/deception-by-the-lambobin

Ƙungiyoyi, irin su Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Amirka (ACC), sun ba da shawarar sake yin amfani da sinadarai a matsayin mafita ga rikicin gurbataccen filastik, amma yiwuwar sake amfani da sinadarai ya kasance abin tambaya. Sake amfani da sinadarai ko “sake yin amfani da sinadarai” na nufin filastik-zuwa man fetur, sharar gida-zuwa man fetur, ko filastik-zuwa filastik kuma yana amfani da abubuwan kaushi daban-daban don lalata polymers ɗin filastik zuwa ainihin tubalan ginin su. Greenpeace ta gano cewa kasa da kashi 50% na ayyukan ACC don ci gaba da sake amfani da su, ayyukan sake yin amfani da su ne tabbatacciya kuma sake yin amfani da filastik-zuwa-roba yana nuna ƙarancin nasara. Ya zuwa yanzu masu biyan haraji sun samar da akalla dala miliyan 506 don tallafawa wadannan ayyukan na rashin tabbas. Ya kamata masu amfani da kayan aiki su san matsalolin mafita - kamar sake yin amfani da sinadarai - waɗanda ba za su magance matsalar gurɓataccen filastik ba.

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6. Lafiyar Filastik da Teku

Miller, EA, Yamahara, KM, Faransanci, C., Spingarn, N., Birch, JM, & Van Houtan, KS (2022). Laburaren nunin faifai na Raman na yuwuwar ɗan adam da polymers na teku. Bayanan Kimiyya, 9 (1), 1-9. DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01883-5

An gano microplastics zuwa matsananciyar digiri a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa da gidajen abinci, duk da haka, don magance wannan rikicin duniya, masu bincike sun ƙirƙiri wani tsari don gano nau'in polymer. Wannan tsari - karkashin jagorancin Monterey Bay Aquarium da MBARI (Cibiyar Bincike ta Monterey Bay Aquarium) - zai taimaka gano tushen gurɓataccen filastik ta hanyar buɗe ɗakin karatu na Raman. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman yadda farashin hanyoyin ke sanya shinge akan ɗakin karatu na sikirin polymer don kwatantawa. Masu binciken suna fatan wannan sabon tsarin bayanai da dakin karatu zai taimaka wajen saukaka ci gaba a rikicin gurbatar filastik a duniya.

Zhao, S., Zettler, E., Amaral-Zettler, L., da Mincer, T. (2020, Satumba 2). Ƙarfin Ɗaukar ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da Ƙarƙashin Carbon Biomass na tarkacen Ruwan Filastik. Jaridar ISME. 15, 67-77. DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00756-2

An gano tarkacen filastik na teku don jigilar halittu masu rai ta teku da kuma zuwa sabbin wurare. Wannan binciken ya gano cewa filastik ya gabatar da wurare masu mahimmanci na sararin samaniya don mulkin mallaka na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da adadi mai yawa na kwayoyin halitta da sauran kwayoyin halitta suna da babban tasiri don tasiri ga bambancin halittu da ayyukan muhalli.

Abbin, M. (2019, Afrilu). Miyan Filastik: Atlas na gurbatar Teku. Tsibirin Latsa.

Idan duniya ta ci gaba da tafiya a halin yanzu, za a samu robobi a cikin teku fiye da kifaye nan da shekara ta 2050. A duk duniya, a duk minti daya akwai kwatankwacin wata babbar motar dakon kaya da ake jibge a cikin tekun kuma adadin na karuwa. Miyan Filastik na duba musabbabin gurbacewar filastik da kuma abin da za a iya yi don dakatar da shi.

Spalding, M. (2018, Yuni). Yadda za a dakatar da robobi da ke gurbata tekun mu. Dalilin Duniya. globalcause.co.uk/plastic/yadda-to-stop-plastics-kazantawa-our-ocean/

Filastik a cikin teku ya kasu kashi uku: tarkacen ruwa, microplastics, da microfibres. Duk waɗannan abubuwa ne masu illa ga rayuwar ruwa kuma suna kashe mutane ba gaira ba dalili. Zaɓuɓɓukan kowane mutum yana da mahimmanci, ƙarin mutane suna buƙatar zaɓin maye gurbin filastik saboda daidaiton hali yana taimakawa.

Attenborough, Sir D. (2018, Yuni). Sir David Attenborough: filastik da tekunan mu. Dalilin Duniya. globalcause.co.uk/plastic/sir-david-attenborough-plastic-and-our-oceans/

Sir David Attenborough ya yi magana game da godiyarsa ga teku da kuma yadda yake da mahimmancin albarkatun da ke "mahimmanci ga rayuwarmu." Batun robobi na iya "da kyar ya fi tsanani." Ya ce mutane n6.1 ya kamata su kara yin tunani game da amfani da filastik su, kula da filastik cikin girmamawa, kuma "idan ba ku buƙatar shi, kar ku yi amfani da shi."

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6.1 Ghost Gear

Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa ta Kasa. (2023). Kayan Kamun Kamun Kifi Mai Matsala. Shirin tarkacen ruwa na NOAA. https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/types/derelict-fishing-gear

Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa ta Kasa ta bayyana kayan aikin kamun kifi maras kyau, wani lokaci ana kiranta “Ghost gear,” yana nufin duk wani kayan kamun kifi da aka watsar, batattu, ko watsi da su a cikin yanayin ruwa. Don magance wannan matsala, shirin na NOAA Marine Debris Program ya tattara fiye da fam miliyan 4 na kayan fatalwa, duk da haka, duk da wannan gagarumin tarin fatalwa har yanzu yana da mafi girma na gurɓataccen filastik a cikin teku, yana nuna buƙatar ƙarin aiki don yaki. wannan barazana ga muhallin ruwa.

Kuczenski, B., Vargas Poulsen, C., Gilman, EL, Musyl, M., Geyer, R., & Wilson, J. (2022). Kididdigar asarar kayan aikin filastik daga hangen nesa na ayyukan kamun kifi na masana'antu. Kifi da Kifi, 23, 22– 33. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12596

Masana kimiyya tare da The Nature Conservancy da Jami'ar California Santa Barbara (UCSB), tare da haɗin gwiwar Pelagic Research Group da Jami'ar Hawaii Pacific, sun buga wani nazari mai zurfi da aka yi nazari wanda ya ba da kiyasin farko na duniya na gurbataccen filastik daga kamun kifi na masana'antu. A cikin binciken, Kididdigar asarar kayan aikin filastik daga hangen nesa na ayyukan kamun kifi na masana'antu, Masana kimiyya sun yi nazarin bayanan da aka tattara daga Global Fishing Watch da Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO) don yin lissafin girman ayyukan kamun kifi na masana'antu. Haɗa wannan bayanan tare da ƙirar fasaha na kayan kamun kifi da mahimman bayanai daga masana masana'antu, masana kimiyya sun sami damar yin hasashen manyan iyakoki na ƙazanta daga kamun kifi na masana'antu. Bisa ga bincikensa, sama da fam miliyan 100 na gurɓataccen filastik suna shiga cikin teku kowace shekara daga kayan fatalwa. Wannan binciken yana ba da mahimman bayanan tushe da ake buƙata don haɓaka fahimtar matsalar gear fatalwa da fara daidaitawa da aiwatar da gyare-gyaren da suka dace.

Giskes, I., Baziuk, J., Pragnell-Raasch, H. da Perez Roda, A. (2022). Ba da rahoto kan kyawawan halaye don hanawa da rage ɗimbin robobin ruwa daga ayyukan kamun kifi. Rome da London, FAO da IMO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb8665en

Wannan rahoto ya ba da bayyani kan yadda kayan kamun kifi da aka yi watsi da su, batattu, ko kuma jefar da su (ALDFG) ke addabar ruwa da muhallin bakin teku da kuma fayyace babban tasirinsa da gudummawarsa ga babban al'amarin duniya na gurɓacewar robobin ruwa. Wani muhimmin sashi don samun nasarar magance ALDFG, kamar yadda aka zayyana a cikin wannan takarda, shine kulawa da darussan da aka koya daga ayyukan da ake dasu a wasu sassan duniya, yayin da sanin cewa kowace dabarar gudanarwa za a iya amfani da ita kawai tare da la'akari da yanayi / bukatu na gida. Wannan rahoto na GloLitter ya gabatar da nazarin shari'o'i goma waɗanda ke misalta manyan ayyuka don rigakafi, ragewa, da gyara ALDFG.

Sakamakon Tekun. (2021, Yuli 6). Fatalwar Gear Legislation Analysis. Ƙaddamarwar Ghost Gear ta Duniya, Asusun Duniya don yanayi, da Tsaron Teku. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/ 5b987b8689c172e29293593f/t/60e34e4af5f9156374d51507/ 1625509457644/GGGI-OC-WWF-O2-+LEGISLATION+ANALYSIS+REPORT.pdf

The Global Ghost Gear Initiative (GGGI) wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2015 da nufin dakatar da mafi munin nau'in robobin teku. Tun daga shekarar 2015, gwamnatocin kasashe 18 sun shiga kawancen GGGI da ke nuna sha'awar kasashe don magance gurbatar kayan fatalwa. A halin yanzu, manufar da aka fi sani game da rigakafin gurɓataccen kayan aiki shine sanya alamar kaya, kuma mafi ƙarancin manufofin da aka saba amfani da su sune tilas bacewar kayan aiki da tsare-tsaren aiwatar da kayan aikin fatalwa na ƙasa. Ci gaba, babban fifiko yana buƙatar tilasta aiwatar da dokokin kayan aikin fatalwa. Kamar duk gurɓatar filastik, kayan fatalwa na buƙatar haɗin kai na ƙasa da ƙasa zuwa batun gurɓacewar filastik mai wucewa.

Asusun Duniya don Hali. (2020, Oktoba). Dakatar da Ghost Gear: Mafi Mummunan Siffar tarkacen Filastik na Ruwa. WWF International. https://wwf.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Stop-Ghost-Gear_Advocacy-Report.pdf

A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya akwai sama da ton 640,000 na kayan fatalwa a cikin tekun namu, wanda ke da kashi 10% na gurbatar robobin teku. Ghost Gear mutuwa ce a hankali kuma mai raɗaɗi ga dabbobi da yawa kuma kayan aikin iyo kyauta na iya lalata mahimman wuraren zama na kusa da teku. Masunta gabaɗaya ba sa son rasa kayan aikinsu, duk da haka kashi 5.7% na duk gidajen kamun kifi, kashi 8.6% na tarkuna da tukwane, da kashi 29% na duk layin kamun kifi da ake amfani da su a duniya ana watsi da su, a ɓace, ko kuma a jefar dasu cikin muhalli. Ba bisa ka'ida ba, ba a ba da rahoto ba, da kamun kifi mai zurfi mara ƙa'ida yana ba da gudummawa mai yawa ga adadin kayan fatalwa da aka jefar. Dole ne a sami hanyoyin aiwatar da dabarun dogon lokaci don haɓaka ingantattun dabarun rigakafin asarar kayan aiki. A halin yanzu, yana da mahimmanci don haɓaka ƙirar kayan aikin da ba mai guba ba, mafi aminci don rage lalacewa lokacin da aka ɓace a cikin teku.

Ƙaddamarwar Ghost Gear ta Duniya. (2022). Tasirin Kayan Kamun Kifi A Matsayin Tushen Gurbacewar Ruwan Ruwa. Conservancy Ocean. https://Static1.Squarespace.Com/Static/5b987b8689c172e2929 3593f/T/6204132bc0fc9205a625ce67/1644434222950/ Unea+5.2_gggi.Pdf

Wannan takardar bayanin an shirya shi ne ta hanyar Conservancy Ocean da Global Ghost Gear Initiative don tallafawa shawarwari a shirye-shiryen taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2022 (UNEA 5.2). Da yake amsa tambayoyin abin da ake kira ghost gear, daga ina ya samo asali, kuma me ya sa yake da illa ga muhallin teku, wannan takarda ta zayyana gabaɗayan wajibcin shigar da kayan fatalwa cikin duk wata yarjejeniya ta duniya da ke magance gurɓatar ruwan robobin ruwa. 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2021). Haɗin kai A Ketare Iyakoki: Ƙirƙirar Tarin Tarin Yanar Gizo na Arewacin Amirka. https://clearinghouse.marinedebris.noaa.gov/project?mode=View&projectId=2258

Tare da tallafi daga Shirin Debris Marine na NOAA, Tsarin Tsarin Duniya na Ghost Gear Initiative na Ocean Conservancy yana haɗin gwiwa tare da abokan haɗin gwiwa a Mexico da California don ƙaddamar da Ƙaddamar da Tarin Tarin Tarin Tattalin Arziƙi na Arewacin Amirka, wanda manufarsa ita ce sarrafa da kuma hana asarar kayan kamun kifi. Wannan yunƙurin kan iyaka zai tattara tsoffin kayan kamun kifi don sarrafa su yadda ya kamata da sake sarrafa su da kuma yin aiki tare da kamun kifi na Amurka da na Mexiko don haɓaka dabarun sake amfani da su da kuma inganta gabaɗayan sarrafa kayan amfani da aka yi amfani da su ko kuma masu ritaya. Ana sa ran aikin zai gudana daga kaka 2021 zuwa bazara 2023. 

Charter, M., Sherry, J., & O'connor, F. (2020, Yuli). Ƙirƙirar Damar Kasuwanci Daga Rukunin Kamun Kifi: Dama don Samfuran Kasuwancin Da'ira da Zane-zane masu alaƙa da Kayan Kamun kifi. Blue madauwari Tattalin Arziki. An Ciro Daga Https://Cfsd.Org.Uk/Wp-Content/Uploads/2020/07/Final-V2-Bce-Master-Creating-Business-Opportunities-From-Waste-Fishing-Nets-July-2020.Pdf

Hukumar Tarayyar Turai Interreg (EC) Interreg, Blue Circular Tattalin Arziki ta fitar da wannan rahoto don magance yaɗuwar matsalar kamun kifi a cikin teku tare da ba da shawarar damar kasuwanci da ke da alaƙa a cikin yankin Arewacin Periphery da Arctic (NPA). Wannan tantancewar ta yi nazari ne kan illolin da wannan matsala ke haifarwa ga masu ruwa da tsaki a yankin NPA, da kuma bayar da cikakkiyar tattaunawa kan sabbin hanyoyin kasuwanci na da’ira, da tsarin Extended Producer Responsibility, wanda ke cikin umarnin EC na amfani da robobi guda daya, da kuma zayyana madauwari na kayan kamun kifi.

Hindu. (2020). Tasirin kayan kamun kifi na 'fatalwa' akan namun dajin teku. YouTube. https://youtu.be/9aBEhZi_e2U.

Babban mai ba da gudummawa ga mutuwar rayuwar marine shine kayan fatalwa. Fatalwa gear tarko da kuma shigar da manyan namun daji na ruwa shekaru da yawa ba tare da tsoma bakin ɗan adam ciki har da barazanar da nau'in kifaye, dolphins, likes, sharks, kunkuru, haskoki, kifi, da dai sauransu. kama ganima. Ghost Gear yana daya daga cikin nau'ikan gurɓataccen filastik da ke yin barazana, saboda an tsara shi don tarko da kashe rayuwar ruwa. 

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6.2 Tasiri kan Rayuwar Ruwa

Eriksen, M., Cowger, W., Erdle, LM, Coffin, S., Villarrubia-Gómez, P., Moore, CJ, Kafinta, EJ, Day, RH, Thiel, M., & Wilcox, C. (2023) ). Hatsarin robobin da ke girma, yanzu an kiyasta ya haura nau'in robobi tiriliyan 170 da ke shawagi a cikin tekunan duniya - Ana buƙatar mafita na gaggawa. PLOS DAYA. 18 (3), e0281596. DOI: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0281596

Yayin da mutane da yawa suka fahimci matsalar gurbatar filastik, ana buƙatar ƙarin bayanai don tantance ko manufofin da aka aiwatar suna da tasiri. Marubutan wannan binciken sun yi aiki don magance wannan gibi na bayanai ta hanyar amfani da jerin lokaci na duniya wanda ya kiyasta matsakaicin ƙidayar da adadin ƙananan robobi a cikin saman teku daga 1979 zuwa 2019. Sun gano cewa, a yau, akwai kusan tiriliyan 82-358. barbashi robobi masu nauyin tan miliyan 1.1-4.9, ga jimlar sama da tiriliyan 171 na robobi da ke shawagi a cikin tekunan duniya. Marubutan binciken sun lura cewa babu wani yanayi da aka lura ko kuma wanda ake iya ganowa har zuwa shekarar 1990 lokacin da aka samu saurin karuwa a adadin barbashi na roba har zuwa yanzu. Wannan kawai yana nuna buƙatar ɗaukar matakai masu ƙarfi da wuri-wuri don hana lamarin ƙara haɓakawa.

Pinheiro, L., Agostini, V. Lima, A, Ward, R., da G. Pinho. (2021, Yuni 15). Ƙaddamar da Litter ɗin Filastik a cikin Rukunin Esturine: Bayanin Ilimin Yanzu don Batun Ƙirar iyaka don Jagoranci Ƙimar da ke gaba. Gurbacewar Muhalli, Vol 279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116908

Ba a fahimci rawar da koguna da magudanan ruwa ke takawa wajen safarar robobi ba, amma mai yiyuwa ne su zama babbar hanyar gurbatar robobin teku. Microfibers sun kasance nau'in filastik na yau da kullun, tare da sabbin binciken da ke mai da hankali kan ƙwayoyin cuta na estuarine, microfibers suna tashi / nutsewa kamar yadda aka ƙaddara ta halayen su na polymer, da haɓakar sararin samaniya-lokaci a cikin yaduwa. Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike na musamman ga yanayin estuarine, tare da bayanin kula na musamman na al'amuran zamantakewa da tattalin arziki waɗanda zasu iya shafar manufofin gudanarwa.

Brahney, J., Mahowald, N., Prank, M., Cornwall, G., Kilmont, Z., Matsui, H. & Prather, K. (2021, Afrilu 12). Ƙuntatawa gaɓar yanayi na zagayen filastik. Abubuwan da aka ɗauka na Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta Amurka ta Amurka. 118 (16) e2020719118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020719118

Microplastic, ciki har da barbashi da zaruruwa a yanzu sun zama gama gari cewa filastik yanzu yana da nasa yanayin yanayin yanayi tare da barbashi na filastik da ke tafiya daga duniya zuwa yanayi da sake dawowa. Rahoton ya gano cewa microplastics da aka samu a cikin iska a yankin binciken (yammacin Amurka) an samo su ne daga tushen sake fitar da hayaki na biyu da suka hada da hanyoyi (84%), teku (11%), da ƙurar ƙasan gona (5%). ). Wannan binciken ya yi fice musamman domin ya ja hankali kan yadda ake kara nuna damuwa kan gurbatar robobin da ke samo asali daga hanyoyi da tayoyi.

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6.3 Filayen Filastik (Nurdles)

Faber, J., van den Berg, R., & Raphaël, S. (2023, Maris). Hana Zubewar Filayen Filastik: Binciken Yiwuwar Zaɓuɓɓukan Ka'ida. CE Delft. https://cedelft.eu/publications/preventing-spills-of-plastic-pellets/

Filayen filastik (wanda kuma ake kira 'nurdles') ƙananan robobi ne, yawanci tsakanin 1 zuwa 5 mm a diamita, wanda masana'antar petrochemical ke samarwa waɗanda ke zama hanyar shigar da masana'antar robobi don kera samfuran filastik. Tare da ɗimbin nau'ikan nono ana jigilar su ta cikin teku kuma idan aka yi la'akari da cewa hatsarori suna faruwa, an sami misalai masu mahimmanci na leken pellet wanda ya ƙare yana gurɓata yanayin ruwa. Don magance wannan Ƙungiyar Maritime ta Duniya ta ƙirƙiri wani ƙaramin kwamiti don yin la'akari da ƙa'idodi don magancewa da sarrafa leaks na pellet. 

Fauna & Flora International. (2022).  Tushen igiyar ruwa: kawo ƙarshen gurbatar pellet na filastik. https://www.fauna-flora.org/app/uploads/2022/09/FF_Plastic_Pellets_Report-2.pdf

Filayen robobi guda ne na robobi masu girman lentil waɗanda aka narke tare don ƙirƙirar kusan duk abubuwan filastik da suke wanzuwa. A matsayin kayan abinci na masana'antar robobi na duniya, ana jigilar pellets a duk faɗin duniya kuma sune mahimman tushen gurɓataccen microplastic; an yi kiyasin cewa biliyoyin pellet na daidaikun mutane ne ke shiga cikin teku a duk shekara sakamakon malalar da ake yi a kasa da kuma ta teku. Don warware wannan matsala marubucin yayi jayayya don gaggawar matsawa zuwa tsarin tsari tare da buƙatun tilas waɗanda ke da goyan bayan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodi da tsare-tsaren takaddun shaida.

Tunnell, JW, Dunning, KH, Scheef, LP, & Swanson, KM (2020). Auna yawan pellet ɗin filastik (nurdle) a kan tudu a ko'ina cikin Tekun Mexico ta amfani da masana kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa: Kafa dandamali don bincike mai dacewa da manufofin.. Bulletin Gurbacewar Ruwa. 151 (110794). DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110794

An lura da yawan nono (kananan pellet ɗin filastik) suna wanke-wanke akan rairayin bakin teku na Texas. An kafa aikin kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa da sa kai, "Nurdle Patrol," aka kafa. Masu sa kai 744 sun gudanar da binciken kimiyar jama'a 2042 daga Mexico zuwa Florida. Dukkanin 20 mafi girman ƙididdige ƙididdiga na nono an yi rikodin su a shafuka a Texas. Martanin manufofin suna da sarƙaƙƙiya, ma'auni da yawa, kuma suna fuskantar cikas.

Karlsson, T., Brosché, S., Alidoust, M. & Takada, H. (2021, Disamba). Filayen filastik da aka samu a rairayin bakin teku a duk faɗin duniya suna ɗauke da sinadarai masu guba. Cibiyar Kawar da Guba ta Duniya (IPEN).  ipen.org/sites/default/files/documents/ipen-beach-plastic-pellets-v1_4aw.pdf

Filastik daga duk wuraren da aka ƙirƙira sun ƙunshi duk abubuwan da aka bincikar benzotriazole UV stabilizers guda goma, gami da UV-328. Filastik daga duk wuraren da aka ƙirƙira kuma sun ƙunshi duk biphenyls polychlorinated da aka tantance guda goma sha uku. Yawan adadin ya yi yawa musamman a kasashen Afirka, duk da cewa ba manyan masanan sinadari ba ne ko robobi ba. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa tare da gurbacewar filastik akwai kuma gurɓatar sinadarai. Sakamakon ya kuma nuna cewa robobi na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen jigilar sinadarai masu guba cikin dogon zango.

Maes, T., Jefferies, K., (2022, Afrilu). Gurbacewar Filastik ta Ruwa - Shin Nurdles ne na Musamman don Ka'ida?. GRID-Arendal. https://news.grida.no/marine-plastic-pollution-are-nurdles-a-special-case-for-regulation

Shawarwari don tsara jigilar pellet ɗin filastik kafin samarwa, wanda ake kira "Nurdles," suna cikin ajanda na Ƙungiyar Kula da Kayayyakin Ruwa ta Duniya da Kula da Kayayyakin Ruwa (PPR). Wannan taƙaitaccen yana ba da kyakkyawan tushe, yana bayyana ma'anar nono, yana bayanin yadda suke isa ga yanayin ruwa, da kuma tattaunawa game da barazanar muhalli daga ma'aurata. Wannan hanya ce mai kyau ga masu tsara manufofi da sauran jama'a waɗanda za su fi son bayanin da ba na kimiyya ba.

Bourzac, K. (2023, Janairu). Yin gwagwarmaya da mafi girman zubewar robobin ruwa a tarihi. C&EN Global Enterprise 101 (3), 24-31. DOI: 10.1021 / cen-10103-rufin 

A watan Mayun 2021, jirgin dakon kaya, X-Press Pearl, ya kama wuta ya nutse a gabar tekun Sri Lanka. tarkacen ya haifar da rikodi metric ton 1,680 na pellets na robobi da sinadarai masu guba marasa adadi a gabar tekun Sri Lanka. Masana kimiyya suna nazarin hadarin, mafi girma da aka sani da gobarar robobin ruwa da zubewa, don taimakawa ci gaba da fahimtar illolin muhalli na wannan nau'in gurbataccen gurɓataccen bincike. Baya ga lura da yadda nono ke rushewa a tsawon lokaci, wadanne nau'ikan sinadarai ne ke fitar da su a cikin tsari da kuma tasirin muhallin irin wadannan sinadarai, masana kimiyya na da sha'awar musamman wajen magance abin da ke faruwa ta hanyar sinadarai yayin da robobi suka kone. A cikin rubuce-rubucen canje-canje a cikin nurles da aka wanke a kan rairayin bakin teku na Sarakkuwa kusa da jirgin ruwa, masanin kimiyyar muhalli Meththika Vithanage ya sami matakan lithium masu yawa a cikin ruwa da kuma kan nurles (Sci. Total Environ. 2022, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154374; Mar. Pollut. Bijimi. 2022, DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114074). Tawagarta ta kuma gano wasu sinadarai masu guba masu yawa, wanda zai iya hana shuka tsiro, da lalata kyallen jikin dabbobin ruwa, da kuma haifar da gazawar gabobi ga mutane. Abubuwan da suka biyo bayan rugujewar baraguzan na ci gaba da kasancewa a Sri Lanka, inda kalubalen tattalin arziki da siyasa ke kawo cikas ga masana kimiyya na cikin gida da kuma ka iya dagula yunƙurin tabbatar da biyan diyya ga lalacewar muhalli, wanda har yanzu ba a san iyakarsa ba.

Bǎlan, S., Andrews, D., Blum, A., Diamond, M., Rojello Fernández, S., Harriman, E., Lindstrom, A., Reade, A., Richter, L., Sutton, R. , Wang, Z., & Kwiatkowski, C. (2023, Janairu). Haɓaka Gudanar da Kemikal a cikin Amurka da Kanada ta Hanyar Amfani da Mahimmanci. Kimiyyar Muhalli & Fasaha. 57 (4), 1568-1575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05932

Tsarukan ka’idoji da ake da su sun tabbatar da cewa ba su isa ba don tantancewa da sarrafa dubun dubatar sinadarai a cikin kasuwanci. Ana buƙatar wata hanya ta daban cikin gaggawa. Shawarar marubucin na hanyar amfani mai mahimmanci cewa yakamata a yi amfani da sinadarai masu damuwa kawai a cikin yanayin da aikinsu a cikin takamaiman samfuran ke da mahimmanci don lafiya, aminci, ko aiki na al'umma kuma lokacin da ba a samu hanyoyin da za a iya yiwuwa ba.

Wang, Z., Walker, GR, Muir, DCG, & Nagatani-Yoshida, K. (2020). Zuwa Fahimtar Duniya na Gurɓatar Sinadarai: Nazari na Farko na Ƙirƙirar Sinadarai na Ƙasa da Yanki. Kimiyyar Muhalli & Fasaha. 54 (5), 2575-2584. DOI: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b06379

A cikin wannan rahoto, an yi nazarin abubuwan ƙirƙira sinadarai guda 22 daga ƙasashe da yankuna 19 don cimma cikakken bayani na farko game da sinadarai a halin yanzu a kasuwannin duniya. Binciken da aka buga ya nuna muhimmin mataki na farko ga fahimtar gurɓacewar sinadarai a duniya. Daga cikin abubuwan da aka gano akwai ma'auni da aka yi la'akari da su a baya da kuma sirrin sinadarai masu rijista a samarwa. Ya zuwa 2020, sama da sinadarai 350 000 da gaurayawan sinadarai an yi rajista don samarwa da amfani. Wannan lissafin ya ninka fiye da wanda aka kiyasta kafin binciken. Bugu da ƙari kuma, jama'a ba su san ainihin ainihin sinadarai da yawa ba saboda ana da'awar su a matsayin sirri (sama da 50 000) ko an kwatanta su a cikin shakka (har zuwa 70 000).

OECD. (2021). Ra'ayin Chemicals akan Zayyana tare da Filastik masu Dorewa: Maƙasudai, La'akari da Ciniki. OECD Publishing, Paris, Faransa. doi.org/10.1787/f2ba8ff3-en.

Wannan rahoto yana neman ba da damar ƙirƙirar samfuran filastik masu ɗorewa ta asali ta hanyar haɗa tunani mai dorewa a cikin tsarin ƙira. Ta hanyar amfani da ruwan tabarau na sinadari yayin aikin zaɓin kayan filastik, masu zanen kaya da injiniyoyi za su iya yanke shawarar da aka sani don haɗa filastik mai ɗorewa yayin zayyana samfuran su. Rahoton ya ba da hanyar haɗin kai don zaɓin filastik mai ɗorewa daga mahallin sinadarai, kuma ya gano saiti na daidaitattun maƙasudin ƙira mai dorewa, la'akari da tsarin rayuwa da kuma kasuwanci.

Zimmermann, L., Dierkes, G., Ternes, T., Völker, C., & Wagner, M. (2019). Ƙimar ma'auni a cikin Vitro guba da Haɗin Sinadaran Samfuran Masu Amfani da Filastik. Kimiyyar Muhalli & Fasaha. 53 (19), 11467-11477. DOI: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b02293

Filastik sanannu ne tushen bayyanar sinadarai kuma kaɗan, fitattun sinadarai masu alaƙa da filastik an san su - kamar bisphenol A - duk da haka, ana buƙatar cikakkiyar siffa ta hadadden hadadden sinadaran da ke cikin robobi. Masu binciken sun gano cewa an gano sinadarai 260 da suka hada da monomers, additives, da abubuwan da ba da gangan ba, kuma sun ba da fifiko ga sinadarai 27. Abubuwan da aka samo daga polyvinyl chloride (PVC) da polyurethane (PUR) sun haifar da mafi girman guba, yayin da polyethylene terephthalate (PET) da polyethylene mai girma (HDPE) ba su haifar da rashin guba ba.

Aurisano, N., Huang, L., Milà i Canals, L., Jolliet, O., & Fantke, P. (2021). Chemicals na damuwa a cikin kayan wasan filastik. Environment International. 146, 106194. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106194

Filastik a cikin kayan wasan yara na iya ba da haɗari ga yara, don magance wannan mawallafa sun ƙirƙiri wani tsari na sharuɗɗa da haɗarin allo na sinadarai a cikin kayan wasan motsa jiki na filastik kuma sun tsara hanyar tantancewa don taimakawa ƙididdige abubuwan sinadarai masu karɓuwa a cikin kayan wasan yara. A halin yanzu akwai sinadarai 126 na damuwa da aka fi samu a cikin kayan wasan yara, wanda ke nuna buƙatar ƙarin bayanai, amma yawancin matsalolin har yanzu ba a san su ba kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin tsari.

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7. Filastik da Lafiyar Dan Adam

Cibiyar Dokokin Muhalli ta Duniya. (2023, Maris). Filastik mai Numfashi: Tasirin Lafiyar Filastik ɗin da Ba a Ganuwa a cikin Iska. Cibiyar Dokokin Muhalli ta Duniya. https://www.ciel.org/reports/airborne-microplastics-briefing/

Microplastic yana zama a ko'ina, ana samun shi a duk inda masana kimiyya ke nema. Waɗannan ƙananan ɓangarorin sune babban mai ba da gudummawa ga cin ɗan adam na filastik har zuwa 22,000,000 microplastic da nanoplastics kowace shekara tare da wannan adadin da ake sa ran zai tashi. Don magance wannan takarda ta ba da shawarar cewa haɗin gwiwar "cocktail" na filastik a matsayin matsala mai yawa a cikin iska, ruwa, da kuma ƙasa, cewa ana buƙatar matakan ɗaure bisa doka nan da nan don magance wannan matsala mai girma, kuma duk mafita dole ne a magance cikakkiyar rayuwa. sake zagayowar na robobi. Filastik matsala ce, amma cutar da jikin mutum na iya iyakancewa tare da gaggawa da yanke hukunci.

Baker, E., Thygesen, K. (2022, Agusta 1). Filastik a Noma- Kalubalen Muhalli. Takaitaccen Hange. Gargaɗi na Farko, Batutuwa masu tasowa da Gaba. Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. https://www.unep.org/resources/emerging-issues/plastics-agriculture-environmental-challenge

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da takaitaccen takaitaccen bayani kan matsalar gurbacewar robobi a harkar noma da kuma karuwar gurbacewar filastik. Takardar ta fi mayar da hankali ne kan gano tushen robobi da kuma nazarin makomar ragowar robobi a cikin ƙasa noma. Wannan taƙaitaccen shi ne na farko a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen da ake sa ran za a binciko motsin robobin noma daga tushe zuwa teku.

Wiesinger, H., Wang, Z., & Hellweg, S. (2021, Yuni 21). Zurfafa Zurfi cikin Filastik Monomers, Additives, and Processing Aids. Kimiyyar Muhalli & Fasaha. 55 (13), 9339-9351. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00976

Akwai kusan sinadarai 10,500 a cikin robobi, 24% daga cikinsu suna da ikon tarawa a cikin mutane da dabbobi kuma suna da guba ko ciwon daji. A Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, da Japan, fiye da rabin sinadarai ba a kayyade su. Sama da 900 daga cikin waɗannan sinadarai masu yuwuwa an amince dasu a waɗannan ƙasashe don amfani da su a cikin kwantena na abinci. Daga cikin sinadarai 10,000, kashi 39% daga cikinsu ba a iya rarraba su ba saboda rashin “rarrabuwar haɗari.” Dafin duka biyun na ruwa ne da matsalar lafiyar jama'a idan aka yi la'akari da yawan gurɓataccen filastik.

Ragusa, A., Svelatoa, A., Santacroce, C., Catalano, P., Notarstefano, V., Carnevali, O., Papa, F., Rongioletti, M., Baioccoa, F., Draghia, S., D'Amorea, E., Rinaldod, D., Matta, M., & Giorgini, E. (2021, Janairu). Plasticenta: Shaidar Farko na Microplastics a cikin Mahalli na Dan Adam. Environmental International. 146 (106274). DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106274

A karon farko an gano microplastics a cikin mahaifar ɗan adam, wanda ke nuna cewa filastik na iya shafar ɗan adam kafin haihuwa. Wannan yana da matsala musamman yayin da microplastics na iya ƙunsar sinadarai waɗanda ke aiki azaman masu rushewar endocrine waɗanda zasu iya haifar da matsalolin lafiya na dogon lokaci ga ɗan adam.

Laifi, J. (2020, Disamba). Filastik, EDCs, & Lafiya: Jagora don Ƙungiyoyin Sha'awar Jama'a da Masu Tsara Manufofi akan Magungunan Cutar Endocrine & Filastik. Ƙungiyar Endocrine & IPEN. https://www.endocrine.org/-/media/endocrine/files/topics/edc_guide_2020_v1_6bhqen.pdf

Yawancin sinadarai na yau da kullun waɗanda ke fitar da robobi an san su Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs), irin su bisphenols, ethoxylates, brominated flame retardants, da phthalates. Sinadaran da ke EDCs na iya yin illa ga haifuwar ɗan adam, metabolism, thyroids, tsarin rigakafi, da aikin jijiya. A mayar da martani kungiyar Endocrine Society ta fitar da rahoto kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin leaching sinadarai daga filastik da EDCs. Rahoton ya yi kira da a kara yin kokari don kare mutane da muhalli daga EDC masu illa a cikin robobi.

Teles, M., Balasch, J., Oliveria, M., Sardans, J., da Peñuel, J. (2020, Agusta). Hankali cikin Tasirin Nanoplastics akan Lafiyar Dan Adam. Bulletin Kimiyya. 65(23). DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.08.003

Kamar yadda robobi ke ƙasƙantar da shi yana raguwa zuwa ƙanana da ƙanana waɗanda dabbobi da mutane za su iya cinye su. Masu bincike sun gano cewa yin amfani da nano-filastik yana shafar abun da ke ciki da kuma bambancin al'ummomin hanji na microbiome kuma yana iya rinjayar tsarin haihuwa, rigakafi, da tsarin juyayi na endocrin. Yayin da kusan kashi 90% na filastik da aka sha ana fitar da su cikin sauri, 10% na ƙarshe - yawanci ƙananan barbashi na nano-roba - na iya shiga bangon tantanin halitta kuma su haifar da cutarwa ta hanyar haifar da cytotoxicity, kama hawan tantanin halitta, da haɓaka bayyanar ƙwayoyin rigakafi a cikin jiki. farkon halayen kumburi.

Gidauniyar miya ta filastik. (2022, Afrilu). Filastik: Abun Ƙoyayyiyar Ƙawa. Buga Microbead. Beatthemicrobead.Org/Wp-Content/Uploads/2022/06/Plastic-Thehiddenbeautyingredients.Pdf

Wannan rahoto ya ƙunshi babban binciken farko na kasancewar microplastics a cikin sama da dubu bakwai daban-daban na kayan kwalliya da samfuran kulawa na sirri. A kowace shekara sama da tan 3,800 na microplastics ana fitar da su cikin muhalli ta hanyar amfani da kayan kwalliya na yau da kullun da samfuran kulawa a Turai. Yayin da Hukumar Kula da Sinadarai ta Turai (ECHA) ke shirin sabunta ma'anarsu na microplastics, wannan cikakken rahoto ya haskaka wuraren da wannan ma'anar da aka tsara, kamar keɓanta na nanoplastics, ya gaza da kuma sakamakon da ka iya biyo baya. 

Zanolli, L. (2020, Fabrairu 18). Shin kwantena filastik lafiya ga abincinmu? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/feb/18/are-plastic-containers-safe-to-use-food-experts

Ba wai kawai polymer ko fili ba, akwai dubban mahadi da ake samu a cikin kayayyakin robobi da ake amfani da su a cikin sarkar abinci, kuma kadan ne aka sani game da galibin tasirinsu ga lafiyar dan adam. Wasu sinadarai da ake amfani da su a cikin fakitin abinci da sauran robobin abinci na iya haifar da tabarbarewar haihuwa, asma, lalacewar kwakwalwar jarirai da jarirai, da sauran al'amuran ci gaban jijiyoyi. 

Muncke, J. (2019, Oktoba 10). Taron Lafiyar Filastik. Gidauniyar miya ta filastik. youtube.com/watch?v=qI36K_T7M2Q

An gabatar da shi a taron Kiwon Lafiyar Filastik, Masanin kimiyyar guba Jane Muncke ya tattauna game da haɗari da sinadarai waɗanda ba a san su ba a cikin robobi waɗanda ke iya shiga cikin abinci ta hanyar fakitin filastik. Dukkanin filastik sun ƙunshi ɗaruruwan sinadarai daban-daban, waɗanda ake kira abubuwan da ba a haɗa su da gangan ba, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira su daga halayen sinadarai da lalacewar filastik. Yawancin waɗannan abubuwan ba a san su ba amma duk da haka, sune yawancin sinadarai da ke shiga cikin abinci da abin sha. Ya kamata gwamnatoci su kafa ƙarin bincike da kula da abinci don sanin illar lafiyar abubuwan da ba a haɗa su da gangan ba.

Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Filastik. (2019, Oktoba 3). Taron Filastik da Lafiya 2019. Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Filastik. plastichealthcoalition.org/plastic-health-summit-2019/

A babban taron kiwon lafiya na farko da aka gudanar a Amsterdam, masana kimiyya na Netherlands, masu tsara manufofi, masu tasiri, da masu kirkiro duk sun taru don raba kwarewarsu da iliminsu game da matsalar filastik kamar yadda ya shafi lafiya. Taron ya samar da bidiyon ƙwararrun masu magana 36 da zaman tattaunawa, waɗanda duk suna samuwa don kallon jama'a akan gidan yanar gizon su. Batutuwan bidiyo sun haɗa da: gabatarwa ga filastik, maganganun kimiyya akan microplastics, tattaunawar kimiyya akan ƙari, manufofi da shawarwari, tattaunawa akan tebur, zaman kan masu tasiri waɗanda suka haifar da matakin hana amfani da robobi da yawa, kuma a ƙarshe ƙungiyoyi da masu ƙirƙira da ke sadaukar da kai don haɓaka zahirin zahiri. mafita ga matsalar filastik.

Li, V., & Matasa, I. (2019, Satumba 6). Gurɓatar filastik ta ruwa tana ɓoye abin da ke damun jijiyoyi a cikin abincinmu. Phys Org. phys.org/news/2019-09-marine-plastic-pollution-neurological-toxin.html

Filastik yana aiki kamar maganadisu zuwa methylmercury (mercury), wannan robobin ana cinye ganima, wanda mutane ke cinyewa. Methylmercury duka suna bioaccumulates a cikin jiki, ma'ana baya barin amma a maimakon haka yana haɓaka tsawon lokaci, kuma yana haɓakawa, ma'ana tasirin methylmercury ya fi ƙarfin ganima fiye da ganima.

Cox, K., Covrenton, G., Davies, H., Dower, J., Juanes, F., & Dudas, S. (2019, Yuni 5). Amfanin Dan Adam na Microplastics. Kimiyyar Muhalli & Fasaha. 53 (12), 7068-7074. DOI: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b01517

Mai da hankali kan abincin Amurkawa, kimanta adadin ƙwayoyin microplastic a cikin abincin da aka saba cinyewa dangane da shawarar abincin yau da kullun.

Aikin da ba a rufe ba. (2019, Yuni). Hatsarin Lafiya na Babban Taron Sinadaran Filastik da Kayan Abinci. https://unwrappedproject.org/conference

Taron ya tattauna ne kan aikin fallasa filastik, wanda hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa ne don fallasa barazanar lafiyar dan Adam na robobi da sauran kayan abinci.

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8. Adalcin Muhalli

Vandenberg, J. da Ota, Y. (eds.) (2023, Janairu). Gaba da Daidaitacciyar Hanya zuwa Gurbacewar Filastik ta Ruwa: Daidaiton Daidaitan Ocean Nexus & Rahoton Gurbacewar Filastik na Ruwa 2022. Jami'ar Washington. https://issuu.com/ocean_nexus/docs/equity_and_marine_plastic_ pollution_report?fr=sY2JhMTU1NDcyMTE

Gurbacewar filastik ta ruwa tana yin illa ga mutane da muhalli (ciki har da amincin abinci, rayuwa, lafiyar jiki da tunani, da al'adu da dabi'u), kuma ba ta dace ba tana yin tasiri ga rayuwa da rayuwar mafi yawan jama'a. Rahoton ya duba alhakin, ilimi, jin dadi da kuma kokarin daidaitawa ta hanyar cakuda babi da nazarin shari'a tare da marubutan da suka shafi kasashe 8, daga Amurka da Japan zuwa Ghana da Fiji. A ƙarshe, marubucin ya yi jayayya cewa matsalar gurɓataccen filastik kasawa ce ta magance rashin daidaito. A karshe rahoton ya ce har sai an magance rashin daidaito da kuma yadda ake amfani da mutane da filaye da aka bari domin magance gurbatar gurbataccen robobi to ba za a iya magance matsalar gurbatar roba ba.

GRID-Arendal. (2022, Satumba). Wuraren zama a Tebur - Matsayin Sashin Sake Amfani da Ba a Ka'ida ba a Rage Gurbacewar Filastik, da Canje-canjen Manufofi. GRID-Arendal. https://www.grida.no/publications/863

Sashin sake yin amfani da kayan aiki na yau da kullun, wanda galibi ya ƙunshi ma'aikata da ba a sani ba da kuma waɗanda ba a rubuta su ba, wani babban ɓangare ne na tsarin sake amfani da su a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa. Wannan takardar manufar tana ba da taƙaitaccen bayanin fahimtarmu na yanzu game da ɓangaren sake amfani da kayan aiki na yau da kullun, halayen zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, ƙalubalen da sashin ke fuskanta. Yana duba kokarin kasa da kasa da na kasa don gane ma'aikata na yau da kullun da kuma shigar da su cikin tsare-tsare da yarjejeniyoyin, kamar Yarjejeniyar Filastik ta Duniya Rahoton ya kuma ba da jerin manyan shawarwarin manufofin da suka hada da bangaren sake yin amfani da su na yau da kullun, wanda ke ba da damar samun sauyi mai adalci. da kuma kare rayuwar ma'aikata masu sake yin amfani da su na yau da kullun. 

Cali, J., Gutiérrez-Graudiņš, M., Munguía, S., Chin, C. (2021, Afrilu). WANDA AKA KWANCE: Tasirin Adalci na Muhalli na Litattafan Ruwa da Gurbacewar Filastik. Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya & Azul. https://wedocs.unep.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/ 35417/EJIPP.pdf

Rahoton na 2021 na Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Azul, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta ta Adalci, ta yi kira da a kara fahimtar al'ummomi kan sahun gaba na sharar filastik da shigar da su cikin yanke shawara na gida. Wannan shi ne rahoton farko na kasa da kasa da ya danganta ɗigo tsakanin adalcin muhalli da rikicin gurbatar ruwa na ruwa. Gurbacewar filastik ba ta dace ba tana shafar al'ummomin da ke zaune a kusa da samar da robobi da wuraren sharar gida. Bugu da ari, filastik na yin barazana ga rayuwar waɗanda ke aiki da albarkatun ruwa da waɗanda ke cinye abincin teku tare da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da nano-robas masu guba. An tsara shi a kusa da bil'adama, wannan rahoto zai iya saita matakai don manufofin kasa da kasa don kawar da gurɓataccen filastik da samarwa a hankali.

Creshkoff, R., & Enck, J. (2022, Satumba 23). Gasar Dakatar da Tushen Filastik Ya Yi Mahimman Nasara. Kimiyyar Amurka. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-race-to-stop-a-plastics-plant-scores-a-crucial-win/

Masu fafutukar kare muhalli a St. James Parish, Louisiana sun samu gagarumar nasara a wata babbar kotu a kan kamfanin Formosa Plastics, wanda ke shirin gina masana'antar robobi mafi girma a duniya a yankin tare da goyon bayan gwamna, 'yan majalisar dokoki, da dillalan wutar lantarki na cikin gida. Kungiyar da ke adawa da sabon ci gaban, karkashin jagorancin Sharon Lavigne na Rise St. James da sauran kungiyoyin al'umma da ke samun goyon bayan lauyoyi a Earthjustice, sun shawo kan Kotun Lardin Shari'a ta 19 ta Louisiana da ta soke izinin gurɓataccen iska 14 da Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Jihar ta ba da wanda zai samu. ya ba Formosa Plastics damar gina hadadden sinadarin petrochemical da aka tsara. Ana amfani da sinadarai masu kirƙira a cikin samfura marasa ƙima, gami da robobi.Tsayarwar wannan babban aikin, da haɓakar faɗuwar Filastik ɗin Formosa gabaɗaya, yana da mahimmanci ga adalci na zamantakewa da muhalli. Ana zaune tare da nisan mil 85 na Kogin Mississippi da aka sani da "Cancer Alley," mazauna St. James Parish, musamman mazaunan masu karamin karfi da masu launin fata, suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa a tsawon rayuwarsu fiye da na ƙasa. matsakaita. Dangane da aikace-aikacensu na ba da izini, sabon rukunin filastik na Formosa zai sanya St. James Parish ƙarin ton 800 na gurɓataccen iska mai haɗari, ninki biyu ko ninki biyu na cututtukan cututtukan daji na gida zasu shaka kowace shekara. Ko da yake kamfanin ya yi alƙawarin ɗaukaka ƙara, wannan nasara da aka yi nasara da fatan za ta yi tasiri daidai gwargwado na cikin gida masu adawa a wuraren da ake ba da shawarar gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi - a koyaushe a cikin ƙananan yankuna masu launi. 

Madapoosi, V. (2022, Agusta). Imperialism na Zamani na Zamani a cikin Kasuwancin Sharar Gida na Duniya: Kayan Aikin Dijital da ke Binciken Matsaloli a cikin Kasuwancin Sharar Duniya, (J. Hamilton, Ed.). Masanin muhalli mai tsaka-tsaki. www.intersectionalenvironmentalist.com/toolkits/global-waste-trade-toolkit

Duk da sunansa, cinikin sharar gida a duniya ba ciniki ba ne, a'a tsari ne mai hako wanda ya samo asali daga mulkin mallaka. A matsayinta na al'ummar daular, Amurka tana ba da damar sarrafa sharar gida ga kasashe masu tasowa a duniya don magance gurbataccen sharar sake amfani da robobi. Bayan mummunar illar da muhalli ke haifarwa ga muhallin teku, gurbacewar kasa, da gurbacewar iska, cinikin sharar gida na duniya yana haifar da adalci ga muhalli da al'amurran kiwon lafiyar jama'a, wanda tasirinsa ke kaiwa ga jama'a da muhallin kasashe masu tasowa. Wannan kayan aiki na dijital yana bincika tsarin sharar gida a Amurka, gadon mulkin mallaka da aka kirkira a cikin kasuwancin sharar duniya, muhalli, tasirin zamantakewa da siyasa na tsarin sarrafa sharar duniya na yanzu, da manufofin gida, na ƙasa da na duniya waɗanda zasu iya canza shi. 

Hukumar Binciken Muhalli. (2021, Satumba). Gaskiyar Bayan Sharar: Girma da tasirin kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin sharar filastik. EIA. https://eia-international.org/wp-content/uploads/EIA-The-Truth-Behind-Trash-FINAL.pdf

Bangaren sarrafa shara a kasashe da dama masu samun kudin shiga ya dogara ga tsari wajen fitar da sharar robobi zuwa kasashe masu karamin karfi wadanda har yanzu ke ci gaba da bunkasar tattalin arziki kuma ta yin hakan ya yi waje da tsadar rayuwa da muhalli ta hanyar sharar mulkin mallaka. A cewar rahoton na EIA, Jamus, Japan da Amurka su ne kasashen da suka fi fitar da sharar, inda kowacce kasa ta fitar da sharar robobi sau biyu tun lokacin da aka fara bayar da rahoto a shekarar 1988. Kasar Sin ita ce kasar da ta fi shigo da sharar robobi, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 65% na sharar. shigo da kaya daga 2010 zuwa 2020. Lokacin da kasar Sin ta rufe iyakokinta zuwa sharar filastik a cikin 2018, Malaysia, Vietnam, Turkey, da kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka da ke aiki a SE Asia sun zama manyan wuraren da ake amfani da sharar filastik daga Japan, Amurka da EU. Ba a san takamaiman gudunmawar da kasuwancin sharar robo ke bayarwa ga gurbatar filastik a duniya ba, amma a fili yana da yawa dangane da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin girman cinikin sharar da yadda ake gudanar da ayyukan kasashen waje. Har ila yau jigilar dattin robobi a duniya ya baiwa kasashe masu kudin shiga damar ci gaba da fadada samar da robobin budurwowi ba tare da kula da su ba ta hanyar ba su damar kaucewa illar da suke samu ta hanyar amfani da robobin da ke damun su. EIA International ta ba da shawarar cewa za a iya magance rikicin sharar filastik ta hanyar cikakkiyar dabara, ta hanyar sabuwar yarjejeniya ta kasa da kasa, wacce ke jaddada hanyoyin da za a bi don rage samar da robobi na budurwowi da amfani da su, ci gaba da ganowa da bayyana duk wani sharar filastik a cikin kasuwanci, da gaba daya. inganta ingantaccen albarkatu da ingantaccen tattalin arzikin madauwari don robobi - har sai an hana fitar da sharar filastik cikin rashin adalci yadda ya kamata a duk duniya.

Haɗin Kan Duniya Don Madadin Ininerator. (2019, Afrilu). An Yi watsi da: Al'ummomin Kan Gaban Rikicin Filastik na Duniya. GAIA. www.No-Burn.Org/Resources/Discarded-Communities-On-The-Frontlines-of-The-Global-Plastic-Crisis/

Lokacin da kasar Sin ta rufe iyakokinta na shigo da sharar robobi a shekarar 2018, kasashe a kudu maso gabashin Asiya sun cika da zubar da shara a matsayin sake yin amfani da su, musamman daga kasashe masu arziki a Arewacin Duniya. Wannan rahoto na bincike ya bankado yadda al'ummomin da ke kasa suka yi tasiri a sakamakon kwararar gurbatacciyar gurbatar yanayi da kasashen waje ke yi, da kuma yadda suke yaki da su.

Karlsson, T, Dell, J, Gündoğdu, S, & Carney Almroth, B. (2023, Maris). Kasuwancin Sharar Filastik: Lambobin Boye. Cibiyar Kawar da Guba ta Duniya (IPEN). https://ipen.org/sites/default/files/documents/ipen_plastic_waste _rahoton_trade-na karshe-3digital.pdf

Tsarukan bayar da rahoto na yau da kullun na yin la'akari da yawan sharar robobi da ake ciniki da su a duniya, wanda ke haifar da yin kuskure na yau da kullun na cinikin sharar filastik daga masu binciken da suka dogara da wannan bayanan da aka ruwaito. Rashin ƙididdige tsarin ƙididdiga da bin diddigin madaidaitan juzu'in sharar filastik ya faru ne saboda rashin bayyana gaskiya a lambobin cinikin sharar, waɗanda ba su dace da gano takamaiman nau'ikan kayan aiki ba. Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya gano cewa cinikin filastik a duniya ya haura kashi 40 bisa XNUMX fiye da kiyasin da aka yi a baya, har ma wannan adadin ya kasa nuna babban hoton robobi da aka hada a cikin yadudduka, da cakudewar takarda, da e-sharar gida, da roba, ba tare da ambaton mai guba ba. sinadaran da ake amfani da su a cikin aikin samar da filastik. Ko mene ne boyayyar alkaluman cinikin sharar robobi, yawan adadin robobin da ake samarwa a halin yanzu ya sa babu wata kasa ta iya sarrafa dumbin sharar da ake samarwa. Babban abin da za a dauka ba wai ana sayar da sharar ba ne, a’a, kasashe masu tasowa sun yi ta cika kasashe masu tasowa da gurbatacciyar gurbatar yanayi fiye da yadda aka ruwaito. Don yakar wannan, kasashe masu karfin tattalin arziki na bukatar kara himma wajen daukar nauyin sharar robobin da suke samarwa.

Karasik R., Lauer NE, Baker AE., Lisi NE, Somarelli JA, Eward WC, Fürst K. & Dunphy-Daly MM (2023, Janairu). Rashin daidaito na fa'idodin filastik da nauyi akan tattalin arziki da lafiyar jama'a. Ƙarfafa a Kimiyyar Ruwa. 9:1017247. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.1017247

Filastik iri-iri yana shafar al'ummar ɗan adam, daga lafiyar jama'a zuwa tattalin arzikin gida da na duniya. A cikin rarraba fa'idodi da nauyi na kowane mataki na rayuwar robobi, masu bincike sun gano cewa amfanin robobi shine babban tattalin arziki, yayin da nauyi ya faɗi kan lafiyar ɗan adam. Bugu da ƙari, akwai bambanci tsakanin waɗanda ke fuskantar fa'ida ko nauyin robobi kamar yadda ba a cika amfani da fa'idodin tattalin arziƙin ba don gyara nauyin lafiya da robobin ke haifarwa. Kasuwancin sharar robobi na kasa da kasa ya kara dagula wannan rashin daidaito saboda nauyin kula da sharar ya rataya ne a kan al'ummomin da ke karkashin kasa a kasashe masu karamin karfi, maimakon kan masu kera kayayyaki masu yawan gaske, masu yawan cin abinci, wadanda suka samar da fa'idar tattalin arziki mai yawa. Nazari na fa'ida na gargajiya wanda ke ba da sanarwar ƙirar manufofin ba daidai ba a auna fa'idodin tattalin arziƙin robobi fiye da kaikaice, sau da yawa ba za a iya ƙididdigewa ba, farashi ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli. 

Liboiron, M. (2021). Gurbatar da mulkin mallaka. Duke University Press. 

In Gurbatar da mulkin mallaka, marubucin ya gabatar da cewa duk nau'ikan bincike na kimiyya da gwagwarmaya suna da alaƙar ƙasa, kuma waɗanda za su iya daidaitawa da ko adawa da mulkin mallaka a matsayin wani nau'i na cirewa, mai taken alakar ƙasa. Da yake mai da hankali kan gurbatar filastik, littafin ya nuna yadda gurbatar yanayi ba kawai alamar jari-hujja ba ce, amma tashin hankali na dangantakar ƙasa da mulkin mallaka wanda ke da'awar samun damar mallakar ƙasa ta asali. Yin la'akari da aikinsu a cikin Laboratory Civil Laboratory for Environmental Action Research (CLEAR), Liboiron ya ƙirƙira wani aikin kimiyya na ƙin mulkin mallaka wanda ke nuna ƙasa, ɗabi'a, da alaƙa, yana nuna cewa kimiyyar muhalli da gwagwarmayar mulkin mallaka ba kawai zai yiwu ba, amma a halin yanzu a aikace.

Bennett, N., Alava, JJ, Ferguson, CE, Blythe, J., Morgera, E., Boyd, D., & Côté, IM (2023, Janairu). Muhalli (a) adalci a cikin Tekun Anthropocene. Manufar Marine. 147 (105383). DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105383

Nazarin adalci na muhalli da farko ya mayar da hankali ne kan rarraba rashin daidaituwa da tasirin gurɓatacce da zubar da shara mai guba ga al'ummomin da aka ware a tarihi. Yayin da filin ya ci gaba, takamaiman nauyin muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam da tsarin muhallin ruwa da al'ummomin bakin teku ke ɗaukar nauyi gabaɗaya a cikin littattafan adalci na muhalli. Dangane da wannan gibi na bincike, wannan takarda ta faɗaɗa kan fannoni biyar na adalcin muhalli na teku: gurɓata ruwa da sharar gida mai guba, robobi da tarkacen ruwa, canjin yanayi, gurɓacewar muhalli, da raguwar kamun kifi. 

Mcgarry, D., James, A., & Erwin, K. (2022). Tabbataccen Bayani: Gurbacewar Filastik Na Ruwa A Matsayin Batun Zaluncin Muhalli. Daya Hub Hub. https://Oneoceanhub.Org/Wp-Content/Uploads/2022/06/Information-Sheet_4.Pdf

Wannan takaddar bayanan tana gabatar da ma'auni na adalcin muhalli na gurbatar filastik na ruwa daga mahangar al'ummomin da aka ware bisa tsari, da kasashe masu karamin karfi da ke Kudancin Duniya, da masu ruwa da tsaki a kasashe masu samun kudin shiga wadanda ke da alhakin samarwa da amfani da robobi wadanda ke da alhakin samar da robobi. sami hanyarsu zuwa teku. 

Owens, KA, & Conlon, K. (2021, Agusta). Juyawa ko Kashe Taɓa? Zaluncin Muhalli da La'akarin Gurbacewar Filastik. Ƙarfafa a Kimiyyar Ruwa, 8. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.713385

Masana'antar sarrafa shara ba za ta iya yin aiki a cikin ɓata lokaci ba tare da sanin illolin zamantakewa da muhalli da take girba ba. Lokacin da masana'antun ke haɓaka mafita waɗanda ke magance alamun gurɓataccen filastik amma ba tushen tushen ba, sun kasa ɗaukar masu ruwa da tsaki a tushen alhakin kuma don haka iyakance tasirin kowane matakin gyara. Masana'antar robobi a halin yanzu suna tsara sharar filastik azaman waje wanda ke buƙatar mafita ta fasaha. Fitar da matsalar da fitar da mafita daga waje na matsawa nauyi da sakamakon sharar robobi ga al'ummomin da ba a sani ba a duniya, zuwa kasashen da ke da ci gaban tattalin arziki, da kuma ga al'ummomi masu zuwa. Maimakon barin warware matsalar ga masu ƙirƙira, an shawarci masana kimiyya, masu tsara manufofi, da gwamnatoci da su tsara labarun sharar filastik tare da mai da hankali kan rage sama, sake fasalin, da sake amfani da su, maimakon sarrafa ƙasa.

Mah, A. (2020). Gado mai guba da adalcin muhalli. a Shari'ar Muhalli (fitowa ta 1). Jami'ar Manchester Press. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/978042902 9585-12/toxic-legacies-environmental-justice-alice-mah

Bayyanar rashin daidaituwar al'ummomin tsiraru da masu karamin karfi zuwa gurbacewa mai guba da wuraren sharar gida mai hadari lamari ne mai matukar muhimmanci da dadewa a cikin yunkurin tabbatar da muhalli. Tare da labarai marasa adadi na bala'o'i masu guba na rashin adalci a duniya, kaɗan ne kawai daga cikin waɗannan lamuran aka bayyana a tarihin tarihi yayin da sauran ba a kula da su ba. Wannan babin yana tattauna abubuwan da suka gada na bala'o'i masu guba, rashin daidaituwar kulawar jama'a da aka ba wa musamman rashin adalci na muhalli, da kuma yadda ƙungiyoyin yaƙi da guba a cikin Amurka da ƙasashen waje ke kasancewa cikin ƙungiyoyin adalci na muhalli na duniya.

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9. Tarihin Filastik

Cibiyar Tarihin Kimiyya. (2023). Tarihin Robobi. Cibiyar Tarihin Kimiyya. https://www.sciencehistory.org/the-history-and-future-of-plastics

Wani ɗan gajeren tarihin shafuka uku na robobi yana ba da taƙaitacciyar bayanai, duk da haka sosai cikakkun bayanai kan menene robobi, daga ina suka fito, menene robobin roba na farko, zamanin filastik a Yaƙin Duniya na II da haɓaka damuwa game da filastik a nan gaba. Wannan labarin ya fi dacewa ga waɗanda suke son ƙarin faɗuwar bugun jini akan haɓakar filastik ba tare da shiga cikin ɓangaren fasaha na ƙirƙirar filastik ba.

Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (2022). Duniyarmu tana shakewa akan Filastik. https://www.unep.org/interactives/beat-plastic-pollution/ 

Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kirkiro wani shafin yanar gizo mai mu'amala da shi don taimakawa wajen hango matsalar gurbacewar filastik da kuma sanya tarihin robobi cikin yanayin da jama'a ke iya fahimta cikin sauki. Wannan bayanin ya haɗa da abubuwan gani, taswirori masu hulɗa, fitar da ƙididdiga, da hanyoyin haɗin kai zuwa binciken kimiyya. Shafin ya ƙare da shawarwarin da mutane za su iya ɗauka don rage amfani da robobi da ƙarfafa masu ba da shawara ga canji ta hanyar ƙananan hukumomi na daidaikun mutane.

Hohn, S., Acevedo-Trejos, E., Abrams, J., Fulgencio de Moura, J., Spranz, R., & Merico, A. (2020, Mayu 25). Dogon Dogon Gado na Samar da Mass ɗin Filastik. Kimiyya na Jumlar Muhalli. 746, 141115. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141115

An gabatar da mafita da yawa don tattara robobi daga koguna da teku, duk da haka, har yanzu ba a san tasirin su ba. Wannan rahoto ya gano mafita na yanzu za su sami nasara kaɗan kawai wajen cire filastik daga muhalli. Hanya daya tilo da za a iya rage sharar robobi da gaske ita ce ta hanyar rage hayakin robobi, da kuma karfafa tattarawa tare da mai da hankali kan tarin rafuka kafin filastik ya isa teku. Samar da robobi da ƙonawa za su ci gaba da yin tasiri na dogon lokaci akan kasafin kuɗin carbon na yanayi da muhalli.

Dickinson, T. (2020, Maris 3). Yadda Babban Mai da Babban Soda ke kiyaye bala'in muhalli a duniya sirri tsawon shekaru da yawa. Dutse mai dutse. https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/plastic-problem-recycling-myth-big-oil-950957/

A kowane mako, matsakaicin mutum a duk faɗin duniya yana cinye kusan ɓangarorin filastik 2,000. Wannan yayi daidai da gram 5 na robobi ko cikakken darajar katin kiredit ɗaya. Fiye da rabin filastik yanzu a duniya an ƙirƙira shi tun 2002, kuma gurɓataccen filastik yana kan saurin ninka zuwa 2030. Tare da sabon motsi na zamantakewa da siyasa don magance gurɓataccen filastik, kamfanoni sun fara ɗaukar matakan barin filastik bayan shekaru da yawa na shekaru. zagi.

Ostle, C., Thompson, R., Broughton, D., Gregory, L., Wootton, M., & Johns, D. (2019, Afrilu). Hawan robobin teku ya tabbata daga jerin lokuta na shekaru 60. Hanyar Sadarwa. rdcu.be/bCso9

Wannan binciken ya gabatar da wani sabon jerin lokuta, daga 1957 zuwa 2016 kuma ya rufe sama da mil 6.5 na ruwa, kuma shine na farko da ya tabbatar da karuwar budadden robobin teku a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.

Taylor, D. (2019, Maris 4). Yadda Amurka ta kamu da robobi. Grist. grist.org/article/how-the-us-got-addicted-to-plastics/

Cork ya kasance babban abin da ake amfani da shi a masana'antu, amma an maye gurbinsa da sauri lokacin da filastik ya shigo wurin. Filastik ya zama mahimmanci a cikin WWII kuma Amurka ta dogara da filastik tun daga lokacin.

Geyer, R., Jambeck, J., & Law, KL (2017, Yuli 19). Ƙirƙira, amfani, da makomar duk robobi da aka taɓa yi. Ci gaban Kimiyya, 3(7). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700782

Binciken farko na duniya na duk robobin da aka samar da yawa da aka taɓa kera. Sun yi kiyasin cewa ya zuwa shekarar 2015, tan miliyan 6300 na tan miliyan 8300 na robobin budurwowi da aka taba samar sun zama sharar roba. Daga ciki, kashi 9 cikin dari ne kawai aka sake yin amfani da su, kashi 12% an ƙone su, kuma kashi 79% sun taru a cikin mahalli na halitta ko wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa. Idan har aka ci gaba da samarwa da sarrafa sharar gida akan yanayin da suke ciki, yawan sharar robobi a wuraren da ake zubar da shara ko muhalli zai ninka sau biyu nan da shekarar 2050.

Ryan, P. (2015, Yuni 2). Takaitaccen Tarihin Binciken Litter na Ruwa. Ruwan Anthropogenic Litter: p 1-25. link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_1#enumeration

Wannan babin yana ba da taƙaitaccen tarihin yadda aka gudanar da bincike kan sharar ruwa a cikin kowace shekaru goma da suka fara daga 1960 zuwa yau. A cikin 1960s an fara nazarin ƙayyadaddun sharar ruwan teku wanda ya mai da hankali kan haɗaɗɗiya da shigar da robobi ta rayuwar ruwa. Tun daga nan, mayar da hankali ya koma ga microplastics da tasirin su akan rayuwar kwayoyin halitta.

Hoton, D. (2011). Moby Duck. Viking Press.

Mawallafi Donovan Hohn ya ba da lissafin jarida na tarihin al'adun filastik kuma ya samo asali ne daga abin da ya sa robobi ya zama abin zubarwa da farko. Bayan austerities na WWII, masu amfani sun fi sha'awar yin amfani da kansu a kan samfurori, don haka a cikin shekarun 1950 lokacin da patent a kan polyethylene ya ƙare, kayan ya zama mai rahusa fiye da kowane lokaci. Hanya daya tilo da masu yin robobin za su iya samun riba ita ce ta hanyar gamsar da masu amfani da su su yi amai, su sayo da yawa, a jefar da su, su saya. A wasu sassan kuma, ya yi nazari kan batutuwan da suka hada da kamfanonin jigilar kayayyaki da masana'antun wasan kwaikwayo na kasar Sin.

Bowermaster, J. (edita). (2010). tekuna. Media Mahalarta. 71-93.

Kyaftin Charles Moore ya gano abin da a yanzu ake kira Great Pacific Garbage Patch a cikin 1997. A cikin 2009, ya koma cikin facin yana tsammanin ya girma kadan, amma ba sau talatin ba kamar yadda ya yi a zahiri. David de Rothschild ya gina jirgin ruwa mai tsawon kafa 60 wanda aka kera gaba daya daga kwalabe na robobi wadanda suka dauke shi da tawagarsa daga California zuwa Ostiraliya domin wayar da kan tarkacen ruwa a cikin teku.

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10. Daban Daban

Rhein, S., & Sträter, KF (2021). Ƙaddamar da kai na kamfanoni don rage rikicin filastik na duniya: Sake yin amfani da su maimakon raguwa da sake amfani da su. Jaridar Tsabtace Production. 296 (126571).

Yayin da ake ƙoƙarin kwatanta sauye-sauye zuwa tattalin arziƙin madauwari, ƙasashe da yawa suna tafiya ne kawai zuwa ga tattalin arzikin sake amfani da shi mara dorewa. Koyaya, ba tare da yarjejeniya ta duniya akan alƙawari ba, ana barin ƙungiyoyi don yin ma'anar nasu ra'ayoyin na shirye-shirye masu dorewa. Babu ma'anoni iri ɗaya da ma'aunin da ake buƙata na raguwa da sake amfani da su don haka ƙungiyoyi da yawa suna mai da hankali kan sake yin amfani da su da kuma ayyukan tsaftacewa bayan gurɓata. Canji na gaske a cikin magudanar shara na filastik zai buƙaci daidaitaccen nisantar fakitin amfani guda ɗaya, yana hana gurɓacewar filastik daga farkonsa. Ƙungiyoyin kamfanoni da kuma yarjejeniyar da aka amince da su a duniya na iya taimakawa wajen cike gibin, idan sun mai da hankali kan dabarun rigakafin.

Surfrier. (2020). Hattara da Fitar Fake na Filastik. Surfrider Turai. PDF

Ana samar da hanyoyin magance matsalar gurɓacewar filastik, amma ba duk hanyoyin da za su taimaka wajen kare muhalli da kare muhalli ba. An kiyasta cewa tan 250,000 na robobi na shawagi a saman tekun, amma wannan ya kai kashi 1% na dukkan robobin da ke cikin tekun. Wannan matsala ce saboda yawancin abubuwan da ake kira mafita kawai suna magance robobi masu iyo (kamar aikin Seabin, The Manta, da Tsabtace Tekun). Maganin gaskiya kawai shine a rufe fam ɗin filastik da kuma dakatar da filastik shiga cikin teku da mahalli na ruwa. Ya kamata mutane su matsa lamba kan harkokin kasuwanci, su bukaci hukumomin yankin su dauki mataki, kawar da robobi a inda za su iya, da kuma tallafa wa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke aiki a kan lamarin.

Bayanan NASA na (2020). Hanyoyin Da'irar Teku: Taswirar Labari na Faci.

Taswirar labarin NASA ta haɗa bayanan tauraron dan adam zuwa cikin sauƙi don shiga shafin yanar gizon da ke ba baƙi damar gano yanayin zazzagewar teku kamar yadda suke da alaƙa da facin dattin teku a duniya ta hanyar amfani da bayanan magudanar ruwa na NASA. Wannan gidan yanar gizon an tsara shi ne ga ɗalibai masu digiri na 7-12 kuma yana ba da ƙarin albarkatu da buguwa ga malamai don ba da damar yin amfani da taswirar a cikin darussa.

DeNisco Rayome, A. (2020, Agusta 3). Za Mu Iya Kashe Filastik? CNET. PDF

Mawallafi Allison Rayome ya bayyana matsalar gurɓataccen filastik ga jama'a. Ana samar da robobi da ake amfani da su guda ɗaya kowace shekara, amma akwai matakan da mutane za su iya ɗauka. Labarin ya ba da haske game da haɓakar filastik, batutuwan sake amfani da su, alƙawarin mafita na madauwari, fa'idodin (wasu) filastik, da abin da mutane za su iya yi don rage filastik (da haɓaka sake amfani da su). Rayome ya yarda yayin da waɗannan matakai ne masu mahimmanci don rage gurɓatawa, samun sauyi na gaskiya yana buƙatar aiwatar da doka.

Persson, L., Carney Almroth, BM, Collins, CD, Cornell, S., De Wit, CA, Diamond, ML, Fantke, P., Hassellöv, M., MacLeod, M., Ryberg, MW, Jørgensen, PS , Villarrubia-Gómez, P., Wang, Z., & Hauschild, MZ (2022). A Wajen Amintaccen Wurin Aiki na Iyakar Duniya don Ƙungiyoyin Novel. Kimiyyar Muhalli & Fasaha, 56(3), 1510-1521. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04158

Masana kimiyya sun kammala cewa a halin yanzu bil'adama yana aiki a waje da amintacciyar iyakokin duniya na sabbin abubuwa tun lokacin samarwa da fitarwa na shekara-shekara a cikin saurin da ya zarce ikon tantancewa da sa ido a duniya. Wannan takarda ta bayyana iyakokin sabon abu a cikin tsarin iyakokin duniya a matsayin abubuwan da ke da labari a yanayin yanayin ƙasa kuma suna da babban tasiri mai yuwuwar yin barazana ga amincin tsarin tsarin duniya. Da yake bayyana gurbacewar filastik a matsayin wani yanki na musamman da ke da matukar damuwa, masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar daukar matakin gaggawa don rage samarwa da fitar da sabbin abubuwa, lura da cewa duk da haka, dagewar wasu sabbin abubuwa kamar gurbataccen filastik zai ci gaba da haifar da babbar illa.

Lwanga, EH, Beriot, N., Corradini, F. et al. (2022, Fabrairu). Yin bita na tushen microplastic, hanyoyin sufuri da alaƙa tare da sauran matsalolin ƙasa: tafiya daga wuraren aikin gona zuwa cikin yanayi. Kimiyya da Fasahar Halittu a Aikin Noma. 9 (20). DOI: 10.1186/s40538-021-00278-9

Ana samun ƴan bayanai game da tafiyar microplastic a cikin mahalli na ƙasa. Wannan bita na kimiyya ya bincika hulɗar daban-daban da matakai da ke tattare da jigilar microplastics daga tsarin aikin gona zuwa yanayin da ke kewaye, ciki har da ƙima na sabon labari game da yadda jigilar microplastic ke faruwa daga filasta (cellular) zuwa matakin shimfidar wuri.

Mafi Sauƙi. (2019, Nuwamba 7). Hanyoyi 5 masu sauƙi don Rage filastik a gida. https://supersimple.com/article/reduce-plastic/.

Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. (2021). Adalci na muhalli da raye-rayen gurbataccen filastik (Turanci). YouTube. https://youtu.be/8YPjYXOjT58.

Ƙananan kudin shiga da baƙi, ƴan asalin ƙasar, al'ummomin launi (BIPOC) sune ke kan gaba na gurɓataccen filastik. Al'ummomi masu launi suna iya rayuwa a bakin teku ba tare da kariya daga ambaliya, lalacewar yawon shakatawa, da masana'antar kamun kifi ba. Kowane mataki na samar da robobi lokacin da ba a tsara shi ba kuma ba a kula da shi ba zai iya cutar da rayuwar ruwa, muhalli, da kuma waɗancan al'ummomin da ke kusa. Waɗannan al'ummomin da aka ware suna iya fuskantar rashin daidaito, don haka suna buƙatar ƙarin kudade da kulawar rigakafi.

TEDx. (2010). TEDx Babban Fashin Sharan Faci - Van Jones - Adalci na Muhalli. YouTube. https://youtu.be/3WMgNlU_vxQ.

A cikin jawabin Ted na 2010 wanda ke nuna rashin daidaituwa ga al'ummomi matalauta daga sharar gurɓataccen filastik, Van Jones ya ƙalubalanci dogaronmu akan rashin amfani "domin sharar duniya dole ne ku kwashe mutane." Mutanen da ba su da kuɗi ba su da 'yancin tattalin arziƙin don zaɓar mafi koshin lafiya ko zaɓin filastik wanda ke haifar da ƙara haɗarin sinadarai masu guba. Talakawa kuma suna ɗaukar nauyi saboda sun fi kusanci da wuraren zubar da shara ba daidai ba. Ana fitar da sinadarai masu guba mai ban mamaki a cikin matalauta da al'ummomin da aka ware suna haifar da illolin lafiya da yawa. Dole ne mu sanya muryoyin waɗannan al'ummomi a kan gaba a cikin doka don a aiwatar da sauyi na ainihi na al'umma.

Cibiyar Dokokin Muhalli ta Duniya. (2021). Numfashin Wannan Iskar - Kare Daga Dokar Gurɓatar Filastik. Cibiyar Dokokin Muhalli ta Duniya. YouTube. https://youtu.be/liojJb_Dl90.

The Break Free From Plastic Act yana mai da hankali na musamman kan adalcin muhalli yana jayayya cewa "lokacin da kuka ɗaga mutane a ƙasa, kuna ɗaga kowa." Kamfanonin sinadarai na mai suna cutar da mutane masu launin fata da masu karamin karfi ta hanyar kera da zubar da sharar robobi a yankunansu. Dole ne mu kubuta daga dogaro da robobi don samun daidaito a cikin al'ummomin da ke fama da gurɓacewar aikin filastik.

Tattaunawar Yarjejeniyar Filastik ta Duniya. (2021, Yuni 10). Cibiyar Sadarwar Jagorancin Tekun Filastik. YouTube. https://youtu.be/GJdNdWmK4dk.

An fara tattaunawa ta hanyar jerin tarurrukan kan layi na duniya don shirye-shiryen yanke shawarar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEA) a watan Fabrairun 2022 kan ko za a bi yarjejeniya ta duniya kan robobi. The Ocean Plastics Leadership Network (OPLN) ƙungiya mai fafutuka-zuwa masana'antu mai mutane 90 tana haɗawa da Greenpeace da WWF don samar da ingantattun jerin tattaunawa. Kasashe 30 ne ke kiran da a kulla yarjejeniyar robobi ta duniya tare da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da manyan kamfanoni XNUMX. Bangarorin suna kira da a ba da cikakken rahoto kan robobi a tsawon rayuwarsu don yin la’akari da duk wani abu da ake yi da yadda ake tafiyar da shi, amma har yanzu akwai sauran gibin rashin jituwa.

Tan, V. (2020, Maris 24). Shin Bio-plastics Magani Mai Dorewa? Tattaunawar TEDx. YouTube. https://youtu.be/Kjb7AlYOSgo.

Bio-roba na iya zama mafita ga samar da robobi na tushen man fetur, amma bioplastics ba ya hana matsalar sharar filastik. Bioplastics a halin yanzu sun fi tsada kuma ba su da sauƙi idan aka kwatanta da robobin tushen man fetur. Bugu da ari, bioplastics ba lallai ba ne mafi kyau ga muhalli fiye da robobin tushen man fetur kamar yadda wasu bioplastics ba za su lalace ta zahiri a cikin muhalli ba. Bioplastics kadai ba zai iya magance matsalar mu filastik ba, amma suna iya zama wani ɓangare na mafita. Muna buƙatar ƙarin cikakkun dokoki da ingantaccen aiwatarwa wanda ya shafi samarwa, amfani, da zubar da filastik.

Scarr, S. (2019, Satumba 4). Nitsewa a cikin Filastik: Kallon yadda duniya ke sha'awar kwalabe. Hotunan Reuters. An dawo daga: graphics.reuters.com/MALAMI-PLASTIC/0100B275155/index.html

A duk duniya, ana sayar da kwalaben roba kusan miliyan 1 a kowane minti daya, ana sayar da kwalabe biliyan 1.3 a kowace rana, wanda ya yi daidai da rabin girman Hasumiyar Eiffel. Kasa da kashi 6% na duk filastik da aka taɓa yi an sake yin fa'ida. Duk da duk shaidun barazanar filastik ga muhalli, samarwa yana karuwa.

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