Kifi a Zuciyar Tsarin Abinci

Wannan labarin ya samo asali ne akan Limn kuma Alison Fairbrother da David Schleifer ne suka rubuta shi.

Ba ku taɓa ganin menhaden ba, amma kun ci ɗaya. Ko da yake ba wanda ya zauna a farantin wannan farantin azurfa, mai ido, kifaye mai tsayin ƙafa a gidan cin abinci na cin abincin teku, menhaden yana tafiya ta cikin jerin abincin ɗan adam wanda galibi ba a gano shi a cikin jikin wasu nau'ikan ba, waɗanda ke ɓoye a cikin kifi, naman alade, albasa, da sauransu. sauran abinci.

Miliyoyin fam na menhaden ana kamun kifi daga Tekun Atlantika da Tekun Mexico ta wani kamfani guda da ke Houston, Texas, tare da suna mai kyau: Omega Protein. Ribar da kamfani ke samu ta samo asali ne daga tsarin da ake kira “raguwa,” wanda ya haɗa da dafa abinci, niƙa, da kemikal da ke raba kitsen menhaden daga furotin da ma’adanai. Waɗannan sassan sassan sun zama abubuwan sinadarai a cikin kiwo, dabbobin masana'antu, da shuka kayan lambu. Abincin mai- da furotin mai wadata ya zama abincin dabbobi. Abubuwan micronutrients sun zama takin amfanin gona.

Yana aiki kamar haka: daga Afrilu zuwa Disamba, ƙaramin garin Reedville na bakin teku, Virginia, yana aika masunta da yawa zuwa cikin Chesapeake Bay da Tekun Atlantika akan jiragen ruwa tara na Omega Protein. Matukin jirgin Spotter a cikin ƙananan jiragen sama suna tashi sama, suna neman menhaden daga sama, waɗanda ake iya gane su ta inuwar jajayen da suka bar a kan ruwa yayin da suke tattarawa tare a cikin ƙananan makarantu na dubun-dubatar kifi.

Lokacin da aka gano menhaden, mai tabo jirgin yana aika rediyo zuwa jirgi mafi kusa kuma ya tura shi zuwa makaranta. Masuntan Omega Protein sun aike da wasu kananan jiragen ruwa guda biyu, wadanda suka makale makarantar da wata katuwar gidan yanar gizo da ake kira da jakar jaka. Lokacin da kifin ke kewaye, jakar seine net yana danne kamar zaren zare. Wani famfon injin ruwa daga nan yana tsotse manhaden daga gidan yanar gizon zuwa riƙon jirgin. Komawa a masana'anta, raguwa ya fara. Irin wannan tsari yana faruwa a Gulf of Mexico, inda Omega Protein ya mallaki masana'antun rage sau uku.

An kama mafi yawan menhaden fiye da kowane kifaye a cikin nahiyar Amurka ta girma. Har zuwa kwanan nan, wannan gagarumin aiki da samfuransa kusan ba su da ka'ida, duk da gagarumin tasirin muhalli. Yawan mutanen menhaden ya ragu kusan kashi 90 daga lokacin da mutane suka fara girbin manhaden daga ruwan tekun Atlantika da ruwa.

Da kyar Omega Protein shine farkon wanda ya gane darajar menhaden. Etymology na menhaden yana nuna wurin da ya daɗe a cikin samar da abinci. Sunanta ya samo asali daga kalmar Narragansett munnawhatteaûg, wanda a zahiri yana nufin "abin da ke wadatar ƙasa." Binciken archaeological a kan Cape Cod ya nuna cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka a can sun binne kifin da aka yi imanin cewa suna menhaden a cikin masarar masara (Mrozowski 1994: 47-62). William Bradford da Edward Winslow's lissafin farko daga 1622 na Mahajjata a Plymouth, Massachusetts, ya bayyana 'yan mulkin mallaka suna sarrafa filayen gonakin su da kifi "bisa ga yanayin Indiyawa" (Bradford da Winslow 1622).

'Yan kasuwa tun farkon karni na sha takwas sun fara gina ƙananan wurare don rage manhaden zuwa mai da abinci don amfani da su a masana'antu da kayayyakin noma. A tsakiyar karni na ashirin, fiye da ɗari biyu na waɗannan wurare sun mamaye gabar gabas na Amurka da Tekun Mexico. A yawancin waɗannan shekarun, masunta sun kama menhaden suna amfani da tarun da suka shiga da hannu. Amma tun daga shekarun 1950s, famfunan ruwa na ruwa sun ba da damar tsotse miliyoyin manhaden daga manyan gidajen sauro cikin manyan jiragen ruwa. A cikin shekaru 60 da suka gabata, an girbe fam biliyan 47 na manhaden daga Tekun Atlantika.

Yayin da kamawar menhaden ke girma, ƙananan masana'antu da jiragen kamun kifi sun daina kasuwanci. A shekara ta 2006, kamfani ɗaya ne ya rage a tsaye. Omega Protein, wanda ke da hedikwata a Texas, yana kama tsakanin kwata da rabin fam biliyan na manhaden kowace shekara daga Tekun Atlantika, kuma kusan ninki biyu na adadin daga Tekun Mexico.

Domin Omega Protein ya mamaye masana'antar, rahotannin masu saka hannun jari na shekara-shekara sun ba da damar gano menhaden ta hanyar sarkar abinci ta duniya daga wurin rage ta a Reedville, Virginia, da ɗimbin masana'antu a Louisiana da Mississippi.

Daidai da yadda ake amfani da ’yan asalin ƙasar Amirka, ana amfani da abubuwan da ake amfani da su na micronutrients—musamman nitrogen, phosphorus, da potassium — don yin takin zamani. A {asar Amirka, ana amfani da takin gargajiya na manhaden don shuka albasa a Texas, blueberries a Georgia, da wardi a Tennessee, da sauran amfanin gona.

Ana amfani da wani ɗan ƙaramin kaso na kitse don yin abubuwan gina jiki na ɗan adam, wato magungunan kifi mai ɗauke da sinadarai mai omega-3, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da raguwar wasu abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtukan zuciya. Omega-3s ana samun su ta dabi'a a cikin wasu koren kayan lambu da goro. Suna kuma cikin algae, waɗanda menhaden ke cinyewa da yawa. A sakamakon haka, menhaden da nau'in kifin da ke dogara ga menhaden don abinci suna cike da omega-3s.

A cikin 2004, Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka ta ƙyale masana'antun su yi da'awar kan fakitin abinci da ke danganta cin abinci mai ɗauke da omega-3 zuwa rage haɗarin cututtukan zuciya. Ko shan kwayoyin man kifi na omega-3 ko a'a yana da fa'ida iri ɗaya kamar cin abinci da ke ɗauke da omega-3s ya kasance batun muhawara (Allport 2006; Kris-Etherton et al. 2002; Rizos et al. 2012). Duk da haka, tallace-tallacen magungunan kifin ya karu daga dala miliyan 100 a 2001 zuwa dala biliyan 1.1 a 2011 (Sabis na Bincike na Frost & Sullivan 2008; Herper 2009; Facts Facts 2011). Kasuwar kayan abinci omega-3 da abinci da abubuwan sha da aka ƙarfafa tare da omega-3 shine dala miliyan 195 a shekara ta 2004. A shekara ta 2011, an ƙiyasta dala biliyan 13.

Domin Omega Protein, ainihin kuɗi yana cikin sunadaran sunadarai da kitse, waɗanda suka zama sinadarai a cikin abincin dabbobi don ayyukan kiwo na masana'antu, alade, da ayyukan noman shanu a Amurka da ƙasashen waje. Kamfanin yana da matsayi mai kyau don ci gaba da fadada tallace-tallace na menhaden a duniya. Yayin da wadatar mai da furotin a duniya ya kasance mai lebur tun 2004, buƙatu ya ƙaru sosai. Kudaden shigar Omega Protein a kowace ton ya ninka fiye da sau uku tun daga 2000. Jimlar kudaden shiga sun kai dala miliyan 236 a shekarar 2012, kashi 17.8 cikin dari.

Omega Protein's “blue guntu” tushen abokin ciniki don ciyar da dabba da ƙarin ɗan adam sun haɗa da Dukan Abinci, Nestlé Purina, Iams, Land O'Lakes, ADM, Kayayyakin Lafiya na Swanson, Cargill, Del Monte, Abincin Kimiyya, Madaidaicin Smart, da Vitamin Shoppe. Amma kamfanonin da ke sayen abinci na manhaden da mai daga Omega Protein ba a buƙatar yin lakabi ko kayan nasu ya ƙunshi kifin, wanda hakan ya sa masu amfani da su ba za su iya gane ko suna shan manhaden ba. Koyaya, idan aka ba da girman kifin da ma'aunin rabon Omega Protein, idan kun sami kifin kifin gonaki ko sanya naman alade babban kanti, wataƙila kun ci dabbobin da aka tashe aƙalla a kan menhaden. Hakanan kuna iya ciyar da dabbobin da aka tashe akan menhaden zuwa dabbobinku, hadiye menhaden a cikin gel capsules wanda likitan zuciyar ku ya ba ku shawarar, ko kuma ku yayyafa su a lambun kayan lambu na bayan gida.

“Mun kirkiro kamfanin a tsawon lokaci zuwa inda za ku iya tashi da safe, ku sami karin Omega-3 (man kifi) don fara ranarku, zaku iya hana yunwar ku tsakanin abinci tare da girgizar furotin, kuma kuna iya zama. sauka a abincin dare tare da wani yanki na kifi, kuma damar su ne, ɗaya daga cikin samfuranmu da aka yi amfani da su don taimakawa wajen tayar da wannan kifi, "in ji Omega Protein Shugaba Brett Scholtes a cikin wata hira da ya yi da Houston Business Journal (Ryan 2013).

Me ya sa yake da mahimmanci cewa ana amfani da wannan ɗan ƙaramin kifin don ƙara haɓaka buƙatun furotin na dabba a duniya yayin da kudaden shiga na duniya ke ƙaruwa da canjin abinci (WHO 2013: 5)? Saboda menhaden ba wai kawai suna da kima ga wadatar abinci na ɗan adam ba, suma ginshiƙai ne na sarkar abinci na teku.

Menhaden ya hayayyafa a cikin teku, amma yawancin kifayen suna tafiya zuwa Tekun Chesapeake don girma a cikin ruwa mara nauyi na babban yankin ƙasar. A tarihi, Chesapeake Bay yana tallafawa ɗimbin yawan jama'a na menhaden: labari yana nuna cewa Captain John Smith ya ga mutane da yawa sun cika cikin Chesapeake Bay lokacin da ya isa 1607 wanda zai iya kama su da kwanon soya.

A cikin wannan wurin gandun daji, menhaden yana girma kuma yana bunƙasa a manyan makarantu kafin yin ƙaura sama da ƙasa ga Tekun Atlantika. Waɗannan makarantun menhaden suna ba da abinci mai mahimmanci, abinci mai gina jiki ga ɗimbin mahimman mafarauta, kamar bass bass, weakfish, bluefish, spiny dogfish, dolphins, humpback whales, hatimin tashar jiragen ruwa, osprey, loons, da ƙari.

A cikin 2009, masana kimiyyar kamun kifi sun ba da rahoton cewa yawan mutanen Atlantic ya ragu zuwa ƙasa da kashi 10 na girmansa. Masana kimiyyar masana'antu suna jayayya cewa ƙananan kifaye kamar su menhaden, sardines, da herring suna haifuwa da sauri don maye gurbin waɗanda aka cire daga sarkar abinci na teku ta hanyar kamun kifi na kasuwanci. Amma yawancin masana muhalli, gwamnati da masana kimiyyar ilimi, da mazauna bakin teku suna jayayya cewa kamun kifi na menhaden yana lalata yanayin muhalli, yana barin mutane kaɗan a cikin ruwa don yin la'akari da buƙatun mafarauta.

Tsagewar bass sun daɗe suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan mafarauta na menhaden a Gabas Coast. A yau, yawancin bass masu tagulla a cikin Chesapeake Bay suna fama da mycobacteriosis, cuta mai saurin kamuwa da cuta a baya da ke haifar da rashin abinci mai gina jiki.

Osprey, wani mafarauci, bai yi kyau sosai ba. A cikin 1980s, fiye da kashi 70 na abincin osprey ya kasance menhaden. A shekara ta 2006, adadin ya ragu zuwa kashi 27 cikin 1940, kuma rayuwar osprey nestlings a Virginia ya faɗo zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci tun shekarun 2000, lokacin da aka gabatar da DDT na kwari a yankin, wanda ya lalata matasan osprey. Kuma a tsakiyar shekarun XNUMX, masu bincike sun fara gano cewa raunin kifi, wani kifin mafarin tattalin arziki a cikin Tekun Atlantika, yana mutuwa da yawa. Ba tare da lafiyayyen manhaden da za a ciyar da su ba, ratsan bass suna farautar ƙananan kifi masu rauni kuma suna rage yawan jama'ar su.

A shekara ta 2012, wani kwamitin kwararrun kan ruwa da aka fi sani da Lenfest Forage Fish Task Force ya kiyasta cewa darajar barin kifin kifi a cikin teku a matsayin tushen abinci ga maharbi shine dala biliyan 11: sau biyu da dala biliyan 5.6 da aka samar ta hanyar cire nau'ikan nau'ikan kamar menhaden. daga cikin teku da kuma danna su cikin pellets abincin kifi (Pikitch et al, 2012).

Bayan shekaru da yawa na bayar da shawarwari daga kungiyoyin muhalli, a cikin Disamba 2012, wata hukumar gudanarwa da ake kira Hukumar Kamun Kifi ta Amurka ta aiwatar da ka'idar kamun kifi na Menhaden na farko a bakin teku. Hukumar ta rage girbin manhaden da kashi 20 cikin 2013 daga matakan da suka gabata a wani yunƙuri na kare jama'a daga faɗuwa. An aiwatar da tsarin a lokacin kamun kifi na XNUMX; ko ya shafi al'ummar menhaden tambaya ce da masana kimiyyar gwamnati ke ta kokarin amsawa.

A halin yanzu, samfuran menhaden sun kasance masu mahimmanci ga samar da kifi da nama masu arha a duniya. Tsarin abinci na masana'antu ya dogara ne akan cire abubuwan gina jiki daga jikin namun daji. Muna cinye menhaden a cikin nau'in yankakken naman alade, nono kaji, da tilapia. Kuma ta yin haka, halayenmu na cin abinci na haifar da mutuwar tsuntsaye da kifayen da ba su taɓa wucewa ba a zahiri.
Alison Fairbrother ita ce babban darektan Cibiyar Amincewar Jama'a, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ke yin bincike da ba da rahoto game da ɓarna na kimiyya daga kamfanoni, gwamnati, da kafofin watsa labarai.

David Schleifer yayi bincike kuma yayi rubutu game da abinci, kiwon lafiya, fasaha da ilimi. Shi ma babban abokin bincike ne a Agenda na Jama'a, ƙungiyar ba da ra'ayi ba, bincike da haɗin kai. Ra'ayoyin da aka bayyana a nan ba lallai ba ne na Ajandar Jama'a ko masu ba da kuɗaɗen sa. 

References
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