Nahiyar Fari Mai Karɓawa

Claire Christian ita ce Babban Darakta na riko na Ƙungiyar Antarctic da Kudancin tekun (ASOC), maƙwabtanmu na ofishin abokantaka a nan DC da waje a cikin tekun duniya.

A watan Mayun da ya gabata, na halarci taron ba da shawara kan yarjejeniyar Antarctic karo na 39 (ATCM), taron shekara-shekara ga kasashen da suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar. Yarjejeniyar Antarctic don yanke shawara game da yadda ake mulkin Antarctica. Ga wadanda ba su shiga cikin su, tarurrukan diflomasiyya na kasa da kasa kan yi kamar a hankali a hankali. Yana ɗaukar lokaci kawai don ƙasashe da yawa su amince kan yadda za a tunkari matsala. A wasu lokuta, duk da haka, ATCM ta yanke shawara cikin sauri da ƙarfin hali, kuma wannan shekarar ita ce 25th ranar tunawa daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin karni na 20 ga yanayin duniya - shawarar hana hako ma'adinai a Antarctica.

Yayin da ake bikin haramcin tun lokacin da aka amince da shi a shekarar 1991, mutane da yawa sun nuna shakkun cewa zai iya dorewa. Mai yiwuwa, cin zarafi na ɗan adam zai yi nasara a ƙarshe kuma zai yi wuya a yi watsi da yuwuwar sabbin damar tattalin arziki. Amma a taron ATCM na bana, kasashe 29 da suka yanke shawara kan yarjejeniyar Antarctic (wanda ake kira Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties ko ATCPs) gaba daya sun amince da wani kuduri da ke bayyana “yunƙurin ci gaba da ci gaba da aiwatarwa…. fifiko" haramcin ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a cikin Antarctic, wanda wani bangare ne na Yarjejeniyar Kare Muhalli ga Yarjejeniyar Antarctic (wanda ake kira da Madrid Protocol). Duk da yake tabbatar da goyon bayan haramcin da ake da shi ba zai zama kamar nasara ba, na yi imani yana da ƙarfi ga ƙarfin jajircewar ATCPs don kiyaye Antarctica a matsayin sarari gama gari ga dukkan bil'adama.

Duk da yake tabbatar da goyon bayan haramcin da ake da shi ba zai zama kamar nasara ba, na yi imani yana da ƙarfi ga ƙarfin jajircewar ATCPs don kiyaye Antarctica a matsayin sarari gama gari ga dukkan bil'adama. 

Tarihin yadda haramcin hakar ma'adinai ya kasance abin mamaki ne. ATCPs sun shafe sama da shekaru goma suna tattaunawa game da sharuɗɗan ƙa'idodin ma'adinai, wanda zai ɗauki nau'i na sabuwar yarjejeniya, Yarjejeniyar kan Tsarin Ayyukan Albarkatun Ma'adinai na Antarctic (CRAMRA). Wadannan shawarwari sun sa al'ummomin muhalli su tsara Ƙungiyar Antarctic da Kudancin Tekun teku (ASOC) don yin jayayya don ƙirƙirar Park Antarctica na Duniya, inda za a haramta hakar ma'adinai. Duk da haka, ASOC ta bi shawarwarin CRAMRA a hankali. Su, tare da wasu ATCPs, ba su goyi bayan hakar ma'adinai ba amma suna so su sanya ƙa'idodi masu ƙarfi kamar yadda zai yiwu.

Lokacin da tattaunawar CRAMRA ta ƙare a ƙarshe, abin da ya rage shine ATCPs su sanya hannu. Dole ne kowa ya sanya hannu domin yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki. A cikin wani abin mamaki, Ostiraliya da Faransa, waɗanda dukansu sun yi aiki a kan CRAMRA na tsawon shekaru, sun sanar da cewa ba za su sanya hannu ba saboda ko da ma'adinan da aka tsara da kyau ya gabatar da babban haɗari ga Antarctica. Bayan ɗan gajeren shekara guda, waɗannan ATCPs iri ɗaya sun yi shawarwari kan ka'idar muhalli maimakon. Yarjejeniyar ba wai kawai ta haramta hakar ma'adinai ba amma ta tsara dokoki don ayyukan da ba a cire su ba da kuma tsari na zayyana wuraren da aka keɓe na musamman. Wani ɓangare na Yarjejeniyar ya bayyana tsarin bitar yarjejeniyar shekaru hamsin daga shigar ta (2048) idan an nema ta wata ƙasa mai suna Jam'iyyar Yarjejeniyar, da jerin takamaiman matakai don ɗage haramcin hakar ma'adinai, gami da amincewa da tsarin doka mai daure kai don gudanar da ayyukan hakowa.

Ba zai zama kuskure ba a ce Yarjejeniyar ta kawo sauyi ga Tsarin Yarjejeniyar Antarctic. 

Ba zai zama kuskure ba a ce Yarjejeniyar ta kawo sauyi ga Tsarin Yarjejeniyar Antarctic. Jam'iyyun sun fara mai da hankali kan kare muhalli zuwa matsayi mafi girma fiye da yadda suke da su a baya. Tashoshin bincike na Antarctic sun fara nazarin ayyukansu don inganta tasirin muhallinsu, musamman game da zubar da shara. ATCM ta ƙirƙiri Kwamitin Kare Muhalli (CEP) don tabbatar da aiwatar da yarjejeniya da kuma duba kimanta tasirin muhalli (EIA) don sabbin ayyukan da aka gabatar. A lokaci guda, Tsarin Yarjejeniya ya haɓaka, yana ƙara sabbin ATCPs kamar Jamhuriyar Czech da Ukraine. A yau, kasashe da yawa suna alfahari da yadda suke kula da muhallin Antarctic da shawararsu na kare nahiyar.

Duk da wannan rikodin mai ƙarfi, har yanzu akwai jita-jita a cikin kafofin watsa labarai cewa yawancin ATCPs kawai suna jira ne kawai agogon don gudu akan lokacin bita na yarjejeniya don su sami damar samun dukiyar da aka zayyana a ƙasan kankara. Wasu ma suna shelar cewa 1959 Yarjejeniyar Antarctic ko Protocol "karewa" a 2048, magana mara inganci. Kudurin na bana ya taimaka wajen tabbatar da cewa ATCPs sun fahimci cewa hadarin da ke tattare da farar fata mai rauni ya yi yawa sosai don ba da damar hako ma'adinai da aka tsara sosai. Matsayi na musamman na Antarctica a matsayin nahiya na musamman don zaman lafiya da kimiyya ya fi kima a duniya fiye da albarkatun ma'adinai. Yana da sauƙi a kasance mai izgili game da abubuwan da ke motsa ƙasa kuma a ɗauka cewa ƙasashe suna aiki ne kawai don ƙunƙunciyar muradun kansu. Antarctica misali ɗaya ne na yadda al'ummomi za su haɗa kai don moriyar bai ɗaya na duniya.

Antarctica misali ɗaya ne na yadda al'ummomi za su haɗa kai don moriyar bai ɗaya na duniya.

Duk da haka, a cikin wannan shekara ta tunawa, yana da muhimmanci a yi bikin nasarori da kuma don duba zuwa gaba. Haramcin hakar ma'adinai kadai ba zai kiyaye Antarctica ba. Sauyin yanayi na barazanar kawo rugujewar manyan kankara a nahiyar, tare da sauya yanayin muhallin gida da na duniya baki daya. Bugu da ƙari, mahalarta taron ba da shawara kan yarjejeniyar Antarctic na iya cin gajiyar tanadin yarjejeniya don haɓaka kare muhalli. Musamman ma za su iya kuma ya kamata su tsara hanyar sadarwa ta yankuna masu kariya da za su kare rayayyun halittu da kuma taimakawa wajen magance wasu illolin sauyin yanayi kan albarkatun yankin. Masana kimiyya sun bayyana wuraren kariya na Antarctic a halin yanzu a matsayin "marasa isasshe, rashin wakilci, kuma yana cikin haɗari" (1), ma'ana ba su yi nisa ba wajen tallafawa wacce ita ce nahiyarmu ta musamman.

Yayin da muke bikin shekaru 25 na zaman lafiya, kimiyya, da jeji da ba a lalacewa a Antarctica, ina fatan Tsarin Yarjejeniyar Antarctic da sauran kasashen duniya za su dauki mataki don tabbatar da wani karni na kwata na kwanciyar hankali da wadataccen yanayi a nahiyarmu ta iyakacin duniya.