Chishamiso chechisere cheNyika: Kutyisidzira kweMigodhi kuNhaka Yedu Yepasi Pemvura
From mapepa epurasitiki to zvisikwa zvemugungwa zvichangobva kuwanikwa, pasi pegungwa pakazara noupenyu, runako, uye zvisaririra zvokuvapo kwevanhu.
Nhau dzevanhu, tsika, uye zvitendero zviri pakati pezvitsva izvi, kuwedzera kune kuparara kwechikepe, zvisaririra zvevanhu, uye zvigadzirwa zvekuchera matongo zviri pasi pegungwa. Munhau yose, vanhu vakafamba vachiyambuka gungwa sevanhu vanofamba mugungwa, vachigadzira nzira itsva dzokuenda kunyika dziri kure uye vachisiya shure kuputsikirwa kwengarava nemamiriro okunze, hondo, uye nguva inoyambuka gungwa regungwa reuranda hweAfrica. Tsika pasi rese dzakagadzira hukama hwepedyo nehupenyu hwemugungwa, zvinomera, uye mweya wegungwa.
Mu 2001, nharaunda dzepasi rose dzakauya pamwe chete kuti dzizive zviri pamutemo uye kugadzira tsananguro nedziviriro yeiyi nhoroondo yevanhu. Nhaurirano idzodzo, pamwe chete nemakore anopfuura 50 ekushanda kwemarudzi akawanda, zvakaguma nekubvumwa nekugadzwa kweshoko rekuti "Underwater Cultural Heritage," rinowanzopfupiswa kuUCH.
Nhaurirano nezve UCH dziri kukura nekuda kwe Makumi gumi eUN yeOcean Sainzi yeKusimudzirwa Kwakasimba. UCH nyaya dzakawana kucherechedzwa nekuda kwe2022 UN Ocean Musangano uye uptick muchiitiko chakatenderedza chingangoita migodhi yepasi pegungwa mumvura dzepasirese - inozivikanwawo seDeep Seabed Mining (DSM). Uye, UCH yakakurukurwa mukati mese 2023 Kurume International Seabed Authority misangano sezvo nyika dzakakakavadzana nezveramangwana remitemo yeDSM.
ne 80% yepasi pegungwa isina mepu, DSM inounza huwandu hwakawanda hwekutyisidzira kune inozivikanwa, inotarisirwa, uye isingazivikanwe UCH mugungwa. Iyo isingazivikanwe yekukuvara kwenzvimbo yegungwa neyekutengesa DSM michina inotyisidzira UCH iri mumvura dzepasirese. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kuchengetedzwa kweUCH kwakabuda senyaya yekunetsekana kubva kuPacific Island Indigenous vanhu - vane nhoroondo dzemadzitateguru uye hukama hwetsika kugungwa rakadzika uye. iyo coral polyps vanogara ikoko - kuwedzera kune veAmerica neAfrica vedzinza re Transatlantic Era yeAfrica Huranda, pakati pevamwe vazhinji.
Chii chinonzi Deep Seabed Mining (DSM)? Ndeupi mutemo wemakore maviri?
Tarisa yedu yekutanga blog uye peji rekutsvagisa kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo!
UCH parizvino yakachengetedzwa pasi pe2001 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) Kokorodzano yeKudzivirirwa kweiyo Underwater Cultural Heritage.
Sezvinotsanangurwa muConvention, Pasi pemvura Cultural Heritage (UCH) inobatanidza zvese zvekuvapo kwevanhu kwetsika, nhoroondo, kana zvisikwa zvekuchera matongo zvakanyudzwa zvishoma kana zvachose, nguva nenguva kana zvachose, pasi pegungwa, mumadziva, kana munzizi kweanenge makore zana.
Kusvika pari zvino, nyika 71 dzakatambira gungano iri, dzichibvumirana kuti:
- kudzivirira kushandiswa kwekutengeserana uye kupararira kweUnderwater Cultural Heritage;
- vimbiso yekuti nhaka iyi ichachengeterwa ramangwana uye inogara munzvimbo yayo yepakutanga, inowanikwa;
- kubatsira indasitiri yekushanya inobatanidzwa;
- gonesa kuvaka kugona uye kupanana ruzivo; uye
- gonesa kudyidzana kwepasirese kunoshanda sekuonekwa mu UNESCO Kokorodzano zvinyorwa.
The Makumi gumi eUN yeOcean Science, 2021-2030, yakatanga nekutsigirwa kwe Cultural Heritage Framework Chirongwa (CHFP), Makore gumi eUN Action tichivavarira kubatanidza hukama hwenhoroondo netsika negungwa musainzi nemutemo. Imwe yeCHFP yekutanga kuitirwa mapurojekiti kweMakumi anoongorora iyo UCH ye Stone Tidal Weirs, mhando yehove yekuteya nzira yakavakirwa paruzivo rwechinyakare rwezvakatipoteredza runowanikwa kuMicronesia, Japan, France, neChina.
Aya matutu emvura angori muenzaniso mumwechete weUCH uye kuedza kwepasirese kubvuma nhoroondo yedu yepasi pemvura. Sezvo nhengo dzeInternational Seabed Authority (ISA) dzichishanda kuona nzira yekudzivirira UCH, danho rekutanga nderekunzwisisa zvinowira muchikamu chakafara cheUnderwater Cultural Heritage.
UCH iripo pasirese uye mhiri kwegungwa.
* cherechedza: iyo imwe yegungwa repasi rose yakabatana uye inoyerera, uye imwe neimwe yeanotevera mabheseni egungwa akavakirwa pakuona kwevanhu nzvimbo. Kupindirana pakati pemabheseni anonzi "ocean" kunofanirwa kutarisirwa.
Atlantic Ocean
Spanish Manila Galleons
Pakati pa1565-1815, Humambo hweSpain hwakatora nzendo mazana mana dzinozivikanwa mu. Spanish Manila Galleons mhiri kwemakungwa eAtlantic nePacific Ocean mukutsigira kuedza kwavo kweAsia-Pacific kutengeserana uye nemakoloni avo eAtlantic. Nzendo idzi dzakakonzera kuputsikirwa kwengarava makumi mashanu nepfumbamwe, paine vashoma chete vakacherwa.
Transatlantic Era yeAfrica Enslavement uye Middle Passage
12.5 miriyoni+ nhapwa dzemuAfrica dzakatakurwa munzendo dzinosvika zviuru makumi mana kubva muna 40,000-1519 sechikamu chinoparadza nguva yetransatlantic yeuranda hweAfrica uye Middle Passage. Vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni 1.8 havana kupona parwendo urwu uye pasi pegungwa reAtlantic yave nzvimbo yavo yekupedzisira yekuzorora.
Hondo Yenyika I uye Hondo Yenyika II
Nhoroondo yeWWI neWWII inogona kuwanikwa mukuputsikirwa kwechikepe, kuputsika kwendege, uye zvisaririra zvevanhu zvinowanikwa mumakungwa eAtlantic nePacific Ocean. Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) inofungidzira kuti, muPacific Ocean chete, kune 1,100 yakaparara kubva kuWWI uye 7,800 yakaparara kubva kuWWII.
Pacific-Ocean
Vafambi Vegungwa
Vafambisi vegungwa vekare veAustronesian akafamba mazana emakiromita kuti aongorore maodzanyemba ePacific Ocean uye Indian Ocean mabheseni, achigadzira nharaunda munzvimbo dzese kubva kuMadagascar kuenda kuEaster Island kwezviuru zvemakore. Vaivimba nekuwana nzira yekuvandudza hukama hwepakati-uye intra-island uye vakapfuura nzira idzi dzekufambisa muzvizvarwa zvose. Kubatana uku kugungwa nemahombekombe kwakatungamira kunharaunda dzeAustronesian kuona gungwa senzvimbo tsvene uye yemweya. Nhasi, vanhu vanotaura chiAustronesian vanowanikwa mhiri kwenharaunda yeIndo-Pacific, munyika dzePacific Island nezvitsuwa zvinosanganisira Indonesia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Philippeans, Taiwan, Polynesia, Micronesia, nezvimwe - vese vanogovera iyi nhoroondo yemitauro nemadzitateguru.
Ocean Tsika
Nharaunda dziri muPacific dzakagashira gungwa sechikamu cheupenyu, dzichiribatanidza nezvisikwa zvaro mutsika dzakawanda. Shark uye whale kudana yakakurumbira muSolomon Islands uye Papa Nyu Gini. MaSama-Bajau Sea Nomads iboka rakapararira rakapararira kwazvo rekuzvarwa kuSouth East Asia avo vakagara mugungwa muzvikepe zvakasungirirwa pamwechete mumaflotillas. Nharaunda ine akagara mugungwa kwemakore anopfuura 1,000 XNUMX uye akagadzira hunyanzvi hwekunyura hwakasarudzika. Upenyu hwavo mugungwa hwakavabatsira kutanga hukama hwepedyo negungwa nezviwanikwa zvemugungwa.
Vanhu Vanosara kubva kuHondo Yenyika
Pamusoro pekuputsikirwa kwechikepe cheWWI neWWII muAtlantic, vanyori venhau dzakaitika vakawana zvehondo uye pamusoro pe300,000 vanhu vakasara kubva kuWWII chete izvo zvinogara paPacific pasi pegungwa.
Hawai'ian Ancestral Heritage
Vazhinji vePacific Islanders, kusanganisira Indigenous Hawai'ian vanhu, vane hukama hwakananga hwemweya uye hwemadzitateguru kunyanza uye gungwa rakadzika. Kubatana uku kunozivikanwa mu the Kumulipo, rwiyo rwokusikwa rweHawaii runotevera mutsara wemadzitateguru edzinza rehumambo hweHawaii kusvika kuhupenyu hwekutanga hwakatendwa muzvitsuwa, iyo yakadzika yegungwa recoral polyp.
Indian Ocean
European Pacific Trading Routes
Kubva mukupera kwezana ramakore regumi nenhanhatu, nyika zhinji dzeEurope, dzichitungamirwa nemaPutukezi neDutch, dzakagadzira East India Trading Companies uye vakaita kutengeserana mudunhu rese rePacific. Izvi ngarava dzimwe nguva dzairasikira mugungwa. Uchapupu hunobva munzendo idzi hunozara pasi pegungwa muAtlantic, Southern, Indian, uye Pacific Oceans.
Southern Ocean
Antarctic Exploration
Kuputsika kwechikepe, zvisaririra zvevanhu, uye zvimwe zviratidzo zvenhoroondo yevanhu chikamu chemukati chekuongorora kwemvura yeAntarctic. Mukati meBritish Antarctic Territory chete, 9+ kuputsika kwechikepe uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzeUCH dzekufarira dzakawanikwa kubva mukuedza kwekuongorora. Uye zvakare, iyo Antarctic Treaty System inobvuma iyo kuputsika kweSan Telmo, chikepe cheSpain chakaputsika kubva kutanga kwema1800 pasina akapona, senzvimbo yenhoroondo.
Arctic Ocean
Nzira dzinopfuura neArctic Ice
Zvakafanana neUCH yakawanikwa uye inotarisirwa muSouthern Ocean uye Antarctic mvura, nhoroondo yevanhu muArctic Ocean yakasungirirwa pakusarudza nzira dzekuenda kune dzimwe nyika. Zvikepe zvakawanda akapindwa nechando uye akanyura, pasina kana mumwe chete akapona tichiyedza kufamba kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva neNorthwest ndima pakati pemakore ekuma1800 kusvika kuma1900. Zvikepe zvinopfuura 150 zvekubata whaling zvakarasika munguva iyi.
Iyi mienzaniso inoratidza chidimbu chenhaka, nhoroondo, uye tsika inoratidza kubatana kwevanhu negungwa, nemizhinji yeiyi mienzaniso inomanikidzwa kutsvagisa yakapedzwa neWestern lens uye maonero. Mukati menhaurirano dzakatenderedza UCH, kubatanidza zvakasiyana-siyana zvekutsvagisa, kumashure, uye nzira dzekubatanidza ruzivo rwechinyakare nereMadokero kwakakosha pakuona kuwana kwakaenzana nekuchengetedzwa kune vese. Zvizhinji zveUCH iyi iri mumvura yepasi rose uye pangozi kubva kuDSM, kunyanya kana DSM ichienderera mberi pasina kubvuma UCH uye matanho ekudzivirira. Nhume dziri pamusangano wepasi rose dziri parizvino tichikurukura kuti sei kuita kudaro, asi nzira yekuenda mberi inoramba isina kujeka.
Iyo Ocean Foundation inotenda kuti zviitiko zvekutonga zvakatenderedza DSM hazvifanirwe kumhanyiswa, kunyanya pasina kubvunzana kana kuita zvose wadau. Iyo ISA inofanirwawo kushingaira kudyidzana nevekutanga vane ruzivo, kunyanya vanhu vePacific Indigenous, kuti vanzwisise uye vadzivirire nhaka yavo sechikamu chenhaka yakajairika yevanhu. Isu tinotsigira kumisa kunze kwekunge uye kusvikira mirau ichidzivirira semutemo wenyika.
A DSM moratorium yanga ichiwana traction uye nekukurumidza mumakore mashoma apfuura, nenyika 14 dzichibvumirana pane imwe nzira yekumbomira kana kurambidza tsika. Kudyidzana nevanobatanidzwa uye kubatanidzwa kweruzivo rwechinyakare, kunyanya kubva kumapoka eMarudzi ane hukama hwemadzitateguru anozivikanwa pasi pegungwa, kunofanirwa kuverengerwa muhurukuro dzese dzakatenderedza UCH. Tinoda kubvuma kwakakodzera kweUCH nekubatana kwayo kunharaunda kumativi ose enyika, kuitira kuti tigone kuchengetedza nhaka yakafanana yevanhu, zvigadzirwa zvepanyama, hukama hwetsika, uye hukama hwedu pamwe chete negungwa.
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