KUDZOKERA KUTSVAKA

Zviri Mukati

1. ziviso
2. Kwekutangira Kudzidza nezve Deep Seabed Mining (DSM)
3. Deep Seabed Migodhi Inotyisidzira kune Zvakatipoteredza
4. International Seabed Authority Mafungiro
5. Deep Seabed Mining uye Kusiyana-siyana, Kuenzana, Kubatanidzwa, uye Kururamisa
6. Technology uye Minerals Market kufunga
7. Mari, ESG Kufunga, uye Greenwashing Concerts
8. Mhosva uye Muripo Kufunga
9. Deep Seabed Mining uye Underwater Cultural Heritage
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1. ziviso

Chii chinonzi Deep Seabed Mining?

Deep Seadmining (DSM) iindasitiri inogona kutengeserana iri kuyedza kuchera zvicherwa kubva pasi pegungwa, netarisiro yekutora zvicherwa zvakakosha senge manganese, mhangura, cobalt, zinc, uye zvisingawanzo simbi dzepasi. Zvisinei, mugodhi uyu wakagadzirirwa kuparadza nharaunda inobudirira uye yakabatana ine zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana: gungwa rakadzika.

Iwo mamineral deposits ekufarira anowanikwa munzvimbo nhatu dzekugara dziri pasi pegungwa: mapani akadzika, seamounts, uye hydrothermal vents. Abyssal mapani makuru akakura epasi pakadzika pegungwa akafukidzwa mumatope nemamineral deposits, anonziwo polymetallic nodules. Aya ndiwo azvino chinangwa chekutanga cheDSM, nekutarisa kwakanangana neClarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ): dunhu remapani akadzika-dzika akafara sekondinendi yeUnited States, iri mumvura dzepasirese uye kubva kumahombekombe ekumadokero kweMexico kusvika pakati muPacific Ocean, kumaodzanyemba kweHawaiian Islands.

Ko Deep Seabed Mining Ingashanda Sei?

Commercial DSM haisati yatanga, asi makambani akasiyana-siyana ari kuedza kuita kuti zvive zvechokwadi. Parizvino nzira dziri kurongwa dzekucherwa kwema nodule dzinosanganisira kutumirwa kwe motokari yemugodhi, kazhinji muchina wakakura kwazvo wakafanana netirakita ine nhurikidzwa nhatu, kusvika pasi pegungwa. Kana yangosvika pasi pegungwa, motokari yacho ichatsvaira masendimita mana epamusoro epasi pegungwa, yotumira mavhu, matombo, mhuka dzakapwanyika, uye mapfundo kuchikepe chakamirira pamusoro. Mungarava, zvicherwa zvinorongwa uye yakasara yetsvina slurry ye sediment, mvura, uye magadzirirwo ekugadzirisa anodzoserwa kugungwa kuburikidza neanoburitsa pombi.

DSM inotarisirwa kukanganisa mazinga ese egungwa, kubva kumarara akarasirwa mukati membiru yemvura kusvika kumugodhi wenyama uye kunyungudika kwepasi pegungwa. Kune zvakare njodzi kubva kune inogona kuita chepfu slurry (slurry = musanganiswa wedense matter) mvura yakakandwa pamusoro pegungwa.

Sei Deep Seabed Mining Inotyisa kune Zvakatipoteredza?

Zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezvekugara uye ecosystem yepasi pegungwa. Saka, kusati kwaitwa ongororo yakafanira, panofanirwa kutanga pave nekuunganidzwa kwedata rekutanga kusanganisira ongororo nemepu. Kunyange kana ruzivo urwu rusipo, midziyo yacho ichabatanidza kuchera pasi pegungwa, zvichiita kuti pave netsvina muchikamu chemvura yozogadzikazve munzvimbo yakapoteredza. Kukweshwa kwepasi pegungwa kuburitsa machunduru kwaizoparadza nzvimbo dzakadzika dzegungwa dzezvipenyu zvemugungwa uye nhaka yetsika munzvimbo iyi. Isu tinoziva kuti mhepo dzakadzika dzegungwa dzine hupenyu hwemugungwa hunogona kunyanya kukosha. Zvimwe zvezvipenyu izvi zvakasarudzika kushaikwa kwechiedza chezuva uye kudzvinyirirwa kwemvura yakadzika kunogona kuve kwakakosha pakutsvaga nekuvandudzwa kwemishonga, giya rekudzivirira, uye mamwe mashandisirwo akakosha. Hapana zvakakwana zvinozivikanwa pamusoro pezvipenyu izvi, kwadzinogara, uye zvine chekuita nemhoteredzo yezvipenyu kuti pave nehwaro hwakakwana kubva panogona kuve nekuongorora kwakakodzera kwezvakatipoteredza, ndoda kugadzira matanho ekudzivirira uye kutarisa kukanganisa kwemigodhi.

Iyo pasi pegungwa haisi iyo yega nzvimbo yegungwa inozonzwa kukanganisa kweDSM. Sediment plumes (inozivikanwawo semadutu eguruva repasi pemvura), pamwe chete neruzha uye kusvibiswa kwechiedza, zvichakanganisa yakawanda yemvura. Sediment plumes, zvose kubva kumuunganidzi uye mushure mekuchera tsvina, inogona kupararira 1,400 makiromita munzira dzakawanda. Mvura yakasviba ine simbi uye chepfu inogona kukanganisa pakati pemvura ecosystem kusanganisira hove nehove. Sezvakataurwa pamusoro apa, maitiro emigodhi achadzorera slurry ye sediment, magadzirirwo ekugadzirisa, uye mvura kugungwa. Zvishoma kwazvo zvinozivikanwa nezve mhedzisiro yeiyi slurry pane zvakatipoteredza, zvinosanganisira: ndeapi masimbi uye magadzirirwo ekugadzira angave akasanganiswa muslurry kana slurry ingave ine chepfu, uye chii chingaitika kune huwandu hwemhuka dzemugungwa dzinogona kuratidzwa kune plums.

Kutsvakurudza kwakawanda kunodiwa kuti unyatsonzwisisa mhedzisiro yeiyi slurry pane yakadzika gungwa nharaunda. Pamusoro pezvo, mhedzisiro yemotokari yekuunganidza hazvizivikanwe. Kuyedzerwa kwemugodhi wepasi pegungwa kwakaitwa pamhenderekedzo yePeru muma1980s uye nzvimbo payakadzokororwa muna 2020, saiti iyi haina kuratidza humbowo hwekupora. Nokudaro kukanganisa kupi nokupi kungangove nemigumisiro yemhoteredzo yenguva refu.

Kune zvakare Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) iri panjodzi. Zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvinoratidza zvakasiyana-siyana pasi pemvura tsika nhaka muPacific Ocean uye mukati menzvimbo dzakarongwa dzemigodhi, kusanganisira zvigadzirwa uye nharaunda dzechisikigo dzine chekuita neIndigenous tsika nhaka, kutengeserana kweManila Galleon, uye Hondo Yenyika II. Zvitsva zvemigodhi yepasi pegungwa zvinosanganisira kuunzwa kwenjere dzekugadzira dzinoshandiswa kuona zvicherwa. AI haisati yadzidza kunyatsoona nzvimbo dzenhoroondo uye dzetsika zvakakosha izvo zvinogona kutungamira mukuparadzwa kweUnderwater Cultural Heritage (UCH). Izvi zvinonyanya kunetsa tichitarisa kukura kwekubvuma kweUCH neMiddle Passage uye mukana wekuti nzvimbo dzeUCH dzinogona kuparadzwa dzisati dzawanikwa. Chero nzvimbo yenhoroondo kana yetsika yenhaka yakabatwa munzira yemichina iyi yemugodhi inogona kuparadzwa zvakafanana.

vatsigiri

Nhamba iri kukura yemasangano parizvino ari kushanda kuti atsigire kuchengetedzwa kwepasi pegungwa.The Deep Sea Conservation Coalition (iyo iyo Ocean Foundation inhengo) inotora chimiro chese chekuzvipira kune Precautionary Principle uye inotaura nematoni akagadziridzwa. Iyo Ocean Foundation ndeye mari inotambira iyo Deep Sea Mining Campaign (DSMC), chirongwa chinotarisa pane zvingangoitika zveDSM pazvipenyu zvemugungwa nemahombekombe nenharaunda. Imwe hurukuro yevatambi vakuru inogona kuwanikwa pano.

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2. Kwekutangira Kudzidza nezve Deep Seabed Mining (DSM)

The Environmental Justice Foundation. Kuenda kugomba rakadzika-dzika: Kumhanyira kumigodhi yakadzika-gungwa kunotyisidzira sei vanhu nepasi redu. (2023). Yakadzorerwa Kurume 14, 2023, kubva https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpJL_1EzAts

The Environmental Justice Foundation. (2023, Kurume 7). Kuenda kugomba rakadzika-dzika: Kumhanyira kumigodhi yakadzika-gungwa kunotyisidzira sei vanhu nepasi redu. Environmental Justice Foundation. Yakadzorerwa Kurume 14, 2023, kubva https://ejfoundation.org/reports/towards-the-abyss-deep-sea-mining

Chirevo chehunyanzvi kubva kuEnvironment Justice Foundation, inoperekedza vhidhiyo iri pamusoro, inoratidza kuti migodhi yegungwa yakadzika sei inokuvadza yakasarudzika yezvipenyu zvemugungwa.

IUCN (2022). Nyaya Pfupi: Kuchera mugungwa. Sangano reInternational Union for Conservation of Nature. https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-brief/deep-sea-mining

Chirevo chipfupi pamusoro peDSM, nzira dziri kutaurwa parizvino, matunhu ekuda kubiridzira pamwe netsanangudzo yezvikuru zvitatu zvinokanganisa nharaunda, kusanganisira kuvhiringika kwepasi pegungwa, sediment plumes, uye kusvibiswa. Iyo pfupiso inosanganisira kurudziro yemitemo kuchengetedza dunhu rino, kusanganisira kumisa kunoenderana neiyo precautionary musimboti.

Imbler, S., & Corum, J. (2022, Nyamavhuvhu 29). Upfumi hwepakadzika-dzika: Kuchera nzvimbo iri kure ecosystem. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/08/
29/world/deep-sea-riches-mining-nodules.html

Ichi chinyorwa chinopindirana chinosimbisa zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana zvegungwa uye zvinotarisirwa zvinokonzerwa nekuchera kwakadzika kwegungwa. Icho chinhu chinoshamisa chekubatsira kunzwisisa kuti yakawanda sei yenharaunda yegungwa ichakanganiswa nekudzika kwemugodhi wepasi pegungwa kune avo vatsva kunyaya.

Amon, DJ, Levin, LA, Metaxas, A., Mudd, GM, Smith, CR (2022, March 18) Kuenda kumucheto wakadzika tisingazivi kushambira: Tinoda migodhi yakadzika-seabed? Nyika Imwe. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2022.02.013

Tsanangudzo kubva kuboka revasayendisiti pane dzimwe nzira dzekugadzirisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze pasina kushandisa DSM. Iyo bepa inoramba nharo yekuti DSM inodiwa kune renewable simba shanduko uye mabhatiri, inokurudzira shanduko kune inotenderera hupfumi. Mutemo wazvino wepasi rose uye nzira dzepamutemo dzemberi zvinokurukurwa zvakare.

DSM Campaign (2022, Gumiguru 14). Blue Peril webhusaiti. Vhidhiyo. https://dsm-campaign.org/blue-peril.

Luick, J. (2022, Nyamavhuvhu). Tekinoroji Cherechedzo: Oceanographic Modelling yeBenthic uye Midwater Plumes Yakafanotaurwa kune Yakadzika Migodhi Yakarongwa neThe Metals Company muClarion Clipperton Zone yePacific Ocean, https://dsm-campaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Blue-Peril-Technical-Paper.pdf

Tsamba yehunyanzvi kubva kuBlue Peril Project, inoperekedza Blue Peril pfupi firimu. Ichi chinyorwa chinotsanangura tsvagiridzo uye modhi yakashandiswa kutevedzera mapombi emigodhi anoonekwa mufirimu reBlue Peril.

GEM. (2021). Pacific Community, Geoscience, Energy uye Maritime Division. https://gem.spc.int

Secretariat yePacific Community, Geoscience, Energy, uye Maritime Division inopa yakanakisa dhizaini yezvinhu zvinogadzira geological, oceanographic, zvehupfumi, zvemutemo, uye ecological zvinhu zveSBM. Mapepa ndiwo chigadzirwa cheEuropean Union / Pacific Community cooperative bhizinesi.

Leal Filho, W.; Abubakar, IR; Nunes, C.; Platje, J.; Ozuyar, PG; Will, M.; Nagy, GJ; Al-Amin, AQ; Hunt, JD; Li, C. Deep Seabed Mining: Chiziviso pane Zvimwe Zvinogona uye Ngozi kune Sustainable Mineral Extraction kubva kumakungwa. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 521. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9050521

Ongororo yakazara yezvinyorwa zveDSM zvemazuva ano zvinotarisa njodzi, kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza, uye mibvunzo yepamutemo kusvika pakuburitswa kwebepa. Iro bepa rinopa zviitiko zviviri zvezviitiko zvenjodzi kwezvakatipoteredza uye rinokurudzira kutsvagisa uye kutarisisa pamusoro pemigodhi inoenderera.

Miller, K., Thompson, K., Johnson, P. uye Santillo, D. (2018, Ndira 10). Mhedziso yeSeabed Mining Inosanganisira Iyo Yazvino Mamiriro Ekusimudzira, Mamiriro Ezvakatipoteredza, uye Knowledge Gaps Frontiers muMarine Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00418

Kubva pakati pe-2010s, kwave nekumukazve kwekufarira mugungwa rezvicherwa zvekuongorora uye kutorwa. Zvakadaro, matunhu mazhinji akacherechedzwa kuti achazocherwa mugungwa ari kutoonekwa sezvipenyu zvemugungwa zviri munjodzi. Nhasi, kumwe kucherwa kwezvicherwa kwepasi pegungwa kuri kutoitika munzvimbo dzemasherufu ekondinendi yenyika-nyika, kazhinji pakadzika zvisina kudzika, uye nedzimwe padanho repamusoro rekuronga. Ongororo iyi inovhara: mamiriro azvino ebudiriro yeDSM, zvinogona kuitika panharaunda, uye kusavimbika uye mikaha muruzivo rwesainzi uye kunzwisisa izvo zvinopa yekutanga uye yekukanganisa ongororo zvakanyanya kuomera gungwa rakadzika. Nepo chinyorwa chave kupfuura makore matatu, iko ongororo yakakosha yenhoroondo DSM marongero uye inosimbisa iyo yemazuva ano yekusundira DSM.

IUCN. (2018, Chikunguru). Nyaya Pfupi: Deep-Sea Mining. International Union for Conservation of Nature. PDF. https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/deep-sea_mining_issues_brief.pdf

Sezvo nyika yakatarisana nekupera kwepasi pezvicherwa vazhinji vari kutarisa kugungwa rakadzika kuti vawane zviwanikwa zvitsva. Zvisinei, kukoromorwa kwepasi pegungwa uye kusvibiswa kubva mumigodhi migodhi kunogona kutsvaira marudzi ose uye kukuvadza pasi pegungwa kwemakumi emakore - kana kwete. Pepa rechokwadi rinodaidzira kuti pave nezvidzidzo zvekutanga, kuongororwa kwezvakakanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza, hurongwa hwakawedzerwa, uye kugadzirwa kwehunyanzvi hutsva hunodzikisira kukuvadza kune zvakatipoteredza kunokonzerwa nekuchera mugungwa.

Cuyvers, L. Berry, W., Gjerde, K., Thiele, T. uye Wilhem, C. (2018). Kuchera kwakadzika kwepasi pegungwa: dambudziko ririkukwira rezvakatipoteredza. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN uye Gallifrey Foundation. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.16.en. PDF. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/ files/documents/2018-029-En.pdf

Gungwa rine hupfumi hwakawanda hwezvicherwa zvezvicherwa, zvimwe zviri muhuwandu hwakasiyana. Zvisungo zvemutemo mumakore ekuma1970 nema1980 zvaitadzisa kusimudzirwa kwemigodhi yegungwa yakadzika, asi nekufamba kwenguva yakawanda yemibvunzo iyi yepamutemo yakagadziriswa kuburikidza neInternational Seabed Authority zvichibvumira kufarira kuri kukura mukuchera mugodhi wegungwa. Chirevo cheIUCN chinoburitsa nhaurirano dzazvino dzakatenderedza budiriro yayo yeindasitiri yezvicherwa zvemugungwa.

MIDAS. (2016). Managing Impacts of Deep-sea resource exploitation. European Union's Seventh Framework Program yetsvagiridzo, kuvandudza tekinoroji nekuratidzira, Grant Agreement No. 603418. MIDAS yakarongedzwa neSeascape Consultants Ltd. http://www.eu-midas.net/

Iyo yakapihwa zvakanaka EU-inotsigirwa neManaging Impacts yeDeep-seA reSource kushandiswa (MIDAS) Project inoshanda kubva muna 2013-2016 chaive chirongwa chetsvakiridzo yemhando dzakasiyana-siyana ichiongorora kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza pakubvisa zvicherwa nemagetsi kubva munzvimbo yakadzika yegungwa. Nepo MIDAS isisiri kushanda tsvakiridzo yavo ine ruzivo rwakanyanya.

Center for Biological Diversity. (2013). Deep-Sea Mining FAQ. Center for Biological Diversity.

Apo Center for Biological Diversity yakamhan'arira mvumo yeUnited States pamusoro pemigodhi yekuongorora yakagadzirawo runyoro rwemapeji matatu emibvunzo inowanzo bvunzwa pamusoro peDeep Sea Mining. Mibvunzo inosanganisira: Mari yakadzika-gungwa simbi yakakosha sei? (approx. $150 trillion), DSM yakafanana nekubvisa migodhi here? (Ehe). Ko, gungwa rakadzika harina dongo uye harina upenyu here? (Aihwa). Ndapota cherechedzai mhinduro dziri papeji yacho dzakadzama zvikuru uye dzakanyatsokodzera vateereri vari kutsvaka mhinduro kumatambudziko akaoma eDSM akarongwa nenzira iri nyore kunzwisisa pasina ruzivo rwesayenzi. Mamwe mashoko pamusoro pemhosva pachayo anogona kuwanikwa pano.

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3. Deep Seabed Migodhi Inotyisidzira kune Zvakatipoteredza

Thompson, KF, Miller, KA, Wacker, J., Derville, S., Laing, C., Santillo, D., & Johnston, P. (2023). Ongororo yechimbichimbi inodiwa kuongorora zvingangokanganisa pacetaceans kubva mumigodhi yepasi pegungwa. Frontiers muMarine Science, 10, 1095930. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1095930

Kuitwa kweDeep Sea Mining kunogona kupa njodzi dzakakura uye dzisingadzoreki kunharaunda yakasikwa, kunyanya kumhuka dzemugungwa. Mitsindo inogadzirwa kubva mumabasa emigodhi, iyo yakarongwa kuenderera mberi kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana pazuva pakadzika kwakasiyana, inopindirana nemafambisirwo ayo macetaceans anotaurirana. Makambani emigodhi anoronga kushanda muClarion-Clipperton Zone, inova inzvimbo inogara macetaceans akati wandei anosanganisira ese ari maviri baleen uye mazino whales. Kutsvakurudza kwakawanda kunodiwa kuti uone mhedzisiro pamhuka dzemugungwa kusati kwatanga kutengeserana kweDSM. Vanyori vanocherekedza kuti iyi ndeimwe yezvidzidzo zvekutanga kuferefeta chiitiko ichi, uye kukurudzira kudiwa kwekuwedzera kutsvagisa nezve DSM kusvibiswa kweruzha pamawhale nemamwe macetaceans.

Hitchin, B., Smith, S., Kröger, K., Jones, D., Jaeckel, A., Mestre, N., Ardron, J., Escobar, E., van der Grient, J., & Amaro, T. (2023). Mathresholds mumigodhi yakadzika-seabed: A primer yekusimudzira kwavo. Marine Policy, 149, 105505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105505

Thresholds inoumba chikamu chemukati cheyakadzika-seabed migodhi yemamiriro ekunze ekuongorora mutemo uye mutemo. Chikumbaridzo chiyero, nhanho, kana muganho wechiratidzo chakayerwa, chakagadzirwa uye chinoshandiswa kubatsira kudzivirira shanduko isingadikanwi. Muchirevo chekutonga kwezvakatipoteredza, chikumbaridzo chinopa muganhu wekuti, kana wasvika, unoratidza kuti njodzi inozo - kana inotarisirwa - kuva inokuvadza kana kusachengeteka, kana kupa yambiro yekutanga yechiitiko chakadaro. Chikumbaridzo cheDSM chinofanirwa kunge chiri SMART (Chaiyo, chinoyerwa, chinogoneka, chakakodzera, chakasungwa neNguva), chinoratidzwa zvakajeka uye chinonzwisisika, chinobvumira kuona shanduko, yakanangana nezviito zvekutungamira uye zvinangwa / zvinangwa zvezvakatipoteredza, zvinosanganisira kungwarira kwakakodzera, kupa kutevedzera/kusimbisa matanho, uye sanganisira.

Carreiro-Silva, M., Martins, I., Riou, V., Raimundo, J., Caetano, M., Bettencourt, R., Rakka, M., Cerqueira, T., Godinho, A., Morato, T ., & Colaço, A. (2022). Mechanical uye toxicological mhedzisiro yeyakadzika-gungwa migodhi sediment plumes pane yekugara-inogadzira inotonhora-mvura octocoral. Frontiers muMarine Sayenzi, 9, 915650. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.915650

Chidzidzo pamusoro pezvinokonzeresa sediment yakamiswa kubva kuDSM pamakorari emvura inotonhora, kuona ma mechanical and toxicological effects of the sediment. Vatsvakurudzi vakaedza maitiro emakorari kuti aonekwe kune sulfide particles uye quartz. Vakaona kuti mushure mekuratidzwa kwenguva refu, makorari akasangana nekushushikana kwemuviri uye kupera simba kwemetabolism. Kunzwa kwemakorari kune madhamu kunoratidza kudiwa kwenzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa dzemugungwa, nzvimbo dzakachengetedzeka, kana nzvimbo dzakatarwa dzisiri dzemigodhi.

Amon, DJ, Gollner, S., Morato, T., Smith, CR, Chen, C., Christensen, S., Currie, B., Drazen, JC, TF, Gianni, M., et al. (2022). Ongororo yezvipo zvesainzi zvine chekuita nekutonga kunoshanda kwezvakatipoteredza kwemugodhi wakadzika-seabed. Mar. Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105006.

Kuti tinzwisise nzvimbo yakadzika-yegungwa uye migodhi yehupenyu, vanyori veongororo iyi vakaita ongororo yezvinyorwa zvakaongororwa nevezera paDSM. Kuburikidza nekuongorora kwakarongeka kweanopfuura mazana matatu ezvinyorwa zvakaongororwa nevezera kubvira 300, vaongorori vakatara nzvimbo dzepasi pegungwa paruzivo rwesainzi kune humbowo-hwakavakirwa manejimendi, vachiona kuti chete 2010% yematunhu ane ruzivo rwakakwana kune manejimendi akadaro. Vanopikisa kuti kuvhara mikaha yesainzi ine chekuita nekucherwa kwemvura yakadzika ibasa guru rakakosha kuzadzikisa chisungo chikuru chekudzivirira kukuvadzwa kwakanyanya uye kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa kunoshanda uye zvinoda gwara rakajeka, zviwanikwa zvakakura, nekubatana kwakasimba nekubatana. Vanyori vanopedzisa chinyorwa nekupa mepu yepamusoro-yepamusoro yezviitwa zvinosanganisira kutsanangura zvinangwa zvezvakatipoteredza, kumisikidza hurongwa hwekusvika kune dzimwe nyika kugadzira data idzva, uye kubatanidza data iripo kuvhara makwara akakosha esainzi kusati kwatariswa chero kushandiswa.

van der Grient, J., & Drazen, J. (2022). Kuongorora kutarisika kwenharaunda dzepasi pegungwa pamigodhi yekushandisa data isina kudzika-mvura. Sayenzi yeThe Total Environment, 852, 158162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022. 158162.

Kuchera kwakadzika-mugungwa kunogona kuve nekukanganisa kwakakura kwemamiriro ekunze munharaunda dzakadzika-mugungwa kubva mumotokari yekuunganidza uye inoburitsa sediment plumes. Zvichienderana nezvidzidzo zvemigodhi yemvura isina kudzika, izvi zvakamiswa kunyura zvinogona kukonzera kuti mhuka dzivhare, dzikuvadze magill, kuchinja maitiro, kuwedzera kufa, kuderedza kudyidzana kwemarudzi, uye zvinogona kuita kuti mhuka idzi dzitapurwe nesimbi mugungwa rakadzika. Nekuda kwekudzikira kwakarembera kwakarembera munzvimbo dzakadzika dzegungwa, kuwedzera kudiki-diki kwekumisikidzwa kwesedhi kunogona kukonzera mhedzisiro. Vanyori vakaona kuti kufanana mumhando uye kutungamira kwemhinduro dzemhuka kune yakawedzera yakamiswa sediment kutenderera munzvimbo dzisina kudzika-mvura dzinoratidza mhinduro dzakafanana munzvimbo dzisina kumiririrwa dzinogona kutarisirwa, kusanganisira gungwa rakadzika.

R. Williams, C. Erbe, A. Duncan, K. Nielsen, T. Washburn, C. Smith, Ruzha runobva kumigodhi yakadzika-mugungwa runogona kutenderera nzvimbo dzakakura dzegungwa, Sainzi, 377 (2022), https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science. abo2804

Ongororo yesainzi mukukanganisa kweruzha kubva mumigodhi yemukati megungwa pakadzika kwegungwa.

DOSI (2022). "Deep Ocean Inokubatsira Sei?" Deep Ocean Stewardship Initiative Policy Brief. https://www.dosi-project.org/wp-content/uploads/deep-ocean-ecosystem-services- brief.pdf

Muchidimbu mutemo muchidimbu nezve ecosystem masevhisi uye mabhenefiti egungwa rine hutano mune yakadzika yegungwa ecosystems uye anthropogenic kukanganisa pane izvi ecosystems.

Paulus E., (2021). Kubudisa Chiedza Pamusoro peZvipenyu Zvakasiyana-siyana zveGungwa Rakadzika—Nzvimbo Inonyanya Kutyisidzirwa Pakutarisana Nekuchinja Kweanthropogenic, Miganho muSainzi yeMarine, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.667048

Ongororo yemaitiro ekuona yakadzika zvipenyu mugungwa uye kuti izvo zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana zvichakanganiswa sei nekukanganiswa kweanthropogenic semigodhi yepasi pegungwa, kuredza hove, kusvibiswa kwepurasitiki, uye kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.

Miller, KA; Brigden, K; Santillo, D; Currie, D; Johnston, P; Thompson, KF, (2021). Kupikisa Kudiwa KweMigodhi Yakadzika yeSeabed Kubva Pakuona Kwekudiwa Kwesimbi, Biodiversity, Ecosystems Services, uye Benefit Sharing, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.706161.

Kwemakore akati wandei apfuura, kutorwa kwezvicherwa kubva pasi pegungwa rakadzika kuri kuwedzera kufarira kune vanoisa mari nemakambani emigodhi. Uye zvisinei nekuti hapana kucherwa kwezvicherwa kwakadzika kwepasi kwakaitika pane kumanikidzwa kukuru kwekucherwa kwezvicherwa kuve nharo dzezvehupfumi. Vanyori vebepa rino vanotarisa zvinodikanwa chaizvo zvezvicherwa zvegungwa zvakadzika, njodzi kune biodiversity uye ecosystem basa uye kushaikwa kwekubatsira kwakaenzana kugovaniswa kunharaunda yepasi rose izvozvi uye kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera.

Muñoz-Royo, C., Peacock, T., Alford, MH and unto. Kuwanda kwekukanganisa kwemvura yakadzika-yegungwa migodhi yemvura yepakati pemvura inokanganiswa nekurodha sediment, mhirizhonga uye zvikumbaridzo. Commun Earth Environ 2, 148 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00213-8

Deep-sea polymetallic nodule migodhi yekutsvagisa chiitiko chakawedzera zvakanyanya mumakore achangopfuura, asi inotarisirwa mwero wekukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza uchiri kusimbiswa. Imwe nyaya yezvakatipoteredza ndeyekubuda kwesediment plume mukati membiru yemvura. Takaita chidzidzo chemumunda chakazvipira tichishandisa sediment kubva kuClarion Clipperton Fracture Zone. Iyo plume yakatariswa uye yakateverwa vachishandisa zvese zvakasimbiswa uye novel instrumentation, kusanganisira acoustic uye turbulence zviyero. Zvidzidzo zvedu zvemumunda zvinoburitsa kuti modhi inogona kunyatsofanotaura zvimiro zvepombi yepakati pemvura padhuze nekuyerera uye kuti kuunganidza kwesediment hakuna kukosha. Iyo pombi modhi inoshandiswa kutyaira yenhamba simulation yekutengeserana-chiyero chekushanda muClarion Clipperton Fracture Zone. Zvakakosha zvekutora ndezvokuti chiyero chekukanganisa kwepombi kunokonzerwa zvakanyanya nehukoshero hwemazinga anogamuchirwa nenharaunda, huwandu hwemashanga akaburitswa, uye kusagadzikana kusiyanisa muClarion Clipperton Fracture Zone.

Muñoz-Royo, C., Peacock, T., Alford, MH and unto. Kuwanda kwekukanganisa kwemvura yakadzika-yegungwa migodhi yemvura yepakati pemvura inokanganiswa nekurodha sediment, mhirizhonga uye zvikumbaridzo. Commun Earth Environ 2, 148 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00213-8. PDF.

Chidzidzo pamusoro pekukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kwesediment plumes kubva pakadzika yegungwa polymetallic nodule mining. Vatsvagiri vakapedza bvunzo yemunda inodzorwa kuti vaone kuti sediment inogadzika sei uye kutevedzera sediment plume yakafanana neiyo yaizoitika panguva yekutengeserana kwakadzika kwemugodhi wegungwa. Vakasimbisa kuvimbika kwesoftware yavo yekuenzanisira uye vakaenzanisira nhamba yekuenzanisa kwekuita kwechikero chemigodhi.

Hallgren, A.; Hansson, A. Nyaya Dzinopikisana dzeDeep Sea Mining. kuenderera 2021, 13, 5261. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095261

Nhaurirano ina dzakatenderedza migodhi yakadzika yegungwa dzinoongororwa uye kuratidzwa, kusanganisira: kushandisa DSM kune shanduko inoenderera, kugovana purofiti, mapundu ekutsvagisa, uye kusiya zvicherwa zvega. Vanyori vanobvuma kuti rondedzero yekutanga inotungamira munhaurirano zhinji dzeDSM uye kukakavara nedzimwe rondedzero dziripo, kusanganisira mapeji ekutsvagisa uye kusiya zvicherwa chete. Kusiya zvicherwa zvega kunosimbiswa semubvunzo wetsika uye imwe yekubatsira kuwedzera kuwanikwa kwemaitiro ekudzora uye nhaurirano.

van der Grient, JMA, uye JC Drazen. "Inogoneka Spatial Intersection pakati peKuredza-Makungwa Epamusoro uye Kuchera muGungwa Dzvuku muMvura Dzepasi Pose." Marine Policy, vol. 129, Chikunguru 2021, p. 104564. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104564.

Chidzidzo chekuongorora kupindirana kwenzvimbo kwezvibvumirano zveDSM nenzvimbo dzekuredza tuna. Chidzidzo ichi chinoverengera kukanganiswa kunofungidzirwa kweDSM pakubata hove kune yega yega RFMO mumatunhu ane DSM makondirakiti. Vanyori vanoyambira kuti migodhi yemigodhi uye kubuda kunogona kukanganisa nyika dzePacific Island.

de Jonge, DS, Stratmann, T., Lins, L., Vanreusel, A., Purser, A., Marcon, Y., Rodrigues, CF, Ravara, A., Esquete, P., Cunha, MR, Simon- Lledó, E., van Breugel, P., Sweetman, AK, Soetaert, K., & van Oevelen, D. (2020). Abyssal chikafu-web modhi inoratidza faunal kabhoni kuyerera kudzoreredza uye kukanganisa microbial loop makore makumi maviri nematanhatu mushure mekuyedza kukanganisa kukanganiswa. Kufambira mberi muOceanography, 189, 102446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102446

Nekuda kwekufanotaurwa kweramangwana kudiwa kwesimbi dzakakosha, mapani egomba akafukidzwa nemapolymetallic nodules parizvino ari kutarisirwa kucherwa mugungwa. Kuti tidzidze zvakawanda pamusoro pemigodhi yakadzika-seabed vanyori vebepa rino vakatarisa mhedzisiro yenguva refu ye 'DISturbance and reCOLonization' (DISCOL) kuyedza muPeru Basin iyo yakaona bvunzo yegejo rinotyisa pa. pasi pegungwa muna 1989. Vanyori vakabva varatidza zvakaonekwa zvebenthic food web zvakaitwa panzvimbo nhatu dzakasiyana: mukati memakore makumi maviri nematanhatu egejo remakwara (IPT, rakakonzerwa nekurima), kunze kwenzira dzegejo (OPT, dziri pachena kuti dzigadziriswe). yeyakadzoserwa sediment), uye kunzvimbo dzereferenzi (REF, hapana kukanganisa). Izvo zvakaonekwa kuti zvese zvinofungidzirwa zvese system throughput uye microbial loop cycling zvakadzikiswa zvakanyanya (ne26% uye 16%, zvichiteerana) mukati memagejo egejo zvichienzaniswa nemamwe maviri kudzora. Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti chikafu-web kushanda, uye kunyanya iyo microbial loop, haisati yapora kubva mukukanganisika kwakaitwa panzvimbo yegomba makore makumi maviri nematanhatu apfuura.

Alberts, EC (2020, Chikumi 16) "Migodhi yakadzika-mugungwa: Mhinduro yezvakatipoteredza kana njodzi iri kuuya?" Mongabay News. Zvakatorwa kubva: https://news.mongabay.com/2020/06/deep-sea-mining-an-environmental-solution-or-impending-catastrophe/

Nepo kuchera kwakadzika kwegungwa kusati kwatanga munzvimbo ipi neipi yepasirese, makambani gumi nematanhatu emigodhi epasi rese ane zvibvumirano zvekuongorora nzvimbo yegungwa yezvicherwa mukati meClarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ) kuEastern Pacific Ocean, uye mamwe makambani ane makondirakiti ekuongorora mavhu. muIndian Ocean uye Western Pacific Ocean. Chirevo chitsva chakaitwa neDeep Sea Mining Campaign neMining Watch Canada inoratidza kuti kucherwa kwepolymetallic nodule kungakanganisa zvipenyu, kusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu, hove, uye magariro nehupfumi hwenyika dzezvitsuwa zvePacific, uye kuti kuchera uku kunoda nzira yekuzvidzivirira.

Chin, A., uye Hari, K., (2020). Kufanotaura zvinokonzeresa kucherwa kweyakadzika sea polymetallic nodules muPacific Ocean: Wongororo yezvinyorwa zveSainzi, Deep Sea Mining Campaign uye MiningWatch Canada, 52 mapeji.

Migodhi yegungwa yakadzika muPacific ndeyekuwedzera kufarira kune vanoisa mari, makambani emigodhi, uye humwe hupfumi hwezvitsuwa, zvisinei, zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezvechokwadi mhedzisiro yeDSM. Chirevo chinoongorora pamusoro pe250 vezera vakaongorora zvinyorwa zvesainzi zvichiona kuti kukanganisa kwemigodhi yakadzika yegungwa polymetallic nodule kungave kwakakura, kwakakomba, uye kwekupedzisira kwezvizvarwa, zvichikonzera kurasikirwa kwemhando kusingadzokerike. Ongororo yacho inowana migodhi yegungwa rakadzika ichava nemhedzisiro yakaoma uye inogara kwenguva refu pamakungwa uye inogona kuunza njodzi huru kune ecosystem yegungwa pamwe nehove, nharaunda, uye hutano hwevanhu. Hukama hwevagari vezvitsuwa zvePacific kugungwa hauna kunyatsobatanidzwa munhaurirano dzeDSM uye magariro netsika zvinokanganisa hazvizivikanwe nepo hupfumi hwehupfumi hunoramba husina mubvunzo. Iyi sosi inokurudzirwa zvakanyanya kune vese vateereri vanofarira DSM.

Drazen, JC, Smith, CR, Gjerde, KM, Haddock, SHD and said. (2020) Midwater ecosystems inofanirwa kutariswa paunenge uchiongorora njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza dzekuchera-kwegungwa. PNAS 117, 30, 17455-17460. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2011914117. PDF.

Ongororo yemhedzisiro yekuchera kwakadzika kwegungwa pane yepakati pemvura ecosystem. Midwater ecosystems ine 90% yebiosphere nehove dzehove dzekutengesa hove uye kuchengetedza chikafu. Zvinogona kuitika zveDSM zvinosanganisira sediment plumes uye simbi dzine muchetura dzinopinda mucheni yechikafu munzvimbo yemesopelagic ocean zone. Vatsvagiri vanokurudzira kuvandudza mazinga ekutanga kwezvakatipoteredza kuti ubatanidze yepakati pemvura ecosystem zvidzidzo.

Christiansen, B., Denda, A., & Christiansen, S. Zvinogona kuitika pakuchera kwakadzika kwegungwa pane pelagic uye benthopelagic biota. Marine Policy 114, 103442 (2020).

Kuchera kwakadzika kwepasi pegungwa kungangokanganisa pelagic biota, asi kuomarara uye chiyero chinoramba chisina kujeka nekuda kwekushaya ruzivo. Ichi chidzidzo chinowedzera kupfuura kudzidza kwenharaunda dzebenthic (macroinvertibrates senge crustaceans) uye inotarisa muruzivo rwazvino rwenzvimbo yepelagic (nzvimbo iri pakati pegungwa nepamusoro pepasi pegungwa) ichicherechedza kukuvadza kuzvisikwa zvinogona kuitika, asi hazvigone kuitika. zvakafanotaurwa panguva ino nekuda kwekushaya ruzivo. Uku kushaikwa kweruzivo kunoratidza kuti ruzivo rwakawanda runodiwa kuti unyatsonzwisisa pfupi-uye-yenguva refu mhedzisiro yeDSM panharaunda yegungwa.

Orcutt, BN, and unto. Mhedzisiro yekuchera kwakadzika-gungwa pane microbial ecosystem masevhisi. Limnology uye Oceanography 65 (2020).

Chidzidzo chezve ecosystem masevhisi anopihwa nenharaunda dzakadzika dzegungwa mukati memugodhi wepasi pegungwa uye kumwe kukanganiswa kweanthropogenic. Vanyori vanokurukura nezvekurasikirwa kwenharaunda dzehutachiona pa hydrothermal vents, zvinokonzeresa kabhoni sequestration kugona kwemanodule minda, uye vanoratidza kudikanwa kwekutsvagisa nharaunda dzehutachiona mumakungwa epasi pemvura. Kutsvagisa kwakawanda kunokurudzirwa kumisikidza biogeochemical baseline yema microorganisms isati yaunza yakadzika migodhi yegungwa.

B. Gillard et al., Physical and hydrodynamic properties of deep gungwa mining-generated, abyssal sediment plumes muClarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (kumabvazuva-pakati pePacific). Elementa 7, 5 (2019), https://online.ucpress.edu/elementa/article/ doi/10.1525/elementa.343/112485/Physical-and-hydrodynamic-properties-of-deep-sea

Chidzidzo chehunyanzvi nezve anthropogenic kukanganisa kwemukati memugodhi wepasi pegungwa, uchishandisa mamodheru ekuongorora madhaka ekuyerera. Vatsvaguri vakawana zviitiko zvine chekuita nemigodhi zvakagadzira marara anotakurwa nemvura achigadzira mahombe, kana makore, ayo aiwedzera muhukuru nekuwanda kwemvura. Vanoratidza kuti sediment inokurumidza kudzoreredza munharaunda kunzvimbo ine mhirizhonga kunze kwekunge yaomeswa nemafungu egungwa.

Cornwall, W. (2019). Makomo akavigwa mugungwa rakadzika inzvimbo dzinopisa. Kuchera kuchavaparadza here? Sayenzi. https://www.science.org/content/article/ mountains-hidden-deep-sea-are-biological-hot-spots-will-mining-ruin-them

Chinyorwa chipfupi pamusoro penhoroondo uye ruzivo rwazvino rwemaseamounts, imwe yenzvimbo nhatu dzakadzika dzegungwa rezvipenyu dziri panjodzi yekuchera migodhi yegungwa. Mikana mukutsvagisa pamusoro pezvinokonzeresa kucherwa pazvikepe zvegungwa zvakakonzera tsvakiridzo itsva nekuferefeta, asi biology yemaseamounts inoramba isina kudzidzwa. Masayendisiti ari kushanda kuchengetedza seamounts nekuda kwekutsvaga. Kubata hove kwakatokuvadza kusiyana-siyana kwezvikepe zvegungwa zvisina kudzika nekubvisa makorari, uye midziyo yemigodhi inotarisirwa kuwedzera dambudziko racho.

Iyo Pew Charitable Trusts (2019). Kuchera Kwegungwa Kwakadzika paHydrothermal Vents Kunotyisidzira Zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana. The Pew Charitable Trusts. PDF

Pepa rechokwadi rinodonongodza mhedzisiro yekucherwa kwemvura yakadzika pamvura inopisa, imwe yenzvimbo nhatu dzepasi pemvura dzezvipenyu dziri kutyisidzirwa nekucherwa kwakadzika kwegungwa. Masayendisiti anoti kuchera migodhi kunopinza mhepo kunotyisidzira kusawanzo siyana kwezvipenyu uye zvinogona kukanganisa nharaunda dzakavakidzana. Matanho anotevera anokurudzirwa ekudzivirira hydrothermal vents anosanganisira kuona maitiro eanoshanda uye asingashande vent masisitimu, kuve nechokwadi chekujeka kweruzivo rwesainzi kune ISA vanoita sarudzo uye kuisa ISA manejimendi masisitimu eanoshandira hydrothermal vents.

Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve DSM, Pew ine webhusaiti yakavharidzirwa yemamwe mapepa echokwadi, mhedziso yemitemo, uye zvimwe zvinyorwa zvingave zvinobatsira kune avo vatsva kuDSM uye neruzhinji rwese. https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/projects/seabed-mining-project.

D. Aleynik, ME Inall, A. Dale, A. Vink, Impact yeeddies inogadzirwa kure kure nekupararira kwemvura munzvimbo dzakadzika dzemigodhi muPacific. Sci. Rep. 7, 16959 (2017) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-16912-2

Ongororo yezvinokonzeresa maocean counter currents (eddies) pakupararira kunokwanisa kupararira kwemigodhi yemapombi uye sediment inotevera. Kusiyanisa kwazvino kunoenderana nezvinhu zvakasiyana zvinosanganisira masaisai, mhepo yepasi, uye eddies. Kuwedzera kuyerera kubva kune eddy currents kunowanikwa kupararira nekuparadzira mvura, uye inogona kutakurwa nemvura sediment, nekukurumidza pamusoro pemadaro mahombe.

JC Drazen, TT Sutton, Kudyira pakadzika: Iyo yekudyisa ecology yehove dzakadzika-mugungwa. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 9, 337–366 (2017) doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060543

Chidzidzo chekubatana kwenzvimbo yegungwa rakadzika kuburikidza nemadyiro ehove dzepakadzika-gungwa. Muchikamu che "Anthropogenic Effects" chebepa, vanyori vanokurukura zvingangokanganisa kuchera mugodhi wepakadzika pegungwa pahove dzegungwa dzakadzika nekuda kwekusazivikanwa kwenzvimbo yezviitwa zveDSM. 

Deep Sea Mining Campaign. (2015, Gunyana 29). Chikumbiro chekutanga chepasi rose chemugodhi wepasi pegungwa chinofuratira mhedzisiro yekukanganisa kwayo mumakungwa. Media Release. Deep Sea Mining Campaign, Economist at Large, MiningWatch Canada, EarthWorks, Oasis Earth. PDF

Sezvo indasitiri yezvicherwa yakadzika yegungwa ichidzingirira vanoisa mari paAsia Pacific Deep Sea Mining Summit, kutsoropodzwa kutsva neDeep Sea Mining Campaign kunoburitsa zvikanganiso zvisingadzivirirwe muEnvironment and Social Benchmarking Analysis yeSolwara 1 chirongwa chakapihwa neNautilus Minerals. Tsvaga mushumo uzere pano.

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4. International Seabed Authority Mafungiro

International Seabed Authority. (2022). About ISA. International Seabed Authority. https://www.isa.org.jm/

The International Seabed Authority, masimba epamusoro pasi pegungwa pasi rose akagadzwa neUnited Nations pasi pe1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) uye kugadziriswa nenzira ye1994 Agreement yeUNCLOS. Kubva muna 2020, ISA ine 168 nhengo dzenyika (kusanganisira European Union) uye inovhara 54% yegungwa. Iyo ISA inosungirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa kunoshanda kwenzvimbo yegungwa kubva kune zvinokuvadza zvinogona kubuda kubva mumabasa ane chekuita negungwa. Webhusaiti yeInternational Seabed Authority yakakosha kune ese ari maviri magwaro epamutemo uye mapepa esainzi uye hurukuro dzewekishopu dzinoshandisa simba rakasimba pakuita sarudzo.

Morger, E., & Lily, H. (2022). Kutora mukana kweruzhinji kuInternational Seabed Authority: Ongororo yemitemo yekodzero dzevanhu pasi rose. Ongororo yeEuropean, Comparative & International Environmental Law, 31 (3), 374-388. https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12472

Ongororo yemutemo pamusoro pekodzero dzevanhu panhaurirano dzekudzika midzi yezvicherwa zvepasi pegungwa kuInternational Seabed Authority. Chinyorwa ichi chinocherekedza kushomeka kwekuita kweruzhinji uye chinopokana kuti sangano rakafuratira zvisungo zvekodzero dzevanhu mumisangano yeISA. Vanyori vanokurudzira nhevedzano yematanho ekusimudzira nekukurudzira veruzhinji kutora chikamu mukuita sarudzo.

Woody, T., & Halper, E. (2022, Kubvumbi 19). Mujaho unosvika pasi: Mukumhanyisa kuchera pasi pegungwa kune zvicherwa zvinoshandiswa mumabhatiri eEV, ndiani arikutarisira zvakatipoteredza? Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-04-19/gold-rush-in-the-deep-sea-raises-questions-about-international-seabed-authority

Chinyorwa chinoburitsa kubatanidzwa kwaMichael Lodge, munyori mukuru weInternational Seabed Authority, neThe Metals Company, imwe yemakambani anofarira kuchera pasi pegungwa.

Zvinyorwa zvakapihwa negweta reInternational Seabed Authority. (2022, Kubvumbi 19). Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/ 2022-04-19/statements-provided-by-attorney-for-international-seabed-authority

Muunganidzwa wemhinduro kubva kugweta rakabatana neISA pamisoro inosanganisira: kuzvitonga kweISA sesangano riri kunze kweUN, kutaridzika kwaMichael Lodge, munyori mukuru weISA muvhidhiyo yekusimudzira yeThe Metals Company (TMC) , uye pane zvinonetsa nemasayendisiti kuti ISA haigone kutonga uye kutora chikamu mumigodhi.

Muna 2022, iyo NY Times yakaburitsa nhevedzano yezvinyorwa, zvinyorwa, uye podcast pane hukama pakati peThe Metals Company, mumwe wevatangiri vachisundira kune yakadzika migodhi yegungwa, naMichael Lodge, iyezvino munyori-mukuru weInternational Seabed Authority. Zvinyorwa zvinotevera zvine kuferefetwa kweNew York Times mumigodhi yepasi pegungwa, vatambi vakuru vari kusundira kugona kuchera, uye hukama husina mubvunzo pakati peTMC neISA.

Lipton, E. (2022, Nyamavhuvhu 29). Yakavanzika data, zvitsuwa zvidiki uye kutsvaga pfuma pasi pegungwa. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/29/world/ deep-sea-mining.html

Kufumura kwakadzama mumakambani ari kutungamira mabasa emugodhi wepasi pegungwa anosanganisira The Metals Company (TMC). Hukama hwepedyo hwemakore akawanda hweTMC naMichael Lodge neInternational Seabed Authority hunokurukurwa nezvayo pamwe nekunetsekana nezvevachabatsirika mumabasa akadai kana zvicherwa zvikaitika. Chinyorwa ichi chinoongorora mibvunzo pamusoro pekuti kambani yekuCanada, TMC, yakave sei mumhanyi wepamberi mukukurukurirana kweDSM apo migodhi yakatanga kutaurwa kuti ipe rubatsiro rwemari kune nyika dzine urombo dzePacific Island.

Lipton, E. (2022, Nyamavhuvhu 29). Kuongorora kunotungamira pasi pePacific. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/29/insider/ mining-investigation.html

Chikamu cheiyo NY Times "Mujaho kune Ramangwana", chinyorwa ichi chinoongororazve hukama pakati peThe Metals Company nevakuru mukati meInternational Seabed Authority. Chinyorwa ichi chinodonongodza nhaurirano nekudyidzana pakati pemutori wenhau anoferefeta nevakuru vepamusoro paTMC neISA, vachiongorora nekubvunza mibvunzo nezve kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kweDSM.

Kitroeff, N., Reid, W., Johnson, MS, Bonja, R., Baylen, LO, Chow, L., Powell, D., & Wood, C. (2022, Gunyana 16). Vimbisa uye njodzi pasi pegungwa. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/16/ podcasts/the-daily/electric-cars-sea-mining-pacific-ocean.html

Maminetsi makumi matatu neshanu podcast achibvunzurudza Eric Lipton, mutori wenhau anoferefeta weNY Times anga achitevera hukama pakati peThe Metals Company neInternational Seabed Authority.

Lipton, E. (2022) Seabed Mining Selected Documents. https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/ 22266044-seabed-mining-selected-documents-2022

Mapepa akatevedzana akachengetedzwa neNY Times achinyora kudyidzana kwekutanga pakati paMichael Lodge, munyori mukuru weISA aripo, uye Nautilus Minerals, kambani yakawanikwa neTMC kutanga muna 1999.

Ardron JA, Ruhl HA, Jones DO (2018). Kubatanidza kujeka mukutonga kwemigodhi yakadzika-seabed munzvimbo iri kunze kwekutonga kwenyika. Mar. Pol. 89, 58–66. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2017.11.021

Ongororo ya2018 yeInternational Seabed Authority yakaona kuti kujeka kwakawanda kunodiwa kuvandudza kuzvidavirira, kunyanya zvine chekuita ne: kuwana ruzivo, kushuma, kutora chikamu kweruzhinji, kuvimbiswa kwemhando, ruzivo rwekuteedzera uye kubvumidzwa, uye kugona kuongorora uye kuoneka sarudzo.

Lodge, M. (2017, May 26). Iyo International Seabed Authority uye Deep Seabed Mining. UN Chronicle, Vhoriyamu 54, Chinyorwa 2, pp. 44 – 46. https://doi.org/10.18356/ea0e574d-en https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/journals/15643913/54/2/25

Pasi pegungwa, senyika yepasi, inoumbwa neakasarudzika enzvimbo uye imba kune yakakura madhipoziti emaminerari, kazhinji ari akafumiswa mafomu. Uyu mushumo mupfupi uye unokwanisa kuwanikwa unobata hwaro hwekucherwa kwezvicherwa kubva mumaonero eUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) uye kuumbwa kwezvinodzora zvekushandisa zvicherwa izvi.

International Seabed Authority. (2011, Chikunguru 13). Urongwa hwekutarisira nharaunda yeClarion-Clipperton Zone, yakagamuchirwa Chikunguru 2012. International Seabed Authority. PDF

Nemvumo yepamutemo yakapihwa neUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, ISA yakaronga hurongwa hwekutonga kwezvakatipoteredza kweClarion-Clipperton Zone, nzvimbo inocherwa migodhi yepasi pegungwa uye uko kuzhinji kwemvumo. zveDSM zvapihwa. Gwaro iri nderekutonga manganese nodule prospecting muPacific.

International Seabed Authority. (2007, Chikunguru 19). Sarudzo yeGungano ine chekuita nemirau yekutarisa uye yekuongorora yepolymetallic nodule muNzvimbo. International Seabed Authority, Yakatangazve Session yegumi netatu, Kingston, Jamaica, 9-20 Chikunguru ISBA/13/19.

Musi waChikunguru 19, 2007 iyo International Seabed Authority (ISA) yakafambira mberi pamitemo yesarufa. Iri gwaro rakakosha pakuti rinogadzirisa musoro uye zviga zvemutemo 37 kuitira kuti mitemo yekuongorora ikozvino inosanganisira zvinhu uye nzvimbo dzekuchera matongo kana nhoroondo muzvisikwa. Gwaro iri rinoenderera mberi richikurukura nezvenzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzenyika dzinosanganisira maonero enzvimbo dzakasiyana dzenhoroondo dzakadai sekutengeswa kwenhapwa uye kutaurwa kunodiwa.

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5. Deep Seabed Mining uye Kusiyana-siyana, Kuenzana, Kubatanidzwa, uye Kururamisa

Tilot, V., Willaert, K., Guilloux, B., Chen, W., Mulalap, CY, Gaulme, F., Bambridge, T., Peters, K., uye Dahl, A. (2021). 'Traditional Dimensions of Seabed Resource Management muChirevo cheDeep Sea Mining muPacific: Kudzidza Kubva kuSocio-Ecological Interconnectivity Between Island Communities neOcean Realm', Mberi. Mar, Sci. 8: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.637938/full

Ongororo yesainzi yenzvimbo dzemugungwa uye inozivikanwa isingabatike tsika yepasi pemvura nhaka muPacific Islands inotarisirwa kukanganiswa neDSM. Ongororo iyi inoperekedzwa neongororo yepamutemo yezvimiro zvemutemo zvazvino kuona maitiro akanakisa ekuchengetedza nekuchengetedza ecosystem kubva kune DSM kukanganisa.

Bourrel, M., Thiele, T., Currie, D. (2018). Kuwanda kwenhaka yevanhu senzira yekuongorora nekusimudzira kuenzana mumigodhi yakadzika yegungwa. Marine Policy, 95, 311-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.07.017. PDF.

Tichifunga nezveyakajairwa nhaka yevanhu musimboti mukati memamiriro ayo uye kushandiswa muUNCLOS uye ISA. Vanyori vanozivisa hutongi hwemutemo uye mamiriro epamutemo enhaka yerudzi rwevanhu pamwe nemashandisirwo ainoitwa paISA. Vanyori vanokurudzira nhevedzano yematanho ekuita kuti aitwe pamatanho ese emutemo wegungwa kusimudzira kuenzana, kururamisira, kungwarira, uye kuzivikanwa kwezvizvarwa zvinotevera.

Jaeckel, A., Ardron, JA, Gjerde, KM (2016) Kugovera mabhenefiti enhaka yakajairika yevanhu - Hutongi hwemigodhi yepasi pegungwa hwakagadzirira here? Marine Policy, 70, 198-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.03.009. PDF.

Kuburikidza nelenzi yenhaka yakajairwa yerudzi rwevanhu, vaongorori vanocherekedza nzvimbo dzekuvandudzwa kweISA uye mutemo maererano neyakajairwa nhaka yevanhu. Nzvimbo idzi dzinosanganisira kujeka, mabhenefiti emari, iyo Enterprise, tekinoroji kuendesa uye kuvaka kugona, inter-generational equity, uye marine genetic zviwanikwa.

Rosembaum, Helen. (2011, Gumiguru). Kubva Pakadzika Kwedu: Kuchera iyo Ocean Floor muPapua New Guinea. Mining Watch Canada. PDF

Chirevo ichi chinodonongodza kukanganisa kwakakomba kwezvakatipoteredza nemagariro zvinotarisirwa nekuda kwekucherwa kusati kwamboitika kwepasi pegungwa muPapua New Guinea. Inotaridza zvikanganiso zvakadzika muNautilus Minerals EIS senge kusakwana kuyedzwa nekambani muhupfu hwekuita kwayo pamhando dzemhepo, uye haina kunyatso funga nezvehupfu pane zvipenyu zviri mugungwa rekudya.

Cuyvers, L. Berry, W., Gjerde, K., Thiele, T. uye Wilhem, C. (2018). Kuchera kwakadzika kwepasi pegungwa: dambudziko ririkukwira rezvakatipoteredza. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN uye Gallifrey Foundation. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.16.en. PDF. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/ files/documents/2018-029-En.pdf

Gungwa rine hupfumi hwakawanda hwezvicherwa zvezvicherwa, zvimwe zviri muhuwandu hwakasiyana. Zvisungo zvemutemo mumakore ekuma1970 nema1980 zvaitadzisa kusimudzirwa kwemigodhi yegungwa yakadzika, asi nekufamba kwenguva yakawanda yemibvunzo iyi yepamutemo yakagadziriswa kuburikidza neInternational Seabed Authority zvichibvumira kufarira kuri kukura mukuchera mugodhi wegungwa. Chirevo cheIUCN chinoburitsa nhaurirano dzazvino dzakatenderedza budiriro yayo yeindasitiri yezvicherwa zvemugungwa.

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6. Technology uye Minerals Market kufunga

Blue Climate Initiative. (Gumiguru 2023). Next Generation EV Mabhatiri Anobvisa Kudiwa kweDeep Sea Mining. Blue Climate Initiative. Yakadzorerwa Gumiguru 30, 2023
https://www.blueclimateinitiative.org/sites/default/files/2023-10/whitepaper.pdf

Kufambira mberi mumotokari yemagetsi (EV) bhatiri tekinoroji, uye kukurumidza kutorwa kweaya matekinoroji, kuri kutungamira mukutsiviwa kwemabhatiri eEV zvinoenderana necobalt, nickel, uye manganese. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kuchera kwakadzika kwegungwa kwesimbi idzi hakuna kukosha, kune pundutso mune zvehupfumi, kana kwezvakatipoteredza.

Moana Simas, Fabian Aponte, naKirsten Wiebe (SINTEF Indasitiri), Circular Economy and Critical Minerals for the Green Transition, p. 4-5. https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/ downloads/the_future_is_circular___sintef mineralsfinalreport_nov_2022__1__1.pdf

Ongororo yaNovember 2022 yakawana kuti "kutorwa kwemachemistries akasiyana emabhatiri emotokari yemagetsi uye kubva kure nemabhatiri e-lithium-ion ekushandisa akamira kunogona kuderedza kudiwa kwese cobalt, nickel, uye manganese ne40-50% yekuwedzera kudiwa pakati pa2022 uye. 2050 zvichienzaniswa neazvino matekinoroji uye bhizinesi-se-zvakajairika mamiriro.

Dunn, J., Kendall, A., Slattery, M. (2022) Motokari yemagetsi lithium-ion bhatiri yakadzokorodza zviyero zvemukati zveUS - zvinangwa, mari, uye kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza. Zviwanikwa, Kuchengetedza uye Kudzokorodza 185, 106488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022. 106488.

Imwe nharo yeDSM ndeyekusimudzira shanduko mugirini, x loop recycling system.

Miller, KA; Brigden, K; Santillo, D; Currie, D; Johnston, P; Thompson, KF, Kupokana Nekudiwa kweDeep Seabed Mining Kubva pakuona kweMetal Demand, Biodiversity, Ecosystems Services, uye Benefit Sharing, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.706161

Chinyorwa ichi chinoongorora kusanzwisisika kwakanyanya kuripo maererano nekuchera kwakadzika kwemugungwa. Kunyanya, tinopa maonero pamusoro pe: (1) nharo dzekuti kuchera kwakadzika kwegungwa kunodiwa kupa zvicherwa zvekuchinja kwemagetsi egirinhi, uchishandisa indasitiri yebhatiri yemotokari yemagetsi semufananidzo; (2) njodzi kune zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana, ecosystem basa uye ane hukama masevhisi ecosystem; uye (3) kushaikwa kwekubatsira kwakaenzana kugovera kunharaunda yepasi rose iye zvino uye kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera.

Deep Sea Mining Campaign (2021) Shareholder Advisory: Iyo yakarongwa bhizinesi musanganiswa pakati peSustainable Opportunities Acquisition Corporation neDeepGreen. (http://www.deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org/ wp-content/uploads/Advice-to-SOAC-Investors.pdf)

Kuumbwa kweThe Metals Company kwakaunza kutarisisa kweDeep Sea Mining Campaign nemamwe masangano akaita seThe Ocean Foundation, zvikazoita kuti pave nezano revaridzi vemasheya nezvekambani itsva inoumbwa kubva kuSustainable Opportunities Acquisition Corporation nekubatana kweDeepGreen. Chirevo chinokurukura kusamira zvakanaka kweDSM, chimiro chekufungidzira chemigodhi, zvikwereti, uye njodzi dzine chekuita nekubatanidzwa uye kutora.

Yu, H. uye Leadbetter, J. (2020, Chikunguru 16) Bacterial Chemolihoautotrophy via Manganese Oxidation. Nature. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2468-5 https://scitechdaily.com/microbiologists-discover-bacteria-that-feed-on-metal-ending-a-century-long-search/

Humbowo hutsva hunoratidza kuti mabhakitiriya anodya simbi uye tsvina yebhakitiriya iyi inogona kupa tsananguro imwe yehuwandu hukuru hwemamineral deposits pasi pegungwa. Chinyorwa chinopokana kuti zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinoda kupedzwa pasi pegungwa risati racherwa.

European Union (2020) Circular Economy Action Plan: Kune yakachena uye inokwikwidza Europe. European Union. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/pdf/circular-economy/new_circular_economy_action_plan. pdf

European Union yave kuita nhanho mukuita hupfumi hwakatenderedza. Chirevo ichi chinopa mushumo wekufambira mberi uye mazano ekugadzira hurongwa hwechigadzirwa chakasimba, kusimbisa kukosha kwechigadzirwa cheni, kushandisa tsvina shoma uye kuwedzera kukosha, uye kuwedzera kushanda kwehupfumi hwedenderedzwa kune vese.

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7. Mari, ESG Kufunga, uye Greenwashing Concerts

United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (2022) Inokuvadza Marine Extractives: Kunzwisisa njodzi & kukanganisa kwekubhadhara mari isingadzokerike maindasitiri ekuwedzera. Geneva. https://www.unepfi.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Harmful-Marine-Extractives-Deep-Sea-Mining.pdf

Sangano reUnited Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) rakaburitsa chirevo ichi chakanangana nevateereri vari muchikamu chezvemari, semabhangi, mainishuwarenzi, uye vanoisa mari, pane zvemari, zvipenyu, uye dzimwe njodzi dzekuchera kwakadzika kwemakungwa. Chirevo ichi chinotarisirwa kushandiswa senzira yemasangano ezvemari kuita sarudzo pakudyara kwakadzika kwemugodhi wepasi pegungwa. Inopedzisa nekuratidza kuti DSM haina kurongeka uye haigone kuenderana netsanangudzo yehupfumi hwebhuruu hwakagadzikana.

WWF (2022). Deep Seabed Mining: Gwaro reWWF remasangano emari. https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/ wwf_briefing_financial_institutions_dsm.pdf

Yakagadzirwa neWorld Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), iyi memo mupfupi inoratidza njodzi inounzwa neDSM uye inokurudzira masangano ezvemari kuti atarise uye aite mitemo yekudzikisa njodzi yekudyara. Chirevo ichi chinoti masangano ezvemari anofanirwa kuzvipira pachena kusadyara mari mumakambani emigodhi yeDSM, kudyidzana nebazi, vanoisa mari, uye makambani asiri emigodhi anogona kuratidza chido chekushandisa zvicherwa kudzivirira DSM. Chirevo ichi chinonyorazve makambani, masangano epasi rose, uye masangano ezvemari ayo, semushumo, akasaina kumisa uye/kana kugadzira mutemo wekubvisa DSM kubva kumapotfolio avo.

United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (2022) Zvinokuvadza Marine Extractives: Kunzwisisa njodzi & kukanganisa kwekubhadhara mari isingadzokerike maindasitiri ekuwedzera. Geneva. https://www.unepfi.org/publications/harmful-marine-extractives-deep-sea-mining/;/;

Ongororo yemagariro uye zvakatipoteredza kukanganisa kwekudyara uye mari masangano uye njodzi DSM inouisa kune vanoisa mari. Iyo pfupi inotarisa pane inogona kusimudzira, kushanda, uye kuvharwa kweDSM uye inopedzisa nekurudziro yekuchinja kune imwe yakagadzikana imwe nzira, ichipokana kuti hapangave nemaitiro ekudzivirira kumisa indasitiri iyi nekuda kwekushomeka kwechokwadi chesainzi.

Bonitas Research, (2021, Gumiguru 6) TMC iyo simbi co. https://www.bonitasresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2021/10/ BonitasResearch-Short-TMCthemetalsco-Nasdaq-TMC-Oct-6-2021.pdf?nocookies=yes

Kuferefeta muThe Metals Company nemabatiro ayo pre and post kupinda mumusika wemasheya sekambani yeruzhinji. Gwaro iri rinoratidza kuti TMC yakapa mari yakawandisa kune vasingazivikanwe mukati meTonga Offshore Mining Limited (TOML), kukwira kwemitengo yekuongorora, ichishanda nerezenisi remutemo rine mubvunzo reTOML.

Bryant, C. (2021, Gunyana 13). $500 Mamirioni eSPAC Cash Inonyangarika Pasi Pegungwa. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/ 2021-09-13/tmc-500-million-cash-shortfall-is-tale-of-spac-disappointment-greenwashing?leadSource=uverify%20wall

Zvichitevera kubatanidzwa kweDeepGreen uye Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition musika wemasheya, kugadzira iyo yakatengeswa pachena The Metals Company, kambani yakaona kushushikana kwekutanga kubva kune vanoisa mari vakabvisa rutsigiro rwavo rwemari.

Scales, H., Steeds, O. (2021, Chikumi 1). Bata Yedu Drift Chikamu 10: Kuchera kwegungwa kwakadzika. Nekton Mission Podcast. https://catchourdrift.org/episode10 deepseamining/

A 50 maminetsi podcast episode ine vaenzi vakakosha Dr. Diva Amon kuti vakurukure nezve zvakatipoteredza zvemukati memugodhi wepasi pegungwa, pamwe naGerrard Barron, Sachigaro uye CEO weThe Metals Company.

Singh, P. (2021, May).Deep Seabed Mining uye Sustainable Development Chinangwa 14, W. Leal Filho et al. (eds.), Hupenyu Pasi Pemvura, Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71064-8_135-1

Ongororo pamharadzano yekucherwa kwepasi pegungwa neSustainable Development Goal 14, Hupenyu Pasi Pemvura. Munyori anoratidza kudikanwa kwekuyananisa DSM neUN Sustainable Development Goals, kunyanya Chinangwa 14, kugovana kuti "migodhi yepasi pegungwa inogona kupedzisira yawedzera mabasa ezvicherwa zvepasi, zvichikonzera mhedzisiro yakaipa inoitika panguva imwe chete panyika nepagungwa." (peji 10).

BBVA (2020) Yezvakatipoteredza uye Zvemagariro Framework. https://shareholdersandinvestors.bbva.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Environmental-and-Social-Framework-_-Dec.2020-140121.pdf.

BBVA's Environmental and Social Framework ine chinangwa chekugovana zviyero uye nhungamiro yekudyara mukati memigodhi, bhizinesi rekurima, simba, zvivakwa, uye zvikamu zvekudzivirira nevatengi vari kutora chikamu mubhanga reBBVA nekudyara system. Pakati pezvirongwa zvemigodhi zvakarambidzwa, BBVA inonyora migodhi yepasi pegungwa, zvichiratidza kusada kwakawanda kutsigira vatengi nemari kana mapurojekiti anofarira DSM.

Levin, LA, Amon, DJ, uye Lily, H. (2020) , Matambudziko ekuchengetedzeka kwekuchera kwakadzika kwegungwa. Nat. Sustain. 3, 784–794. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0558-x

Ongororo yezvino tsvagiridzo pamusoro pemigodhi yakadzika yegungwa mumamiriro ekusimudzira. Vanyori vanokurukura zvinokurudzira zvemigodhi yakadzika yegungwa, zvinokonzeresa, zvinonetsa zvemutemo uye kufunga, pamwe nehunhu. Chinyorwa chinopera nevanyori vachitsigira hupfumi hwedenderedzwa kudzivirira kuchera kwakadzika kwegungwa.

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8. Mhosva uye Muripo Kufunga

Proelss, A., Steenkamp, ​​RC (2023). Chikwereti Pasi peChikamu XI UNCLOS (Deep Seabed Mining). Mu: Gailhofer, P., Krebs, D., Proelss, A., Schmalenbach, K., Verheyen, R. (eds) Corporate Liability for Transboundary Environmental Harm. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13264-3_13

Chitsauko chebhuku chaNovember 2022 chakawana kuti, "[g] maaps mumutemo wepamusha uripo anogona kusanganisira kusateedzera [UNCLOS] Chinyorwa 235, icho chinosanganisira kutadza kweHurumende kuita zvisungo uye ine mukana wekufumura Nyika kumhosva. ” Izvi zvakakosha nekuti zvakambotaurwa kuti kungogadzira mutemo wepamba wekutonga DSM muNzvimbo inogona kuchengetedza nyika dzinotsigira. 

Mamwe mazano anosanganisira chinyorwa Basa uye Mutoro weKukuvadzwa Kunobva Kunze Kwezviitiko MuNzvimbo: Attribution yeLiabilty, zvakare naTara Davenport: https://www.cigionline.org/publications/ responsibility-and-liability-damage-arising-out-activities-area-attribution-liability/

Craik, N. (2023). Kuona Muyero weChikwereti cheKukuvadza Kwezvakatipoteredza kubva kuDeep Seabed Mining Activities, p. 5 https://www.cigionline.org/publications/ determining-standard-liability-environmental-harm-deep-seabed-mining-activities/

Iyo Liability Issues yeDeep Seabed Mining chirongwa chakagadziridzwa neCentre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), Commonwealth Secretariat uye Secretariat yeInternational Seabed Authority (ISA) kubatsira mukujekesa nyaya dzemutemo dzemutoro uye mutoro unotsigira kuvandudzwa kwekushandiswa. mitemo yepasi pegungwa. CIGI, yakabatana neISA Secretariat uye Commonwealth Secretariat, muna 2017, yakakoka nyanzvi dzezvemitemo dzinotungamira kuti dziumbe Boka reKushanda Kwemutemo paChikwereti cheKukuvadza Kwezvakatipoteredza kubva kuZviitiko muNzvimbo (LWG) kuti vakurukure nezvemhosva ine chekuita nekukuvadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, nechinangwa. yekupa Komisheni yeMutemo neTekinoroji, pamwe nenhengo dzeISA kuongororwa kwakadzama kwezvingangoitika zvemutemo uye nzira.

Mackenzie, R. (2019, Kukadzi 28). Mhosva Yemutemo Yekukuvadza Kwezvakatipoteredza kubva kuDeep Seabed Mining Activities: Kutsanangura Kukuvadza Kwezvakatipoteredza. CIGI. https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/

Iwo Matambudziko Matambudziko eDeep Seabed Mining ane synthesis uye ongororo, pamwe nezvinomwe zvakadzika-dive musoro wekuongorora. Iyo purojekiti yakagadziridzwa neCentre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), Commonwealth Secretariat uye Secretariat yeInternational Seabed Authority (ISA) kubatsira mukujekesa nyaya dzemutemo dzemutoro uye mutoro unotsigira kuvandudzwa kwemitemo yekushandiswa kwepasi pegungwa. CIGI, yakabatana neISA Secretariat uye Commonwealth Secretariat, muna 2017, yakakoka nyanzvi dzezvemitemo dzinotungamira kuti dziumbe Boka reKushanda Kwemutemo paChikwereti cheKukuvadza Kwezvakatipoteredza kubva kuZviitwa muNzvimbo kuti vakurukure nezvemhosva ine chekuita nekukuvadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, nechinangwa chekupa Legal and Technical Commission, pamwe nenhengo dzeISA nekuongorora kwakadzama kwezvingangoitika zvemutemo uye nzira.") 

Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve Matambudziko Matambudziko ane chekuita neDeep Seabed Mining, ndapota ona iyo Center for International Governance Innovation's (CIGI) yakatevedzana yakanzi: Liability Issues for Deep Seabed Mining Series, inogona kuwanikwa pa: https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/

Davenport, T. (2019, Kukadzi 7). Basa uye Mutoro weKukuvadzwa Kunobva kunze kweZviitwa muNzvimbo: Vanogona Vatengi uye Vanogoneka Forara. CIGI. https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/

Pepa rino rinoongorora nyaya dzakasiyana siyana dzine chekuita nekuzivisa vamhan'ari vane mvumo yakakwana yepamutemo kuti vaunze mhosva yekukuvadzwa kunobva muzviitiko munzvimbo iri kunze kwenyika (yakamira) uye kana vamhan'ari vakadaro vachiwana mukana kuforamu yekugadzirisa gakava kuti vatonge zvichemo zvakadaro. , ringava dare repasi rose, dare redzimhosva kana matare enyika (access). Pepanhau rinopikisa kuti dambudziko guru mumamiriro ekuchera mugungwa rakadzika nderokuti kukuvadzwa kunogona kukanganisa zvido zvemunhu uye pamwe chete zvevanhu vepasi rose, zvichiita kuti kusarudzwa kwemutambi amire basa rakaoma.

Seabed Disputes Chamber yeITLOS, Mabasa uye Zvisungo zveNyika Dzinotsigira Vanhu uye Mapato ane Ruremekedzo kune Zviitwa muNzvimbo (2011), Advisory Opinion, No 17 (SDC Advisory Opinion 2011) https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents /cases/case_no_17/17_adv_op_010211_en.pdf

Maonero anowanzotaurwa uye ane nhoroondo anobvumirana kubva kuInternational Tribunal yeMutemo weGungwa reSeabed Disputes Chamber, inotsanangura kodzero uye mabasa ekutsigira nyika. Maonero aya ndiwo mazinga epamusoro ekushingairira kunosanganisira chisungo chepamutemo chekushandisa chenjedzo, maitiro akanakisa ezvakatipoteredza, uye EIA. Zvakakosha, inotonga kuti nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzive nezvisungo zvakafanana maererano nekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza senyika dzakabudirira kudzivirira maforamu ekutenga kana "mureza wekunakira" mamiriro.

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9. Seabed Mining uye Underwater Cultural Heritage

Kushandisa biocultural lens kuvaka pilina (Relationships) kune kai lipo (Deep sea ecosystems) | Hofisi yeNational Marine Sanctuaries. (2022). Yakadzorerwa Kurume 13, 2023, kubva https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/education/ teachers/utilizing-a-biocultural-lens-to-build-to-the-kai-lipo.html

Webinar naHōkūokahalelani Pihana, Kainalu Steward, naJ. Hauʻoli Lorenzo-Elarco sechikamu cheUS National Marine Sanctuary Foundation series paPapahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. Iyi nhevedzano inovavarira kuratidza kukosha kwekuwedzera kutora chikamu kweVagari mugungwa sainzi, STEAM (Sainzi, Tekinoroji, Injiniya, Art, uye Math), uye mabasa mundima idzi. Vatauri vanokurukura nezve mepu yegungwa uye chirongwa chekuongorora mukati meMonument neJohnston Atoll uko vagari vekuHawaii vakapinda sevadzidzi.

Tilot, V., Willaert, K., Guilloux, B., Chen, W., Mulalap, CY, Gaulme, F., Bambridge, T., Peters, K., uye Dahl, A. (2021). 'Traditional Dimensions of Seabed Resource Management muChirevo cheDeep Sea Mining muPacific: Kudzidza Kubva kuSocio-Ecological Interconnectivity Pakati peChitsuwa Communities neOcean Realm', Mberi. Mar, Sci. 8: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.637938/full

Ongororo yesainzi yenzvimbo dzemugungwa uye inozivikanwa isingabatike tsika yepasi pemvura nhaka muPacific Islands inotarisirwa kukanganiswa neDSM. Ongororo iyi inoperekedzwa neongororo yepamutemo yezvimiro zvemutemo zvazvino kuona maitiro akanakisa ekuchengetedza nekuchengetedza ecosystem kubva kune DSM kukanganisa.

Jeffery, B., McKinnon, JF naVan Tilburg, H. (2021). Pasi pemvura nhaka yetsika muPacific: Themes uye mafambiro emangwana. International Journal yeAsia Pacific Zvidzidzo 17 (2): 135–168: https://doi.org/10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.6

Chinyorwa ichi chinozivisa pasi pemvura nhaka yetsika iri mukati mePacific Ocean muzvikamu zveIndigenous tsika nhaka, kutengeserana kweManila Galleon, pamwe nezvigadzirwa zveHondo Yenyika II. Hurukuro yezvikamu zvitatu izvi inoratidza hupamhi hwenguva uye nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeUCH muPacific Ocean.

Turner, PJ, Cannon, S., DeLand, S., Delgado, JP, Eltis, D., Halpin, PN, Kanu, MI, Sussman, CS, Varmer, O., & Van Dover, CL (2020). Kurangarira Middle Passage pagungwa reAtlantic munzvimbo dziri Beyond National Jurisdiction. Marine Policy, 122, 104254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104254

Mukutsigira kucherechedzwa uye kururamisira kweInternational Decade for People of African Descent (2015–2024), vaongorori vari kutsvaga nzira dzekurangarira nekukudza avo vakawana imwe yenzendo 40,000 kubva kuAfrica kuenda kuAmerica sevaranda. Kutsvaga zviwanikwa zvezvicherwa pagungwa repasi rose ("Nzvimbo") muAtlantic Basin kuri kutoenderera mberi, inotongwa neInternational Seabed Authority (ISA). Kuburikidza neUnited Nations Convention on the Mutemo weGungwa (UNCLOS), Nhengo dzeNyika dzeISA dzine basa rekuchengetedza zvinhu zvekuchera matongo uye zvezvakaitika kare zvinowanikwa muNzvimbo. Zvinhu zvakadaro zvinogona kuva mienzaniso yakakosha yepasi pemvura nhaka yetsika uye inogona kusungirirwa nhaka yetsika isingabatike, sezvinoratidzwa kuburikidza nekubatana nechitendero, tsika dzetsika, unyanzvi uye mabhuku. Nhetembo dzemazuva ano, mimhanzi, hunyanzvi, uye zvinyorwa zvinoburitsa kukosha kwegungwa reAtlantic muAfrica diasporic tsika yekurangarira, asi iyi tsika yetsika haisati yazivikanwa zviri pamutemo neISA. Vanyori vanokurudzira kurangarirwa kwenzira dzakatorwa nengarava senhaka yetsika yepasirese. Nzira idzi dzinopfuura nepakati penzvimbo dzegungwa reAtlantic Ocean uko kune kufarira mugodhi wepasi pegungwa. Vanyori vanokurudzira kuziva Middle Passage vasati vabvumira DSM uye kushandiswa kwemaminerari kuitika.

Evans, A naKeith, M. (2011, December). Kutariswa Kwenzvimbo dzekuchera matongo muOiri uye Gasi Drilling Operations. http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/ MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/Amanda%20M. %20Evans_Paper_01.pdf

MuUnited States, Gulf yeMexico, vashandi veindasitiri yemafuta negasi vanodiwa neBureau yeOcean Energy Management kuti vape ongororo yezvokuchera matongo yezviwanikwa munzvimbo yavo yeprojekiti semamiriro ekuita kwemvumo yekukumbira. Kunyange zvazvo gwaro iri rakanangana nekuongorora mafuta negasi, gwaro iri rinogona kushanda sehwaro hwemvumo.

Bingham, B., Foley, B., Singh, H., uye Camilli, R. (2010, Mbudzi). Zvishandiso zveRobhoti zveMvura Yakadzama Archaeology: Kuongorora Chikepe Chekare Chakaputsika neMotokari Yekuzvimirira Yepasi Pemvura. Nyaya yeMunda Robotics DOI: 10.1002/rob.20359. PDF.

Kushandiswa kwemotokari dzinozvimiririra dzepasi pemvura (AUV) ndiyo tekinoroji yakakosha inoshandiswa kuona nekudzidza nzvimbo dzepasi pemvura dzetsika dzetsika sezvakaratidzwa zvinobudirira neongororo yenzvimbo yeChios muGungwa reAegean. Izvi zvinoratidza kugona kwehunyanzvi hweAUV huchashandiswa kuongororo dzinoitwa nemakambani eDSM kubatsira kuona nzvimbo dzine nhoroondo uye tsika nemagariro. Nekudaro, kana tekinoroji iyi ikasaiswa kumunda weDSM saka pane simba rakasimba rekuti nzvimbo idzi dziparadzwe dzisati dzambowanikwa.

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Kaikkonen, L., & Virtanen, EA (2022). Kuchera mvura isina kudzika kunokanganisa zvinangwa zvepasi rose. Maitiro muEcology & Evolution, 37(11), 931-934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2022.08.001

Coastal zvicherwa zviwanikwa zvinosimudzirwa sesarudzo yakagadzikana yekusangana nekuwedzera kwesimbi zvinodiwa. Zvakadaro, migodhi ine mvura isina kudzika inopesana nezvinangwa zvekuchengetedza nekuchengetedza pasi rose uye mutemo wayo uchiri kugadzirwa. Kunyange zvazvo chinyorwa ichi chichitaura nezvemigodhi yemvura isina kudzika, nharo yokuti hapana zvikonzero zvinotsigira migodhi yemvura isina kudzika inogona kushandiswa kugungwa rakadzika, kunyanya maererano nekushaikwa kwekuenzanisa kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvemigodhi.

Hamley, GJ (2022). Mhedzisiro yekucherwa kwemakungwa muNzvimbo yekodzero yehutano hwevanhu. Ongororo yeEuropean, Comparative & International Environmental Law, 31 (3), 389-398. https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12471

Ongororo yemutemo iyi inopa kukosha kwekufunga nezvehutano hwevanhu munhaurirano dzakatenderedza mugodhi wepasi pegungwa. Munyori anocherechedza kuti hurukuro yakawanda muDSM yakatarisana nezvemari uye zvakatipoteredza zvinokonzerwa nekuita, asi kuti hutano hwevanhu hwave husipo. Sezvakataurwa mupepa racho, “kodzero yevanhu kuva noutano, inotsamira pakusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu zvomugungwa. Nechikonzero ichi, Nyika dziri pasi pekodzero dzehutano maererano nekuchengetedzwa kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemugungwa... kodzero yeutano.” Munyori anopa kurudziro yenzira dzekubatanidza hutano hwevanhu nekodzero dzevanhu munhaurirano dzakatenderedza mugodhi wepasi pegungwa paISA.

Deep Sea Conservation Coalition. (2020). Deep-sea Mining: the Science and Potential Impacts Factsheet 2. Deep Sea Conservation Coalition. http://www.deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org/ wp-content/uploads/02_DSCC_FactSheet2_DSM_ science_4pp_web.pdf

Kumiswa kwekucherwa kwemvura yakadzika-kwegungwa kwakakosha kana tichifunga nezvekusagadzikana kwenzvimbo dzakadzika-mugungwa, kushaikwa kweruzivo pamusoro pemhedzisiro yenguva refu, uye chiyero chezviitwa zvemigodhi mumvura yakadzika yegungwa. Iwo mapeji mana mapepa echokwadi anovhara kutyisidzira kwezvakatipoteredza kwekuchera-kwegungwa migodhi paabyssal plains, seamounts, uye hydrothermal vents.

Mengerink, KJ, et al., (2014, Chivabvu 16). Kushevedzera kweDeep-Ocean Stewardship. Policy Forum, Oceans. AAAS. Science, Vol. 344. PDF

Iyo yakadzika gungwa yatotyisidzirwa kubva kune akati wandei ezviitiko zveanthropogenic uye migodhi yegungwa ndiyo imwe njodzi yakakosha inogona kumiswa. Saka mubatanidzwa wevanotungamira masainzi emugungwa vakaita chiziviso cheruzhinji chekudaidzira kudzika-mugungwa utariri.

Levin, LA, Amon, DJ, uye Lily, H. (2020) , Matambudziko ekuchengetedzeka kwekuchera kwakadzika kwegungwa. Nat. Sustain. 3, 784–794. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0558-x

The Ocean Foundation inokurudzira kuongorora mabhiri emitemo aripo, anosanganisira California Seabed Mining Prevention Act, Washington's Nezve kudzivirira kwekuchera mugungwa kwezvicherwa zvakaomarara, uye Oregon's Prohibited makondirakiti ekuongorora zvicherwa zvakaomarara. Izvi zvinogona kubatsira kutungamira vamwe mukudzika mutemo wekudzora kukuvadzwa kunokonzerwa nekucherwa kwepasi pegungwa zvichiratidza pfungwa dzinokosha dzekuti kuchera kwepasi pegungwa hakuenderane nezvido zvevanhu.

• California - https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/ billCompareClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB1832& showamends=false
• Washington - https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?BillNumber=5145&Initiative=false &Year=2021
• Oregon - https://oregon.public.law/statutes/ors_ 274.610

Deepsea Conservation Coalition. (2022). Kupokana neDeep-Sea Mining: Hurumende neParamende. https://www.savethehighseas.org/voices-calling-for-a-moratorium-governments-and-parliamentarians/

Kubva muna Zvita 2022, nyika gumi nembiri dzakatora danho kurwisa Deep Seabed Mining. Nyika ina dzakaita mubatanidzwa wekutsigira DSM kumisa (Palau, Fiji, Federated States of Micronesia, neSamoa, nyika mbiri dzakataura tsigiro yekumisa (New Zealand neThe French Polynesian assembly. Nyika nhanhatu dzakatsigira kumbomira (Germany, Costa Rica, Chile, Spain, Panama, neEcuador), ukuwo France ichikurudzira kurambidzwa.

Deepsea Conservation Coalition. (2022). Kupokana neDeep-Sea Mining: Hurumende neParamende. https://www.savethehighseas.org/voices-calling-for-a-moratorium-fishing-sector/

Deepsea Conservation Coalition yakanyora rondedzero yemapoka ari muindasitiri yekuredza achidaidzira kuti DSM imiswe. Izvi zvinosanganisira: African Confederation of Professional Artisanal Fishing Organisations, EU Advisory Councils, International Pole and Line Foundation, Norwegian Fisheries Association, South African Tuna Association, neSouth African Hake Long Line Association.

Thaler, A. (2021, Kubvumbi 15). Makambani Makuru Anoti Kwete kune Deep-sea Mining, kwechinguva. DSM Mucherechedzi. https://dsmobserver.com/2021/04/major-brands-say-no-to-deep-sea-mining-for-the-moment/

Muna 2021, makambani makuru akati wandei etekinoroji uye emotokari akaburitsa chirevo chekuti akatsigira kumisa kweDSM panguva ino. Makambani aya anosanganisira Google, BMW< Volvo, neSamsung SDI ose akasaina World Wide Fund For Nature's Global Deep-sea Mining Moratorium Campaign. Kunyange zvikonzero zvakajeka zvekugomera zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaonekwa kuti makambani aya anogona kutarisana nematambudziko ekuchengetedzeka kwavo, zvichipihwa kuti zvicherwa zvemugungwa zvakadzika hazvigadzirise dambudziko rekukuvadza kwezvicherwa uye kuti migodhi yegungwa yakadzika haigone kuderedza nyaya dzine chekuita ne migodhi yepasi.

Makambani akaenderera mberi kusaina kuMushandirapamwe, kusanganisira Patagonia, Scania, uye Triodos Bank, kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo ona. https://sevenseasmedia.org/major-companies-are-pledging-against-deep-sea-mining/.

Hurumende yeGuam (2021). I MINA'TRENTAI SAIS NA LIHESLATURAN GUÅHAN RESOLUTIONS. 36th Guam Legislature - Mitemo Yeruzhinji. (2021). kubva https://www.guamlegislature.com/36th_Guam _Legislature/COR_Res_36th/Res.%20No.% 20210-36%20(COR).pdf

Guam anga ari mutungamiri wekukurudzira kumisa migodhi uye akakurudzira kuti hurumende yemubatanidzwa yeUS iite kumiswa munzvimbo yavo yeExclusive-economic zone, uye kuti International Seabed Authority iite kumisa mugungwa rakadzika.

Oberle, B. (2023, Kurume 6). IUCN Director General's open letter to ISA Members on deep-sea mining. IUCN DG Statment. https://www.iucn.org/dg-statement/202303/iucn-director-generals-open-letter-isa-members-deep-sea-mining

Pa2021 IUCN Congress muMarseille, Nhengo dzeIUCN dzakavhotera kugamuchira Kugadziriswa 122 vachidaidzira kumisa kucherwa kwemvura yakadzika-mugungwa kunze kwekunge uye kusvikira njodzi dzanyatsonzwisiswa, kuongororwa kwakasimba uye kwakajeka kuchiitwa, mutemo wekusvibisa unobhadhara unoitwa, kuve nechokwadi chekuti nzira yehupfumi inotenderera inotorwa, veruzhinji vanobatanidzwa, uye vimbiso yekuti utongi. yeDSM iri pachena, inozvidavirira, inosanganisirwa, inoshanda, uye ine mutoro wezvakatipoteredza. Chisungo ichi chakatsinhirwa zvakare mutsamba yakanyorwa naDirector General weIUCN, Dr. Bruno Oberle ichaunzwa pamberi pemusangano weKurume 2023 weInternational Seabed Authority wakaitirwa kuJamaica.

Deep Sea Conservation Coalition (2021, Mbudzi 29). Pakadzika Pakadzika: Mutengo Wechokwadi weDeep Sea Mining. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OuUjDkcINOE

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