Yakabatwa muBlue Blue: Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal

Kuputsa Climate Geoengineering: Chikamu 2

Chikamu 1: Zvisingaperi Zvisingazivikanwe
Chikamu 3: Kugadziriswa kweSolar Radiation
Chikamu 4: Kufunga nezve Hunhu, Kuenzana, uye Ruramisiro

Kubviswa kweCarbon dioxide (CDR) imhando yemamiriro ekunze geoengineering inoda kubvisa carbon dioxide kubva mumhepo. CDR inotarisa kukanganisa kwekubuda kwegreenhouse gasi nekudzikisa uye kubvisa mumhepo carbon dioxide kuburikidza nekuchengetedza kwenguva refu uye kwenguva pfupi. CDR inogona kutariswa pasi-yakavakirwa kana gungwa-yakavakirwa, zvichienderana nezvinhu uye masisitimu anoshandiswa kutora nekuchengetedza gasi. Simbiso yepasi-yakavakirwa CDR ndiyo yanyanya munhaurirano idzi asi kufarira kubatanidza CDR yemugungwa kuri kuwedzera, nekutarisisa mapurojekiti echisikigo uye emuchina uye emakemikari.

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Zvisikwa zvakasikwa zvinotobvisa carbon dioxide kubva mumhepo

Gungwa imvura yakasikwa kabhoni, kutora 25% yeatmospheric carbon dioxide uye 90% yekupisa kwepasi kwakanyanyisa kuburikidza nemaitiro echisikigo senge photosynthesis uye kutorwa. Masisitimu aya akabatsira kuchengetedza tembiricha yepasi rose, asi ari kuwanda nekuda kwekuwedzera kwemuchadenga carbon dioxide nemamwe magasi egreenhouse kubva mukuburitswa kwemafuta. Uku kuwedzera kutorwa kwatanga kukanganisa kemikari yegungwa, zvichikonzera acidification yegungwa, kurasikirwa kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana, uye maitiro matsva ecosystem. Kuvakazve zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvipenyu zvakabatanidzwa nekudzikiswa kwemafuta ezvicherwa kuchasimbisa pasi kubva mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.

Kubviswa kweCarbon dioxide, kuburikidza nechirimwa chitsva uye kukura kwemiti, zvinogona kuitika panyika uye mumakungwa ecosystems. Kudyara miti ndiko kusikwa kwemasango matsva kana zvipenyu zvegungwa, semiti yemimango, munzvimbo dzagara dzisina zvidyarwa zvakadaro, nepo kurimazve masango kuchitsvaga kuunzazve miti nemimwe miti munzvimbo dzakashandurwa kune imwe kushandiswa kwakasiyana, senge purazi, migodhi, kana budiriro, kana mushure mekurasikirwa nekuda kwekusvibiswa..

Marine tsvina, plastiki, uye kusvibiswa kwemvura zvakakonzera zvakananga kune uswa hwakawanda hwegungwa uye kurasikirwa kwemangrove. The Akachena Mvura Mutemo muUnited States, uye dzimwe nhamburiko dzakashanda kuderedza kushatiswa kwakadaro uye kubvumira kuvandudzwa kwemiti. Aya mazwi anga achiwanzo shandiswa kutsanangura masango akavakirwa pasi, asi anogona zvakare kusanganisira ecosystems emugungwa semangrove, huswa hwegungwa, matope emunyu, kana sora regungwa.

The Promise:

Miti, mangrove, uswa hwegungwa, nezvimwe zvinomera zvakafanana carbon sinks, kushandisa uye kuunganidza kabhoni dhaikisaidhi zvakasununguka kuburikidza nephotosynthesis. Ocean CDR inowanzo ratidza 'blue carbon,' kana carbon dioxide yakavharirwa mugungwa. Imwe yemhando yepamusoro yeblue carbon ecosystems ndeye mangroves, ayo anotora kabhoni mumakwati awo, midzi system, uye ivhu, kuchengetedza. anosvika makumi maviri neshanu kabhoni yakawanda kupfuura masango ari panyika. Mangrove anopa akawanda zvakatipoteredza co-benefits kunharaunda dzenharaunda uye zvipenyu zvemumhenderekedzo yegungwa, kudzivirira kuparara kwenguva refu uye kukoromoka pamwe chete nekugadzirisa kukanganisa kwemhepo nemafungu pamhenderekedzo. Masango emiti yemimango anoumbawo nzvimbo dzekugara mhuka dzakasiyana-siyana dzepasi, dzemumvura, nedzeshiri mumidzi yechirimwa nemapazi. Mapurojekiti akadaro anogonawo kushandiswa reverse zvakananga migumisiro yekuparadzwa kwemasango kana madutu, kudzorera mhenderekedzo yegungwa uye ivhu rakarasikirwa nemiti uye zvirimwa.

Dambudziko:

Njodzi dzinoperekedza mapurojekiti aya dzinobva mukuchengeterwa kwenguva pfupi kwekabhoni dhaikisaidhi yakasikwa. Sezvo kushanduka kwekushandiswa kwenyika yegungwa uye zvipenyu zvegungwa zvichikanganiswa kusimudzira, kufamba, indasitiri, kana nekusimbisa madutu, kabhoni yakachengetwa muvhu ichaburitswa mumvura yegungwa nemhepo. Aya mapurojekiti zvakare anotarirwa biodiversity uye genetic diversity kurasikirwa mukuda kukurumidza kukura kwemarudzi, kuwedzera njodzi yezvirwere uye yakakura kufa kubuda. Mapurojekiti ekudzoreredza inogona kuva nesimba rakawanda uye inoda mafuta emafuta ekufambisa uye michina yekugadzirisa. Kudzoreredza zvipenyu zvemumhenderekedzo yegungwa kuburikidza neizvi zvigadziriso-zvakavakirwa pasina kufunga kwakakodzera kunharaunda dzenzvimbo zvinogona kukonzera kutorwa kwevhu uye nharaunda dzine hurombo idzo dzakabatsira zvishoma mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Hukama hwakasimba hwenharaunda uye kubatanidzwa kwevatori vechikamu nevanhu veMarudzi uye nharaunda dzenzvimbo kwakakosha pakuona kuenzana uye kururamisira mukuedza kweCRR yemugungwa.

Kurimwa kweSeaweed kune chinangwa chekudyara kelp uye macroalgae kusefa kabhoni dhaikisai kubva mumvura uye chengetedza mubiomass kuburikidza nephotosynthesis. Iyi kabhoni-yakapfuma yegungwa inogona kurima uye kushandiswa muzvigadzirwa kana chikafu kana kunyura pasi pegungwa uye kutorwa.

The Promise:

Seaweed nezvimwe zvidyarwa zvakakura zvemugungwa zviri kukurumidza kukura uye zviripo munzvimbo dzepasirese. Kana ichienzaniswa nekuedza kudyara masango kana kuti kudyarazve masango, nzvimbo inogara munyanza yemasora omugungwa inoita kuti isabatwa nemoto, kupindira, kana kumwe tyisidziro kumasango epasi. Seaweed sequesters yakawanda ye carbon dioxide uye ine zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushandisa mushure mekukura. Kuburikidza nekubvisa mvura-based carbon dioxide, gungwa rinogona kubatsira matunhu kushanda achipokana negungwa acidification uye inopa oxygen yakawanda yekugara yezvipenyu zvegungwa. Pamusoro peaya mahwindi ezvakatipoteredza, gungwa regungwa rinewo mabhenefiti ekugadzirisa mamiriro ekunze anogona chengetedza mahombekombe kubva mukukukurwa kwevhu nekuderedza simba remafungu. 

Dambudziko:

Seaweed kabhoni kubatwa kwakasiyana kubva kune mamwe eblue ehupfumi CDR maitiro, ine chirimwa chinochengeta CO₂ mubiomass yayo, pane kuiendesa mumatope. Nekuda kweizvozvo, iyo CO₂ kubvisa uye kuchengetedza kukwanisa kwegungwa regungwa kunogumira nechirimwa. Kuchengeta masora emusango kuburikidza nekurima masora egungwa anogona kuderedza kusiyana kwemajini echirimwa, kuwedzera mikana yezvirwere uye kufa kukuru. Pamusoro pezvo, nzira dzazvino uno dzakarongwa dzekurima mbesa dzegungwa dzinosanganisira kurima zvirimwa mumvura pachinhu chakagadzirwa, setambo, uye mumvura isina kudzika. Izvi zvinogona kudzivirira chiedza uye chikafu kubva munzvimbo dzekugara mumvura iri pasi pegungwa uye kukonzera kukuvadza kune izvo zvipenyu. kusanganisira kupinda mukati. Mvura yegungwa pachayo iri panjodzi yekuparara nekuda kwehutano hwemvura uye kudyiwa. Mapurojekiti mahombe ane chinangwa chekunyudza sora regungwa munyanza ari kutarisira kudaro kunyura tambo kana zvinhu zvakagadzirwa zvakare, zvinogona kusvibisa mvura kana sora regungwa ranyura. Rudzi urwu rwepurojekiti inotarisirwawo kusangana nemitengo, ichidzikamisa scalability. Kuenderera mberi nekutsvaga kunodiwa kuona nzira yakanakisa yekudyara masowe egungwa uye kuwana zvivimbiso zvinobatsira uku uchideredza kutyisidzira kunotarisirwa uye mhedzisiro isingatarisirwe.

Pakazere, kudzoreredzwa kwezvipenyu zvemugungwa nemumhenderekedzo yegungwa kuburikidza nemangrove, huswa hwegungwa, marara emunyu ecosystems, uye kurima sowe remugungwa kune chinangwa chekuwedzera nekudzoreredza kugona kwemaitiro ePasi echisikigo kugadzirisa uye kuchengetedza mumhepo carbon dioxide. Kurasikirwa kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana kubva mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kunosanganisirwa nekurasikirwa kwezvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana kubva mumabasa evanhu, sekuparadzwa kwemasango, zvichideredza kusimba kwePasi mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. 

Muna 2018, iyo Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform paBiodiversity uye Ecosystem Services (IPBES) yakashuma kuti. zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvezvipenyu zvegungwa dzakakuvadzwa, dzakaderedzwa, kana kuchinjwa. Huwandu uhu huchawedzera nekukwira kwegungwa, acidification yegungwa, migodhi yepasi pegungwa, uye anthropogenic mamiriro ekunze ekuchinja. Natural carbon dioxide kubvisa nzira dzichabatsirikana nekuwedzera biodiversity uye kudzoreredza ecosystem. Kurimwa kwegungwa regungwa inzvimbo iri kukura yekudzidza iyo inobatsirika kubva mukutsvagisa kwakanangwa. Kudzoreredza kunofunga uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvipenyu zvegungwa zvine mukana wekudzikamisa mhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kuburikidza nekudzikiswa kwehutsi hwakapetwa ne-co-benefits.

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Kuvandudza maitiro egungwa echisikigo ekuderedza kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze

Pamusoro pemaitiro echisikigo, vaongorori vari kuongorora nzira dzekusimudzira kubviswa kwekabhoni dhaikisaidhi, vachikurudzira kutorwa kwekabhoni dhaikisaidhi yegungwa. Matatu emamiriro ekunze emamiriro ekunze geoengineering mapurojekiti anowira mukati mechikamu ichi chekusimudzira maitiro echisikigo: yegungwa alkalinity yekusimudzira, kudya kunovaka muviri, uye kukwidziridzwa nekudzikira. 

Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE) inzira yeCDR ine chinangwa chekubvisa nyanza kabhoni dhayokisaidhi nekumhanyisa maitikiro emamiriro ekunze emaminerari. Aya maitiro emamiriro ekunze anoshandisa carbon dioxide uye kugadzira zvinhu zvakasimba. Iyezvino OAE maitiro tora carbon dioxide nematombo ane alkaline, kureva lime kana olivine, kana kuburikidza ne electrochemical process.

The Promise:

Maererano ne Natural rock weathering maitiro, OAE ndizvo scalable uye inopa zvachose nzira kubvisa carbon dioxide. Kuita pakati pegasi nemamineral kunogadzira madhipoziti anotarisirwa wedzera kuvharika kwegungwa, zvoitawo kuderedza acidification yegungwa. Kuwedzera kwemamineral deposits mugungwa kunogonawo kuwedzera kugadzirwa kwegungwa.

Dambudziko:

Kubudirira kwemamiriro ekunze kunoenderana nekuwanikwa uye kugoverwa kwemaminerari. Kugoverwa kusina kuenzana kwemaminerari uye manzwiro edunhu kuderera kwekabhoni dhaikisaidhi kunogona kukanganisa nharaunda yegungwa. Pamusoro pezvo, huwandu hwezvicherwa hunodiwa kuOAE hunogona kunge huri kubva kumigodhi yepasi, uye zvinoda kutakurwa kuenda kunzvimbo dziri mumhenderekedzo yegungwa kuti zvishandiswe. Kuwedzera alkalinity yegungwa kuchagadzirisa pH yegungwa, zvakare kukanganisa maitiro ehupenyu. Ocean alkalinity kuwedzera ane isingaonekwe seyedzero dzemumunda dzakawanda kana tsvakiridzo yakawanda semamiriro ekunze anoenderana nemamiriro ekunze, uye zvinokonzeresa nzira iyi zvinozivikanwa zvakanyanya nemamiriro ekunze epasi. 

Nutrient Fertilization inokurudzira kuwedzera iron nezvimwe zvinovaka muviri mugungwa kukurudzira kukura kwephytoplankton. Kutora mukana wemaitiro echisikigo, phytoplankton inotora mumhepo carbon dioxide uye inonyura pasi pegungwa. Muna 2008, nyika paUN Convention on Biological Diversity vakabvuma kumisa kwekuchengetedza pamusoro pechiito chekubvumira kuti vesainzi vanzwisise zviri nani zvakanakira nekuipira zvezvirongwa zvakadaro.

The Promise:

Pamusoro pekubvisa atmospheric carbon dioxide, kudya kunovaka muviri kunogona kuderedza kwekanguva acidification yegungwa uye kuwedzera hove. Phytoplankton inzvimbo yekudya kwehove zhinji, uye kuwanda kwekuwanikwa kwechikafu kunogona kuwedzera huwandu hwehove mumatunhu anoitirwa mapurojekiti. 

Dambudziko:

Zvidzidzo zvinoramba zvakaganhurirwa pakudyara kwekudya kunovaka muviri uye kuziva zvakawanda zvisingazivikanwi nezve mhedzisiro yenguva refu, mabhenefiti, uye kusingaperi kweiyi nzira yeCDR. Mapurojekiti ekudyara fetiraiza angada huwandu hwakawanda hwezvinhu muchimiro chesimbi, phosphorus, uye nitrogen. Kutsvaga zvinhu izvi kungangoda kumwe kucherwa, kugadzira, uye zvekufambisa. Izvi zvinogona kukanganisa kukanganisa kweCDR yakanaka uye kukuvadza mamwe ecosystems papasi nekuda kwekutorwa kwemigodhi. Mukuwedzera, kukura kwe phytoplankton kunogona kukonzera zvinokuvadza algal blooms, kuderedza okisijeni mugungwa, uye kuwedzera kugadzirwa methane, GHG inobata ka10 kuwanda kwekupisa kana ichienzaniswa necarbon dioxide.

Kusanganiswa kwechisikigo kwegungwa kuburikidza nekukwira nekudzika kunounza mvura kubva pamusoro kuenda kune sediment, kugovera tembiricha uye kudya kumatunhu akasiyana egungwa. Artificial Upwelling uye Downwelling ine chinangwa chekushandisa chigadziriso chemuviri kukurumidza nekukurudzira kusanganiswa uku, kuwedzera kusanganiswa kwemvura yemugungwa kuunza carbon dioxide yakawanda pamusoro pemvura kukadzika kwegungwa, uye. mvura inotonhora, inovaka muviri yakapfuma pamusoro. Izvi zvinotarisirwa kukurudzira kukura kwephytoplankton uye photosynthesis kubvisa carbon dioxide kubva mumhepo. Mamiriro ezvinhu aripo iye zvino anosanganisira kushandisa pombi dzakamira uye pombi kuchera mvura kubva pasi pegungwa kusvika kumusoro.

The Promise:

Artificial upwelling uye downwelling inokurudzirwa sekusimudzira kwechisikigo system. Uku kufamba kwakarongwa kwemvura kunogona kubatsira kudzivirira mhedzisiro yekuwedzera phytoplankton kukura senge yakaderera okisijeni nzvimbo uye yakawandisa chikafu nekuwedzera musanganiswa wegungwa. Munzvimbo dzinodziya, nzira iyi inogona kubatsira kutonhora kwepasi uye kunonoka kwekorari bleaching. 

Dambudziko:

Iyi nzira yekugadzira musanganiswa yakaona zvishoma zviedzo uye bvunzo dzemumunda dzakanangana nezvikero zvidiki uye kwenguva shoma. Kutsvagurudza kwekutanga kunoratidza kuti pazere, kukwidziridzwa nekudzikisira kune yakaderera CDR mukana uye. kupa kutorwa kwenguva pfupi ye carbon dioxide. Iyi chengetedzo yechinguva mhedzisiro yekukwira nekudzika kutenderera. Chero kabhoni dhaikisaidhi inofamba ichidzika pasi pegungwa kuburikidza nekudzika inogona kukwira pane imwe nguva nenguva. Mukuwedzera, iyi nzira inoonawo mukana wekugumisa njodzi. Kana pombi yekugadzira ikatadza, ikamiswa, kana kushaya mari, yakawedzera kudya kunovaka muviri uye kabhoni dhaikisaidhi pamusoro zvinogona kuwedzera methane uye nitrous oxide concentrations pamwe neocean acidification. Iyo yazvino yakarongwa nzira yekusanganiswa kwegungwa rekugadzira inoda pombi system, pombi, uye kunze kwesimba rekupa. Kuiswa kwepombi idzi kunenge kuchida ngarava, tsime resimba rinoshanda, uye kugadzirisa. 

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Ocean CDR kuburikidza neMechanical uye Chemical Methods

Mechanical uye makemikari ocean CDR inopindira nemaitiro echisikigo, ichivavarira kushandisa tekinoroji kushandura hurongwa hwechisikigo. Parizvino, kubviswa kwekabhoni yemvura yegungwa kunotungamira kukurukura kwemuchadenga nemakemikari emugungwa CDR, asi dzimwe nzira dzakaita sedzekukwira nekudzikisira, dzakurukurwa pamusoro, dzinogona kuwira muchikamu ichi zvakare.

Seawater Carbon Extraction, kana Electrochemical CDR, ine chinangwa chekubvisa carbon dioxide mumvura yegungwa uye kuichengeta kune imwe nzvimbo, ichishanda pamitemo yakafanana kutungamira mhepo kabhoni dhiabhorosi kutora uye kuchengetedza. Nzira dzakarongwa dzinosanganisira kushandisa electrochemical process kuunganidza gaseous form of carbon dioxide kubva mumvura yegungwa, uye kuchengeta iyo gasi iri yakasimba kana kuti liquid form in geological form kana mugungwa sediment.

The Promise:

Iyi nzira yekubvisa carbon dioxide mumvura yegungwa inotarisirwa kubvumira gungwa kuti ritore carbon dioxide yakawanda mumhepo kuburikidza nemaitiro echisikigo. Zvidzidzo zve electrochemical CDR zvakaratidza kuti neine renewable simba sosi, iyi nzira inogona kunge ichishanda nesimba. Kubvisa carbon dioxide kubva mumvura yegungwa kunotarisirwa zvakare dzosera kumashure kana kumbomira kuita acidification yegungwa. 

Dambudziko:

Zvidzidzo zvepakutanga pamusoro pemvura yegungwa kabhoni kudhirowa zvakanyanya kuyedza pfungwa mulab-based kuyedza. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kushandiswa kwekutengeserana kweiyi nzira kunoramba kuchinyanya dzidziso, uye zvichigoneka simba rakasimba. Tsvagiridzo yakatarisa zvakare pakugona kwekemikari yecarbon dioxide kubviswa mumvura yegungwa, ne tsvakurudzo shoma pamusoro pengozi dzezvakatipoteredza. Zvirikunetsa pari zvino zvinosanganisira kusavimbika pamusoro pekuchinja kwe ecosystem equilibrium yemuno uye mabatiro angave nawo maitiro aya pazvipenyu zvemugungwa.

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Pane nzira yekumberi yegungwa CDR here?

Mazhinji mapurojekiti eCDR emakungwa echisikigo, sekudzoreredza nekuchengetedza zvipenyu zvegungwa, anotsigirwa neakatsvagirwa uye anozivikanwa mabhenefiti akanaka kune zvakatipoteredza nenharaunda dzenzvimbo. Imwe tsvakiridzo yekunzwisisa huwandu uye urefu hwenguva kabhoni inogona kuchengetwa kuburikidza nemapurojekiti aya ichiri kudikanwa, asi mabhenefiti ari pachena. Kunze kwechisikigo chegungwa CDR, zvisinei, yakakwidziridzwa yakasikwa uye mechaniki uye makemikari ocean CDR ine zvinoonekwa zvakaipa izvo zvinofanirwa kunyatso tariswa usati waita chero chirongwa pamwero mukuru. 

Isu tese tiri vatori vechikamu mupasi uye tichakanganiswa nemamiriro ekunze geoengineering mapurojekiti pamwe nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Vagadziri vezvisarudzo, vagadziri vemitemo, vanoisa mari, vanovhota, uye vese vane chekuita navo zvakakosha pakuona kana njodzi yeimwe yemamiriro ekunze geoengineering nzira inodarika njodzi yeimwe nzira kana kunyangwe njodzi yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Nzira dzeOcean CDR dzinogona kubatsira kuderedza carbon dioxide mumhepo, asi dzinofanira kungotariswa pamwe chete nekudzikiswa kwakananga kwekubuda kwecarbon dioxide.