Ocean uye Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze

KUDZOKERA KUTSVAKA

Zviri Mukati

1. ziviso
2. Nheyo dzeKuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze uye Ocean
3. Mhenderekedzo yeMhirizhonga neOcean Migration nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze
4. Hypoxia (Dead Zones)
5. Migumisiro Yemvura Inodziya
6. Marine Biodiversity Loss nekuda kweClimate Change
7. Migumisiro Yekuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze paCoral Reefs
8. Mhedzisiro Yekuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze paArctic neAntarctic
9. Ocean-Based Carbon Dioxide Removal
10. Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze uye Kusiyana-siyana, Kuenzana, Kubatanidzwa, uye Kururamisa
11. Policy uye Government Publications
12. Yakarongwa Mhinduro
13. Kutsvaga Zvimwe? (Zvakawedzerwa)

1. ziviso

Gungwa rinogadzira 71% yepasi uye rinopa masevhisi mazhinji kunharaunda dzevanhu kubva mukuderedza kunyanyisa kwemamiriro ekunze kusvika pakugadzira mweya watinofema, kubva pakugadzira chikafu chatinodya kusvika pakuchengeta yakawandisa kabhoni dhayokisaidhi yatinogadzira. Zvisinei, migumisiro yekuwedzera kubudiswa kwegasi regreenhouse kunotyisidzira zvipenyu zvemumahombekombe uye mugungwa kuburikidza nekuchinja kwekushisa kwegungwa uye kunyunguduka kweaizi, izvo zvinozokanganisa mafambiro emugungwa, mamiriro ekunze, uye mwero wegungwa. Uye, nekuti kugona kunyura kwekabhoni yegungwa kwakapfuurwa, tiri kuonawo kemikari yemugungwa ichishanduka nekuda kwekubuda kwecarbon yedu. Muchokwadi, vanhu vakawedzera acidity yegungwa redu ne30% mumazana maviri emakore apfuura. (Izvi zvakafukidzwa mune yedu Tsvagiridzo Peji pa Ocean Acidization) Kuchinja kwegungwa nemamiriro ekunze zvakabatana zvisingaparadzanisiki.

Gungwa rinoita basa rakakosha mukudzikamisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze nekushanda sechinhu chikuru chekupisa uye kunyura kwekabhoni. Gungwa rinotakurawo dambudziko rekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, sezvinoratidzwa nekushanduka kwekushisa, mafungu uye kukwira kwegungwa, zvose zvinokanganisa hutano hwezvipenyu zvegungwa, pedyo nemahombekombe uye yakadzika yegungwa. Sezvo kunetseka pamusoro pekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kuri kuwedzera, hukama pakati pegungwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze hunofanirwa kuzivikanwa, kunzwisiswa, uye kuiswa mumitemo yehurumende.

Kubva kuRevolution Revolution, huwandu hwecarbon dioxide mumhepo yedu hwakawedzera nepamusoro pe35%, kunyanya kubva mukupiswa kwemafuta efossil. Mvura yemugungwa, mhuka dzemugungwa, nenzvimbo dzemugungwa zvese zvinobatsira gungwa kutora chikamu chakakosha checarbon dioxide inobuda mumabasa evanhu. 

Gungwa repasi rose rave kutoona kukanganisa kukuru kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye mhedzisiro yacho. Zvinosanganisira kudziya kwemhepo nemvura, kushanduka kwemwaka mumarudzi, kucheneruka kwemakorari, kukwira kwegungwa, kunyura kwemahombekombe, kukukurwa kwemahombekombe, maruva anokuvadza ealgal, nzvimbo dzine hypoxic (kana dzakafa), zvirwere zvitsva zvemugungwa, kurasikirwa kwemhuka dzemugungwa, kuchinja kwemazinga. kunaya kwemvura, uye kubata hove kuderera. Mukuwedzera, tinogona kutarisira zviitiko zvakanyanya zvemamiriro ekunze (kusanaya kwemvura, mafashamo, dutu), izvo zvinokanganisa nzvimbo dzekugara uye zvipenyu zvakafanana. Kuti tidzivirire zvipenyu zvedu zvinokosha zvomugungwa, tinofanira kuita chimwe chinhu.

Mhinduro yese yekushanduka kwegungwa nemamiriro ekunze ndeyekudzikisa zvakanyanya kubuda kwemagasi egreenhouse. Chibvumirano chepasi rose chepasi rose chekugadzirisa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, Chibvumirano cheParis, chakatanga kushanda muna 2016. Kuzadzikisa zvinangwa zveChibvumirano cheParis kunoda kuti zviitwe munyika, munyika, munharaunda, uye munharaunda pasi rose. Pamusoro pezvo, kabhoni yebhuruu inogona kupa nzira yekutora kwenguva yakareba uye kuchengetedza kabhoni. “Blue Carbon” ndiyo kabhoni dhaikisaidhi inotorwa nemakungwa epasi rose nemahombekombe egungwa. Iyi kabhoni inochengetwa muchimiro chebiomass uye sediments kubva kumangrove, tidal marshes, uye seagrass meadows. Mamwe ruzivo nezveBlue Carbon anogona kuva akawanikwa pano.

Panguva imwe chete, zvakakosha kuhutano hwegungwa-uye isu-kuti dzimwe njodzi dzidzivirirwe, uye kuti zvipenyu zvedu zvemugungwa zvinotungamirirwa nekufunga. Zviripachena zvakare kuti nekudzikisira kushushikana kwepakarepo kubva kumabasa akawandisa evanhu, tinogona kuwedzera kusimba kwemhando dzegungwa uye ecosystem. Nenzira iyi, isu tinokwanisa kudyara muhutano hwemugungwa uye ne "immune system" nekubvisa kana kudzikisa zviuru zvezvirwere zvidiki izvo zvinorwara nazvo. Kudzorera marudzi akawanda emugungwa—emiti yemimango, mafuro egungwa, ekorari, emasango emiti, ehove, ezvipenyu zvose zvomugungwa—kuchabatsira gungwa kuti rirambe richigovera mabasa ayo upenyu hwose hunotsamira paari.

Iyo Ocean Foundation yanga ichishanda pamakungwa uye nyaya dzekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kubvira 1990; paOcean Acidification kubvira 2003; uye nezvenyaya dzinechekuita ne“blue carbon” kubvira 2007. The Ocean Foundation ine Blue Resilience Initiative inoda kufambisira mberi mutemo unosimudzira mabasa emumhenderekedzo yegungwa uye ecosystem ecosystem seanonyura kabhoni, kureva bhuruu kabhoni uye kuburitsa yekutanga-yeBlue Carbon Offset. Calculator muna 2012 kupa rubatsiro rwekubvisa kabhoni kune vanopa wega, nheyo, makambani, uye zviitiko kuburikidza nekudzoreredza uye kuchengetedzwa kwenzvimbo dzakakosha dzemahombekombe dzinotora uye kuchengetedza kabhoni, kusanganisira seagrass meadows, masango emanrove, uye saltmarsh estuaries. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo, ndapota ona Iyo Ocean Foundation yeBlue Resilience Initiative kuti uwane ruzivo rwemapurojekiti arikuenderera mberi uye kudzidza maitiro aungaita kabhoni tsoka yako uchishandisa TOF's Blue Carbon Offset Calculator.

Vashandi veOcean Foundation vanoshanda pabhodhi rekupa mazano reCollaborative Institute for Oceans, Climate and Security, uye The Ocean Foundation inhengo ye Ocean & Climate Platform. Kubva 2014, TOF yakaramba ichipa zano rehunyanzvi paGlobal Environment Facility (GEF) International Waters yakatarisana nenzvimbo yakagonesa GEF Blue Forests Project kuti ipe ongororo yekutanga yepasi rose yehunhu hunoenderana nemahombekombe egungwa uye ecosystem masevhisi. TOF parizvino iri kutungamira chirongwa chekudzorera huswa hwegungwa uye mangrove kuJobos Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve yakabatana nePuerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources.

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2. Nheyo dzeKuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze uye Ocean

Tanaka, K., uye Van Houtan, K. (2022, Kukadzi 1). Iko Kuchangobva Kugadziriswa Kwenhoroondo Marine Kupisa Kwakanyanyisa. PLOS Climate, 1(2), e0000007. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000007

Iyo Monterey Bay Aquarium yakaona kuti kubva muna 2014 inopfuura hafu yetembiricha yepasi pegungwa yakaramba ichipfuura iyo yenhoroondo yekupisa kwakanyanya. Muna 2019, 57% yepasi rose pamusoro pemvura yegungwa yakanyora kupisa kwakanyanya. Nokuenzanisa, panguva yechipiri yekuchinja kwemaindasitiri, 2% chete yenzvimbo yakanyora tembiricha dzakadaro. Aya mafungu ekupisa kwakanyanya anogadzirwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze anotyisidzira zvipenyu zvemugungwa uye anotyisidzira kugona kwavo kupa zviwanikwa kunharaunda dzemahombekombe.

Garcia-Soto, C., Cheng, L., Caesar, L., Schmidtko, S., Jewett, EB, Cheripka, A., … & Abraham, JP (2021, Gunyana 21). Mhedziso yeOcean Climate Change Indicators: Kupisa Kwemvura Yegungwa, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Ukobvu uye Vhoriyamu, Sea Level uye Simba reAMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation). Miganhu muMarine Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.642372

Zviratidzo zvinomwe zvekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze egungwa, Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness, and Volume, uye Strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation ndiwo matanho anokosha ekuyera kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Kunzwisisa nhoroondo uye ikozvino zviratidzo zvekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kwakakosha pakufanotaura mafambiro emangwana uye kudzivirira masisitimu edu emugungwa kubva kumhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.

World Meteorological Organization. (2021). 2021 State of Climate Services: Mvura. World Meteorological Organization. PDF.

World Meteorological Organisation inoongorora kuwanikwa uye kugona kwevanopa masevhisi emamiriro ekunze ane chekuita nemvura. Kuzadzikisa zvinangwa zvekugadzirisa munyika dzichiri kusimukira kunoda imwe mari yakawanda uye zviwanikwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti nharaunda dzadzo dzinogona kuenderana nezvinokonzeresa zvine chekuita nemvura uye matambudziko ekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Kubva pane zvakawanikwa mushumo unopa mazano matanhatu ekugadzirisa mamiriro ekunze emvura pasi rose.

World Meteorological Organization. (2021). Kubatana muSainzi 2021: A Multi-Organtional High-Level Compilation yeIzvino Ruzivo rweClimate Sayenzi. World Meteorological Organization. PDF.

Sangano reWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO) rakaona kuti kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze nguva pfupi yadarika hakuna mukare akamboona hutsi huri kuramba huchikwira huchiwedzera njodzi dzeutano uye hunogona kukonzera kuoma kwemamiriro ekunze (ona pamusoro apa infographic kune zvakakosha zvakawanikwa). Chirevo chizere chinounganidza data yakakosha yekuongorora mamiriro ekunze ane chekuita nekubuda kwegasi regreenhouse, kukwira kwetembiricha, kusvibiswa kwemhepo, mamiriro ekunze akanyanya, kukwira kwegungwa, uye kukanganisa kwemahombekombe. Kana kuburitswa kwegasi regreenhouse kukaramba kuchikwira zvichitevera mamiriro azvino, kukwira kwepasi rose kwegungwa kungangoita pakati pe0.6-1.0 metres ne2100, zvichikonzera njodzi kunharaunda dzemahombekombe.

National Academy yeSainzi. (2020). Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze: Humbowo uye Zvinokonzera Kuvandudza 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25733.

Sayenzi iri pachena, vanhu vari kushandura mamiriro ekunze ePasi. Iyo yakabatana US National Academy yeSainzi uye UK Royal Society chirevo chinopokana kuti kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kwenguva refu kuchaenderana nehuwandu hweCO.₂ - nemamwe magasi egreenhouse (GHGs) - anoburitswa nekuda kwekuita kwevanhu. Yepamusoro GHGs inotungamira kune inodziya yegungwa, kusimuka kwegungwa, kunyunguduka kweArctic ice, uye kuwedzera kuwanda kwemafungu ekupisa.

Yozell, S., Stuart, J., uye Rouleau, T. (2020). Iyo Climate uye Ocean Risk Vulnerability Index. Climate, Ocean Risk, uye Resilience Project. Stimson Center, Environmental Security Program. PDF.

Iyo Climate uye Ocean Risk Vulnerability Index (CORVI) chishandiso chinoshandiswa kuona njodzi dzemari, dzezvematongerwo enyika, uye dzezvakatipoteredza dzinounzwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kumaguta ari pamahombekombe. Chirevo ichi chinoshandisa nzira yeCORVI kumaguta maviri eCaribbean: Castries, Saint Lucia neKingston, Jamaica. Castries yakawana budiriro muindasitiri yayo yekubata hove, kunyangwe ichitarisana nedambudziko nekuda kwekuvimba kwayo kukuru pakushanya uye kushomeka kwemitemo inoshanda. Kufambira mberi kuri kuitwa neguta asi pane zvakawanda zvinoda kuitwa kugadzirisa hurongwa hwemaguta kunyanya pamusoro pemafashamu nemafashamu. Kingston ine hupfumi hwakasiyana hunotsigira kuvimba kwakawedzera, asi kukurumidza kukurumidza kwemaguta kwakatyisidzira akawanda ezviratidzo zveCORVI, Kingston akaiswa zvakanaka kugadzirisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze asi inogona kuremerwa kana nyaya dzemagariro pamwe nekuedza kuderedza mamiriro ekunze dzikasagadziriswa.

Figueres, C. naRivett-Carnac, T. (2020, Kukadzi 25). Ramangwana Ratinosarudza: Kupona Dambudziko Remamiriro ekunze. Vintage Publishing.

Ramangwana Isu Isu Sarudzo inyaya yeyambiro yeramangwana maviri ePasi, yekutanga mamiriro ekuti chii chingaitika kana tikatadza kuzadzisa zvinangwa zveChibvumirano cheParis uye chechipiri chiitiko chinotarisa kuti nyika yaizotaridzika sei kana zvibodzwa zvekabhoni zvikaita. vakasangana. Figueres naRivett-Carnac vanocherechedza kuti kekutanga munhoroondo tine guta guru, teknolojia, mitemo, uye ruzivo rwesainzi kuti tinzwisise kuti isu senzanga tinofanira hafu yekubudiswa kwedu ne2050. Zvizvarwa zvakapfuura hazvina ruzivo urwu uye zvichange zvanyanya kuvana vedu, nguva yekuita ndiyo zvino.

Lenton, T., Rockström, J., Gaffney, O., Rahmstorf, S., Richardson, K., Steffen, W. uye Schellnhuber, H. (2019, Mbudzi 27). Mamiriro eMamiriro eMamiriro ekunze - Yakanyanya Nenjodzi Kubhejera Kupokana: Kubvumbi 2020 Kwidziridzo. Nature Magazini. PDF.

Mapoinzi, kana zviitiko izvo Nyika isingagone kudzoreredza, zvine mukana wepamusoro pane zvinofungwa zvinogona kutungamira kune-nguva refu isingadzoke shanduko. Ice kudonha mu cryosphere uye Amundsen Sea muWest Antarctic inogona kunge yatopfuura mapoinzi avo. Mamwe mapoinzi - akadai sekutemwa kwemasango eAmazon uye zviitiko zvekutsvaira paGreat Barrier Reef yeAustralia - zviri kukurumidza kusvika. Imwe tsvagiridzo inofanirwa kuitwa kuvandudza kunzwisiswa kweidzi shanduko dzakaonekwa uye mukana weiyo cascading mhedzisiro. Nguva yekuita ikozvino Nyika isati yapfuura nzvimbo yekusadzoka.

Peterson, J. (2019, Mbudzi). Mhenderekedzo Itsva: Matanho eKupindura Madutu Anoparadza uye Makungwa Arikusimuka. Island Press.

Migumisiro yemadutu akasimba uye makungwa ari kukwira hazvibatike uye zvichava zvisingabviri kufuratira. Kukuvadzwa, kurasikirwa kwepfuma, uye kutadza kwezvivakwa nekuda kwemadutu emahombekombe uye kukwira kwemakungwa hazvidzivisike. Nekudaro, sainzi yakafambira mberi zvakanyanya mumakore achangopfuura uye zvimwe zvinogona kuitwa kana hurumende yeUnited States ikatora zviito zvekukurumidza uye zvine mufungo kugadzirisa. Mhenderekedzo yegungwa iri kuchinja asi nekuwedzera kugona, kuita mitemo ine hungwaru, uye kupa mari zvirongwa zvenguva refu njodzi dzinogona kutariswa uye njodzi dzinogona kudzivirirwa.

Kulp, S. naStrauss, B. (2019, Gumiguru 29). New Elevation Data Triple Estimatics yeGlobal Vulnerability kune Sea-level Rise uye Coastal Mafashamo. Nature Communications 10, 4844. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12808-z

Kulp naStrauss vanoratidza kuti kuburitsa kwakanyanya kwakabatana nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kunotungamira kukwira-kupfuura-inotarisirwa kukwira kwegungwa. Vanofungidzira kuti bhiriyoni imwe chete yevanhu vachakanganiswa nemafashamo egore negore ne2100, kune avo, mamiriyoni mazana maviri nemakumi matatu anogara pasi mukati memita imwe chete yemafungu makuru. Kufungidzira kwakawanda kunoisa avhareji yegungwa-level pamamita maviri mukati mezana ramakore rinotevera, kana Kulp naStrauss vakarurama saka mazana emamiriyoni evanhu achakurumidza kuva pangozi yekurasikirwa nemisha yavo kugungwa.

Powell, A. (2019, Gumiguru 2). Red Flags Inosimuka paGlobal Warming uye Makungwa. Iyo Harvard Gazette. PDF.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) mushumo pamusoro peOceans and Cryosphere - yakaburitswa muna 2019 - yakayambira nezve mhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, zvisinei, mapurofesa eHarvard vakapindura kuti chirevo ichi chinogona kudonhedza kukurumidza kwedambudziko. Ruzhinji rwevanhu zvino vanotaura kuti vanotenda mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze zvisinei, ongororo dzinoratidza kuti vanhu vari kunetseka zvakanyanya nezvenyaya dzakapararira muhupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva semabasa, hutano, zvinodhaka, nezvimwe. Kunyangwe mumakore mashanu apfuura shanduko yemamiriro ekunze yave chinhu kunonyanya kukosha sezvo vanhu vachiona tembiricha yepamusoro, madutu akanyanya kuipa, uye moto wakapararira. Nhau dzakanaka ndedzekuti kune ruzivo rweruzhinji ikozvino kupfuura nakare kose uye kune kukura "pasi-kumusoro" kufamba kwekuchinja.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Caldeira, K., Chopin, T., Gaines, S., Haugan, P., Hemer, M., ..., & Tyedmers, P. (2019, Gunyana 23) The Ocean semhinduro Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze: Mikana Mishanu Yekuita. High Level Panel yeSustainable Ocean Economy. Returned from: https://dev-oceanpanel.pantheonsite.io/sites/default/files/2019-09/19_HLP_Report_Ocean_Solution_Climate_Change_final.pdf

Chiitiko chemamiriro ekunze emugungwa chinogona kuita basa guru mukuderedza carbon footprint yepasi rose ichiendesa kusvika 21% yekubvisa gasi regreenhouse pagore sezvakavimbiswa neParis Agreement. Rakadhindwa neHigh-Level Panel for Sustainable Ocean Economy, chikwata chevakuru venyika nehurumende gumi nevana vari pamusangano weUnited Nations weClimate Action Summit uyu wakadzama unoburitsa hukama huripo pakati pegungwa nemamiriro ekunze. Chirevo chinopa nzvimbo shanu dzemikana dzinosanganisira yegungwa-yakavakirwazve renewable simba; kufambisa kwegungwa; zvipenyu zvegungwa negungwa; hove, kurima kwemvura, uye kudya kunochinja; uye kuchengetedza kabhoni mugungwa.

Kennedy, KM (2019, Gunyana). Kuisa Mutengo paCarbon: Kuongorora Mutengo WeCarbon uye Matemo Anopindirana e1.5 degree Celsius World. World Resources Institute. Returned from: https://www.wri.org/publication/evaluating-carbon-price

Izvo zvinodikanwa kuisa mutengo pakabhoni kuitira kuti uderedze kuburitsa kabhoni kusvika kumatanho akaiswa neChibvumirano cheParis. Carbon mutengo muripo unoiswa kune masangano anogadzira greenhouse gasi kuburitsa mutengo wekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kubva munharaunda kuenda kumasangano anoona nezvehutsi uku ichipawo kukurudzira kudzikisa kuburitswa. Mamwe marongero nemapurogiramu ekukurudzira hunyanzvi uye kuita kuti dzimwe nzvimbo dzekabhoni-kabhoni dziwedzere kukwezva mune zvehupfumi zvinodikanwa kuti uwane mhedzisiro yenguva refu.

Macreadie, P., Anton, A., Raven, J., Beaumont, N., Connolly, R., Friess, D., …, & Duarte, C. (2019, Gunyana 05) Ramangwana reBlue Carbon Science. Nature Communications, 10(3998). Zvakatorwa kubva: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-11693-w

Basa reBlue Carbon, pfungwa yekuti zvipenyu zvemumhenderekedzo yegungwa zvinodyara zvipenyu zvinopa huwandu hukuru hwekutorwa kwekabhoni yepasirese, inoita basa rakakura mukuderedza uye kugadzirisa mamiriro ekunze. Sainzi yeBlue Carbon inoramba ichikura mukutsigira uye inokwanisa kuwedzera muhukuru kuburikidza nekuwedzera kwemhando yepamusoro uye scalable yekutarisa uye kuyedza uye nekuwedzera masayendisiti akasiyana kubva kumarudzi akasiyana.

Heneghan, R., Hatton, I., & Galbraith, E. (2019, Chivabvu 3). Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kunokanganisa zvipenyu zvemugungwa kuburikidza nelenzi yesaizi yesaizi. Nyaya Dzirikubuda muHupenyu Sayenzi, 3(2), 233-243. Zvakatorwa kubva: http://www.emergtoplifesci.org/content/3/2/233.abstract

Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze inyaya yakaoma zvikuru iri kufambisa machinjiro asingaverengeki pasi rose; kunyanya yakakonzera shanduko huru muchimiro nemashandiro ezvipenyu zvemugungwa. Ichi chinyorwa chinoongorora kuti iyo isingashandiswe sei lenzi yeawanda-saizi spectrum inogona kupa chishandiso chitsva chekutarisa ecosystem adaptation.

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. (2019). Kunzwisisa Kukwira Kwenhanho yeGungwa: Kutarisa kwakadzama kwezvinhu zvitatu zvinopa kusimuka kwegungwa pamwe neUS East Coast uye kuti masayendisiti ari kudzidza chiitiko ichi. Yakagadzirwa muKudyidzana naChristopher Piecuch, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Woods Hole (MA): WHOI. DOI 10.1575/1912/24705

Kubva muzana ramakore rechi20 mazinga egungwa akakwira masendimita matanhatu kusvika masere pasi rose, kunyangwe mwero uyu wanga usiri kuenderana. Musiyano wekusimuka kwegungwa ungangove wakakonzerwa nekudzokororwa kweganda remugungwa, shanduko yekutenderera kweAtlantic Ocean, uye kunyungudika kweAntarctic Ice Sheet. Masayendisiti ari kubvumirana kuti mwero wemvura yepasi rose ucharamba uchikwira kwemazana emakore, asi zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinodikanwa kugadzirisa mikaha yeruzivo uye kufanotaura zviri nani kukura kwekukwira kwegungwa.

Rush, E. (2018). Rising: Dispatches kubva kuNew American Shore. Canada: Milkweed Editions. 

Yakataurirwa kuburikidza nemunhu wekutanga kufungidzira, munyori Elizabeth Rush anokurukura mhedzisiro iyo nharaunda dzisina njodzi dzinosangana nazvo kubva mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Rondedzero yemhando yevatapi venhau inoruka pamwechete nyaya dzechokwadi dzenharaunda dzemuFlorida, Louisiana, Rhode Island, California, neNew York dzakasangana nezvinoparadza zvinokonzerwa nemadutu, mamiriro ekunze akanyanyisa, uye kukwira kwemafungu nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.

Leiserowitz, A., Maibach, E., Roser-Renouf, C., Rosenthal, S. uye Cutler, M. (2017, July 5). Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze mupfungwa dzeAmerica: Chivabvu 2017. Yale Chirongwa cheKukurukurirana kweKuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze uye George Mason University Center yeKutaurirana kweKuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze.

Ongororo yakaitwa neGeorge Mason University neYale yakawana 90 muzana yevaAmerica vasingazive kuti pane kubvumirana mukati mesaenzi kuti shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inokonzerwa nevanhu ndeyechokwadi. Nekudaro, chidzidzo ichi chakabvuma kuti vangangoita 70% veAmerica vanotenda shanduko yemamiriro ekunze iri kuitika kune imwe nhanho. 17% chete yevaAmerica "vanonetsekana kwazvo" nezvekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, 57% "vanonetsekana," uye vazhinji vanoona kudziya kwepasi sekutyisidzira kuri kure.

Goodell, J. (2017). Mvura Ichauya: Makungwa Anokwira, Maguta Anonyura, uye Kugadziriswa Kwenyika Yakabudirira. New York, New York: Little, Brown, uye Kambani. 

Achitaurirwa kuburikidza nerondedzero yake, munyori Jeff Goodell anotarisa kukwira kuri kuita mafambiro epasirese uye zvazvinoreva mune ramangwana. Afemerwa neHurricane Sandy muNew York, tsvakiridzo yaGoodell inomutora kutenderera pasirese kuti afunge nezvechiito chikuru chinodiwa kuchinjika kumvura inokwira. Munhanganyaya, Goodell anotaura zvakarurama kuti iri harisi bhuku reavo vari kutsvaga kunzwisisa kubatana pakati pemamiriro ekunze nekabhoni dhayokisaidhi, asi kuti chiitiko chemunhu chichaita sei sezvo gungwa richikwira.

Laffoley, D., & Baxter, JM (2016, Gunyana). Kutsanangura Kudziya Kwegungwa: Zvinokonzera, Chikero, Migumisiro, uye Migumisiro. Full Report. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature.

Sangano reInternational Union for Conservation of Nature rinopa rondedzero yakadzama-yakavakirwa pamamiriro egungwa. Chirevo chinoona kuti tembiricha yepasi pegungwa, kondinendi yekupisa kwegungwa, kusimuka kwegungwa, kunyunguduka kwemazaya echando nemazaya echando, kuburitswa kweCO2 nekudzika kwemuchadenga kuri kuwedzera pamwero unokurumidza nemhedzisiro yakakosha kuvanhu nemhuka dzemugungwa uye ecosystems yegungwa. Chirevo ichi chinokurudzira kucherechedzwa kwekuoma kwenyaya, kuita kwakabatana kwegwaro rekuchengetedza gungwa rakazara, kuongororwa kwenjodzi, kugadzirisa mikaha musainzi uye kugona zvinodikanwa, kuita nekukurumidza, uye kuwana kucheka kwakakura mumagasi egreenhouse. Nyaya yekudziya kwegungwa inyaya yakaoma ichave nemhedzisiro yakakura, imwe inogona kubatsira, asi iyo yakawanda yemhedzisiro ichave yakaipa nenzira dzisati dzanyatsonzwisiswa.

Poloczanska, E., Burrows, M., Brown, C., Molinos, J., Halpern, B., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., ..., & Sydeman, W. (2016, Chivabvu 4). Mhinduro dzeZvipenyu Zvemumvura Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze mhiri kwemakungwa. Miganhu muMarine Science. Returned from: doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00062

Zvisikwa zvemugungwa zviri kupindura kumhedzisiro yekubuda kwegasi regreenhouse uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze munzira dzinotarisirwa. Dzimwe mhinduro dzinosanganisira kuchinjika nekudzika kwakadzika, kuderera kwekuverengera, kuwedzera kuwanda kwemarudzi emvura inodziya, uye kurasikirwa kwese kwezvipenyu (semucoral reef). Kusiyana kwemhinduro yehupenyu hwemugungwa kune shanduko mukuverengera, demography, kuwanda, kugovera, phenology inogona kutungamira kukugadzirisa ecosystem uye shanduko mukushanda kunoda kuwedzera kudzidza. 

Albert, S., Leon, J., Grinham, A., Chechi, J., Gibbes, B., uye C. Woodroffe. (2016, Chivabvu 6). Kudyidzana Pakati peSea-level Rise uye Wave Exposure paReef Island Dynamics muSolomon Islands. Environmental Research Letters Vol. 11 Nhamba 05 .

Zvitsuwa zvishanu (hekita imwe kusvika kushanu muhukuru) muSolomon Islands zvakarasika nekuda kwekukwira kwegungwa uye kukukurwa kwemahombekombe. Uhwu hwaive humbowo hwekutanga hwesainzi hwemhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze pamahombekombe uye nevanhu. Zvinotendwa kuti simba remasaisai ndiro rakaita basa rekuona mukukoromoka kwechitsuwa chacho. Panguva ino zvimwe zvitsuwa zvipfumbamwe zvereef zvakakukurwa zvakanyanya uye zvingangonyangarika mumakore anotevera.

Gattuso, JP, Magnan, A., Billé, R., Cheung, WW, Howes, EL, Joos, F., & Turley, C. (2015, July 3). Kusiyanisa ramangwana regungwa uye nzanga kubva kwakasiyana anthropogenic CO2 emissions scenarios. Sayenzi, 349(6243). Zvakatorwa kubva: doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4722 

Kuti ienderane nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze anthropogenic, gungwa rakafanirwa kushandura zvakanyanya fizikisi, chemistry, ecology, uye masevhisi. Ikozvino fungidziro yehutsi inogona kukurumidza uye zvakanyanya kushandura ecosystem iyo vanhu vanovimba nayo zvakanyanya. Iwo manejimendi sarudzo dzekugadzirisa shanduko yegungwa nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kutetepa sezvo gungwa richiramba richidziya uye acidify. Chinyorwa ichi zvinobudirira kugadzira shanduko dzichangoburwa uye dzenguva yemberi kugungwa nemamiriro ayo ecosystem, pamwe nemidziyo nemasevhisi ayo ecosystem anopa kuvanhu.

The Institute for Sustainable Development uye International Relations. (2015, Gunyana). Yakapindirana Ocean uye Climate: Zvinokonzeresa kune International Climate Negotiations. Mamiriro ekunze – Makungwa neMahombekombe eMahombekombe: Policy Brief. Returned from: https://www.iddri.org/en/publications-and-events/policy-brief/intertwined-ocean-and-climate-implications-international

Kupa mucherechedzo wegwaro, muchidimbu uyu unonongedza kupindirana kwemamiriro egungwa uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, ichidaidzira kuderedzwa kwe CO2 nekukasira. Chinyorwa ichi chinotsanangura kukosha kwekuchinja uku kunoenderana nemamiriro ekunze mugungwa uye inopokana nekuda kwekuderedzwa kwehutsi padanho repasirese, sezvo kuwedzera kwekabhoni dhaikisaidhi kunozongooma kubata. 

Stocker, T. (2015, Mbudzi 13). Masevhisi epasi rose akanyarara. Sayenzi, 350(6262), 764-765. Zvakatorwa kubva: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/350/6262/764.abstract

Gungwa rinopa masevhisi akakosha kupasi nekuvanhu ane kukosha kwepasirese, zvese zvinouya nemutengo unowedzera unokonzerwa nemabasa evanhu uye kuwedzera kabhoni. Munyori anosimbisa kuti kudiwa kwevanhu kuti vatarise kukanganisa kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze pagungwa kana vachifunga nezvekugadzirisa uye kuderedza kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze anthropogenic, kunyanya nemasangano ehurumende.

Levin, L. & Le Bris, N. (2015, Mbudzi 13). Gungwa rakadzika pasi pekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Sainzi, 350(6262), 766-768. Zvakatorwa kubva: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/350/6262/766

Iyo yakadzika gungwa, kunyangwe yakaomesesa masevhisi ecosystem, inowanzo furatirwa munzvimbo yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye kudzikisira. Pakadzika kwemamita mazana maviri uye pasi, gungwa rinotora huwandu hwakawanda hwecarbon dioxide uye rinoda kunyatsotariswa uye kuwedzera tsvakiridzo kuchengetedza kuvimbika kwayo uye kukosha kwayo.

McGill University. (2013, June 14) Kudzidza kweOceans' Kare Kunomutsa Kunetseka Nezve Ramangwana Ravo. ScienceDaily. Returned from: sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130614111606.html

Vanhu vari kushandura huwandu hwenitrogen inowanikwa kuhove mugungwa nekuwedzera huwandu hweCO2 mumhepo yedu. Zvakawanikwa zvinoratidza kuti zvichatora mazana emakore kuti gungwa rienzanise kutenderera kwenitrogen. Izvi zvinomutsa kushushikana pamusoro pehuwandu hwazvino hwe CO2 inopinda mumhepo yedu uye zvinoratidza kuti gungwa ringave richichinja sei kemikari nenzira dzatisingatarisiri.
Chinyorwa chiri pamusoro chinopa sumo pfupi muhukama pakati pegungwa acidification uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo ndapota ona The Ocean Foundation's resource mapeji pa. Ocean Acidification.

Fagan, B. (2013) Iyo Attacking Ocean: Yakapfuura, Yazvino, uye Suture Yekukwira Kwematanho eGungwa. Bloomsbury Press, New York.

Sezvo yekupedzisira Ice Age mazinga egungwa akakwira 122 metres uye acharamba achikwira. Fagan inotora vaverengi pasi rese kubva ku prehistoric Doggerland mune yave kunzi North Sea, kuenda kuMesopotamia yekare neEgypt, colonial Portugal, China, uye yemazuva ano United States, Bangladesh, neJapan. Masangano evavhimi aifamba zvakanyanya uye ainyatso fambisa nzvimbo dzekugara kunzvimbo dzakakwirira, asi dzakatarisana nekukanganisika kwaikura sezvo vanhu vaiwedzera kudzikama. Nhasi mamiriyoni evanhu pasi rose angangotarisana nekutamiswa mumakore makumi mashanu anotevera sezvo mvura yemugungwa iri kuramba ichikwira.

Doney, S., Ruckelshaus, M., Duffy, E., Barry, J., Chan, F., Chirungu, C., …, & Talley, L. (2012, Ndira). Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze kune Marine Ecosystems. Ongororo yegore negore yeMarine Science, 4, 11-37. Zvakatorwa kubva: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-marine-041911-111611

Muzvipenyu zvemugungwa, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inosanganiswa nekuchinja kwakafanana kwekushisa, kutenderera, stratification, kudya kunovaka muviri, oxygen yemukati, uye acidification yegungwa. Kune zvakare hukama hwakasimba pakati pemamiriro ekunze uye kugoverwa kwemarudzi, phenology, uye demografia. Izvi zvinogona kupedzisira zvakanganisa kushanda kwese ecosystem uye masevhisi anotsamira pasirese.

Vallis, GK (2012). Climate uye Ocean. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Pane hukama hwakasimba hwakabatana pakati pemamiriro ekunze negungwa zvinoratidzwa kuburikidza nemutauro wakajeka uye madhayagiramu epfungwa dzesainzi kusanganisira masisitimu emhepo nemafungu mukati megungwa. Yakagadzirwa senge ine mufananidzo wekutanga, Climate uye Ocean inoshanda sesumo mubasa regungwa semutarisiri wemamiriro ekunze ePasi. Iri bhuku rinobvumira vaverengi kuzvisarudzira, asi neruzivo rwekunzwisisa kazhinji sainzi kuseri kwemamiriro ekunze.

Spalding, MJ (2011, Chivabvu). Zuva Risati Ravira: Kuchinja Ocean Chemistry, Global marine Resources, uye Miganhu Yedu Yemutemo Zvishandiso Kugadzirisa Kukuvadza. Bepanhau reInternational Environmental Law Committee, 13(2). PDF.

Carbon dioxide iri kutorwa negungwa uye ichikanganisa pH yemvura nenzira inonzi ocean acidification. Mitemo yepasirese nemitemo yemumba muUnited States, panguva yekunyora, ine mukana wekubatanidza mapurisa e acidization yegungwa, kusanganisira UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, UN Convention on the Laws of the Sea, London Convention uye Protocol, uye US Federal Ocean Acidification Research uye Monitoring (FOARAM) Act. Mutengo wekusaita basa uchapfuura zvakanyanya mutengo wehupfumi wekuita, uye zviito zvemazuva ano zvinodiwa.

Spalding, MJ (2011). Kukanganisa kweGungwa Kuchinja: Pasi pemvura Cultural Heritage muOcean yakatarisana neKemikari uye Kuchinja Kwemuviri. Cultural Heritage uye Arts Ongororo, 2(1). PDF.

Nzvimbo dzepasi pemvura dzetsika dzenhaka dziri kutyisidzirwa nekuwanda kweasidhi yegungwa uye kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kuri kuramba kuchichinja makemikari emugungwa, kukwira kwemvura yemugungwa, kudziya kwetembiricha yemugungwa, kushanduka kwemhepo uye kuwedzera kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze; izvo zvese zvinokanganisa kuchengetedzwa kwenzvimbo dzakanyura dzenhoroondo. Kukuvadzwa kusingagadzirisike kungangoita, zvisinei, kudzoreredza zvipenyu zvemumhenderekedzo yegungwa, kuderedza kusvibiswa kwepasi, kuderedza kusvibiswa kweCO2, kuderedza kushushikana kwemugungwa, kuwedzera nhoroondo yekutarisa nzvimbo uye kugadzira nzira dzepamutemo kunogona kuderedza kuparara kwenzvimbo dzepasi pemvura dzetsika dzetsika.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., & Bruno, J. (2010, June 18). Mhedzisiro Yekuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze paNyika Marine Ecosystems. Sayenzi, 328(5985), 1523-1528. Zvakatorwa kubva: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523

Kukurumidza kukwira kuburitswa kwegasi regreenhouse kuri kufambisa gungwa kumamiriro anga asati aonekwa kwemamiriyoni emakore uye kuri kukonzera njodzi. Kusvika pari zvino, kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze anthropogenic kwakonzera kudzikira kwegoho remugungwa, shanduko yezvekudya padandemutande, kudzikisira kuwanda kwezvipenyu zvinogadzira nzvimbo dzekugara, kushanduka kwemarudzi, uye kuwedzera kwezvirwere.

Spalding, MJ, & de Fontaubert, C. (2007). Kugadzirisa Kusawirirana Kwekugadzirisa Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze neOcean-Altering Projects. Environmental Law Ongororo Nhau uye Analysis. Returned from: https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/ocean_climate_3.pdf

Pane kungwarira kuenzanisa pakati pemhedzisiro yemunharaunda uye mabhenefiti epasi rose, kunyanya kana tichifunga zvinokanganisa zvinokonzerwa nemhepo uye mafungu emagetsi mapurojekiti. Pane kudiwa kwekushandiswa kwemaitiro ekugadzirisa kusawirirana kushandiswe kumapurojekiti emumhenderekedzo yegungwa nemugungwa ayo anogona kukanganisa nharaunda asi ari madikanwa kuderedza kuvimba nemafuta emafuta. Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kunofanira kugadziriswa uye zvimwe zvezvigadziriswa zvichaitika mumakungwa nemhenderekedzo yegungwa, kuderedza kukurukurirana kwekukakavadzana kunofanira kusanganisira vanoita mitemo, masangano emunharaunda, masangano ehurumende, uye pamwero wepasi rose kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti zviito zvakanakisisa zviripo zvichaitwa.

Spalding, MJ (2004, Nyamavhuvhu). Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze uye Makungwa. Boka rekuonana nezveBiological Diversity. Returned from: http://markjspalding.com/download/publications/peer-reviewed-articles/ClimateandOceans.pdf

Gungwa rinopa mabhenefiti akawanda maererano nezviwanikwa, mwero wemamiriro ekunze, uye runako rwekunaka. Nekudaro, kuburitswa kwegasi regreenhouse kubva muzviitiko zvevanhu kunofungidzirwa kuti kuchashandura nharaunda dzemahombekombe uye dzemugungwa uye kuwedzera matambudziko echinyakare emugungwa (kupfuura-hove nekuparadza pekugara). Zvakadaro, pane mukana weshanduko kuburikidza nerutsigiro rwe philanthropic kubatanidza gungwa nemamiriro ekunze kusimudzira kusimba kwezvipenyu zviri panjodzi zvakanyanya kubva mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.

Bigg, GR, Jickells, TD, Liss, PS, & Osborn, TJ (2003, Nyamavhuvhu 1). Basa reMakungwa muMamiriro ekunze. International Journal yeClimatology, 23, 1127-1159. Zvakatorwa kubva: doi.org/10.1002/joc.926

Gungwa chinhu chakakosha chemamiriro ekunze. Izvo zvakakosha mukutsinhana kwepasirese uye kugoverazve kupisa, mvura, magasi, zvimedu, uye kukurumidza. Hjeti yemvura yakachena yegungwa iri kudzikira uye ndicho chinhu chakakosha padhigirii uye hupenyu hurefu hwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.

Dore, JE, Lukas, R., Sadler, DW, & Karl, DM (2003, Nyamavhuvhu 14). Shanduko dzinofambiswa nemamiriro ekunze kune mumhepo CO2 inonyura munzvimbo dzinopisa dzeNorth Pacific Ocean. Zvisikwa, 424(6950), 754-757. Zvakatorwa kubva: doi.org/10.1038/nature01885

Kutorwa kweCarbon dioxide nemvura yemugungwa kunogona kupesvedzerwa zvakanyanya neshanduko yekunaya kwedunhu uye mafambiro emvura anounzwa nekusiyana kwemamiriro ekunze. Kubva 1990, pave nekuderera kukuru kwesimba reCO2 sink, iyo inokonzerwa nekuwedzera kwechikamu chekumanikidzwa kwegungwa CO2 kunokonzerwa nekubuda kwemhepo uye kufambidzana kwezvinyunguduru mumvura.

Revelle, R., & Suess, H. (1957). Kuchinjana kweCarbon Dioxide pakati peAtmosphere neOcean uye Mubvunzo weKuwedzera kweAtmospheric CO2 muMakumi emakore Apfuura. La Jolla, California: Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California.

Huwandu hwe CO2 mumhepo, mazinga uye maitiro e CO2 kuchinjana pakati pegungwa nemhepo, uye kushanduka kwemarine organic carbon zvakadzidzwa kubva nguva pfupi mushure mekutanga kweIndustrial Revolution. Kupisa kwemafuta eindasitiri kubva pakatanga Shanduko yeMaindasitiri, anopfuura makore zana nemakumi mashanu apfuura, kwakonzera kuwedzera kweavhareji tembiricha yegungwa, kudzikira kwekabhoni yevhu, uye shanduko yehuwandu hwezvinhu zvipenyu zviri mugungwa. Gwaro iri rakashanda sechinhu chakakosha pakudzidza nezvekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze uye rakakanganisa zvikuru zvidzidzo zvesainzi muhafu yezana remakore kubva pakuburitswa kwaro.

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3. Mhenderekedzo Yezvipenyu zveMhirizhonga neOcean nokuda kweMigumisiro Yekuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze

Hu, S., Sprintall, J., Guan, C., McPhaden, M., Wang, F., Hu, D., Cai, W. (2020, Kukadzi 5). Kudzika-kusvika Kuwedzera kweGlobal Mean Ocean Circulation mukati meMakumi maviri Apfuura. Kufambira Mberi kweSainzi. EAAX7727. https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/6/eaax7727

Gungwa rakatanga kufamba nekukurumidza mumakore makumi matatu apfuura. Kuwedzera simba rekinetic kwemafungu egungwa kunokonzerwa nekuwedzera kwemhepo pamusoro pemhepo inokurudzirwa nekudziya kwekushisa, kunyanya munzvimbo dzinopisa. Maitiro acho akakurisa kupfuura chero shanduko yechisikigo inoratidza kuti kuwedzera kwazvino kumhanya kunoenderera mberi kwenguva refu.

Whitcomb, I. (2019, Nyamavhuvhu 12). Mapoka eBlacktip Shark Ari Kugadzirira muLong Island Kekutanga. LiveScience. Returned from: livescience.com/sharks-vacation-in-hamptons.html

Gore rega rega, blacktip sharks inoenda kuchamhembe muzhizha ichitsvaga mvura inotonhorera. Munguva yakapfuura, shark dzaipedza nguva yavo yezhizha kubva kumhenderekedzo yeCarolinas, asi nekuda kwemvura inodziya yegungwa, vanofanira kufamba mberi kuchamhembe kuLong Island kuti vawane mvura inotonhorera yakakwana. Panguva yekuburitswa, kana mashark ari kutamira kure kuchamhembe ari ega kana kutevera mhuka dzawo kure kuchamhembe hazvizivikanwe.

Kutya, D. (2019, Chikunguru 31). Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kuchaita kuti pave nekanje. Ipapo zvikara zvichabva kumaodzanyemba ndokuzvidya. Washington Post. Returned from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2019/07/31/climate-change-will-spark-blue-crab-baby-boom-then-predators-will-relocate-south-eat-them/?utm_term=.3d30f1a92d2e

Makakanje ebhuruu ari kubudirira mumvura inodziya yeChesapeake Bay. Nemaitiro azvino emvura yekudziya, munguva pfupi magakanje ebhuruu haazodi kuchera munguva yechando kuti ararame, izvo zvichaita kuti huwandu hwevanhu huwedzere. Kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwevanhu kunogona kukwezva dzimwe mhuka dzinodya kumvura itsva.

Furby, K. (2018, June 14). Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kuri kufambisa hove nekukurumidza kupfuura mitemo inogona kubata, kudzidza kunodaro. Washington Post. Returned from: washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2018/06/14/climate-change-is-moving-fish-around-faster-than-laws-can-handle-study-says

Mhando dzehove dzakakosha senge salmon ne mackerel dziri kutamira kunzvimbo itsva izvo zvinoda kuwedzera kudyidzana nedzimwe nyika kuti dziwane kuwanda. Chinyorwa chinoratidza kunetsana kunogona kumuka kana zvipenyu zvichiyambuka miganhu yenyika kubva pakuona kwemusanganiswa wemutemo, mutemo, hupfumi, oceanography, uye ecology. 

Poloczanska, ES, Burrows, MT, Brown, CJ, García Molinos, J., Halpern, BS, Hoegh-Guldberg, O., … & Sydeman, WJ (2016, Chivabvu 4). Mhinduro dzeZvipenyu Zvemvura Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze Mhiri kwemakungwa. Miganhu muMarine Science, 62. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00062

Marine Climate Change Impacts Database (MCID) neFifth Assessment Report yeIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change inoongorora shanduko yezvipenyu zvemugungwa zvichikonzerwa nekusanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Kazhinji, mhinduro dzemhando dzekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze dzinoenderana nezvinotarisirwa, kusanganisira kutenderera uye kwakadzika kugovera shanduko, kufambira mberi kwephenology, kuderera kwecalcification, uye kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemhando dzemvura inodziya. Nzvimbo uye zvipenyu zvisina zvakanyorwa zvine chekuita nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, hazvireve kuti hazvisi kukanganiswa, asi kuti pachine mikaha mukutsvaga.

National Oceanic uye Atmospheric Administration. (2013, Gunyana). Zviitiko Zviviri Pakushanduka Kwemamiriro ekunze mugungwa? National Ocean Service: United States Dhipatimendi reCommerce. Returned from: http://web.archive.org/web/20161211043243/http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2013/09/9_30_13two_takes_on_climate_change_in_ocean.html

Hupenyu hwemugungwa munzvimbo dzese dzecheni yechikafu huri kuchinjika kuenda kumatanda kuti ugare uchitonhorera sezvo zvinhu zvichipisa uye shanduko idzi dzinogona kuve nemhedzisiro yehupfumi. Zvisikwa zviri kushanduka muchadenga nenguva hazvisi zvese zviri kuitika panguva imwe chete, nokudaro zvichikanganisa dandemutande rezvokudya uye maitiro akapfava ehupenyu. Iye zvino kupfuura nakare kose zvakakosha kudzivirira kubata hove uye kuramba uchitsigira zvirongwa zvekutarisa kwenguva refu.

Poloczanska, E., Brown, C., Sydeman, W., Kiessling, W., Schoeman, D., Moore, P., …, & Richardson, A. (2013, Nyamavhuvhu 4). Global imprint yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze pane zvipenyu zvemugungwa. Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze, 3, 919-925. Zvakatorwa kubva: https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1958

Mumakore gumi apfuura, kwave kune kupararira kwehurongwa hwekuchinja mune phenology, demografia, uye kuparadzirwa kwezvipenyu mumakungwa ecosystem. Ichi chidzidzo chakabatanidza zvidzidzo zvese zviripo zvekuonekwa kwezvipenyu zvegungwa nezvinotarisirwa pasi pekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze; vakawana 1,735 marine biological responses izvo zvingave zvemunharaunda kana pasi rose kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze ndiko kwakabva.

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4. Hypoxia (Dead Zones)

Hypoxia ishoma kana kupera mwero weokisijeni mumvura. Inowanzobatanidzwa nekukura kwealgae kunotungamirira kukupera kweokisijeni apo algae inofa, kunyura pasi, uye kuora. Hypoxia inowedzerwawo nehuwandu hwekudya, mvura inodziya, uye kumwe kukanganisa kwe ecosystem nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.

Slabosky, K. (2020, Nyamavhuvhu 18). Ko Gungwa Inogona Kupera Oxygen?. TED-Ed. Zvakatorwa kubva: https://youtu.be/ovl_XbgmCbw

Vhidhiyo ine animated inotsanangura kuti hypoxia kana nzvimbo dzakafa dzinogadzirwa sei muGulf yeMexico uye mhiri. Zvekurima zvinovaka muviri uye fetireza kumhanya-mhanya chinhu chikuru chinopa nzvimbo dzakafa, uye maitiro ekurima ekuvandudza anofanirwa kuunzwa kuchengetedza nzira dzedu dzemvura uye nekutyisidzirwa kwezvipenyu zvemugungwa. Kunyangwe zvisina kutaurwa muvhidhiyo, mvura inodziya yakagadzirwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze iri kuwedzera kuwanda uye kusimba kwenzvimbo dzakafa.

Bates, N., uye Johnson, R. (2020) Kuwedzera kweOcean Warming, Salinification, Deoxygenation uye Acidification muSurface Subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. Communications Earth & Environment. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00030-5

Kemikari yemugungwa uye mamiriro emuviri ari kuchinja. Dhata mapoinzi akaunganidzwa muGungwa reSargasso muma2010 anopa ruzivo rwakakosha rwemugungwa-muchadenga modhi uye modhi-data makore gumi-kusvika-gumi ekuongorora kwepasirese kabhoni. Bates naJohnson vakawana kuti tembiricha nemunyu muSubtropical North Atlantic Ocean zvakasiyana pamakore makumi mana apfuura nekuda kwekuchinja kwemwaka uye shanduko mualkalinity. Inonyanya kukosha yezvikamu zveCO₂ uye acidification yegungwa yakaitika panguva isina simba mumhepo CO₂ kukura.

National Oceanic uye Atmospheric Administration. (2019, Chivabvu 24). Chii chinonzi Dead Zone? National Ocean Service: United States Dhipatimendi reCommerce. Returned from: oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/deadzone.html

Nzvimbo yakafa ndiro izwi rinowanzoreva hypoxia uye rinoreva mwero wakaderedzwa weokisijeni mumvura inotungamira kumagwenga ezvipenyu. Mazoni aya anongoitika, asi anowedzerwa nekusimudzirwa nekuita kwevanhu kuburikidza nekudziya kwemvura inodziya kunokonzerwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Kuwedzeredza kudya kunomhanya-kubva panyika uye munzira dzemvura ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekuwedzera kwenzvimbo dzakafa.

Environmental Protection Agency. (2019, Kubvumbi 15). Nutrient Kusvibiswa, The Migumisiro: Zvakatipoteredza. IUnited States Environmental Protection Agency. Returned from: https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/effects-environment

Kusvibiswa kwekudya kunopisa kukura kweanokuvadza algal blooms (HABs), ayo ane mhedzisiro yakaipa pazvipenyu zvemumvura. Dzimwe nguva maHAB anogona kugadzira chepfu inopedzwa nehove diki uye yoshanda nzira yadzo kumusoro kwecheni yechikafu uye ichikanganisa hupenyu hwemugungwa. Kunyangwe ivo vasingagadziri muchetura, vanovhara chiedza chezuva, kuvhara hove gill, uye kugadzira nzvimbo dzakafa. Nzvimbo dzakafa inzvimbo dziri mumvura dzine oxygen shoma kana isina iyo inoumbwa apo algal blooms inodya oxygen painofa ichikonzera hupenyu hwemumvura kubva munzvimbo yakakanganisika.

Blaszczak, JR, Delesantro, JM, Urban, DL, Doyle, MW, & Bernhardt, ES (2019). Yakashongedzwa kana kudzipwa: Maguta erukova ecosystems anotenderera pakati pehydrologic uye yakanyungudika okisijeni yakanyanyisa. Limnology uye Oceanography, 64 (3), 877-894. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11081

Matunhu emahombekombe haasiriwo ega nzvimbo dzinenge dzakafa-semamiriro ezvinhu ari kuwedzera nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Hova dzemumadhorobha nenzizi dzinobvisa mvura kubva munzvimbo dzinotengeswa zvakanyanya inzvimbo dzakajairika dzenzvimbo dzakafa dzine hypoxic, zvichisiya mufananidzo usina kujeka wezvipenyu zvemvura yakachena zvinodana nzira dzemumaguta kumusha. Madutu makuru anogadzira madziva ezvikafu-zvakaremerwa zvekumhanya izvo zvinoramba zvisina hypoxic kudzamara dutu rinotevera raburitsa madziva.

Breitburg, D., Levin, L., Oschiles, A., Grégoire, M., Chavez, F., Conley, D., ..., & Zhang, J. (2018, Ndira 5). Kuderera kweokisijeni mugungwa repasi rose nemvura yegungwa. Sayenzi, 359(6371). Zvakatorwa kubva: doi.org/10.1126/science.aam7240

Zvikuru nekuda kwezviitwa zvevanhu zvakawedzera tembiricha yepasirese uye huwandu hwezvinovaka muviri izvo zvinoburitswa mumvura yemahombekombe, iyo oxygen yemukati megungwa rose iri uye yave kuderera kweanosvika makore makumi mashanu apfuura. Kudzikira mwero weokisijeni munyanza kune zvese zvipenyu nemhedzisiro yezvakatipoteredza pazvikero zvedunhu nepasi rose.

Breitburg, D., Grégoire, M., & Isensee, K. (2018). Gungwa riri kurasikirwa nekufema kwaro: Kuderera kweokisijeni mugungwa repasi uye mumvura yemahombekombe. IOC-UNESCO, IOC Technical Series, 137. Returned from: https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/232562/1/Technical%20Brief_Go2NE.pdf

Oxygen iri kuderera mugungwa uye vanhu ndivo honzeri huru. Izvi zvinoitika kana okisijeni yakawandisa ichipedzwa pane kuzadzazve uko kudziya uye kudya kunowanda kunokonzeresa kuwanda kwekushandiswa kweokisijeni. Deoxygenation inogona kuwedzeredzwa nedense aquaculture, zvichiita kuti kuderedzwa kukura, kuchinja kwemaitiro, kuwedzera kwezvirwere, kunyanya kune finfish uye crustaceans. Deoxygenation inofungidzirwa kuti ichawedzera mumakore anotevera, asi matanho anogona kutorwa kurwisa kutyisidzira uku kunosanganisira kuderedza kuburitswa kwegasi regreenhouse, pamwe nekubuda kweblack carbon uye zvinovaka muviri.

Bryant, L. (2015, Kubvumbi 9). Ocean 'nzvimbo dzakafa' njodzi iri kukura yehove. Phys.org. Returned from: https://phys.org/news/2015-04-ocean-dead-zones-disaster-fish.html

Nhoroondo, pasi pegungwa zvakatora zviuru zvemakore kuti zvidzoke kubva munguva dzakapfuura dzeokisijeni yakaderera, inozivikanwawo senzvimbo dzakafa. Nekuda kwekuita kwevanhu uye kukwira kwekushisa nzvimbo dzakafa dzinoita 10% uye kukwira kwenzvimbo yepasi pegungwa. Kushandiswa kweAgrochemical uye zvimwe zviitiko zvevanhu zvinotungamira mukukwira kwemazinga e phosphorus uye nitrogen mumvura ichidyisa nzvimbo dzakafa.

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5. Migumisiro Yemvura Inodziya

Schartup, A., Thackray, C., Quershi, A., Dassuncao, C., Gillespie, K., Hanke, A., & Sunderland, E. (2019, Nyamavhuvhu 7). Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze uye kuwandisa hove kunowedzera neurotoxicant muzvikara zvemugungwa. Zvisikwa, 572, 648-650. Zvakatorwa kubva: doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1468-9

Hove ndiyo inonyanya kukonzera kuratidzwa kwevanhu kune methylmercury, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira kune kwenguva refu neurocognitive deficits muvana inoramba ichikura. Kubva kuma1970 kwave nekuwedzera kunofungidzirwa kwe56% kwetishu methylmercury muAtlantic bluefin tuna nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekushisa kwemvura yegungwa.

Smale, D., Wernberg, T., Oliver, E., Thomsen, M., Harvey, B., Straub, S., …, & Moore, P. (2019, Kurume 4). Marine heatwaves anotyisidzira kusiyana kwezvipenyu zvepasi rose uye kupihwa kwe ecosystem masevhisi. Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze, 9, 306-312. Zvakatorwa kubva: nature.com/articles/s41558-019-0412-1

Gungwa rakadziya zvakanyanya mumakore zana apfuura. Marine heatwaves, nguva dzekudziya kwakanyanya kwedunhu, dzakanyanya kukanganisa mhando dzakakosha dzakadai semakorari uye uswa hwegungwa. Sezvo kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze anthropogenic kunowedzera, kudziya kwemugungwa nemafungu ekupisa zvine kugona kugadziridza zvipenyu uye kukanganisa kupihwa kwezvinhu nesevhisi.

Sanford, E., Sones, J., Garcia-Reyes, M., Goddard, J., & Largier, J. (2019, Kurume 12). Kupararira kwakapararira mugungwa biota yekuchamhembe kweCalifornia panguva ye2014-2016 marine heatwaves. Sayenzi Reports, 9(4216). Zvakatorwa kubva: doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40784-3

Mukupindura kurefu kwemvura yemugungwa, kuwedzera kwekupararira kwemarudzi uye kuchinja kwakanyanya kwekushisa kwepamusoro pegungwa kunogona kuonekwa mune ramangwana. Mafungu ekupisa emugungwa akonzera kufa kwevanhu vakawanda, maruva anokuvadza anotumbuka, kuderera mumibhedha yekelp, uye shanduko huru mukugovaniswa kwenzvimbo yezvipenyu.

Pinsky, M., Eikeset, A., McCauley, D., Payne, J., & Svondo, J. (2019, Kubvumbi 24). Kunyanya kusadziyirwa kwekudziya kwemugungwa maringe neterrestrial ectotherms. Zvisikwa, 569, 108-111. Zvakatorwa kubva: doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1132-4

Izvo zvakakosha kuti tinzwisise kuti ndedzipi mhando uye ecosystems zvichanyanya kukanganiswa nekudziya nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kuitira kuve nechokwadi chekutonga kwakanaka. Kunyanya kunzwisiswa kwemazinga ekudziya uye kukurumidza kukurumidza kwekoloni mumakungwa ecosystems inoratidza kuti extirpations ichave yakawanda uye kushanduka kwemarudzi nekukurumidza mugungwa.

Morley, J., Selden, R., Latour, R., Frolicher, T., Seagraves, R., & Pinsky, M. (2018, May 16). Kuronga machinjiro munzvimbo inodziya ye686 mhando pasherufu yekondinendi yeNorth America. PLOS IMWE. Returned from: doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196127

Nekuda kwekuchinja kuri kuita tembiricha yemunyanza, zvipenyu zviri kutanga kushandura kugovera kwenzvimbo yavo kuenda kumatanda. Mafungiro akaitirwa 686 mhuka dzemugungwa dzingangokanganiswa nekuchinja tembiricha yemugungwa. Remangwana geographic shift fungidziro yaiwanzo tenderera uye ichitevedza mahombekombe uye yakabatsira kuziva kuti ndedzipi mhando dziri panjodzi yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.

Laffoley, D. & Baxter, JM (vapepeti). (2016). Kutsanangura Kudziya Kwegungwa: Zvikonzero, Chikero, Migumisiro uye Migumisiro. Mushumo wakazara. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 456 pp. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2016.08.en

Kudziya kwegungwa kuri kukurumidza kuita imwe yekutyisidzira kukuru kwechizvarwa chedu sekuti IUCN inokurudzira kuwedzera kucherechedzwa kwekuomarara, kuita kwepasirese mutemo, kuchengetedzwa kwakakwana uye manejimendi, kuongororwa kwengozi kwakagadziridzwa, kuvhara mapeji mukutsvagisa uye zvinodikanwa zvekugona, uye kuita nekukurumidza kugadzira. kuderedzwa kwakanyanya mukubuda kwegreenhouse gasi.

Hughes, T., Kerry, J., Baird, A., Connolly, S., Dietzel, A., Eakin, M., Heron, S., ..., & Torda, G. (2018, Kubvumbi 18). Kudziya kwepasi rose kunoshandura kuungana kwecoral reef. Nature, 556, 492-496. Zvakatorwa kubva: nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0041-2?dom=scribd&src=syn

Muna 2016, iyo Great Barrier Reef yakasangana nerekodhi-inopwanya marine heatwave. Chidzidzo ichi chinotarisira kuvhara musiyano pakati pedzidziso uye tsika yekuongorora njodzi dzekuputsika kwe ecosystem kufanotaura kuti zviitiko zvinodziya zvenguva yemberi zvingakanganisa sei nharaunda dzecoral reef. Vanotsanangura matanho akasiyana, vanozivisa mutyairi mukuru, uye vanomisikidza kuwanda kwekudonha zvikumbaridzo. 

Gramling, C. (2015, Mbudzi 13). Kudziya Kwemakungwa Akaburitsa Ice Rukova. Sayenzi, 350(6262), 728. Yakatorwa kubva: DOI: 10.1126/science.350.6262.728

Greenland glacier iri kudurura makiromita echando mugungwa gore rega rega sezvo mvura yegungwa inodziya inoideredza. Izvo zviri kuitika pasi peaizi zvinomutsa kunetseka kukuru, sezvo mvura yemugungwa inodziya yakabvisa chando chakareba zvakakwana kuti chibviswe kubva mudura. Izvi zvinozoita kuti glacier idzoke nekukurumidza uye inogadzira alarm yakakura pamusoro pekugona kusimuka kwegungwa.

Precht, W., Gintert, B., Robbart, M., Fur, R., & van Woesik, R. (2016). Zvisina Kuitika Zvirwere-Zvakabatana Coral Kufa muSoutheastern Florida. Sayenzi Reports, 6(31375). Zvakatorwa kubva: https://www.nature.com/articles/srep31374

Coral bleaching, chirwere checoral, uye zviitiko zvekufa kwemakorari zviri kuwedzera nekuda kwekupisa kwemvura kwakanyanya kunokonzerwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Tichitarisa huwandu husina kujairika hwechirwere checoral chinotapukira kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweFlorida muna 2014, chinyorwa chinobatanidza huwandu hwepamusoro hwekufa kwemakorari kumakoroni akanyanya kusimbiswa.

Friedland, K., Kane, J., Hare, J., Lough, G., Fratantoni, P., Fogarty, M., & Nye, J. (2013, Gunyana). Thermal pekugara zvipingaidzo pa zooplankton marudzi ane hukama neAtlantic cod (Gadus morhua) paUS Northeast Continental Shelf. Kufambira mberi muOceanography, 116, 1-13. Zvakatorwa kubva: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.05.011

Mukati meiyo ecosystem yeUS Northeast Continental Shelf mune nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekupisa, uye kuwedzera tembiricha yemvura kuri kukanganisa huwandu hwenzvimbo idzi. Huwandu hwenzvimbo dzinodziya, dzepamusoro pekugara dzakawedzera nepo nzvimbo dzekugara dzemvura inotonhorera dzadzikira. Izvi zvine mukana wekudzikisa zvakanyanya huwandu hweAtlantic Cod sezvo chikafu chavo zooplankton chinokanganiswa nekuchinja kwekushisa.

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6. Marine Biodiversity Loss nekuda kweClimate Change

Brito-Morales, I., Schoeman, D., Molinos, J., Burrows, M., Klein, C., Arafeh-Dalmau, N., Kaschner, K., Garirao, C., Kesner-Reyes, K. , uye Richardson, A. (2020, Kurume 20). Climate Velocity Inoburitsa Kuwedzera Kuratidzwa Kweyakadzika-yegungwa Biodiversity kune Kudziya Kwemangwana. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0773-5

Vatsvagiri vakaona kuti kumhanyisa kwemamiriro ekunze kwemazuva ano - mvura inodziya - inokurumidza munyanza yakadzika kupfuura pamusoro. Chidzidzo ichi zvino chinofanotaura kuti pakati pe2050 ne2100 kudziya kuchaitika nekukurumidza pamatanho ese ekoramu yemvura, kunze kwepamusoro. Nekuda kwekudziya uku, kusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu kuchatyisidzirwa pamatanho ese, kunyanya pakadzika pakati pe200 ne1,000 metres. Kuderedza chiyero chekudziya kwemiganhu kunofanirwa kuiswa pakushandiswa kwemvura yakadzika-yegungwa nezvikepe zvehove uye nemigodhi, hydrocarbon uye mamwe mabasa ekuwedzera. Pamusoro pezvo, kufambira mberi kunogona kuitwa nekuwedzera network yeMPA yakakura munyanza yakadzika.

Riskas, K. (2020, Chikumi 18). Yakarimwa Shellfish Haisi Kudzivirira Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze. Coastal Sayenzi uye Masangano Hakai Magazine. PDF.

Mabhirioni avanhu pasi rose vanowana mapuroteni avo kubva kunharaunda yegungwa, asi hove dzomusango dziri kutambanudzwa. Aquaculture iri kuwedzera kuzadza gaka uye kugadzirwa kwakagadziriswa kunogona kuvandudza kunaka kwemvura uye kuderedza kudya kwakawandisa kunokonzeresa maruva anokuvadza. Zvisinei, sezvo mvura inowedzera acidic uye sezvo mvura inodziya inoshandura kukura kwe plankton, aquaculture uye mollusk kugadzirwa kunotyisidzirwa. Riskas inofanotaura kuti mollusk aquaculture ichatanga kudzikira mukugadzirwa muna 2060, nedzimwe nyika dzakakanganisika kare, kunyanya nyika dzichiri kusimukira uye dzisina kusimukira.

Rekodha, N., Runge, J., Pendleton, D., Balch, W., Davies, K., Pershing, A., …, & Thompson C. (2019, Chivabvu 3). Kukurumidza Kwemamiriro ekunze-Kunofambiswa Nekutenderera Kuchinja Kunotyisidzira Kuchengetedzwa KweMhandara YeNorth Atlantic Right Whales. Oceanography, 32(2), 162-169. Zvakatorwa kubva: doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2019.201

Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kuri kuita kuti zvipenyu zvishanduke nyika nekukurumidza, izvo zvinoita kuti nzira dzakawanda dzekuchengetedza dzinobva pamaitiro enhoroondo dzisashande. Nekudziya kwemvura yakadzika kuri kukwira zvakapetwa kaviri kupfuura mwero wemvura yepasi, mhando dzakaita seCalanus finmarchicus, chikafu chakakosha cheNorth Atlantic right whales, dzakachinja mafambiro adzo. North Atlantic right whales vari kutevera mhuka dzavo kubva munhoroondo yavo yekufambisa nzira, vachishandura maitiro, uye nokudaro vachivaisa pangozi yekurova nechikepe kana kupindira kwegiya munzvimbo dzekuchengetedza nzira dzisingadzidzivirire.

Díaz, SM, Settele, J., Brondízio, E., Ngo, H., Guèze, M., Agard, J., … & Zayas, C. (2019). Iyo Global Assessment Chirevo pane Biodiversity uye Ecosystem Services: Summary yePolisi Vagadziri. IPBES. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3553579.

Zvipenyu zviri pakati pehafu yemiriyoni nemiriyoni zviri mungozi yokutsakatika pasi rose. Mugungwa, kubata hove kusingagadzirisike, kuchinja kwekushandiswa kwevhu negungwa, uye kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze zviri kukonzera kurasikirwa kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana. Gungwa rinoda kumwe kudzivirirwa uye kuwedzera Marine Protected Area kufukidzwa.

Abreu, A., Bowler, C., Claudet, J., Zinger, L., Paoli, L., Salazar, G., uye Sunagawa, S. (2019). Vesainzi Yambiro pamusoro peKudyidzana Pakati peOcean Plankton neKuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze. Foundation Tara Ocean.

Zvidzidzo zviviri zvinoshandisa data rakasiyana zvese zvinoratidza kuti kukanganisa kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze pakugovera uye huwandu hwemhando dzeplanktonic zvichave zvakakura munzvimbo dzepolar. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti tembiricha yepamusoro yegungwa (yakatenderedza equator) inotungamira kukuwedzera kwakasiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu zveplanktonic izvo zvingangove zvakanyanya kupona nekushanduka kwekushisa kwemvura, kunyangwe nharaunda dzese dzeplanktonic dzinogona kuchinjika. Nokudaro, kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kunoshanda sechimwe chinhu chinoshungurudza kune zvipenyu. Kana zvasanganiswa nedzimwe shanduko munzvimbo dzekugara, webhu yezvokudya, uye marudzi anogovera kushushikana kwakawedzerwa kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kunogona kukonzera shanduko huru muzvinhu zveecosystem. Kugadzirisa dambudziko iri riri kukura panoda kuvandudzwa sainzi/policy interfaces uko mibvunzo yekutsvagisa inogadzirwa nemasainzi nevanoita mitemo pamwechete.

Bryndum-Buchholz, A., Tittensor, D., Blanchard, J., Cheung, W., Coll, M., Galbraith, E., ..., & Lotze, H. (2018, Mbudzi 8). Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri nekutanga kunokanganisa mhuka dzemugungwa uye chimiro che ecosystem mhiri kwemakungwa. Global Change Biology, 25(2), 459-472. Zvakatorwa kubva: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14512 

Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kunokanganisa zvipenyu zvemugungwa zvine chekuita nekugadzirwa kwekutanga, tembiricha yemugungwa, kugoverwa kwemarudzi, uye kuwanda pazvikero zvemuno nepasirese. Idzi shanduko dzinoshandura zvakanyanya marine ecosystem chimiro uye basa. Ichi chidzidzo chinoongorora mhinduro dzezvipenyu zvemhuka dzemugungwa mukupindura kune izvi zvinoshungurudza shanduko yemamiriro ekunze.

Niiler, E. (2018, Kurume 8). Mamwe MaShaki Anowedzera Kutama Kwegore seOcean Warms. National Geographic. Returned from: nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/03/animals-sharks-oceans-global-warming/

Varume veblacktip shark munhoroondo vakatamira kumaodzanyemba mukati memwedzi inotonhora zvakanyanya yegore kuti vabatane nevakadzi kubva kumahombekombe eFlorida. Aya mashaki akakosha kuFlorida's ecosystem yemahombekombe: Nekudya hove dzisina simba uye dzinorwara, dzinobatsira kudzikamisa kudzvanywa kwematombo emakorari nehuswa hwegungwa. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, shark hono dzakagara kure kuchamhembe sezvo mvura yekuchamhembe inodziya. Pasina kutama kuenda kumaodzanyemba, vanhurume havabatanidzi kana kuchengetedza Florida yemahombekombe ecosystem.

Worm, B., & Lotze, H. (2016). Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze: Zvinocherechedzwa Zvinokonzera Panyika, Chitsauko 13 - Marine Biodiversity uye Climate Change. Dhipatimendi reBiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada. Zvakatorwa kubva: sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444635242000130

Hove dzenguva refu uye data yekutarisa plankton yakapa humbowo hwakasimba hwekuchinja kunofambiswa nemamiriro ekunze mumagungano emarudzi. Chitsauko ichi chinopedzisa kuti kuchengetedza zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemugungwa zvinogona kupa bhavha yakanakisa kubva mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze nekukurumidza.

McCauley, D., Pinsky, M., Palumbi, S., Estes, J., Joyce, F., & Warner, R. (2015, Ndira 16). Marine defaunation: Kurasikirwa kwemhuka mugungwa repasi rose. Sayenzi, 347(6219). Zvakatorwa kubva: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6219/1255641

Vanhu vakakanganisa zvakanyanya mhuka dzemugungwa uye mashandiro nemagadzirirwo egungwa. Kusvibiswa kwemvura, kana kurasikirwa kwemhuka kunokonzerwa nevanhu mugungwa, kwakabuda mazana emakore apfuura. Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kunotyisidzira kukurumidza kusvibiswa kwemugungwa muzana rinotevera. Imwe yevatyairi vakuru vekurasikirwa kwemhuka dzemugungwa kuparara kwenzvimbo nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, izvo zvinodzivirirwa nekupindira kwakasimba uye kudzoreredza.

Deutsch, C., Ferrel, A., Seibel, B., Portner, H., & Huey, R. (2015, June 05). Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kunoomesa dhigirii remetabolism pazvinogara mugungwa. Sayenzi, 348(6239), 1132-1135. Zvakatorwa kubva: science.sciencemag.org/content/348/6239/1132

Zvese zviri zviviri kudziya kwegungwa uye kurasikirwa kweokisijeni yakanyungudika kuchashandura zvakanyanya zvisikwa zvemugungwa. Muzana rino ramakore, indekisi yemetabolism yekumusoro kwegungwa inofungidzirwa kuti ichaderera ne20% pasi rose uye 50% munzvimbo dzekuchamhembe kwakakwirira-latitude. Izvi zvinomanikidza kuporekana uye kutwasanuka kudhonzwa kwenzvimbo dzinogoneka metabolically uye marudzi emhando. Dzidziso yemetabolism yeecology inoratidza kuti kukura kwemuviri uye tembiricha zvinopesvedzera mwero wemetabolism yezvipenyu, izvo zvinogona kutsanangura kuchinja kwehupenyu hwemhuka kana tembiricha ichichinja nekupa mamiriro akanaka kune zvimwe zvipenyu.

Marcogilese, DJ (2008). Mhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze pamaparasite uye zvirwere zvinotapukira zvemhuka dzemumvura. Scientific and Technical Ongororo yeHofisi International des Epizooties (Paris), 27(2), 467-484. Zvakatorwa kubva: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/219d/8e86f333f2780174277b5e8c65d1c2aca36c.pdf

Kugovaniswa kweutachiona uye utachiona huchakanganisika zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga nekudziya kwepasi, uko kunogona kubuda kuburikidza newebhusaiti dzechikafu nemhedzisiro kune ese ecosystem. Kutapurirana kwemaparasite uye hutachiona kwakabatana zvakananga kune tembiricha, kuwedzera tembiricha kuri kuwedzera kutapurirana. Humwe humbowo hunoratidzawo kuti virulence inodyidzana zvakananga zvakare.

Barry, JP, Baxter, CH, Sagarin, RD, & Gilman, SE (1995, Kukadzi 3). Inoenderana nemamiriro ekunze, yenguva refu shanduko yezvipenyu munharaunda yeCalifornia ine matombo. Sayenzi, 267(5198), 672-675. Zvakatorwa kubva: doi.org/10.1126/science.267.5198.672

Iyo invertebrate fauna munharaunda yeCalifornia ine matombo inofamba yakananga kuchamhembe kana ichienzanisa nguva mbiri dzekudzidza, imwe kubva 1931-1933 uye imwe kubva 1993-1994. Kuchinja uku kuenda kuchamhembe kunopindirana nefungidziro yeshanduko ine chekuita nekudziya kwemamiriro ekunze. Kana tichienzanisa tembiricha kubva panguva mbiri dzekufunda, tembiricha yekupisa yezhizha mukati menguva 1983-1993 yaive 2.2˚C inodziya kupfuura iyo tembiricha yepamusoro yezhizha kubva 1921-1931.

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7. Migumisiro Yekuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze paCoral Reefs

Figueiredo, J., Thomas, CJ, Deleersnijder, E., Lambrechts, J., Baird, AH, Connolly, SR, & Hanert, E. (2022). Kudziya Kwepasirese Kunodzikira Kubatana Pakati PemaCoral Populations. Mamiriro ekunze kuchinja kwemhepo, 12 (1), 83-87

Kuwedzera kwekushisa kwepasi rose kuri kuuraya makorari uye kuderera kwekubatana kwevanhu. Coral connectivity ndiyo nzira iyo makorari ega ega uye majini avo anotsinhaniswa pakati penzvimbo dzakaparadzana dzepasi, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya kugona kwemakorari kupora mushure mekuvhiringidzika (sekunokonzerwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze) kunoenderana zvakanyanya nekubatana kweiyo reef. Kuita kuti dziviriro dziwedzere kushanda nzvimbo pakati penzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa dzinofanirwa kudzikiswa kuti ive nechokwadi chekubatanidza reef.

Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN). (2021, Gumiguru). Iyo Yechitanhatu Mamiriro eMakorari eNyika: 2020 Chirevo. GCRMN. PDF.

Kufukidzwa kwegungwa recoral reef kwakadzikira ne14% kubva 2009 zvakanyanya nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Kudzikira uku ndicho chikonzero chekunetsekana kukuru sezvo makorari asina nguva yakakwana yekudzoreredza mukati-pakati pezviitiko zvekubuda kwemazhinji.

Principe, SC, Acosta, AL, Andrade, JE, & Lotufo, T. (2021). Kufanotaurwa Kuchinja muKugovera kweAtlantic Reef-Kuvaka Makorari muKutarisana Nekuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze. Miganhu muMarine Science, 912.

Mamwe marudzi emakorari anoita basa rakakosha sevavaki vematombo, uye shanduko mukugovera kwavo nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kunouya nekudonha kwemamiriro ecosystem. Ichi chidzidzo chinobata zvazvino uye zveramangwana fungidziro dzemarudzi matatu eAtlantic reef anovaka akakosha kune hutano hwese hwe ecosystem. Makorari emakungwa mukati megungwa reAtlantic anoda zviito zvekuchengetedza nekukurumidza uye hutongi huri nani kuve nechokwadi chekupona kwavo uye kumutsidzira kuburikidza nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.

Brown, K., Bender-Champ, D., Kenyon, T., Rémond, C., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., & Dove, S. (2019, Kukadzi 20). Temporal mhedzisiro yekudziya kwegungwa uye acidification pamakwikwi ecoral-algal. Coral Reefs, makumi matatu nemasere(2), 297-309. Zvakatorwa kubva: link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00338-019-01775-y 

Coral reef uye algae zvakakosha kune ecosystem yegungwa uye vari mumakwikwi nekuda kwekushomeka zviwanikwa. Nekuda kwekudziya kwemvura uye kuita acidification zvichikonzerwa nekusanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, makwikwi aya ari kuchinjwa. Kugadzirisa zvakasanganiswa mhedzisiro yekudziya kwegungwa uye acidification, bvunzo dzakaitwa, asi kunyange yakagadziridzwa photosynthesis yakanga isina kukwana kumisa mhedzisiro uye ese makorari nealgae zvakaderedza kupona, calcification, uye photosynthetic kugona.

Bruno, J., Côté, I., & Toth, L. (2019, Ndira). Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze, Kurasika kweCoral, uye Nyaya Inodadisa yeParrotfish Paradigm: Sei Nzvimbo Dzakadzivirirwa dzeMarine Dzisinganatsiridzire Reef Reef? Ongororo yegore negore yeMarine Science, 11, 307-334. Zvakatorwa kubva: yearreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-marine-010318-095300

Makorari anovaka matombo ari kuparadzwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Kurwisa izvi, nzvimbo dzakadzivirirwa dzomugungwa dzakatangwa, uye kudzivirirwa kwehove dzinodya sora kwakatevera. Vamwewo vanoti nzira idzi hadzina zvadzinoita pakusimba kwekorari yose nekuti chinovanetsa ndechekuti tembiricha yegungwa iri kukwira. Kuchengetedza makorari ekuvaka matombo, kuedza kunofanirwa kupfuura pamwero wenzvimbo. Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kweAnthropogenic kunoda kugadziriswa musoro-pamusoro sezvo chiricho chikonzero chekuderera kwekorari pasi rose.

Cheal, A., MacNeil, A., Emslie, M., & Sweatman, H. (2017, Ndira 31). Kutyisidzirwa kwematombo emakorari kubva kune mamwe madutu akanyanya pasi pekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Global Change Biology. Returned from: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.13593

Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kunowedzera simba remadutu anokonzeresa kuparadzwa kwemakorari. Nepo cyclone frequency isinga wedzere, kusimba kwedutu kuchaita nekuda kwekudziya kwemamiriro ekunze. Kuwedzera kwechamupupuri chakasimba kuchawedzera kuparadzwa kwecoral reef uye kunonoka kupora mushure medutu nekuda kwekuparadza kwechamupupuri kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana. 

Hughes, T., Barnes, M., Bellwood, D., Cinner, J., Cumming, G., Jackson, J., & Scheffer, M. (2017, May 31). Coral reefs muAnthropocene. Zvisikwa, 546, 82-90. Zvakatorwa kubva: nature.com/articles/nature22901

Matombo ari kuderera nekukurumidza mukupindura kune akatevedzana anthropogenic vatyairi. Nekuda kweizvi, kudzorera matombo kune yavo yakapfuura kumisikidzwa haisi sarudzo. Kurwisa kuparara kwematombo, chinyorwa ichi chinodaidzira shanduko huru musainzi uye manejimendi kudzora matombo mukati menguva ino vachichengetedza basa ravo rebhayoloji.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Poloczanska, E., Skirving, W., & Dove, S. (2017, May 29). Coral Reef Ecosystems pasi peClimate Change uye Ocean Acidification. Miganhu muMarine Science. Returned from: frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2017.00158/full

Zvidzidzo zvakatanga kufanotaura kubviswa kwemvura zhinji inodziya-mvura yemakorari ne2040-2050 (kunyangwe makorari emvura inotonhora ari panjodzi yakaderera). Vanoti kunze kwekunge kufambira mberi kwakakurumidza kuitwa mukuderedza kusvibiswa kwemhepo, nharaunda dzinovimba nematombo emakorari kuti dzirarame dzinogona kusangana nehurombo, kukanganisa magariro, uye kusachengeteka kwenharaunda.

Hughes, T., Kerry, J., & Wilson, S. (2017, March 16). Kudziya kwepasi rose uye kudzokororwa kwehuwandu hwemakorari. Nature, 543, 373-377. Zvakatorwa kubva: nature.com/articles/nature21707?dom=icopyright&src=syn

Zviitiko zvenguva ichangoburwa zvema coral bleaching zvakasiyana zvakanyanya mukuomarara. Ichishandisa ongororo yeAustralia reef uye tembiricha yepasi pegungwa, chinyorwa chinotsanangura kuti kunaka kwemvura uye kudzvanywa kwekubata hove kwakave nemhedzisiro yekutsvaira muna 2016, zvichiratidza kuti mamiriro emunharaunda anopa dziviriro shoma kubva pakupisa kwakanyanya.

Torda, G., Donelson, J., Aranda, M., Barshis, D., Bay, L., Berumen, M., …, & Munday, P. (2017). Kukurumidza kugadzirisa mhinduro kune shanduko yemamiriro ekunze mumakorari. Nature, 7, 627-636. Zvakatorwa kubva: nature.com/articles/climate3374

Kugona kwecoral reef kujairana nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kuchave kwakakosha pakuronga mafambiro ereef. Ichi chinyorwa chinonyura mukati me transgenerational plasticity pakati pemakorari uye basa re epigenetics uye macoral-anobatanidza hutachiona mukuita.

Anthony, K. (2016, Mbudzi). Coral Reefs Under Climate Change uye Ocean Acidification: Zvinetso uye Mikana yeManejimendi nePolisi. Ongororo Yepagore Yezvakatipoteredza uye Zviwanikwa. Returned from: yearreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085610

Tichifunga nezve kukurumidza kushatiswa kwematombo ecoral nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye acidization yegungwa, chinyorwa ichi chinopa zvibodzwa zvinogoneka zvezvirongwa zvedunhu nedunhu-zviyero zvekutonga zvinogona kuvandudza matanho ekuchengetedza. 

Hoey, A., Howells, E., Johansen, J., Hobbs, JP, Messmer, V., McCowan, DW, & Pratchett, M. (2016, May 18). Kufambira Mberi Kuchangopfuura Mukunzwisisa Mhedzisiro Yekushanduka Kwemamiriro ekunze paCoral Reefs. Kusiyana. Returned from: mdpi.com/1424-2818/8/2/12

Humbowo hunoratidza kuti macoral reef anogona kunge aine simba rekupindura kudziya, asi hazvizivikanwe kana shanduko idzi dzichikwanisa kuenderana nekuwedzera nekukurumidza kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Nekudaro, mhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze iri kuwedzeredzwa nekusiyana kwemamwe anthropogenic kusagadzikana zvichiita kuti zviome kuti makorari apindure.

Ainsworth, T., Heron, S., Ortiz, JC, Mumby, P., Grech, A., Ogawa, D., Eakin, M., & Leggat, W. (2016, Kubvumbi 15). Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kunodzima kuchengetedzwa kwecoral bleaching paGreat Barrier Reef. Sayenzi, 352(6283), 338-342. Zvakatorwa kubva: science.sciencemag.org/content/352/6283/338

Hunhu hwazvino hwekudziya kwetembiricha, izvo zvinodzivirira kuenderana, zvakakonzera kuwedzera kuchena uye kufa kwezvipenyu zvecoral. Iyi mhedzisiro yaive yakanyanya kunyanyisa mukumuka kwe2016 El Nino gore.

Graham, N., Jennings, S., MacNeil, A., Mouillot, D., & Wilson, S. (2015, February 05). Kufanotaura hutongi hunofambiswa nemamiriro ekunze hunochinja zvichipesana nezvinogoneka mumakorari. Zvisikwa, 518, 94-97. Zvakatorwa kubva: nature.com/articles/nature14140

Coral bleaching nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze ndeimwe yekutyisidzira kukuru kwakatarisana nemacoral reef. Chinyorwa ichi chinotarisa mhinduro dzenguva refu yematombo kune yakakura-induced coral bleaching yeIndo-Pacific makorari uye inoratidza maitiro ereef anofarira rebound. Vanyori vanovavarira kushandisa zvavakawana kuzivisa ramangwana rakanaka manejimendi maitiro. 

Spalding, MD, & B. Brown. (2015, Mbudzi 13). Mvura inodziya-mvura yemakorari uye kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Sayenzi, 350(6262), 769-771. Zvakatorwa kubva: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/350/6262/769

Makorari anotsigira masisitimu makuru ehupenyu hwemugungwa pamwe nekupa akakosha ecosystem masevhisi kumamirioni avanhu. Nekudaro, kutyisidzira kunozivikanwa sekuredzesa uye kusvibiswa kwemhepo kuri kuwedzera nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, kunyanya kudziya uye acidization yegungwa kuwedzera kukuvadzwa kwematombo emakorari. Ichi chinyorwa chinopa muchidimbu muchidimbu chemhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze pamatombo emakorari.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Eakin, CM, Hodgson, G., Kutengesa, PF, & Veron, JEN (2015, Zvita). Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze Kunotyisidzira Kupona kweCoral Reef. ISRS Consensus Statement paCoral Bleaching & Climate Change. Returned from: https://www.icriforum.org/sites/default/files/2018%20ISRS%20Consensus%20Statement%20on%20Coral%20Bleaching%20%20Climate%20Change%20final_0.pdf

Macoral reef anopa zvinhu nemasevhisi anokosha angangoita US$30 bhiriyoni pagore uye anotsigira vanhu vanosvika 500 miriyoni pasi rese. Nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, matombo ematombo ari munjodzi huru kana zviito zvekumisa kuburitsa kabhoni pasi rose zvikasatorwa nekukurumidza. Chirevo ichi chakaburitswa mukufambirana neParis Climate Change Conference muna Zvita 2015.

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8. Mhedzisiro Yekuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze paArctic neAntarctic

Sohail, T., Zika, J., Irving, D., uye Chechi, J. (2022, Kukadzi 24). Yakacherechedzwa Poleward Yekufambiswa Kwemvura Yakachena Kubva 1970. muzvarirwo. Vol. 602, 617-622. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04370-w

Pakati pa1970 na2014 kusimba kwemvura yepasi rose kwakawedzera kusvika pa7.4%, iyo yakapfuura modhi yakaratidza fungidziro yekuwedzera kwe2-4%. Mvura inodziya inodhonzwa yakananga kumapango ichichinja tembiricha yedu yemugungwa, mvura yakachena, uye munyu. Kuwedzera kwekusimba kwekuchinja kutenderera kwemvura yepasi rose kungangoita kuti nzvimbo dzakaoma dziome uye nzvimbo dzakanyorova dzinyorove.

Mwedzi, TA, ML Druckenmiller., uye RL Thoman, Eds. (2021, Zvita). Arctic Report Card: Gadziridzo ye2021. NOAA. https://doi.org/10.25923/5s0f-5163

Iyo 2021 Arctic Report Card (ARC2021) uye vhidhiyo yakanamirwa inoratidza kuti kukurumidza uye kusheedzera kudziya kuri kuramba kuchikonzera kukanganisa kwehupenyu hwemugungwa hweArctic. Mafambiro eArctic-wide anosanganisira tundra greening, kuwedzera kuyerera kwenzizi dzeArctic, kurasikirwa kweaizi yegungwa, ruzha rwegungwa, kuwedzera kwebeaver range, uye glacier permafrost njodzi.

Strycker, N., Wethington, M., Borowicz, A., Forrest, S., Witharana, C., Hart, T., uye H. Lynch. (2020). A Global Population Assessment yeChinstrap Penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica). Chirevo cheSainzi Vol. 10, Chinyorwa 19474. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76479-3

Chinstrap penguin yakasarudzika kune yavo Antarctic nharaunda; zvisinei, vatsvakurudzi vari kuzivisa kuderedzwa kwevanhu mu45% yepenguin makoloni kubvira kuma1980. Vatsvakurudzi vakawana mamwe makumi maviri nenhatu echinstrap penguin aenda panguva yerwendo muna Ndira wa23. Kunyange ongororo chaiyo isiri kuwanikwa panguva ino, kuvapo kwenzvimbo dzakasiiwa dzekugara dzinoratidza kuti kudzikira kwapararira. Zvinotendwa kuti mvura inodziya inoderedza chando chegungwa uye phytoplankton iyo krill inotsamira pakudya chikafu chekutanga chechinstrap penguin. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti acidification yegungwa inogona kukanganisa kugona kwepenguin kubereka.

Smith, B., Fricker, H., Gardner, A., Medley, B., Nilsson, J., Paolo, F., Holschuh, N., Adusumilli, S., Brunt, K., Csatho, B., Harbeck, K., Markus, T., Neumann, T., Siegfried M., uye Zwally, H. (2020, Kubvumbi). Yakapararira Ice Sheet Misa Kurasikirwa Kunoratidza Kukwikwidza Ocean uye Atmosphere Maitiro. Science Magazine. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz5845

NASA's Ice, Cloud uye land Elevation Satellite-2, kana ICESat-2, iyo yakatangwa muna 2018, yave kupa shanduko yedata pakunyungudika kwe glacial. Vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti pakati pe2003 ne2009 ice yakakwana yakanyunguduka kusimudza mazinga egungwa nemamita gumi nemana kubva kuGreenland neAntarctic ice sheets.

Rohling, E., Hibbert, F., Grant, K., Galaasen, E., Irval, N., Kleiven, H., Marino, G., Ninnemann, U., Roberts, A., Rosenthal, Y., Schulz, H., Williams, F., uye Yu, J. (2019). Asynchronous Antarctic uye Greenland Ice-vhoriyamu Mipiro kune Yekupedzisira Interglacial Sea-ice Highstand. Kukurukurirana Kwakasikwa 10:5040 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12874-3

Nguva yekupedzisira mazinga egungwa akakwira pamusoro peyazvino nhanho yaive panguva yekupedzisira yechando, ingangoita 130,000-118,000 makore apfuura. Vatsvakurudzi vakawana kuti yekutanga-yepamusoro-soro yegungwa (pamusoro pe0m) pa ~ 129.5 kusvika ~ ~ 124.5 ka uye intra-yekupedzisira interglacial sea-level inokwira nezviitiko-zvinoreva mazinga ekukwira kwe2.8, 2.3, uye 0.6mc-1. Kusimuka kweramangwana-mugungwa kunogona kufambiswa nekuwedzera kukurumidza kurasikirwa-kurasikirwa kubva kuWest Antarctic Ice Sheet. Pane mukana wekuwedzera wekukwira kwepamusoro-soro kwegungwa mune ramangwana zvichienderana nenhoroondo yenhoroondo kubva panguva yekupedzisira yechando.

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze paArctic Species. (2019) Chokwadi pepa kubva Aspen Institute & SeaWeb. Returned from: https://assets.aspeninstitute.org/content/uploads/files/content/upload/ee_3.pdf

Pepa rechokwadi rine mifananidzo rinoratidza matambudziko ekutsvagisa kweArctic, inguva pfupi pfupi yekuti zvidzidzo zvezvipenyu zvaitwa, uye nekuisa mhedzisiro yekurasikirwa neaizi yegungwa uye zvimwe zvinokonzeresa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze.

Christian, C. (2019, Ndira) Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze neAntarctic. Antarctic & Southern Ocean Coalition. Yakadzorerwa kubva https://www.asoc.org/advocacy/climate-change-and-the-antarctic

Ichi chinyorwa chechidimbu chinopa tarisiro yakanakisa yemhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze paAntarctic uye maitiro ayo pazvipenyu zvemugungwa ikoko. IWest Antarctic Peninsula ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo dzinokurumidza kudziya paPasi, iine dzimwe nzvimbo dzeArctic Circle dzine tembiricha inokurumidza kukwira. Uku kudziya kwekukurumidza kunobata nhanho yese yewebhu yekudya mumvura yeAntarctic.

Katz, C. (2019, Chivabvu 10) Mvura Yevatorwa: Makungwa Akavakidzana Ari Kuyerera achipinda muArctic Ocean Inodziya. Yale Environment 360. Yakadzorerwa kubva https://e360.yale.edu/features/alien-waters-neighboring-seas-are-flowing-into-a-warming-arctic-ocean

Chinyorwa chinokurukura nezve "Atlantification" uye "Pacification" yeArctic Ocean semvura inodziya inobvumira mhuka nyowani kutamira kuchamhembe uye kukanganisa ecosystem mabasa uye lifecycles dzakashanduka nekufamba kwenguva mukati meArctic Ocean.

MacGilchrist, G., Naveira-Garabato, AC, Brown, PJ, Juillion, L., Bacon, S., & Bakker, DCE (2019, Nyamavhuvhu 28). Kugadzirisazve kutenderera kwekabhoni kweiyo subpolar Southern Ocean. Kufambira mberi kweSainzi, 5(8), 6410. Yakatorwa kubva: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav6410

Mamiriro ekunze epasi rose anotarisisa zvakanyanya kune zvemuviri uye biogeochemical dynamics mu subpolar Southern Ocean, nekuti ndiko kune iyo yakadzika, kabhoni-yakapfuma mativi epasi pegungwa kunze uye kuchinjanisa kabhoni nemhepo. Nekudaro, kuti kabhoni inotora sei kushanda ipapo inofanirwa kunyatso kunzwisiswa senzira yekunzwisisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze uye yenguva yemberi. Zvichienderana netsvagiridzo yavo, vanyori vanotenda kuti yakajairwa chimiro cheiyo subpolar Southern Ocean kabhoni kutenderera inomiririra zvisizvo vatyairi vedunhu kabhoni. Zvakacherechedzwa muWeddell Gyre zvinoratidza kuti mwero wekutorwa kwekabhoni unoiswa nekudyidzana pakati pekutenderera kweGyre kwakatwasuka uye nekudzokorodza pakati pehupamhi hwekabhoni kabhoni yakatorwa kubva mukugadzirwa kwebiological mupakati gyre. 

Woodgate, R. (2018, Ndira) Kuwedzera muPacific kupinda muArctic kubva 1990 kusvika 2015, uye nzwisiso mumwaka maitiro uye kutyaira nzira kubva gore rose Bering Strait mooring data. Kufambira mberi muOceanography, 160, 124-154 Yakatorwa kubva: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079661117302215

Nechidzidzo ichi, chakaitwa uchishandisa dhata kubva gore rose moring buoys muBering Strait, munyori akasimbisa kuti kuchamhembe kuyerera kwemvura kuburikidza neyakatwasuka kwakawedzera zvinoshamisa mumakore gumi nemashanu, uye kuti shanduko haina kukonzerwa nemhepo yemuno kana mamwe mamiriro ekunze. zviitiko, asi nekuda kwekudziya kwemvura. Kuwedzera kwekufambisa kunobva kune kwakasimba kuenda kuchamhembe kuyerera (kwete kushoma kuenda kumaodzanyemba kuyerera kwezviitiko), ichipa 15% kuwedzera kwesimba rekinetic, pamwe nekukanganisa kudzika kwepasi, kusanganisa, uye kukukurwa. Izvo zvakare zvakacherechedzwa kuti kutonhora kwemvura inoenda kuchamhembe-inoyerera kwaidziya kupfuura 150 degrees C pane mamwe mazuva ne0 kupfuura pakutanga kweiyo data set.

Stone, DP (2015). Kuchinja kweArctic Environment. New York, New York: Cambridge University Press.

Kubva pakaitika shanduko yemaindasitiri, nharaunda yeArctic iri kuitika shanduko isati yamboitika nekuda kwekuita kwevanhu. Iyo inoita kunge pristine arctic nharaunda iri kuratidzawo huwandu hwemakemikari ane muchetura uye kuwedzera kudziya kwatanga kuve nemhedzisiro yakaipa pamamiriro ekunze kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi. Yakaudzwa kuburikidza neArctic Messenger, munyori David Stone anoongorora ongororo yesainzi uye mapoka ane simba zvakatungamira kune zviito zvepamutemo zvepasirese kuderedza kukuvadza kunharaunda yeArctic.

Wohlforth, C. (2004). Iyo Whale uye Supercomputer: KuNorthern Front yeKuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze. New York: North Point Press. 

Iyo Whale uye Supercomputer inoruka nyaya dzemunhu dzemasainzi achitsvaga mamiriro ekunze nezviitiko zve Inupiat yekuchamhembe kweAlaska. Iri bhuku rinotsanangura zvakaenzana maitiro ewhaling uye ruzivo rwechinyakare rweInupiaq senge data-inofambiswa matanho echando, glacial melt, albedo -kureva, mwenje unoratidzwa nepasi- uye shanduko yebiological inoonekwa mumhuka nezvipembenene. Tsanangudzo yetsika mbiri idzi inobvumira vasiri vesainzi kuti vaenderane nemienzaniso yekutanga yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kunokanganisa zvakatipoteredza.

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9. Kubviswa kweCarbon Dioxide Removal (CDR)

Tyka, M., Arsdale, C., uye Platt, J. (2022, Ndira 3). CO2 Bata neKupomba Surface Acidity kuDeep Ocean. Simba & Environmental Sayenzi. DOI: 10.1039/d1ee01532j

Pane mukana wehunyanzvi hutsva - hwakadai sekupomba kwealkalinity - kubatsira kune portfolio yeCarbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) matekinoroji, kunyangwe iwo angangove anodhura kupfuura nzira dzepamahombekombe nekuda kwezvinetso zveinjiniya yemugungwa. Kunyanya kutsvagurudza kunodiwa kuti uongorore kugona uye njodzi dzine chekuita negungwa alkalinity alterations uye mamwe maitiro ekubvisa. Simulations uye zvidiki-zviyedzo zvine zvisingakwanisi uye hazvigone kufanotaura zvizere kuti nzira dzeCDR dzichakanganisa sei ecosystem yegungwa kana ikaiswa pachiyero chekudzikisa ikozvino CO2 kubuda.

Castañón, L. (2021, Zvita 16). Gungwa reMukana: Kuongorora Njodzi Dzinogona Kuitika uye Mibairo yeOcean-based Solutions kune Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Zvakatorwa kubva: https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/an-ocean-of-opportunity/

Gungwa chikamu chakakosha chemaitiro ekugadzirisa kabhoni, kupatsanura kabhoni yakawandisa kubva mumhepo kupinda mumvura uye pakupedzisira kuinyudza pasi pegungwa. Imwe kabhoni dhaibhoni zvisungo nematombo akaomeswa kana mabhomba achiivharira muchimiro chitsva, uye marine algae inotora mamwe mabhondi ekabhoni, achiibatanidza mune yakasikwa biological cycle. Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) mhinduro dzinovavarira kutevedzera kana kusimudzira aya echisikigo ekuchengetedza kabhoni. Ichi chinyorwa chinoratidza njodzi uye zvinosiyana zvinokanganisa budiriro yemapurojekiti eCDR.

Cornwall, W. (2021, Zvita 15). Kudhirowa Pasi Carbon uye Kutonhodza kubva Panyika, Ocean Fertilization Inowana Imwe Kutarisa. sainzi, 374. Yakatorwa kubva: https://www.science.org/content/article/draw-down-carbon-and-cool-planet-ocean-fertilization-gets-another-look

Ocean fertilization imhando yezvematongerwo enyika yeCarbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) iyo yaimboonekwa sehusina hanya. Iye zvino, vatsvakurudzi vari kuronga kudira matani zana esimbi kumativi e100 square kilometers yeGungwa reArabia. Mubvunzo wakakosha uri kubvunzwa ndewekuti yakawanda sei iyo kabhoni yakanyungudutswa inoita kuti isvike pakadzika pegungwa pane kuti ipedze kudyiwa nezvimwe zvipenyu uye kuburitswazve munzvimbo. Vatsoropodzi pamusoro penzira yefotereza vanoti ongororo dzichangobva kuitika dzeongororo gumi nenhatu dzakapfuura dzakawana imwe chete yakawedzera mazinga ekabhoni yegungwa. Kunyangwe zvingangoitika zvichishungurudza vamwe, vamwe vanotenda kuti kuyera njodzi dzinogona kuitika ndechimwe chikonzero chekufambira mberi netsvagiridzo.

Zvikoro zveNyika zveSainzi, Injiniya, uye Mushonga. (2021, Zvita). Yekutsvagisa Strategy yeOcean-Yakavakirwa Carbon Dioxide Kubvisa uye Sequestration. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26278

Chirevo ichi chinokurudzira United States kuita chirongwa chetsvakiridzo chemadhora mamiriyoni zana nemakumi maviri neshanu chakatsaurirwa kuyedza kunzwisisa matambudziko enzira dzekubvisa CO125 mugungwa, kusanganisira zvipingamupinyi zvehupfumi nemagariro. Nzira nhanhatu dzeCarbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) dzemugungwa dzakaongororwa mumushumo dzinosanganisira fetiraiza inovaka muviri, kukwidziridza nekudzikira, kurimwa kwemugungwa, kudzoreredza ecosystem, kuwedzera alkalinity yegungwa, uye maitiro emagetsi emagetsi. Pachine maonero anopokana pamaitiro eCDR munharaunda yesainzi, asi mushumo uyu unoratidza nhanho inocherechedzwa munhaurirano yekurudziro yakashinga yakataurwa nemasaenzi emugungwa.

Iyo Aspen Institute. (2021, Zvita 8). Nhungamiro yeOcean-Yakavakirwa Carbon Dioxide Removal Projects: Nzira yekugadzira Mutemo weKuzvibata.. Iyo Aspen Institute. Zvakatorwa Kubva: https://www.aspeninstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/files/content/docs/pubs/120721_Ocean-Based-CO2-Removal_E.pdf

Mapurojekiti eOcean-based Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) anogona kubatsira kupfuura mapurojekiti akavakirwa pasi, nekuda kwekuwanikwa kwenzvimbo, mukana wemapurojekiti emunharaunda, uye mapurojekiti anobatsira (anosanganisira kuderedza acidization yegungwa, kugadzirwa kwechikafu, uye kugadzirwa kwebiofuel. ) Nekudaro, mapurojekiti eCDR anotarisana nematambudziko anosanganisira kusadzidza zvisina kunaka kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza, zvisina chokwadi mirau uye masimba, kuoma kwekushanda, uye akasiyana siyana ebudiriro. Kuwedzera tsvakiridzo diki-diki inodiwa kutsanangura uye kuona kubviswa kwekabhoni dhaidhiyo kunogona, catalogue inogona kuitika kwezvakatipoteredza uye nzanga zvekunze, uye nhoroondo yehutongi, mari, uye nyaya dzekumira.

Batres, M., Wang, FM, Buck, H., Kapila, R., Kosar, U., Licker, R., … & Suarez, V. (2021, Chikunguru). Kururamisa Kwezvakatipoteredza uye Kwemamiriro ekunze uye Tekinoroji Kubvisa Carbon. The Electricity Journal, 34(7), 107002.

Nzira dzeCarbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) dzinofanirwa kuitwa pachirangarirwa kururamisira uye kuenzana, uye nharaunda umo mapurojekiti angave anofanirwa kunge ari musimboti wekuita sarudzo. Nharaunda dzinowanzo shaya zviwanikwa uye ruzivo rwekutora chikamu nekudyara mukuedza kweCDR. Kururamisa kwezvakatipoteredza kunofanira kuramba kuri pamberi pakufambira mberi kweprojekiti kudzivirira mhedzisiro yakaipa munharaunda dzagara dzakaremerwa.

Fleming, A. (2021, Chikumi 23). Cloud Spraying uye Hurricane Kuuraya: Sei Ocean Geoengineering Yakave Muganhu weClimate Crisis. The Guardian. Zvakatorwa kubva: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jun/23/cloud-spraying-and-hurricane-slaying-could-geoengineering-fix-the-climate-crisis

Tom Green anotarisira kunyura matrillion tonnes eCO2 kusvika pasi pegungwa nekudonhedza jecha rematombo anoputika mugungwa. Green inotaura kuti kana jecha rikaiswa pa2% yemahombekombe epasi rinotora 100% yeazvino epagore kabhoni emissions. Saizi yemapurojekiti eCDR anodiwa kugadzirisa mazinga edu ezvino emission anoita kuti mapurojekiti ese anetse kuyera. Neimwe nzira, kudzoreredza mahombekombe ane mangrove, machakwi emunyu, uye uswa hwegungwa zvese zvinodzoreredza ecosystem uye kubata CO2 pasina kutarisana nenjodzi huru dzekupindira kwehunyanzvi hweCDR.

Gertner, J. (2021, Chikumi 24). Ko Carbontech Revolution Yatanga here? The New York Times.

Direct carbon capture (DCC) tekinoroji iripo, asi inoramba ichidhura. Indasitiri yeCarbonTech yave kutanga kutengesa kabhoni yakabatwa kumabhizinesi anogona kuishandisa muzvigadzirwa zvavo vobva vadzikisa tsoka yavo yekuburitsa. Carbon-neutral kana kabhoni-negative zvigadzirwa zvinogona kuwira pasi pechikamu chakakura chezvigadzirwa zvekushandisa kabhoni izvo zvinoita kuti kabhoni itore purofiti ichikwezva kumusika. Kunyangwe shanduko yemamiriro ekunze isingagadziriswe ne CO2 yoga mats uye sneakers, ingori imwe nhanho diki munzira kwayo.

Hirschlag, A. (2021, Chikumi 8). Kurwisa Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze, Vatsvagiri Vanoda Kudhonza Carbon Dioxide kubva muOcean uye Kuishandura kuita Dombo. Smithsonian. Zvakatorwa kubva: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/combat-climate-change-researchers-want-to-pull-carbon-dioxide-from-ocean-and-turn-it-into-rock-180977903/

Imwe nzira yakatsanangurwa yeCarbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) ndeyekuunza magetsi anochajiswa mesor hydroxide (alkaline material) mugungwa kukonzeresa kemikari inokonzeresa matombo eraimestone ecarbonate. Dombo racho raigona kushandiswa pakuvaka, asi matombo acho angangoperera mugungwa. Kubuda kwe limestone kunogona kukanganisa zvipenyu zvemugungwa, kuputira hupenyu hwezvirimwa uye kuchinja zvakanyanya nzvimbo dzekugara pasi pegungwa. Nekudaro, vaongorori vanonongedza kuti iyo inobuda mvura ichave yakawedzera alkaline iyo ine mukana wekudzikisa mhedzisiro yegungwa acidification munzvimbo yekurapa. Pamusoro pezvo, gasi rehydrogen raizove chigadzirwa chinogona kutengeswa kubatsira kudzikamisa mitengo yekuisa. Kumwe kutsvagisa kwakakosha kuratidza tekinoroji inoshanda pamwero mukuru uye ine hupfumi.

Healey, P., Scholes, R., Lefale, P., & Yanda, P. (2021, May). Kutonga Net-Zero Carbon Kubvisa Kudzivirira Kudzika Kusaenzana. Frontiers in Climate, 3, 38. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.672357

Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) tekinoroji, sekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, yakabatanidzwa nenjodzi uye kusaenzana, uye chinyorwa ichi chinosanganisira zvinogoneka kurudziro yeramangwana kugadzirisa kusaenzana uku. Parizvino, ruzivo rwuri kubuda nekudyara muCDR ​​tekinoroji yakatarisana nechokuchamhembe kwepasirese. Kana iyi maitiro ikaramba ichienderera, inongowedzera kusarongeka kwepasirese kwezvakatipoteredza uye gaka rekuwanikwa kana zvasvika pakushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye mhinduro dzemamiriro ekunze.

Meyer, A., & Spalding, MJ (2021, Kurume). Kuongorora kwakakosha kweOcean Effects yeCarbon Dioxide Removal kuburikidza neDirect Air uye Ocean Capture - Ndiyo Yakachengeteka uye Yakagadzikana Solution?. Iyo Ocean Foundation.

Emerging Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) matekinoroji anogona kuita basa rekutsigira mumhinduro dzakakura mukuchinja kubva pakupisa mafuta ezvicherwa kuenda kune yakachena, yakaenzana, inoenderera simba gidhi. Pakati peaya matekinoroji pane yakananga air capture (DAC) uye yakananga ocean capture (DOC), ayo ese anoshandisa muchina kuburitsa CO2 kubva mumhepo kana munyanza nekuitakura kuenda nayo kunzvimbo dzekuchengetera pasi pevhu kana kushandisa kabhoni yakabatwa kudzoreredza mafuta kubva kune yakapera kushambadzira. Parizvino, tekinoroji yekubata kabhoni inodhura zvakanyanya uye inoisa njodzi kune zvipenyu zvegungwa, makungwa nemahombekombe ecosystem, uye nharaunda dzemahombekombe dzinosanganisira maIndigenous. Mamwe magadzirirwo-akavakirwa magadzirirwo anosanganisira: kudzoreredza mangrove, kurima patsva, uye kudyara masango zvinoramba zvichibatsira kune zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana, nzanga, uye kwenguva refu kabhoni kuchengetedza pasina njodzi dzakawanda dzinoperekedza tekinoroji DAC/DOC. Kunyange njodzi uye kugona kwekubvisa kabhoni matekinoroji zvichiongororwa nenzira kwayo kuenda kumberi, zvakakosha kuti "kutanga, usakuvadza" kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti mhedzisiro haisi kuisirwa panyika yedu yakakosha uye zvisikwa zvegungwa.

Center for International Environmental Law. (2021, Kurume 18). Ocean Ecosystems & Geoengineering: Chiziviso chekutanga.

Nature-based Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) maitiro emugungwa anosanganisira kuchengetedza uye kudzoreredza mikoko yemahombekombe, mibhedha yehuswa hwegungwa, uye masango kelp. Kunyangwe vachiunza njodzi shoma pane nzira dzetekinoroji, pachine kukuvadza kunogona kukonzerwa pazvipenyu zvemugungwa. Tekinoroji CDR-yakavakirwa nzira dzemugungwa dzinotsvaga kushandura kemikari yemugungwa kuti itore CO2 yakawanda, kusanganisira iyo inonyanya kukurukurwa mienzaniso yegungwa uye alkalinization yegungwa. Chinotariswa chinofanira kunge chiri pakudzivirira kuburitswa kwekabhoni kunokonzerwa nevanhu, pane nzira dzisina kusimbiswa dzekudzikisa kuburitswa kwenyika.

Gattuso, JP, Williamson, P., Duarte, CM, & Magnan, AK (2021, Ndira 25). Iyo Inogoneka YeOcean-Yakavakirwa Kuitwa Kwemamiriro ekunze: Negative Emissions Technologies uye Beyond. Frontiers in Climate. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2020.575716

Pamhando dzakawanda dzekubvisa carbon dioxide (CDR), nzira ina dzekutanga dzemugungwa ndeidzi: marine bioenergy ine kabhoni inobatwa uye kuchengetedza, kudzoreredza uye kuwedzera mbesa dzemahombekombe, kuwedzera kuvhurika-mugungwa kubereka, kuwedzera mamiriro ekunze uye alkalinization. Chirevo ichi chinoongorora marudzi mana uye chinopokana nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekutanga kweCDR yekutsvaga nekusimudzira. Iwo matekiniki achiri kuuya nekusagadzikana kwakawanda, asi iwo ane mukana wekunyanya kushanda munzira yekudzikamisa kudziya kwemamiriro ekunze.

Buck, H., Aines, R., nevamwe. (2021). Concepts: Carbon Dioxide Removal Primer. Zvakatorwa Kubva: https://cdrprimer.org/read/concepts

Munyori anotsanangura kubviswa kweCarbon dioxide (CDR) sechero chiitiko chinobvisa CO2 kubva mumhepo uye nekuichengeta zvakasimba munzvimbo dzejoloji, dzepasi, kana dzemugungwa, kana muzvigadzirwa. CDR yakasiyana ne geoengineering, sezvo, kusiyana ne geoengineering, CDR matekiniki anobvisa CO2 kubva mumhepo, asi geoengineering inongotarisa kudzikisa zviratidzo zvekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Mamwe mazwi mazhinji akakosha anosanganisirwa murugwaro urwu, uye anoshanda sewedzero inobatsira kuhurukuro huru.

Keith, H., Vardon, M., Obst, C., Young, V., Houghton, RA, & Mackey, B. (2021). Kuongorora Masikirwo-Anobva Kugadziriswa Kwemamiriro ekunze uye Chengetedzo Inoda Yakakwana Carbon Accounting. Sayenzi yeThe Total Environment, 769, 144341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144341

Nature-based Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) mhinduro inzira inobatsira yekugadzirisa dambudziko remamiriro ekunze, iyo inosanganisira kabhoni masheya uye inoyerera. Flow-based carbon accounting inosimudzira zvigadziriso zvechisikigo uku ichiratidzira njodzi dzekupisa mafuta ezvisaririra.

Bertram, C., & Merk, C. (2020, Zvita 21). Veruzhinji Maonero eOcean-Yakavakirwa Carbon Dioxide Kubviswa: Iyo Nature-Engineering Divide?. Frontiers in Climate, 31. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2020.594194

Kugamuchirwa neveruzhinji kweCarbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) maitiro mukati memakore gumi neshanu apfuura kwakaramba kwakadzikira kumatanho einjiniya emamiriro ekunze kana tichienzanisa nemhinduro dzakabva kune zvakasikwa. Tsvagiridzo yemafungiro yakanyanya kutarisisa maonero epasirese emamiriro ekunze-engineering maitiro kana maonero emunharaunda eblue carbon approaches. Maonero anosiyana-siyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo, dzidzo, mari yaanowana, nezvimwewo. Nzira dzese dzetekinoroji nemasikirwo angangove achibatsira kune yakashandiswa CDR solutions portfolio, saka zvakakosha kuti titarise maonero emapoka achakanganiswa zvakananga.

ClimateWorks. (2020, Zvita 15). Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR). ClimateWorks. Zvakatorwa kubva: https://youtu.be/brl4-xa9DTY.

Vhidhiyo iyi yemaminetsi mana inotsanangura kutenderera kwekabhoni yemugungwa uye inozivisa maitiro akajairika eCarbon Dioxide Removal (CDR). Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vhidhiyo iyi haitaure nezvenjodzi dzezvakatipoteredza uye dzenharaunda dzetekinoroji yeCDR nzira, uye haivharidzire mamwe maitiro-akavakirwa mhinduro.

Brent, K., Burns, W., McGee, J. (2019, Zvita 2). Kutonga kweMarine Geoengineering: Special Report. Center for International Governance Innovation. Zvakatorwa kubva: https://www.cigionline.org/publications/governance-marine-geoengineering/

Kusimuka kwemarine geoengineering matekinoroji kungangoisa zvido zvitsva pamitemo yedu yepasirese kuti itonge njodzi nemikana. Mamwe marongero aripo ezviitwa zvemugungwa anogona kushanda kune geoengineering, zvisinei, iyo mitemo yakagadzirwa uye nekutaurirana kune zvimwe zvinangwa kunze kwegeoengineering. Iyo London Protocol, 2013 kugadziridzwa pakurasa kwegungwa ndiyo inonyanya kukosha basa rekurima kune marine geoengineering. Zvimwe zvibvumirano zvepasi rose zvinodiwa kuti zvizadzise gap mumarine geoengineering governance.

Gattuso, JP, Magnan, AK, Bopp, L., Cheung, WW, Duarte, CM, Hinkel, J., uye Rau, GH (2018, Gumiguru 4). Ocean Solutions Kugadzirisa Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze uye Mhedzisiro Yayo paMarine Ecosystems. Miganhu muMarine Science, 337. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00337

Zvakakosha kudzikisa kukanganiswa kwemamiriro ekunze kune zvipenyu zvemugungwa pasina kukanganisa kuchengetedzwa kweecosystem munzira yekugadzirisa. Saizvozvo vanyori veongororo iyi vakaongorora matanho gumi nematatu emugungwa ekudzikisa kudziya kwegungwa, acidification yegungwa, uye kusimuka kwegungwa, kusanganisira nzira dzeCarbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) dzefertilization, alkalinization, nzira dzakasanganiswa dzepasi-gungwa, uye kudzoreredza matombo. Kuenderera mberi, kuendeswa kwenzira dzakasiyana-siyana pamwero muduku kwaizoderedza njodzi uye kusava nechokwadi kunobatanidzwa nekushandiswa kukuru.

National Research Council. (2015). Kupindira kwemamiriro ekunze: Carbon Dioxide Removal uye Reliable Sequestration. National Academy Press.

Kuiswa kwechero Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) nzira inoperekedza zvakawanda zvisina chokwadi: kushanda zvakanaka, mutengo, hutongi, zvekunze, co-benefits, chengetedzo, kuenzana, etc. Bhuku, Climate Intervention, rinogadzirisa kusava nechokwadi, zvakakosha kufunga, uye kurudziro yekufambira mberi. . Iri sosi rinosanganisira yakanaka yekutanga kuongororwa kweiyo huru inosimukira yeCDR tekinoroji. CDR matekiniki anogona kusambokwira kumusoro kuti abvise huwandu hwakakura hweCO2, asi ivo vachiri kuita chikamu chakakosha murwendo kuenda kune net-zero, uye kutarisisa kunofanirwa kubhadharwa.

Iyo London Protocol. (2013, Gumiguru 18). Amendment Kudzora Kuiswa Kwenyaya YeOcean Fertilization uye mamwe Marine Geoengineering Mabasa. Annex 4.

Kugadziridzwa kwe2013 kuLondon Protocol inorambidza kuraswa kwemarara kana zvimwe zvinhu mugungwa kudzora nekudzora fetiraiza yemugungwa uye humwe hunyanzvi hwekuita geoengineering. Iyi gadziriso ndiyo yekutanga gadziriso yepasirese inogadzirisa chero geoengineering matekiniki anozokanganisa marudzi emapurojekiti ekubvisa carbon dioxide anogona kuunzwa nekuedzwa munzvimbo.

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10. Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze uye Kusiyana-siyana, Kuenzana, Kubatanidzwa, uye Kururamisa (DEIJ)

Phillips, T. naMambo, F. (2021). Pamusoro 5 Zvishandiso Zvekuita Nharaunda Kubva paDeij Maonero. The Chesapeake Bay Chirongwa's Diversity Workgroup. PDF.

Chesapeake Bay Chirongwa cheDiversity Workgroup chakaisa pamwechete gwara rekushandisa rekubatanidza DEIJ mumapurojekiti ekuita nharaunda. Pepa rechokwadi rinosanganisira zvinongedzo kuruzivo rwezvekururamisira kwezvakatipoteredza, rusaruro rwakajeka, uye kuenzana kwemarudzi, pamwe netsanangudzo dzemapoka. Zvakakosha kuti DEIJ ibatanidzwe mupurojekiti kubva padanho rekutanga rekusimudzira kuitira kuti pave nekubatanidzwa zvine musoro kwevanhu vose nenharaunda dzinobatanidzwa.

Gardiner, B. (2020, Chikunguru 16). Ocean Justice: Iko Kuenzana Kwemagariro uye Kurwisana Kwemamiriro ekunze kunopindirana. Hurukuro naAyana Elizabeth Johnson. Yale Environment 360.

Kururamisa kwegungwa kuri pamharadzano yekuchengetedza gungwa uye kururamisira munharaunda, uye matambudziko achasangana nenharaunda kubva mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze haasi kupera. Kugadzirisa dambudziko remamiriro ekunze harisi dambudziko reinjiniya chete asi idambudziko remagariro rinosiya vazhinji kunze kwehurukuro. Hurukuro yakazara inokurudzirwa zvikuru uye inowanikwa pane iyi link: https://e360.yale.edu/features/ocean-justice-where-social-equity-and-the-climate-fight-intersect.

Rush, E. (2018). Rising: Dispatches kubva kuNew American Shore. Canada: Milkweed Editions.

Yakataurirwa kuburikidza nemunhu wekutanga kufungidzira, munyori Elizabeth Rush anokurukura mhedzisiro iyo nharaunda dzisina njodzi dzinosangana nazvo kubva mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Rondedzero yemhando yevatapi venhau inoruka pamwechete nyaya dzechokwadi dzenharaunda dzemuFlorida, Louisiana, Rhode Island, California, neNew York dzakasangana nezvinoparadza zvinokonzerwa nemadutu, mamiriro ekunze akanyanyisa, uye kukwira kwemafungu nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.

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11. Policy uye Government Publications

Ocean & Climate Platform. (2023). Zvikumbiro zvePolisi kuti maguta ari mumahombekombe aenderane nekukwira kwegungwa. Sea'ties Initiative. 28 pp. Returned from: https://ocean-climate.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Policy-Recommendations-for-Coastal-Cities-to-Adapt-to-Sea-Level-Rise-_-SEATIES.pdf

Kukwira kwemwero wegungwa kunovanza kusavimbika kwakawanda uye kusiyanisa pasi rose, asi ichokwadi kuti chiitiko ichi hachidzokerike uye chichaenderera mberi kwemazana emakore uye kusvika kumireniyamu. Mupasi rose, maguta ari mumhenderekedzo yegungwa, ari kumberi kwedenho iri kukura yegungwa, ari kutsvaka nzira dzokugadzirisa nadzo. Nekuda kweizvi, Ocean & Climate Platform (OCP) yakatanga muna 2020 chirongwa cheSea'ties chekutsigira maguta emahombekombe ari kutyisidzirwa nekukwira kwegungwa nekufambisa kubata uye kuita nzira dzekugadzirisa. Kupedzisa makore mana ekutanga kweSea'ties, iyo "Nzvimbo Yekurudziro kuMaguta Emahombekombe Kuti Agadzirise Kukwira kweGungwa Rise" inokwevera pane hunyanzvi hwesainzi uye-pasi-zviitiko zvevanopfuura 230 varapi vakaungana mumashopu ematunhu mashanu akarongwa muNorthern Europe, Gungwa reMediterranean, North America, West Africa, uye Pacific. Izvozvi zvinotsigirwa nemasangano makumi masere pasi rose, kurudziro yemitemo inoitirwa kune vanoita sarudzo vemunharaunda, yenyika, yedunhu nepasirese, uye inotarisisa pane zvina zvakakosha.

United Nations. (2015). Chibvumirano cheParis. Bonn, Germany: United National Framework Convention on Climate Change secretary, UN Climate Change. Returned from: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement

Chibvumirano cheParis chakatanga kushanda musi wa 4 Mbudzi 2016. Chinangwa chayo chaive chekubatanidza nyika mukuedza kwekuda kudzikamisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze uye kuti ienderane nemhedzisiro yayo. Chinangwa chepakati ndechekuita kuti tembiricha yepasi rose ikwire pasi pe2 madhigirii celsius (3.6 madhigirii Fahrenheit) pamusoro pemazinga asati atanga maindasitiri uye kudzikisira kuwedzera tembiricha kusvika pasi pe1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit). Izvi zvakarongwa nebato rega rega rine maNationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) izvo zvinoda kuti bato rega rega rigare richizivisa nezvekuburitsa kwaro uye kuyedza kuita. Kusvika pari zvino, Mapato e196 akabvumirana chibvumirano, kunyangwe zvichifanira kucherechedzwa kuti United States yaive yakasaina yekutanga asi yakapa chiziviso chekuti ichabuda muchibvumirano.

Tapota cherechedza kuti gwaro iri ndiro rega risiri munhevedzano yenguva. Sekuzvipira kwakazara kwepasirese kunobata mutemo wekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, sosi iyi inosanganisirwa kubva mukurongeka kwenguva.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Boka Rinoshanda II. (2022). Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze 2022 Kukanganisa, Kuchinja, uye Kusagadzikana: Pfupiso yeVagadziri vePolisi. IPCC. PDF.

Mushumo weIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ipfupiso yepamusoro-soro yevagadziri vemitemo yezvipo zveWorking Group II kuIPCC Sixth Assessment Report. Ongororo iyi inobatanidza ruzivo zvakanyanya kupfuura ongororo dzakamboitika, uye inogadzirisa kukanganisa kwemamiriro ekunze, njodzi, uye kugadzirisa izvo zviri kuitika panguva imwe chete. Vanyori vakapa 'yambiro yakaoma' nezve mamiriro azvino uye emangwana ezvakatipoteredza.

United Nations Environment Programme. (2021). Emissions Gap Report 2021. United Nations. PDF.

Mushumo weUnited Nations Environment Programme 2021 unoratidza kuti zvisungo zvemamiriro ekunze zviri kuitika zvinoisa nyika munzira yekukwira kukwira kwekushisa kwepasirese kwe2.7 degrees celsius mukupera kwezana rino. Kuti tembiricha yepasi rose irambe ichikwira pasi pe1.5 degrees celsius, zvichitevera chinangwa cheChibvumirano cheParis, pasi rose rinofanirwa kuderedza kuburitswa kwegasi rinopisa nepakati nepakati mumakore masere anotevera. Munguva pfupi, kuderedzwa kwemethane emissions kubva mufossil mafuta, tsvina, uye kurima kune mukana wekuderedza kupisa. Misika yekabhoni yakatsanangurwa zvakajeka inogonawo kubatsira nyika kusangana nezvinangwa zvekuburitsa.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (2021, Mbudzi). Glasgow Climate Pact. United Nations. PDF.

Iyo Glasgow Climate Pact inodaidzira kuwedzera kwemamiriro ekunze pamusoro pe2015 Paris Climate Agreement kuchengetedza chinangwa chekukwira kwekushisa kwe 1.5C chete. Chibvumirano ichi chakasainwa nenyika dzinoda kusvika mazana maviri uye ndicho chibvumirano chekutanga chemamiriro ekunze kuronga zvakajeka kuderedza kushandiswa kwemarasha, uye chinoisa mitemo yakajeka yemusika wepasi rose wemamiriro ekunze.

Subsidiary Body yeScientific and Technological Advice. (2021). Nhaurirano yeOcean neClimate Change yeKufunga Maitiro Ekusimbisa Kugadzirisa uye Kuderedza Kuita. United Nations. PDF.

Iyo Subsidiary Body yeScientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) ndiyo yekutanga pfupiso shumo yezvino ichave yegore negore yegungwa uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze nhaurirano. Chirevo ichi chinodiwa cheCOP 25 yezvinangwa zvekuzivisa. Nhaurirano iyi yakabva yagamuchirwa ne2021 Glasgow Climate Pact, uye inoratidza kukosha kweHurumende kusimbisa kunzwisisa kwavo uye kuita pamusoro pegungwa uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze.

Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. (2021). Makumi gumi eUnited Nations eOcean Sayenzi yeKusimudzirwa Kwekusimudzirwa (2021-2030): Chirongwa Chekuita, Pfupiso. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000376780

United Nations yakazivisa kuti 2021-2030 ichave iyo Ocean Decade. Mumakore gumi ese United Nations iri kushanda kupfuura kugona kwenyika imwe chete kubatanidza tsvakiridzo, mabhindauko, uye zvirongwa zvakatenderedza pasi rose. Vanopfuura zviuru zviviri nemazana mashanu evatori vechikamu vakapa mukusimudzira kweUN Decade yeOcean Science yeSustainable Development chirongwa icho chinoisa zvekutanga zvesainzi izvo zvinosimudzira gungwa sainzi yakavakirwa mhinduro dzebudiriro inoenderera. Zvigadziriso paOcean Decade zvirongwa zvinogona kuwanikwa pano.

Mutemo weGungwa uye Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze. (2020). Muna E. Johansen, S. Busch, & I. Jakobsen (Eds.), Mutemo weGungwa uye Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze: Mhinduro uye Zvipingamupinyi (pp. I-Ii). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Pane hukama hwakasimba pakati pemhinduro dzekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze uye kurudziro yemutemo wemamiriro ekunze epasi rose uye mutemo wegungwa. Kunyangwe iwo akagadzirwa zvakanyanya kuburikidza neakasiyana masangano emutemo, kugadzirisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze nemutemo wemugungwa kunogona kutungamirira mukuzadzikiswa kwezvinangwa zvinobatsira.

United Nations Environment Programme (2020, Chikumi 9) Gender, Climate & Chengetedza: Kutsigira Runyararo Runobatanidza Pamberi peKuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze. United Nations. https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/gender-climate-security-sustaining-inclusive-peace-frontlines-climate-change

Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kuri kuwedzera mamiriro ezvinhu anotyisidzira rugare nechengeteko. Maitiro echikadzi uye masimba emasimba anoisa basa rakakosha mukuti vanhu vangabatwa sei nekuita nedambudziko riri kukura. Chirevo cheUnited Nations chinokurudzira kubatanidza majenda emitemo, kuwedzera-uped programming, kuwedzera mari yakanangwa, uye kuwedzera humbowo hwehupamhi hwehukadzi hwenjodzi dzine chekuita nemamiriro ekunze.

United Nations Mvura. (2020, Kurume 21). The United Nations World Water Development Report 2020: Mvura uye Climate Change. United Nations Mvura. https://www.unwater.org/publications/world-water-development-report-2020/

Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kuchakanganisa kuwanikwa, kunaka, uye kuwanda kwemvura kune zvinodiwa nevanhu zvakakosha zvinotyisidzira kuchengetedza kwekudya, hutano hwevanhu, misha yemaguta nemaruwa, kugadzirwa kwesimba, uye kuwedzera kuwanda uye ukuru hwezviitiko zvakanyanyisa zvakadai semafungu ekupisa uye dutu remhepo. Mamiriro ekunze ane chekuita nemvura akawedzerwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze anowedzera njodzi kumvura, hutsanana, uye hutsanana (WASH). Mikana yekugadzirisa dambudziko remamiriro ekunze uye dambudziko remvura riri kukura rinosanganisira kugadziridzwa kwakarongeka uye kuronga kwekugadzirisa mukudyara kwemvura, izvo zvichaita kuti mabhizimisi nezvimwe zvinosanganisirwa nazvo zvifadze zvikuru kune vane mari yemamiriro ekunze. Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kuchakanganisa zvinopfuura zvipenyu zvemugungwa chete, asi zvinenge zvese zvinoitwa nevanhu.

Blunden, J., uye Arndt, D. (2020). State of the Climate muna 2019. American Meteorological Society. NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information.https://journals.ametsoc.org/bams/article-pdf/101/8/S1/4988910/2020bamsstateoftheclimate.pdf

NOAA yakashuma kuti 2019 raive gore rinopisa zvakanyanya parekodhi kubvira marekodhi akatanga pakati pe1800s. 2019 zvakare yakaona rekodhi mazinga emagreenhouse magasi, kukwira kwemazinga egungwa, uye kuwedzera tembiricha yakanyorwa munzvimbo dzese dzepasi. Gore rino yaive nguva yekutanga kuti chirevo cheNOAA chaisanganisira mafungu emvura emugungwa anoratidza kuwanda kuri kuwedzera kwemafungu emvura emugungwa. Chirevo chinowedzera Bulletin yeAmerican Meteorological Society.

Ocean uye Climate. (2019, Zvita) Kurudziro yePolisi: Gungwa rine hutano, mamiriro ekunze akadzivirirwa. Iyo Ocean uye Climate Platform. https://ocean-climate.org/?page_id=8354&lang=en

Zvichienderana nezvisungo zvakaitwa mukati meCOP2014 ya21 uye Chibvumirano cheParis cha2015, mushumo uyu unoburitsa matanho egungwa rine hutano uye mamiriro ekunze akachengetedzwa. Nyika dzinofanirwa kutanga nekudzikisira, dzozogadzirisa, uye dzekupedzisira dzambundira mari inoenderera. Zviito zvinokurudzirwa zvinosanganisira: kuderedza kukwira kwekushisa kusvika 1.5 ° C; kugumisa rubatsiro kune fossil kugadzirwa kwemafuta; kukudziridza simba remugungwa rinogona kuvandudzwa; kukurumidza kugadzirisa matanho; kuwedzera kuedza kugumisa kuredza zvisiri pamutemo, zvisina kutaurwa uye zvisina kunyoreswa (IUU) panosvika 2020; kuita chibvumirano chinosunga zviri pamutemo chekuchengetedza kwakanaka uye kutonga kwakasimba kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana mumakungwa makuru; kutevera chinangwa che30% yegungwa rakachengetedzwa ne2030; simbisa tsvakiridzo yepasirese yepasirese pamusoro pemadingindira emamiriro ekunze emugungwa nekubatanidza nharaunda nemagariro.

Sangano Rinoona nezve Utano Pasi pose. (2019, Kubvumbi 18). Utano, Zvakatipoteredza uye Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze WHO Global Strategy pamusoro peHutano, Zvakatipoteredza uye Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze: Shanduko Inodiwa Kuvandudza Upenyu uye Hupenyu Hwakagadzikana Kuburikidza Nehutano Hwakanaka. World Health Organization, Seventy-Second World Health Assembly A72/15, Provisional agenda chinhu 11.6.

Njodzi dzinodzivisika dzezvakatipoteredza dzinokonzera chikamu chimwe chete muzvina cherufu uye zvirwere pasi rose, kufa kwemamiriyoni gumi nematatu gore rega rega. Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kuri kuwedzera kukonzeresa, asi kutyisidzira kuhutano hwevanhu nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kunogona kudzikiswa. Zviito zvinofanirwa kutorwa zvichitarisa pamusoro pezviyereso zvepamusoro zvehutano, zvinotemerwa zvekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, uye zvakatipoteredza nenzira yakabatanidzwa inogadziriswa kumamiriro enzvimbo uye inotsigirwa nehutongi hwakakwana.

Sangano reUnited Nations Development Program. (2019). Chivimbiso cheUNDP cheMamiriro ekunze: Kuchengetedza Agenda 2030 Kuburikidza neBold Climate Action. Sangano reUnited Nations Development Program. PDF.

Kuti zvizadzise zvinangwa zvakatarwa muChibvumirano cheParis, United Nations Development Programme ichatsigira nyika zana muhurongwa hwekuita hunobatanidza uye huri pachena kuNationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Sevhisi inopihwa inosanganisira tsigiro yekuvaka kwekuda kwezvematongerwo enyika uye hupfumi hwevanhu munharaunda yenyika uye pasi penyika; kuongorora uye kugadzirisa kune zviripo zvinangwa, marongero, uye matanho; kubatanidza zvikamu zvitsva uye kana greenhouse gasi zviyero; kuongorora mari uye mikana yekutsvaga mari; kuongorora mafambiro uye kusimbisa kujeka.

Pörtner, HO, Roberts, DC, Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., …, & Weyer, N. (2019). Chirevo Chakakosha paGungwa uye Cryosphere muKuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. PDF

Sangano reIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change rakaburitsa mushumo wakanyorwa nevasainzi vanopfuura zana kubva kunyika dzinopfuura makumi matatu nenhanhatu pamusoro pekuchinja kunogara kuripo munyanza nemhiripiri-nzvimbo dzakaoma nechando dzepasi. Chinokosha chakawanikwa ndechekuti shanduko huru munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzemakomo dzichakanganisa nharaunda dzepasi, mazaya echando uye mazaya echando ari kunyungudika zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwemazinga ekukwira kwegungwa kunofungidzirwa kusvika 100-36 cm (30 - 60 inches) ne11.8 kana greenhouse gasi rinobuda. akakomberedzwa zvakanyanya uye 23.6-2100cm (60 - 110 inches) kana kuburitsa gasi regreenhouse kukaramba kuchikwira. Pachave nezviitiko zvinowanzoitika zvakanyanyisa-pamwero wegungwa, shanduko mumhepo yegungwa kuburikidza nekudziya kwegungwa uye acidification uye Arctic yegungwa ice iri kuderera mwedzi wega wega pamwe nekunyunguduka kwepermafrost. Chirevo ichi chinowona kuti kudzikisa zvakanyanya kuburitsa gasi regreenhouse, kuchengetedza nekudzoreredza ecosystem uye nekuchenjerera zviwanikwa manejimendi zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kuchengetedza gungwa uye cryosphere, asi chiito chinofanira kutorwa.

Dhipatimendi reDziviriro reUS. (2019, Ndira). Chirevo pamusoro peMigumisiro yeKuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze kune Dhipatimendi reDziviriro. Hofisi ye Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment. Returned from: https://climateandsecurity.files.wordpress.com/2019/01/sec_335_ndaa-report_effects_of_a_changing_climate_to_dod.pdf

Dhipatimendi reDziviriro reUS rinotarisa njodzi dzekuchengetedzwa kwenyika dzine chekuita nekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze uye zviitiko zvinotevera senge mafashama anowanzoitika, kusanaya kwemvura, kuparara kwegwenga, moto wemusango, uye kunyungudutsa mhedzisiro yepermafrost pakuchengetedzwa kwenyika. Chirevo chinoona kuti kusimba kwemamiriro ekunze kunofanirwa kuiswa mukuronga nekuita sarudzo uye hakugone kuita sechirongwa chakasiyana. Chirevo ichi chinowona kuti kune kwakakosha kusadzivirirwa kubva kuzviitiko zvine chekuita nemamiriro ekunze pamashandiro nemamishini.

Wuebbles, DJ, Fahey, DW, Hibbard, KA, Dokken, DJ, Stewart, BC, & Maycock, TK (2017). Climate Science Special Report: Yechina National Climate Assessment, Vhoriyamu I. Washington, DC, USA: US Global Change Research Program.

Sechikamu cheNational Climate Assessment yakarairwa neUS Congress kuti iitwe makore mana ega ega yakagadzirirwa kuve ongororo ine chiremera yesainzi yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze ichitarisa kuUnited States. Zvimwe zvakakosha zvakawanikwa zvinosanganisira zvinotevera: zana remakore rapfuura ndiro rinopisa zvikuru munhoroondo yebudiriro; basa revanhu -kunyanya kubuda kwemagasi egreenhouse- ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekudziya kunoonekwa; mwero wepasi rose wegungwa wakakwira ne 7 inches muzana rapfuura; mafashamo ari kuwedzera uye mvura yegungwa inotarisirwa kuramba ichikwira; mafungu ekupisa achawanda, sezvinoita moto wesango; uye hukuru hwekuchinja huchaenderana zvakanyanya nemazinga epasi rose ekuburitswa kwegasi regreenhouse.

Cicin-Sain, B. (2015, April). Chinangwa 14-Chengetedza neKushandisa Nyanza, Makungwa uye Zviwanikwa zveMarine muKubudirira Kunoenderera mberi. United Nations Chronicle, LI(4). Yakatorwa kubva: http://unchronicle.un.org/article/goal-14-conserve-and-sustainably-useoceans-seas-and-marine-resources-sustainable/ 

Chinangwa 14 cheUnited Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) chinosimbisa kukosha kwekuchengetedzwa kwegungwa uye kushandiswa kwakasimba kwezviwanikwa zvemugungwa. Rutsigiro rwakasimba kwazvo rwekutonga kwemakungwa runobva kuchitsuwa chidiki chiri kusimukira uye nyika dzisina kusimukira dzinokanganiswa zvakanyanya nekuregeredza kwegungwa. Zvirongwa zvinogadzirisa Chinangwa 14 zvinoshandawo kusangana nezvimwe zvinomwe zvinangwa zveUN SDG zvinosanganisira hurombo, kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu, simba, kukura kwehupfumi, zvivakwa, kudzikiswa kwekusaenzana, maguta nekugara kwevanhu, kushandiswa nekugadzirwa kwakasimba, kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, zvipenyu, uye nzira dzekushandisa. uye kudyidzana.

United Nations. (2015). Chinangwa 13-Tora Nhanho Yechimbichimbi Kurwisa Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze uye nemigumisiro yaro. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Knowledge Platform. Returned from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg13

Chinangwa 13 cheUnited Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) chinosimbisa kukosha kwekugadzirisa kuwedzera kwekubuda kwegasi rinopisa. Kubva paChibvumirano cheParis, nyika zhinji dzakatora matanho akanaka emari yemamiriro ekunze kuburikidza nemipiro yakatemerwa nenyika, pachine kukosha kukuru kwechiito chekudzikisira uye kugadzirisa, kunyanya kunyika dzisina kusimukira uye nyika diki dzezvitsuwa. 

US Department of Defense. (2015, Chikunguru 23). Kuchengetedzwa Kwenyika Kunoreva Njodzi Dzinoenderana Nemamiriro ekunze uye Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze. Komiti yeSeneti inoona nezvemashandisirwo emari. Returned from: https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/150724-congressional-report-on-national-implications-of-climate-change.pdf

Dhipatimendi reDziviriro rinoona kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze sekutyisidzira kwazvino kuchengetedzeka kune zvinoonekwa mukukatyamadza uye zvinoshungurudza nyika nenharaunda, kusanganisira United States. Njodzi pachadzo dzinosiyana, asi vese vanogovana ongororo yakafanana yekukosha kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.

Pachauri, RK, & Meyer, LA (2014). Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze 2014: Synthesis Report. Mupiro Wemapato Anoshanda I, II uye III kuChishanu Chekuongorora Chirevo cheIntergovernmental Panel pamusoro peKuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva, Switzerland. Returned from: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/

Pesvedzero yevanhu pamamiriro ekunze yakajeka uye ichangoburwa anthropogenic emissions yegreenhouse gasi ndiyo yakanyanya munhoroondo. Kubudirira kugadzirisa uye kudzikisira zvinokwanisika zvinowanikwa muchikamu chikuru chega chega, asi mhinduro dzinoenderana nemitemo nematanho epasi rose, nyika, uye nhanho dzemuno. Chirevo cha2014 chave chidzidzo chechokwadi nezve shanduko yemamiriro ekunze.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Cai, R., Poloczanska, E., Brewer, P., Sundby, S., Hilmi, K., ..., & Jung, S. (2014). Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze 2014: Kukanganisa, Kuchinja, uye Kusagadzikana. Chikamu B: Mamiriro Edunhu. Mupiro Weboka reBasa II kuChishanu chekuongorora Chirevo cheIntergovernmental Panel pamusoro peKuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze. Cambridge, UK uye New York, New York USA: Cambridge University Press. 1655-1731. Zvakatorwa kubva: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap30_FINAL.pdf

Gungwa rakakosha kumamiriro ekunze ePasi uye rakatora 93% yesimba rinogadzirwa kubva mukuwedzeredzwa kwegreenhouse effect uye ingangoita 30% yeanthropogenic carbon dioxide kubva mumhepo. Global avhareji tembiricha pamusoro pegungwa yakawedzera kubva 1950-2009. Kemikari yemugungwa iri kuchinja nekuda kwekutorwa kweCO2 ichidzikira pH yese yegungwa. Izvi, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvakawanda zvinokonzerwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze anthropogenic, zvine zvakawanda zvinokanganisa pagungwa, hupenyu hwemugungwa, nharaunda, uye vanhu.

Ndokumbira utarise kuti izvi zvine chekuita neSynthesis Report yakatsanangurwa pamusoro, asi yakanangana neOcean.

Griffis, R., & Howard, J. (Vapepeti). (2013). Makungwa uye Zviwanikwa zveMarine muKuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze; A Technical Input ku2013 National Climate Assessment. Tiye National Oceanic uye Atmospheric Administration. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press.

Semufambidzani wemushumo weNational Climate Assessment 2013, gwaro iri rinotarisa zvinotariswa zvehunyanzvi uye zvakawanikwa zvakanangana nenharaunda yegungwa nemakungwa. Chirevo ichi chinopokana kuti shanduko yemamiriro ekunze nemakemikari iri kukonzera kukuvadza kukuru, ichakanganisa zvimiro zvegungwa, nekudaro ecosystem yePasi. Pachine mikana yakawanda yekugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa matambudziko aya kusanganisira kuwedzera kudyidzana nedzimwe nyika, mikana yekutora, uye yakagadziridzwa marine policy uye manejimendi. Chirevo ichi chinopa imwe yedzakanyanya kuferefeta mhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye mhedzisiro yaro pagungwa inotsigirwa nekutsvaga kwakadzama.

Warner, R., & Schofield, C. (Eds.). (2012). Kuchinja kweMamiriro ekunze uye Makungwa: Kuyera iyo Yemutemo nePolisi Currents muAsia Pacific uye Beyond. Northampton, Massachusetts: Edwards Elgar Publishing, Inc.

Muunganidzwa wezvinyorwa uyu unotarisa kubatana kwehutongi uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze mukati medunhu reAsia-Pacific. Iri bhuku rinotanga nekukurukura nezve mhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kusanganisira mhedzisiro pane zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvinorehwa nepolicy. Mafambiro enhaurirano dzehutongi hwezvikepe muSouthern Ocean neAntarctic ichiteverwa nenhaurirano yemiganhu yenyika neyemugungwa, ichiteverwa nekuongorora kuchengetedzwa. Zvitsauko zvekupedzisira zvinokurukura zvinorehwa nemagasi egreenhouse nemikana yekuderedza. Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kunopa mukana wekudyidzana pasi rose, kunoratidza kudiwa kwekutarisa nekugadzirisa zviitwa zvemugungwa geo-engineering mukupindura kuedza kwekuderedza kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, uye kugadzira mhinduro inowirirana yepasi rose, yedunhu, neyenyika inobvuma basa regungwa mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.

United Nations. (1997, Zvita 11). Iyo Kyoto Protocol. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Zvakatorwa kubva: https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol

Kyoto Protocol chibvumirano chepasi rose chekumisa zvinangwa zvinosunga pasi rose zvekuderedza kuburitswa kwegasi rinopisa. Chibvumirano ichi chakagamuchirwa muna 1997 uye chakatanga kushanda muna 2005. Doha Amendment yakagamuchirwa muna Zvita, 2012 kuti iwedzere mutemo kusvika musi wa31 Zvita 2020 uye kudzokorora rondedzero yemagasi egreenhouse (GHG) anofanira kuziviswa nebato rega rega.

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12. Yakarongwa Mhinduro

Ruffo, S. (2021, Gumiguru). The Ocean's Ingenious Climate Solutions. TED. https://youtu.be/_VVAu8QsTu8

Tinofanira kufunga nezvegungwa sechitubu chemhinduro kwete chimwe chikamu chemhoteredzo chatinoda kuchengetedza. Parizvino gungwa ndiro riri kuita kuti mamiriro ekunze arambe akagadzikana kuti atsigire vanhu, uye chikamu chakakosha chekurwisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze. Magadzirirwo emamiriro ekunze emamiriro ekunze anowanikwa nekushanda nemasisitimu edu emvura, nepo isu panguva imwe chete tichideredza kuburitswa kwegasi regreenhouse.

Carlson, D. (2020, Gumiguru 14) Mukati meMakore makumi maviri, Kukwira Kwemafungu eGungwa Acharova Inenge Yese County Coastal County - nemaBond avo. Sustainable Investing.

Kuwedzera kwengozi dzechikwereti kubva kune anowanzo uye nemafashama akanyanya anogona kukuvadza maneja, nyaya yakawedzerwa nedambudziko reCOVID-19. Nyika dzine vanhu vakawanda vemumhenderekedzo yegungwa uye hupfumi hwakatarisana nenjodzi dzezvikwereti zvemakore gumi nekuda kwehupfumi husina kusimba uye kudhura kwakanyanya kwekukwira kwegungwa. Nyika dzeUS dziri panjodzi iFlorida, New Jersey, neVirginia.

Johnson, A. (2020, Chikumi 8). Kuchengetedza Mamiriro Ekunze Tarisa kuGungwa. Scientific American. PDF.

Gungwa riri mumatambudziko akanyanya nekuda kwekuita kwevanhu, asi kune mikana musimba rinodzokororwa rekumahombekombe, kutorwa kwekabhoni, algae biofuel, uye kurimazve kwegungwa. Gungwa rinotyisidzira mamirioni anogara kumahombekombe kuburikidza nemafashama, akabatwa nechiitiko chevanhu, uye mukana wekuponesa pasi, zvese panguva imwe chete. A Blue New Deal inodiwa kuwedzera kune yakatsanangurwa Green New Deal kugadzirisa dambudziko remamiriro ekunze uye kushandura gungwa kubva mukutyisidzira kuita mhinduro.

Ceres (2020, Chikumi 1) Kugadzirisa Mamiriro ekunze seNjodzi Yakarongeka: Kudaidza Kuita. Ceres. https://www.ceres.org/sites/default/files/2020-05/Financial%20Regulator%20Executive%20Summary%20FINAL.pdf

Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze injodzi yakarongeka nekuda kwekugona kwayo kukanganisa misika yemari izvo zvinogona kukonzera kukanganisa kwakanyanya kuhupfumi. Ceres inopa pamusoro pe50 kurudziro yeakakosha mirau yemari yekuita pakuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Izvi zvinosanganisira: kubvuma kuti shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inokonzeresa kugadzikana kwemusika wemari, inoda kuti masangano ezvemari aite bvunzo dzekushushikana kwemamiriro ekunze, zvinoda kuti mabhanga aongorore uye abudise njodzi dzemamiriro ekunze, senge kabhoni emissions kubva kumari yavo yekukweretesa nekudyara, kubatanidza njodzi yemamiriro ekunze mukusimudzira nharaunda. maitiro, kunyanya munharaunda dzine mari yakaderera, uye kubatana nekuedza kukurudzira kuedza kwakarongeka panjodzi dzemamiriro ekunze.

Gattuso, J., Magnan, A., Gallo, N., Herr, D., Rochette, J., Vallejo, L., uye Williamson, P. (2019, Mbudzi) Mikana Yekuwedzera Chiito cheOcean muClimate Strategies Policy Brief . IDDRI Sustainable Development & International Relations.

Rakatsikiswa pamberi pe2019 Blue COP (inozivikanwawo seCOP25), uyu mushumo unopokana kuti kufambisira mberi ruzivo uye mhinduro dzemugungwa zvinogona kuchengetedza kana kuwedzera masevhisi emugungwa kunyangwe shanduko yemamiriro ekunze. Sezvo mamwe mapurojekiti anogadzirisa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze ari kuburitswa uye nyika dzichishandira kuzadzisa zvinangwa zveNationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), nyika dzinofanirwa kukoshesa kukwidziridzwa kwemaitiro emamiriro ekunze uye kukoshesa mapurojekiti akasimba uye akaderera.

Gramling, C. (2019, Gumiguru 6). MuClimate Crisis, Geoengineering Yakakodzera Njodzi? Nyaya dzeSainzi. PDF.

Kurwisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze vanhu vakakurudzira mapurojekiti makuru ejeengineering ekudzikisa kudziya kwegungwa uye sequester kabhoni. Mapurojekiti anokurudzirwa anosanganisira: kuvaka magirazi mahombe muchadenga, kuwedzera maaerosols kune stratosphere, nembeu yemugungwa (kuwedzera iron sefetireza munyanza kuti phytoplankton ikure). Vamwe vanoti mapurojekiti aya geoengineering anogona kutungamira kunzvimbo dzakafa uye kutyisidzira hupenyu hwemugungwa. Kubvumirana kwakawanda ndekwekuti kutsvagisa kwakawanda kunodiwa nekuda kwekusava nechokwadi kwakanyanya pamhedzisiro yenguva refu ye geoengineers.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Northrop, E., uye Lubehenco, J. (2019, Gunyana 27). Iyo Ocean ndiyo Kiyi yeKuzadzikisa Mamiriro ekunze uye Zvemagariro Zvinangwa: Ocean-based Yakasvikirwa inogona kubatsira kuvhara Mitigation Gaps. Insights Policy Forum, Science Magazine. 265(6460), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz4390.

Kunyange zvazvo kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kuchikanganisa gungwa, gungwa rinoshandawo semanyuko ezvigadzikiso: simba rinovandudzwa; kutakura uye kutakura; kuchengetedzwa nekudzoreredzwa kwezvipenyu zvegungwa negungwa; hove, kurima kwemvura, uye kudya kunochinja; uye kuchengetedza kabhoni mugungwa. Mhinduro idzi dzakambotaurwa, asi nyika shoma dzakasanganisira imwe yeiyi muNationally Determined Contributions (NDC) pasi pechibvumirano cheParis. Sere chete NDC inosanganisira kuyerwa kuyerwa kwekabhoni sequestration, maviri anodudza simba remugungwa rinowanikwazve, uye imwe chete yakataura kutakura kwakasimba. Pachine mukana wekutungamira zvibodzwa zvenguva uye marongero ekudzikamisa-kwakavakirwa mugungwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti zvinangwa zvekudzikisa emission zvazadziswa.

Cooley, S., BelloyB., Bodansky, D., Mansell, A., Merkl, A., Purvis, N., Ruffo, S., Taraska, G., Zivian, A. naLeonard, G. (2019, Chivabvu 23). Yakafuratira nzira dzemugungwa dzekugadzirisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101968.

Nyika zhinji dzakazvipira kudzikamisa magasi egreenhouse kuburikidza neChibvumirano cheParis. Kuti uve mapato akabudirira kuChibvumirano cheParis anofanira: kuchengetedza gungwa uye kumhanyisa chishuvo chemamiriro ekunze, tarisa kuCO.₂ kuderedza, kunzwisisa nekudzivirira ecosystem-yakavakirwa kabhoni dhaidhiyodhi chengetedzo, uye kutsvaga nzira dzekugadzirisa dzegungwa.

Helvorg, D. (2019). Kunyura muOcean Climate Action Plan. Alert Diver Online.

Vanyuchi vane maonero akasiyana-siyana pamusoro pemamiriro egungwa anoshatisa anokonzerwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Saka nekudaro, Helvarg inotaura kuti vanhu vakasiyana-siyana vanofanira kubatana kutsigira chirongwa cheOcean Climate Action Plan. Urongwa hwekuita hucharatidza kukosha kwekuvandudzwa kweUS National Flood Inishuwarenzi Chirongwa, huru yekudyara zvivakwa zvemahombekombe nekutarisa zvipingamupinyi zvechisikigo uye mahombekombe ekugara, nhungamiro itsva dzesimba rinodzokororwa kumahombekombe, network yenzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa dzegungwa (MPAs), rubatsiro kusvibirira zviteshi nenharaunda dzinobata hove, kuwedzera kwekudyara kwekudyara kwemvura, uye yakagadziridzwa National Disaster Recovery Framework.

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13. Kutsvaga Zvimwe? (Zvakawedzerwa)

Iri peji retsvagurudzo rakagadzirirwa kuve rakachengetedzwa runyorwa rwezviwanikwa zvezvinyorwa zvine simba zvakanyanya pamusoro pegungwa nemamiriro ekunze. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo pamusoro pemisoro chaiyo tinokurudzira majenari anotevera, dhatabhesi, uye kuunganidzwa: 

• Meyer, A. uye Spalding, M. (2021, Kurume). Ongororo Yakakosha YeOcean Mhedzisiro yeCarbon Dioxide Removal kuburikidza neDirect Air uye Ocean Capture- Ndiyo Yakachengeteka uye Sustainable Solution? (Chikamu chekutumira zviri pamutemo kuNational Academies of Sciences, Engineering uye Medicine kuti itariswe mufaira rekuwana veruzhinji NASEM's ocean CDR kudzidza)
• Nyaya yeOcean uye Climate
• Ocean uye Coastal Management
• NOAA's 1991 Oceans uye Climate Bibliography
• Nhoroondo yeKuwanikwa kweGlobal Warming
• New York University kuunganidzwa kweGlobal Mitemo ine chekuita neClimate Change

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