Tafole ea likateng

1. Selelekela
2. Semelo sa Litokelo tsa Botho le Leoatle
3. Melao le Melao
4. IUU Ho tšoasa Litlhapi le Litokelo tsa Botho
5. Litaelo tsa Tšebeliso ea Lijo tsa Leoatleng
6. Ho falla le ho haneloa
7. Puso ea Leoatle
8. Ho robeha ha Likepe le Tlhekefetso ea Litokelo tsa Botho
9. Litharollo Tse reriloeng

1. Selelekela

Ka bomalimabe, ho hatakeloa ha litokelo tsa botho ha ho hlahe feela lefatšeng empa le leoatleng. Ho rekisoa ha batho, bobolu, tlatlapo, le litlōlo tse ling tse seng molaong, li kopantsoe le khaello ea sepolesa le ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ea melao ea machaba, ke 'nete e nyahamisang ea mesebetsi e mengata ea leoatle. Boteng bona bo ntseng bo eketseha bo ntseng bo eketseha ba ho hatakeloa ha litokelo tsa botho leoatleng le tšoaro e mpe ka ho toba le e sa tobang ea maoatle li tsamaea hammoho. Ebang ke ka mokhoa oa ho tšoasa litlhapi o seng molaong kapa ho baleha ka likhoka ha lichaba tsa lihlekehleke tse tlaase ho tloha bophahamong ba leoatle, leoatle le tletse tlōlo ea molao.

Tšebeliso ea rona e mpe ea lisebelisoa tsa maoatle le ho eketseha ha tlhahiso ea khabone e mpefatsa boteng ba liketso tse seng molaong tsa maoatle. Phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo e susumetsoang ke batho e entse hore mocheso oa leoatle o futhumale, metsi a leoatle a phahame, le lifefo tse matla, tse qobellang baahi ba lebōpong la leoatle ho baleha mahaeng a bona le ho batla mekhoa ea boipheliso sebakeng se seng ka thuso e fokolang ea lichelete kapa ea machaba. Ho tšoasa litlhapi ho feta tekano, e le karabelo tlhokahalong e ntseng e eketseha ea lijo tsa leoatleng tse theko e tlaase, ho qobelletse batšoasi ba litlhapi ba sebakeng seo ho ea hōle ho ea batla litlhapi tse ka khonang kapa ho palama likepe tse seng molaong tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi ba fumana moputso o monyenyane kapa ba sa lefe letho.

Khaello ea ts'ebetso, taolo le tlhokomelo ea maoatle ha se taba e ncha. E bile phephetso e sa feleng ho mekhatlo ea machaba e nang le boikarabelo bo bong ba ho beha leihlo maoatle. Ho phaella moo, mebuso e tsoela pele ho iphapanyetsa boikarabelo ba ho thibela likhase le ho fana ka tšehetso ho lichaba tsena tse nyamelang.

Mohato oa pele oa ho fumana tharollo ea tlhekefetso e ngata ea litokelo tsa botho maoatleng ke tlhokomeliso. Mona re hlophisitse tse ling tsa lisebelisoa tse ntle ka ho fetisisa tse amanang le sehlooho sa litokelo tsa botho le maoatle.

Polelo ea Rona mabapi le Mosebetsi o Qobelitsoeng le Khoebo ea Batho Lefapheng la Litlhapi

Ka lilemo tse ngata, baahi ba likepe ba ntse ba elelloa haholo hore batšoasi ba litlhapi ba lula ba le kotsing ea tlhekefetso ea litokelo tsa botho likepeng tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi. Basebetsi ba qobelloa ho etsa mosebetsi o boima le ka linako tse ling o kotsi ka lihora tse telele ka moputso o tlaase haholo, tlas’a tšokelo ea ho qobelloa kapa ka bokhoba ba likoloto, ho fellang ka ho hlekefetsoa ’meleng le kelellong esita le lefu. Joalokaha ho tlalehiloe ke Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Basebetsi, ho tšoasa litlhapi ho na le palo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea batho ba shoang mosebetsing lefatšeng ka bophara. 

Ho ea ka UN Protocol, khoebo ea batho e kenyelletsa lintlha tse tharo:

• ho thaotha ka bolotsana kapa ka bolotsana;
• ho nolofaletsa motsamao ho ea sebakeng sa tlatlapo; le
• tlhekefetso sebakeng seo ho yang ho sona.

Lefapheng la botšoasi ba litlhapi, mosebetsi o qobelloang le thekisetsano ea batho ka bobeli li hatakela litokelo tsa botho ebile li sokela ho tšoarella ha maoatle. Ka lebaka la ho hokahana ha tse peli, ho hlokahala mokhoa o nang le likarolo tse ngata 'me boiteko bo shebaneng feela le phepelo ea phepelo ha boa lekana. Bongata ba rona ba Europe le United States le bona e kanna ea ba ba amohelang lijo tsa leoatleng tse tšoasitsoeng tlas'a maemo a qobelloang a mosebetsi. Tlhahlobo e le 'ngoe ea lijo tsa leoatleng tse tsoang linaheng tsa Europe le US li fana ka maikutlo a hore ha litlhapi tse tsoang linaheng tse ling le tse tšoaroang ka hare ho naha li kopanngoa 'marakeng oa lehae, kotsi ea ho reka lijo tsa leoatleng tse silafalitsoeng ke tšebeliso ea bokhoba ba morao-rao e eketseha ka makhetlo a ka bang 8.5, ha e bapisoa le litlhapi tse tšoasitsoeng ka hare ho naha.

Ocean Foundation e tšehetsa ka matla Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Basebetsi "Lenaneo la Ts'ebetso ea Lefatše khahlanong le mosebetsi o qobelloang le ho rekisoa ha batšoasi ba litlhapi leoatleng" (GAPfish), e akarelletsang: 

• Nts'etsopele ea litharollo tsa moshoelella tsa ho thibela tlhekefetso ea litokelo tsa botho le tsa basebetsi tsa batšoasi ba litlhapi libakeng tsa khiro le tsa lipalangoang;
• Ntlafatso ea bokhoni ba linaha ho netefatsa hore ho lateloa melao ea machaba le ea naha likepeng tse fofisang folakha ea tsona ho thibela mosebetsi o qobelloang;
• Keketseho ea bokhoni ba linaha tsa boema-kepe ho rarolla le ho arabela maemong a ho qobelloa ho sebetsa ho tšoasa litlhapi; le 
• Ho theoa ha setsi se nang le tsebo e ngata ea bareki ba mosebetsi o qobelloang libakeng tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi.

E le hore ho se ke ha tsoela pele mosebetsi o qobelloang le ho rekisoa ha batho lefapheng la litlhapi, Ocean Foundation e ke ke ea sebelisana kapa ea sebetsa le (1) mekhatlo e ka 'nang ea e-ba le kotsi e kholo ea bokhoba ba morao-rao mesebetsing ea bona, ho itšetlehile ka boitsebiso bo tsoang Global Slavery Index. har'a mehloli e meng, kapa le (2) mekhatlo e se nang boitlamo ba sechaba ba ho eketsa ts'ebetso le ponaletso ho pholletsa le phepelo ea lijo tsa leoatleng. 

Leha ho le joalo, ts'ebetsong ea molao ho pholletsa le leoatle e ntse e le thata. Leha ho le joalo, lilemong tsa morao tjena ho ntse ho sebelisoa theknoloji e ncha ho latella likepe le ho loantša ho rekisoa ha batho ka litsela tse ncha. Mesebetsi e mengata maoatleng a phahameng e latela 1982 Molao oa Machaba a Kopaneng oa Leoatle e hlalosang ka molao ts'ebeliso ea maoatle le maoatle molemong oa motho ka mong le molemong oa bohle, ka ho khetheha, e thehile libaka tse ikhethileng tsa moruo, litokelo tsa bolokolohi ba ho sesa, 'me ea theha Lekhotla la Machaba la Seabed. Lilemong tse hlano tse fetileng, ho bile le push bakeng sa a Phatlalatso ea Geneva ea Litokelo tsa Botho Leoatleng. Ho tloha ka la 26 Hlakola^th, 2021 phetolelo ea ho qetela ea Phatlalatso e ntse e hlahlojoa 'me e tla hlahisoa likhoeling tse tlang.

2. Semelo sa Litokelo tsa Botho le Leoatle

Vitani, P. (2020, December 1). Ho Tobana le Tlhekefetso ea Litokelo tsa Botho ho Bohlokoa Bophelong bo Tsoelang Pele Leoatleng le Lefatšeng. Foramo ea Moruo oa Lefatše.  https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/12/how-tackling-human-rights-abuses-is-critical-to-sustainable-life-at-sea-and-on-land/

Leoatle le leholo le etsang hore ho be thata haholo ho mapolesa. Ha mesebetsi e joalo e seng molaong le e seng molaong e ntse e ata 'me lichaba tse ngata lefats'eng ka bophara li bona phello ea moruo oa lehae le mekhoa ea boipheliso ea setso. Tlaleho ena e khutšoane e fana ka kenyelletso e babatsehang ea boemo bo phahameng bothateng ba tlhekefetso ea litokelo tsa botho ho tšoasa litlhapi 'me e fana ka maikutlo a litlhare tse kang ho eketseha ha matsete a theknoloji, ho eketseha ha tlhokomelo, le tlhokahalo ea ho rarolla lisosa tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi tsa IUU.

Lefapha la Naha. (2020). Tlaleho ea Khoebo ka Batho. Ofisi ea Lefapha la Naha ho Hlokomela le ho Loantša Khoebo ea Batho. PDF. https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-trafficking-in-persons-report/.

The Trafficking in Persons Report (TIP) ke tlaleho ea selemo le selemo e phatlalalitsoeng ke Lefapha la Naha la United States e kenyeletsang tlhahlobo ea thekisetsano ea batho naheng e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe, e tšepisang mekhoa ea ho loantša khoebisano, lipale tsa mahlatsipa, le mekhoa ea morao-rao. TIP e kgethile Burma, Haiti, Thailand, Taiwan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Korea Borwa, China e le dinaha tse sebetsanang le kgwebisano le mosebetsi o qobelloang lekaleng la botshwasi ba ditlhapi. Hoa hlokomeleha hore tlaleho ea 2020 TIP e hlalosa Thailand e le Mothati oa 2, leha ho le joalo, lihlopha tse ling tsa bobuelli li pheha khang ea hore Thailand e lokela ho theoleloa ho Lethathamo la Basebeletsi ba Sehlopha sa 2 kaha ha ba so etse ho lekaneng ho loants'a bokhoebo ba basebetsi ba fallang.

Urbina, I. (2019, Phato 20). Leoatle la Outlaw: Maeto a Ho Tšela Moeli oa ho Qetela o sa Lebelloang. Sehlopha sa Phatlalatso sa Knopf Doubleday.

Leoatle le leholo haholo ho mapolesa a nang le libaka tse kholo tse se nang matla a hlakileng a machaba. Bongata ba libaka tsena tse khōlōhali ho na le bokebekoa bo atileng ho tloha ho barekisi ho ea ho masholu a maoatleng, ba mokola ho ea ho masole a hiriloeng chelete, masholu a seng molaong ho ea ho makhoba a tlamiloeng. Mongoli, Ian Urbina, o sebeletsa ho lebisa tlhokomelo likhohlanong tsa Asia Boroa-bochabela, Afrika le ka ntle ho naha. Buka ea Outlaw Ocean e ipapisitse le tlaleho ea Urbina bakeng sa New York Times, lingoliloeng tse khethiloeng li ka fumanoa mona:

1. "Li-Stowaways le Litlōlo tsa Molao ka Sekepeng sa Scofflaw." The New York Times, 17 July 2015.
   E sebetsa e le kakaretso ea lefats'e le se nang molao la maoatle a phahameng, sengoloa sena se shebane le pale ea batho ba babeli ba stowaways ka sekepeng sa scofflaws Dona Liberty.
2.  "Polao ea Leoatleng: e ts'oeroe ka video, Empa Babolai ba Lokoloha." The New York Times, 20 Phupu 2015.
   Setšoantšo sa banna ba bane ba sa hlometseng ba bolailoeng bohareng ba leoatle ka mabaka a ntseng a sa tsejoe.
3. ” ‘Makhoba a Leoatleng:’ Mahlomola a Batho a Fepang Liphoofolo le Meruo.” The New York Times, 27 Phupu 2015.
   Lipuisano tsa banna ba balehileng bohlanka ba likepe tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi. Ba pheta ho otla ha bona le ho hobe le ho feta ha matlooa a ntse a akheloa bakeng sa ho tšoasa a tla fetoha lijo tsa liphoofolo tsa lapeng le lijo tsa mehlape.
4. "Moloki oa Marabele, O Tsongoa Limilimithara tse 10,000 ke Ma-Vigilantes." The New York Times, 28 Phupu 2015.
   Tlaleho ea matsatsi a 110 ao ho ona litho tsa mokhatlo oa tikoloho, Sea Shepherd, li ileng tsa sala morao sekepe se tummeng hampe sa ho tšoasa litlhapi tse seng molaong.
5.  “Ea qhekelloa le ho kolotoa naheng, a hlekefetsoa kapa a lahliloe leoatleng. ” The New York Times, la 9 Pulungoana 2015.
   “Mekhatlo e tsamaisang thepa” e seng molaong e qhekella baahi ba motse oa Philippines ka litšepiso tsa bohata tsa meputso e phahameng le ho ba romela likepeng tse tummeng hampe ka polokeho e mpe le litlaleho tsa basebetsi.
6. "Maritime 'Repo Men': Sebaka sa ho Qetela sa Likepe Tse Utsoitsoeng." New York Times, la 28 Tšitoe 2015.
   Selemo le selemo ho utsuoa likepe tse likete-kete, ’me tse ling li fumanoa ka joala, matekatse, lingaka le maqheka a mang.
7. "Palau vs. The Poachers." Makasine ea New York Times, 17 February 2016.
   Paula, naha e ka thōko e batlang e lekana le Philadelphia, e na le boikarabelo ba ho paterola leoatle le ka bang boholo ba Fora, sebakeng se tletseng likepe tse khōlō, likepe tsa masholu tse tšehetsoang ke 'muso, matlooa a hoholehang a bolelele ba lik'hilomithara tse ngata le libaka tse hohelang litlhapi tse phaphametseng ka metsing tse tsejoang e le FADs. . Mokhoa oa bona o mabifi o ka 'na oa beha tekanyetso ea ho qobella molao leoatleng.

Tickler, D., Meeuwig, JJ, Bryant, K. et al a. (2018). Bokhoba ba sejoale-joale le Peiso ea Litlhapi. Nature Communications Moq. 9,4643 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07118-9

Lilemong tse mashome a 'maloa tse fetileng ho bile le tšekamelo ea ho fokotseha ha meputso indastering ea ho tšoasa litlhapi. Ka ho sebelisa Global Slavery Index (GSI), bangoli ba pheha khang ea hore linaha tse nang le tlhekefetso ea basebetsi le tsona li arolelana maemo a holimo a ho ts'oasa litlhapi tsa metsi a hole le tlaleho e mpe ea ho tšoasa. Ka lebaka la ho fokotseha ha meputso, ho na le bopaki ba tlhekefetso e tebileng ea basebetsi le bokhoba ba morao-rao bo sebelisang basebetsi ho fokotsa litšenyehelo.

Associated Press (2015) Patlisiso e Associated Press ka Makhoba Leoatleng la Asia Boroa-bochabela, letoto la likarolo tse leshome. [filimi]. https://www.ap.org/explore/seafood-from-slaves/

Patlisiso ea Associated Press e bile e 'ngoe ea lipatlisiso tsa pele tse matla indastering ea lijo tsa leoatleng, US le kantle ho naha. Nakong ea likhoeli tse leshome le metso e robeli, baqolotsi ba litaba ba bane ba The Associated Press ba ile ba sala likepe morao, ba fumana makhoba, ’me ba tsoma literaka tse nang le sehatsetsing ho pepesa mekhoa e hlekefetsang ea indasteri ea ho tšoasa litlhapi Asia Boroa-bochabela. Phuputso e entse hore ho lokolloe makhoba a fetang 2,000 le karabelo e potlakileng ea barekisi ba ka sehloohong le mmuso oa Indonesia. Baqolotsi ba litaba ba bane ba hapile Khau ea George Polk bakeng sa Tlaleho ea Kantle ho Naha ka Hlakola 2016 bakeng sa mosebetsi oa bona. 

Litokelo Tsa Botho Leoatleng. (2014). Litokelo Tsa Botho Leoatleng. London, United Kingdom. https://www.humanrightsatsea.org/

Litokelo tsa Botho Leoatleng (HRAS) e hlahile e le sethala se ikemetseng sa litokelo tsa botho tsa maoatleng. Ho tloha ha e qala ka 2014, HRAS e khothalelitse ka matla hore ho eketsoe ts'ebetsong le boikarabello ba litokelo tsa mantlha tsa botho har'a basesisi ba likepe, batšoasi ba litlhapi le mekhoa e meng ea boipheliso ea maoatle lefatšeng ka bophara. 

Tlhapi. (2014, March). Trafficked II - Kakaretso e Nchafalitsoeng ea Tlhekefetso ea Litokelo tsa Botho Lefapheng la Lijo tsa Leoatleng. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/Trafficked_II_FishWise_2014%20%281%29.compressed.pdf

Trafficked II by FishWise e fana ka kakaretso ea litaba tsa litokelo tsa botho ka har'a ketane ea phepelo ea lijo tsa leoatleng le mathata a ho fetola indasteri. Tlaleho ena e ka sebetsa e le sesebelisoa sa ho kopanya mekhatlo e ikemetseng ea paballo le litsebi tsa litokelo tsa botho.

Treves, T. (2010). Litokelo tsa Botho le Molao oa Leoatle. Berkeley Journal ea Molao oa Machaba. Buka ea 28, Khatiso ea 1. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/Human%20Rights%20and%20the%20Law%20of%20the%20Sea.pdf

Sengoli Tillio Treves o sheba Molao oa Maoatle ho latela pono ea molao oa litokelo tsa botho o tiisang hore litokelo tsa botho li hokahane le Molao oa Leoatle. Treves e feta linyeoeng tsa molao tse fanang ka bopaki ba ho sebelisana ha Molao oa Leoatle le litokelo tsa botho. Ke sengoloa sa bohlokoa ho ba batlang ho utloisisa nalane ea molao e bakileng tlolo ea litokelo tsa botho ha joale e beha moelelo oa hore na Molao oa Maoatle o entsoe joang.

3. Melao le Melao

United States International Trade Commission. (2021, Hlakola). Lijo tsa Leoatleng li Fumaneha ka Tšebeliso ea Litlhapi e seng molaong, e sa Tlaleheloa, le e sa Laoloeng: Ho Reka Litlhapi tsa US le Kameho ea Moruo ho Litlhapi tsa Khoebo tsa US. Phatlalatso ea Komisi ea Machaba ea Khoebo ea United States, No. 5168, Patlisiso No. 332-575. https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/pub5168.pdf

Khomishene ea Khoebo ea Machabeng ea Amerika e fumane hore hoo e ka bang lidolara tse libilione tse 2.4 tsa lidolara tse tsoang kantle ho naha li tsoa ho tšoasa litlhapi tsa IUU ka selemo sa 2019, haholo-holo lekhala la ho sesa, shrimp e tšoasitsoeng naheng, tuna ea yellowfin le squid. Barekisi ba ka sehloohong ba thepa e tsoang ka metsing ea IUU ba tsoa Chaena, Russia, Mexico, Vietnam le Indonesia. Tlaleho ena e fana ka tlhahlobo e felletseng ea ho ts'oasa lihlapi ho IUU ka hloko e khethehileng ea tlolo ea litokelo tsa botho linaheng tseo ho tsona ho rekisoang lijo tsa leoatleng tsa US. Hantle-ntle, tlaleho e fumane hore 99% ea likepe tsa Machaena tsa DWF tse Afrika li hakanngoa e le lihlahisoa tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi tsa IUU.

Tsamaiso ea Naha ea Leoatle le Sepakapaka. (2020). Tlaleha ho Congress Human Trafficking in the Seafood Supply Chain, Karolo ea 3563 ea Molao oa Tumello ea Tšireletso ea Sechaba bakeng sa Selemo sa Lichelete sa 2020 (PL 116-92). Lefapha la Khoebo. https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/2020-12/DOSNOAAReport_HumanTrafficking.pdf?null

Tlas'a tataiso ea Congress, NOAA e phatlalalitse tlaleho ea ho rekisoa ha batho ka har'a ketane ea phepelo ea lijo tsa leoatleng. Tlaleho e thathamisa linaha tse 29 tse kotsing e kholo ea ho rekisa batho lekaleng la lijo tsa leoatleng. Litlhahiso tsa ho loantša bokhoebo ba batho lekaleng la ho tšoasa litlhapi li kenyelletsa ho fihla linaheng tse thathamisitsoeng, ho khothaletsa boiteko ba lefatše ka bophara ba ho latella mohlala le matsapa a machaba a ho sebetsana le khoebisano ea batho, le ho matlafatsa tšebelisano-'moho le indasteri ho sebetsana le khoebo ea batho ka har'a ketane ea phepelo ea lijo tsa leoatleng.

Greenpeace. (2020). Khoebo ea Litlhapi: Kamoo Ho Feta Litlhapi Maoatleng ho Thusang Kateng Litlhapi tse seng molaong, tse sa Tlalehang, le tse sa Laoleheng tse Senyang Maoatle a rona. Greenpeace International. PDF. https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-international-stateless/2020/02/be13d21a-fishy-business-greenpeace-transhipment-report-2020.pdf

Greenpeace e khethile likepe tse "kotsi" tse 416 tse sebetsang maoatleng a phahameng le ho thusa ho tšoasa litlhapi tsa IUU ha li ntse li nyenyefatsa litokelo tsa basebetsi ba sekepeng. Greenpeace e sebelisa datha ho tsoa ho Global Fishing Watch ho bonts'a ka bongata kamoo likepe tsa likepe tsa likepe li kenyang letsoho phetisong le ho sebelisa lifolakha tse bonolo ho latela melao le maemo a polokeho. Likheo tse tsoelang pele tsa puso li lumella ho se sebetse hantle metsing a machaba ho tsoela pele. Tlaleho e buella Tumellano ea Lefatše ea Leoatle ho fana ka mokhoa o akaretsang oa puso ea maoatle.

Oceana. (2019, Phuptjane). Ho Tšoasa Litlhapi ho seng molaong le Tlhekefetso ea Litokelo tsa Botho Leoatleng: Ho Sebelisa Thekenoloji ho Totobatsa Maitšoaro a belaetsang. 10.31230/osf.io/juh98. PDF.

Ho tšoasa litlhapi ho seng molaong, ho sa tlalehe, le ho sa laoleheng (IUU) ke taba e tebileng tsamaisong ea botšoasi ba litlhapi tsa khoebo le paballo ea maoatle. Ha lihlapi tsa khoebo li ntse li eketseha, palo ea litlhapi e ntse e fokotseha joalo ka IUU. Tlaleho ea Oceana e kenyelletsa lithuto tse tharo, ea pele e ne e le ho teba ha Oyang 70 lebōpong la New Zealand, ea bobeli sekepeng sa Hung Yu e Taiwan, 'me ea boraro ke sekepe sa thepa se entsoeng ka sehatsetsing sa Renown Reefer se neng se sebetsa lebōpong la Somalia. Ka kopanelo liphuputso tsena tsa linyeoe li tšehetsa taba ea hore lik'hamphani tse nang le nalane ea ho se ikobele melao, ha li tsamaisana le bolebeli bo bobe le melao e fokolang ea molao ea machabeng, li etsa hore ho tšoasa litlhapi tsa khoebo ho be kotsing ea ts'ebetso e seng molaong.

Human Rights Watch. (2018, Pherekhong). Liketane tse patiloeng: Tlhekefetso ea Litokelo le Mosebetsi o qobelloang Lefapheng la Litlhapi la Thailand. PDF.

Ho fihlela joale, Thailand ha e e-s'o nke mehato e lekaneng ea ho rarolla mathata a tlhekefetso ea litokelo tsa botho indastering ea ho tšoasa litlhapi ea Thailand. Tlaleho ena e fana ka litokomane tsa mosebetsi o qobelloang, maemo a mabe a ho sebetsa, mekhoa ea ho hira, le maemo a thata a mosebetsi a bakang maemo a hlekefetsang. Leha ho se ho entsoe mekhoa e mengata ho tloha ha tlaleho e phatlalatsoa ka selemo sa 2018, boithuto bona bo bohlokoa ho balloa mang kapa mang ea nang le thahasello ea ho ithuta haholoanyane ka Litokelo tsa Botho ho botšoasi ba litlhapi Thailand.

Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Bofalli (2017, January 24). Tlaleho ka Bokhoebo ba Batho, Botlokotsebe bo qobelloang le ba Litlhapi Lefapheng la Litlhapi la Indonesia. Mosebetsi oa IOM Indonesia. https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/country/docs/indonesia/Human-Trafficking-Forced-Labour-and-Fisheries-Crime-in-the-Indonesian-Fishing-Industry-IOM.pdf

Taelo e ncha ea mmuso e ipapisitseng le liphuputso tsa IOM mabapi le thekisetsano ea batho libakeng tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi tsa Indonesia e tla sebetsana le tlolo ea litokelo tsa botho. Ena ke tlaleho e kopaneng ea Lekala la Indonesia la Litaba tsa Maoatle le Litlhapi (KKP), Lebotho la Mopresidente la Indonesia la ho Loantša Litlhapi tse seng molaong, Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Phalliso (IOM) Indonesia, le Univesithi ea Coventry. Tlaleho e khothalletsa ho felisoa ha Tšebeliso ea Lifolakha tsa Bonolo ka Likepe tsa Tšehetso ea Litlhapi le Litlhapi, ho ntlafatsa ngoliso ea machaba le mekhoa ea ho tsebahatsa likepe, maemo a ntlafetseng a mosebetsi Indonesia le Thailand, le ho eketseha ha puso ea lik'hamphani tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi ho netefatsa hore li lumellana le litokelo tsa botho, ho eketseha ha mohlala. le litlhahlobo, ngoliso e nepahetseng bakeng sa bafalli, le matsapa a hokahaneng ho pholletsa le mekhatlo e fapaneng.

Braestrup, A., Neumann, J., le Khauta, M., Spalding, M. (ed), Middleburg, M. (ed). (2016, April 6). Litokelo Tsa Botho & Leoatle: Bokhoba le Shrimp Sebopeng sa Hao. White Pampiri. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/SlaveryandtheShrimponYourPlate1.pdf

E tšehelitsoe ke Letlole la Boetapele ba Leoatle la The Ocean Foundation, pampiri ena e hlahisitsoe e le karolo ea letoto le hlahlobang khokahano lipakeng tsa litokelo tsa botho le leoatle le phetseng hantle. E le karolo ea bobeli ea letoto lena, pampiri ena e tšoeu e hlahloba tlhekefetso e kopantsoeng ea lichelete tsa batho le lichelete tsa tlhaho tse tiisang hore batho ba US le UK ba ka ja li-shrimp tse imenneng ka makhetlo a mane ho feta lilemong tse mashome a mahlano tse fetileng, le halofo ea theko.

Alifano, A. (2016). Lisebelisoa tse Ncha Bakeng sa Likhoebo tsa Lijo tsa Leoatleng ho Utloisisa Likotsi Tsa Litokelo Tsa Botho le ho Ntlafatsa Tumellano ea Sechaba. Tlhapi. Seafood Expo Amerika Leboea. PDF.

Likoporasi li ntse li hlahlobisisoa ke sechaba bakeng sa tlhekefetso ea basebetsi, ho rarolla bothata bona, Fishwise e hlahisitsoeng ho 2016 Seafood Expo Amerika Leboea. Nehelano e kenyelelitse lintlha tse tsoang ho Fishwise, Humanity United, Verite, le Seafish. Ba tsepamisitse maikutlo holim'a ho tšoasa liphoofolo tse hlaha le ho khothaletsa melao ea liqeto tse pepeneneng le ho sebelisa lintlha tse fumanehang phatlalatsa ho tsoa mehloling e netefalitsoeng.

Tlhapi. (2016, June 7). HLAHALA: Kakaretso ka Ho rekisoa ha Batho le Tlhekefetso ho Phepelo ea Shrimp ea Thailand. Tlhapi. Santa Cruise, California. PDF.

Ho tloha mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-2010 Thailand e 'nile ea hlahlojoa ka ho eketsehileng mabapi le linyeoe tse ngata tse tlalehiloeng tsa ho lateloa le tlōlo ea molao ea basebetsi. Ka ho khetheha, ho na le litokomane tsa bahlaseluoa ba rekisoang ba qobelloang ho kena liketsoaneng tse hōle le lebōpo ho tšoasa litlhapi bakeng sa phepelo ea litlhapi, maemo a kang bokhoba libakeng tsa ho lokisa litlhapi, le ho hlekefetsoa ha basebetsi ka botlamuoa ba likoloto le bahiri ba thibela litokomane. Ka lebaka la boima ba tlhekefetso ea litokelo tsa botho ba amehang ba fapa-fapaneng ba se ba qalile ho nka khato ho thibela tlōlo ea molao ea basebetsi litabeng tsa phepelo ea lijo tsa leoatleng, leha ho le joalo, ho na le ho hongata ho lokelang ho etsoa.

Ho Tšoasa Litlhapi ho seng Molao: Ke Mefuta efe ea Litlhapi e Kotsing e Phahameng ka ho Fetisisa ea ho Tšoasa Litlhapi tse seng molaong le tse sa tlaleheloeng? (2015, Mphalane). Letlōle la Lefatše la Liphoofolo Tse Hlaha. PDF. https://c402277.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/publications/834/files/original/Fish_Species_at_Highest_Risk_ from_IUU_Fishing_WWF_FINAL.pdf?1446130921

World Wildlife Fund e fumane hore karolo e fetang 85% ea litlhapi li ka nkoa li le kotsing e kholo ea ho tšoasa litlhapi tse seng molaong, tse sa tlalehoang, le tse sa laoleheng (IUU). Ho tšoasa litlhapi ka IUU ho atile ho pholletsa le mefuta le libaka.

Couper, A., Smith, H., Ciceri, B. (2015). Batšoasi ba Litlhapi le Batlatlapi: Bosholu, Bokhoba le Litlhapi Leoatleng. Tobetsa Pluto.

Buka ena e tsepamisitse maikutlo tabeng ea ho sebelisoa ha litlhapi le batšoasi ba litlhapi ka tsela e tšoanang indastering ea lefatše lohle e sa tsotelleng paballo kapa litokelo tsa botho. Alastair Couper o boetse a ngola buka ea 1999, Voyages of Abuse: Seafarers, Human Rights, and International Shipping.

Motheo oa Toka ea Tikoloho. (2014). Bokhoba Leoatleng: Mathata a Tsoelang Pele a Bafalli ba Thekisitsoeng Khoebong ea Litlhapi ea Thailand. London. https://ejfoundation.org/reports/slavery-at-sea-the-continued-plight-of-trafficked-migrants-in-thailands-fishing-industry

Tlaleho ea Environmental Justice Foundation e shebisisa ka botebo indasteri ea lijo tsa leoatleng ea Thailand le ho itšetleha ha eona ho hoeba ka batho bakeng sa mosebetsi. Ena ke tlaleho ea bobeli ea EJF mabapi le taba ena, e hatisitsoeng ka mor'a hore Thailand e theohe ho Lethathamo la 3 la tlaleho ea Lefapha la Naha la United States la Khoebo ea Batho. Ke e ’ngoe ea litlaleho tse molemo ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa ba lekang ho utloisisa hore na ho rekisoa ha batho ho fetohile karolo e khōlō hakaale ea indasteri ea ho tšoasa litlhapi joang le hore na ke hobane’ng ha ho finyeletsoe ho fokolang ho e thibela.

Tšimo, M. (2014). The Catch: Kamoo Lik'hamphani tsa ho Tšoasa Litlhapi li Ileng tsa Tsosolosa Bokhoba le ho tlatlapa Maoatle. AWA Press, Wellington, NZ, 2015. PDF.

Motlalehi oa nako e telele Michael Field o ile a etsa qeto ea ho utolla bokhoebo ba batho sebakeng sa ho tšoasa litlhapi tsa quota New Zealand, a bonts'a karolo eo linaha tse ruileng li ka e bapalang ho ntšetsa pele karolo ea bokhoba ts'ebetsong ea ho tšoasa litlhapi ho feta tekano.

Machaba a Kopaneng. (2011). Botlokotsebe bo Hlophisitsoeng ba Linaha Tsa Machaba Lefapheng la Litlhapi. Ofisi ea Machaba a Kopaneng ea Lithethefatsi le Botlokotsebe. Vienna. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/TOC_in_the_Fishing%20Industry.pdf

Boithuto bona ba UN bo sheba kamano lipakeng tsa botlokotsebe bo hlophisitsoeng ba linaha tse ling le indasteri ea ho tšoasa litlhapi. E supa mabaka a 'maloa ao indasteri ea ho tšoasa e leng kotsing ea botlokotsebe bo hlophisitsoeng le litsela tse ka bang teng tsa ho loantša tlokotsi eo. E reretsoe bamameli ba baetapele ba machaba le mekhatlo e ka kopanang le UN ho loantša tlōlo ea molao ea litokelo tsa botho e bakoang ke tlōlo ea molao e hlophisitsoeng.

Agnew, D., Pearce, J., Pramod, G., Peatman, T. Watson, R., Beddington, J., le Pitcher T. (2009, July 1). Ho Hakanya Karolo ea Lefatše Lohle ea ho Tšoasa Litlhapi ho seng Molao. PLOS One.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004570

Hoo e ka bang karolo ea boraro ea ho tšoasoa ha lijo tsa leoatleng lefatšeng ka bophara ke litholoana tsa mekhoa ea ho tšoasa ea IUU e lekanang le liponto tse ka bang limilione tse likete tse 56 tsa lijo tsa leoatleng selemo le selemo. Maemo a phahameng joalo a ho tšoasa litlhapi ka IUU a bolela hore moruo oa lefatše ka bophara o tobane le tahlehelo e pakeng tsa $10 le $23 bilione ea lidolara selemo le selemo. Linaha tse ntseng li hōla moruong li kotsing ka ho fetisisa. IUU ke bothata ba lefats'e bo ammeng karolo e kholo ea lijo tsohle tsa leoatleng tse jeoang le ho sitisa boiteko ba ho tšoarella le ho eketsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lisebelisoa tsa leoatle.

Conathan, M. le Siciliano, A. (2008) Bokamoso ba Tšireletseho ea Lijo tsa Leoatleng - Ntoa e Khahlanong le Ho Tšoasa Litlhapi ho seng molaong le Bomenemene ba Lijo tsa Leoatleng. Setsi sa Tsoelo-pele ea Amerika. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/IllegalFishing-brief.pdf

Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act ea 2006 e bile katleho e kholo hoo ho tšoasa litlhapi ho feta tekano ho felileng ka katleho metsing a US. Leha ho le joalo, Maamerika a ntse a ja limilione tsa lithane tsa lijo tsa leoatleng tse tšoaroang ka mokhoa o sa tsitsang selemo se seng le se seng - ho tsoa kantle ho naha.

4. IUU Ho tšoasa Litlhapi le Litokelo tsa Botho

Lebotho la Mosebetsi la Khoebo ea Batho ka ho Tšoasa Litlhapi Metsing ea Machaba. (2021, Pherekhong). Lebotho la Mosebetsi la Khoebo ea Batho ka ho Tšoasa Litlhapi Metsing ea Machaba. Tlaleha ho Congress. PDF.

E le ho rarolla bothata bo ntseng bo eketseha ba ho rekisoa ha batho indastering ea ho tšoasa litlhapi, Congress ea United States e ile ea laela hore ho etsoe lipatlisiso. Sephetho ke sehlopha sa basebetsi ba interagency se ileng sa hlahloba tlolo ea litokelo tsa botho lekaleng la ho ts'oasa litlhapi ho tloha ka Mphalane 2018 ho fihlela Phato 2020. Tlaleho e kenyelletsa melao e 27 ea maemo a holimo le likhothaletso tsa ts'ebetso ho kenyelletsa, ho atolosa toka bakeng sa mosebetsi o qobelloang, ho fana ka tumello ea likotlo tse ncha ho bahiri ba fumanoeng ba e-na le eona. ba sebelisana le mekhoa e hlekefetsang, ba thibela litefello tse lefuoang ke basebetsi likepeng tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi tsa US, ba kenyelletsa mekhoa ea boitelo, mekhatlo e shebiloeng e amanang le thekiso ea batho ka likotlo, ba nts'etsapele le ho amohela sesebelisoa sa ho hlahloba khoebo ea batho le tataiso ea litšupiso, ho matlafatsa pokello ea data, fuse le tlhahlobo. , le ho ntshetsa pele koetliso bakeng sa bahlahlobi ba likepe, bashebelli, le balekane ba tsoang linaheng tse ling.

Lefapha la Toka. (2021). Lethathamo la Baetapele ba 'Muso oa US ba Amanang le Khoebo ea Batho ka ho Tšoasa Litlhapi Metsing ea Machaba. https://www.justice.gov/crt/page/file/1360371/download

Lethathamo la Baeta-pele ba 'Muso oa US ba Amanang le Khoebo ea Batho ka ho Tšoasa Litlhapi Metsing ea Machaba e totobatsa mesebetsi e entsoeng ke' muso oa United States ho rarolla mathata a litokelo tsa botho khoebong ea phepelo ea lijo tsa leoatleng. Tlaleho e arotsoe ke Lefapha mme e fana ka tataiso mabapi le bolaoli ba setsi ka seng. Tafole e kenyeletsa Lefapha la Toka, Lefapha la Basebetsi, Lefapha la Tšireletso ea Naha, Lefapha la Khoebo, Lefapha la Naha, Ofisi ea Moemeli oa Khoebo oa United States, Lefapha la Matlotlo, le Tšebeletso ea Lekhetho la Ka hare. Tafole e boetse e kenyelletsa tlhahisoleseling mabapi le setsi sa federal, bolaoli ba taolo, mofuta oa bolaoli, tlhaloso, le boholo ba matla a taolo.

Litokelo Tsa Botho Leoatleng. (2020, la 1 Hlakubele). Tlhokomeliso ea Kakaretso ea Litokelo tsa Botho Leoatleng: Na Melao-motheo e tataisang ea UN ea 2011 e sebetsa ka katleho le ho sebelisoa ka thata indastering ea maoatle?.https://www.humanrightsatsea.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/HRAS_UN_Guiding_Principles_Briefing_Note_1_March_2020_SP_LOCKED.pdf

Melao-motheo ea Tataiso ea UN ea 2011 e thehiloe ketsong ea khoebo le ea mmuso le mohopolo oa hore likoporasi li na le boikarabello ba ho hlompha litokelo tsa botho. Tlaleho ena e hetla morao dilemong tse leshome tse fetileng mme e fana ka tshekatsheko e kgutshwane ya dikatleho le dikarolo tse lokelang ho lokiswa e le hore ho fihlelwe tshireletso le tlhompho ya ditokelo tsa botho. Tlaleho e bontša khaello ea hona joale ea bonngoe bo kopanetsoeng le phetoho e lumellanoeng ea ho etsa melao-motheo e boima 'me ho hlokahala hore ho be le taolo le ts'ebetsong. Boitsebiso bo eketsehileng ka Melao-motheo ea Tataiso ea UN ea 2011 e ka fumanoa mona.

Teh LCL, Caddell R., Allison EH, Finkbeiner, EM, Kittinger JN, Nakamura K., et al. (2019). Seabo sa Litokelo tsa Botho ho Phethahatsong ea Lijo tsa Leoatleng tse Ikarabellang Sechabeng. PLoS ONE 14(1): e0210241. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210241

Melao-motheo e nang le boikarabelo sechabeng ea lijo tsa leoatleng e hloka ho thehoa litlamong tse hlakileng tsa molao le ho tšehetsoa ke bokhoni bo lekaneng le boikemisetso ba lipolotiki. Bangoli ba fumane hore melao ea litokelo tsa botho hangata e sebetsana le litokelo tsa sechaba le tsa lipolotiki, empa e na le tsela e telele ea ho sebetsana le litokelo tsa moruo, tsa sechaba le tsa setso. Ka ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa machaba mebuso e ka fetisa maano a naha ho felisa ho tšoasa litlhapi tsa IUU.

Machaba a kopaneng. (1948). Phatlalatso e Akaretsang ea Litokelo tsa Botho. https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights

Phatlalatso ea Machaba a Kopaneng ea Litokelo Tsa Botho e beha tekanyetso bakeng sa tšireletso ea litokelo tsa mantlha tsa botho le tšireletso ea tsona ea bokahohle. Tokomane ena e maqephe a robeli e bolela hore batho bohle ba tsoetsoe ba lokolohile ’me ba lekana ka seriti le litokelo, ntle le khethollo, ’me ba ke ke ba etsoa makhoba, kapa ba tšoaroa ka sehlōhō, ho hloka botho, kapa ho tšoaroa hampe har’a litokelo tse ling. Phatlalatso e khothalelitse litumellano tse mashome a supileng tsa litokelo tsa botho, e fetoletsoe ka lipuo tse fetang 500 mme e ntse e tsoela pele ho tataisa maano le liketso kajeno.

5. Litaelo tsa Tšebeliso ea Lijo tsa Leoatleng

Nakamura, K., Bishopo, L., Ward, T., Pramod, G., Thomson, D., Tungpuchayakul, P., and Srakaew, S. (2018, July 25). Ho Bona Bokhoba Makhotleng a Phepelo ea Lijo tsa Leoatleng. Tsoelo-pele ea Saense, E1701833. https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/7/e1701833

Thepa ea phepelo ea lijo tsa leoatleng e arohane haholo le boholo ba basebetsi ba hiriloeng e le likonteraka tse nyane kapa ka barekisi ba etsang hore ho be thata ho fumana mehloli ea lijo tsa leoatleng. Ho sebetsana le sena, bafuputsi ba thehile moralo mme ba theha mokhoa oa ho lekola kotsi ea mosebetsi o qobelloang liketane tsa phepelo ea lijo tsa leoatleng. Moralo oa lintlha tse hlano, o bitsoang "Labour Safe Screen", o fumane hore tlhokomeliso e ntlafetseng ea maemo a basebetsi e le hore lik'hamphani tsa lijo li ka lokisa bothata.

Lenaneo la Nereus (2016). Leqephe la Boitsebiso: Litlhapi tsa Bokhoba le Tšebeliso ea Lijo tsa Leoatleng tsa Majapane. Nippon Foundation - Univesithi ea British Columbia. PDF.

Mosebetsi o qobelloang le bokhoba ba kajeno ke bothata bo atileng indastering ea kajeno ea machaba ea ho tšoasa litlhapi. Ho tsebisa bareki, Nippon Foundation e thehile tataiso e totobatsang mefuta ea tlhekefetso e tlalehiloeng ea basebetsi boits'oarong ba litlhapi ho latela naha eo ba tsoaletsoeng ho eona. Tataiso ena e khuts'oane e totobatsa linaha tseo ho ka etsahalang hore li romele kantle ho naha litlhapi tseo e leng tsona tse hlahisitsoeng ke mosebetsi o qobelloang ka nako e itseng molemong oa phepelo ea tsona. Leha tataiso e lebisitsoe ho babali ba Majapane, e hatisoa ka Senyesemane mme e fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e ntle ho mang kapa mang ea nang le thahasello ea ho ba moreki ea nang le tsebo. Batlōli ba molao ka ho fetisisa, ho latela tataiso, ke Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam le Myanmar.

Warne, K. (2011) Ba lumelle hore ba je Shrimp: Ho nyamela habohloko ha meru ea leoatle. Island Press, 2011.

Tlhahiso ea lefats'e ka bophara ea li-shrimp aquaculture e bakile kotsi e kholo ho lifate tsa mangrove tse lebōpong la leoatle tsa libaka tsa tropike le tsa tropike tsa lefats'e-'me li na le liphello tse mpe bophelong ba lebōpong la leoatle le bongata ba liphoofolo tsa leoatleng.

6. Ho falla le ho haneloa

Ofisi ea Mokomishinara ea Phahameng oa Machaba a Kopaneng oa Litokelo tsa Botho (2021, May). Lethal Ho hlokomoloha: Batla le Pholoso le Tšireletso ea Bafalli ba Leoatleng le Bohareng la Mediterranean. Litokelo Tsa Botho tsa Machaba a Kopaneng. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Migration/OHCHR-thematic-report-SAR-protection-at-sea.pdf

Ho tloha ka Pherekhong 2019 ho fihlela ka December 2020, Ofisi ea Litokelo Tsa Botho ea Machaba a Kopaneng e ile ea buisana le bafalli, litsebi le bankakarolo ho fumana hore na melao, maano le litloaelo tse ling li amme hampe ts'ireletso ea litokelo tsa botho tsa bafalli. Tlaleho e shebana le boiteko ba ho batla le pholoso ha bajaki ba ntse ba fetela Libya le Leoatle le bohareng la Mediterranean. Tlaleho e tiisa hore khaello ea ts'ireletso ea litokelo tsa botho e etsahetse e lebisang ho batho ba makholo ba ka thibeloang maoatleng ka lebaka la tsamaiso e hlōlehileng ea ho falla. Linaha tsa Mediterranean li tlameha ho felisa maano a nolofalitseng kapa a lumellang ho hatakeloa ha litokelo tsa botho 'me li tlameha ho nka mekhoa e tla thibela ho shoa ha batho ba bangata ba tsoang leoatleng.

Vinke, K., Blocher, J., Becker, M., Ebay, J., Fong, T., and Kambon, A. (2020, September). Linaha tsa Lehae: Ho Etsa Maano a Linaha tsa Lihlekehleke le Lihlekehleke Tsa Lihlekehleke Bakeng sa ho Tsamaea ha Batho Maemong a Phetoho ea Tlelaemete. Tšebelisano ea Jeremane. https://disasterdisplacement.org/portfolio-item/home-lands-island-and-archipelagic-states-policymaking-for-human-mobility-in-the-context-of-climate-change

Lihlekehleke le libaka tse lebōpong la leoatle li tobane le liphetoho tse kholo ka lebaka la phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo ho kenyeletsa: khaello ea mobu o lemehang, hole, tahlehelo ea mobu, le mathata a liphallelo tse fumanehang nakong ea likoluoa. Mathata ana a susumelletsa ba bangata hore ba falle linaheng tsa habo bona. Tlaleho e kenyelletsa lithuto tsa liketsahalo tsa Eastern Caribbean (Anguilla, Antigua & Barbuda, Dominica, le St. Lucia), The Pacific (Fiji, Kiribati, Tuvalu, le Vanuatu), le The Philippines. Ho rarolla bothata bona ba naha le ba lebatooa ba tlameha ho nka maano a ho laola phalliso, ho rera phalliso, le ho rarolla bothata ba ho falla ho fokotsa liphephetso tse ka bang teng tsa ho tsamaea ha batho.

Tumellano ea Moralo oa Machaba a Kopaneng mabapi le Phetoho ea Tlelaemete (UNFCCC). (2018, Phato). Ho Etsa 'Mapa oa ho Tsamaea ha Batho (Ho falla, Phalliso le Phalliso e Reriloeng) le Phetoho ea Boemo ba Leholimo Litabeng tsa Machaba, Maano le Merero ea Molao. Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Bofalli (IOM). PDF.

Ha phetoho ea maemo a leholimo e qobella batho ba bangata ho tloha malapeng a bona, ho hlahile mekhoa le mekhoa e fapaneng ea molao. Tlaleho e fana ka maemo le tlhahlobo ea merero e amehang ea maano a machaba le meralo ea molao e teng e amanang le phalliso, phalliso, le phalliso e reriloeng. Tlaleho ke sephetho sa Tumellano ea Moralo oa Machaba a Kopaneng mabapi le Lebotho la Tshebetso la Phetoho ea Tlelaemete mabapi le Phallo.

Greenshack Dotinfo. (2013). Baphaphathehi ba Tlelaemete: Alaska e Lebelong ha Baahi ba Newtok ba matha ho emisa ho oela ha Motse ka Leoatleng. [Filimi].

Video ena e na le banyalani ba Newtok, Alaska ba hlalosang liphetoho tsa sebaka sa habo bona: ho phahama ha leoatle, lifefo tse matla le ho fetoha ha linonyana tse fallang. Ba buisana ka tlhoko ea bona ea ho fallisetsoa sebakeng se sireletsehileng, se ka hare ho naha. Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la mathata a ho fumana thepa le thuso, ba 'nile ba emela lilemo tse ngata hore ba falle.

Puthucherril, T. (2013, April 22). Phetoho, Ho phahama ha Maemo a Leoatle le ho Sireletsa Baahi ba Mabopo ba Fallang: Litharollo Tse ka khonehang. Global Journal of Comparative Law. Moq. 1. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/sea%20level%20rise.pdf

Phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo e tla ba le liphello tse tebileng bophelong ba ba limilione. Pampiri ena e hlalosa maemo a mabeli a phalliso a bakoang ke ho phahama ha metsi a leoatle 'me e hlalosa hore sehlopha sa "baphaphathehi ba boemo ba leholimo" ha se na boemo ba molao ba machaba. E ngotsoe e le tlhahlobo ea molao, pampiri ena e hlalosa ka ho hlaka hore na ke hobane'ng ha batho ba falliselitsoeng ke phetoho ea maemo a leholimo ba ke ke ba fuoa litokelo tsa bona tsa mantlha tsa botho.

Motheo oa Toka ea Tikoloho. (2012). Sechaba se Tlas'a Kotsi: Liphello tsa Phetoho ea Tlelaemete Litokelong Tsa Botho le Phallo e Qobellehang ho la Bangladesh. London. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/A_Nation_Under_Threat.compressed.pdf

Bangladesh e kotsing e kholo ea phetoho ea maemo a leholimo ka lebaka la bongata ba baahi ba eona le lisebelisoa tse fokolang, har'a lintlha tse ling. Tlaleho ena ea Motheo oa Toka ea Tikoloho e reretsoe ba nang le maemo mekhatlong ea lehae ea paballo le litokelo tsa botho, hammoho le mekhatlo ea machaba. E hlalosa khaello ea thuso le kananelo ea molao bakeng sa 'baphaphathehi ba boemo ba leholimo' 'me e buella thuso ea hang-hang le lisebelisoa tse ncha tse tlamang ka molao bakeng sa ho amoheloa.

Motheo oa Toka ea Tikoloho. (2012). Ha ho Sebaka se Tšoanang le Lehae - Ho Sireletsa Kamohelo, Tšireletso le Thuso bakeng sa Baphaphathehi ba Tlelaemete. London.  https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/NPLH_briefing.pdf

Baphaphathehi ba boemo ba leholimo ba tobane le mathata a ho ananeloa, ho sireletseha le ho hloka thuso ka kakaretso. Puisano ena e entsoeng ke Mokhatlo oa Toka ea Tikoloho e tšohla mathata a tobaneng le ba ke keng ba khona ho ikamahanya le maemo a ntseng a mpefala a tikoloho. Tlaleho ena e reretsoe bamameli ka kakaretso ba batlang ho utloisisa tlōlo ea litokelo tsa botho, tse kang tahlehelo ea mobu, e bakoang ke phetoho ea maemo a leholimo.

Bronen, R. (2009). Ho Qobelloa ho falla ha Baahi ba Matsoalloa a Alaska Ka lebaka la Phetoho ea Boemo ba Leholimo: Ho Etsa Karabelo ea Litokelo Tsa Botho. Univesithi ea Alaska, Lenaneo la Boipheliso le Boikoetliso. PDF. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/forced%20migration%20alaskan%20community.pdf

Ho falla ho qobelloang ka lebaka la phetoho ea maemo a leholimo ho ama tse ling tsa libaka tse tlokotsing tsa Alaska. Sengoli Robin Bronen o qaqisa kamoo mmuso oa naha ea Alaska o arabetseng ho falla ka likhoka. Pampiri e fana ka mehlala ea lihlooho bakeng sa ba batlang ho ithuta ka tlōlo ea litokelo tsa botho Alaska 'me e hlalosa moralo oa setsi ho arabela ho falla ha batho ho bakoang ke boemo ba leholimo.

Claus, CA le Mascia, MB (2008, May 14). Mokhoa oa Litokelo tsa Thepa ho Utloisisa Phalliso ea Batho Mabakeng a Sirelelitsoeng: Taba ea Libaka tse Sirelelitsoeng tsa Maoatleng. Baeloji ea Paballo, Letlole la Lefatše la Liphoofolo tse hlaha. PDF. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/A%20Property%20Rights%20Approach%20to% 20Understanding%20Human%20Displacement%20from%20Protected%20Areas.pdf

Libaka tse Sirelelitsoeng tsa Marine (MPAs) li bohareng ba maano a mangata a paballo ea mefuta-futa hammoho le koloi bakeng sa nts'etsopele e tsitsitseng ea sechaba le mohloli oa litšenyehelo tsa sechaba ho phaella maqheka a paballo ea mefuta-futa. Litlamorao tsa ho arolelanoa ha litokelo mehloling ea MPA lia fapana ka hare le har'a lihlopha tsa sechaba, e leng se bakang liphetoho sechabeng, mekhoa ea tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa le tikolohong. Moqoqo ona o sebelisa libaka tse sirelelitsoeng tsa maoatleng e le moralo oa ho hlahloba litlamorao tsa litokelo tsa kabo e ncha tse bakang ho falla ha batho ba lehae. E hlalosa ho rarahana le likhang tse mabapi le litokelo tsa thepa kaha li amana le phalliso.

Alisopp, M., Johnston, P., le Santillo, D. (2008, January). Ho Qholotsa Indasteri ea Temo ea Metsi mabapi le Moshoelella. Tlhokomeliso ea tekheniki ea Greenpeace Laboratories. PDF. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/Aquaculture_Report_Technical.pdf

Khōlo ea khoebo ea metsing le mekhoa e ntseng e eketseha ea tlhahiso e lebisitse ho liphello tse mpe tse ntseng li eketseha tikolohong le sechabeng. Tlaleho ena e reretsoe ba nang le thahasello ea ho utloisisa ho rarahana ha indasteri ea liphoofolo tsa metsing 'me e fana ka mehlala ea litaba tse amanang le ho leka tharollo ea molao.

Lonergan, S. (1998). Seabo sa Tšenyo ea Tikoloho Phallong ea Baahi. Tlaleho ea Morero oa Phetoho ea Tikoloho le Tšireletseho, Khatiso ea 4: 5-15.  https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/The%20Role%20of%20Environmental%20Degradation% 20in%20Population%20Displacement.pdf

Palo ea batho ba balehileng mahaeng a bona ka lebaka la ho senyeha ha tikoloho e khōlō haholo. Ho hlalosa lintlha tse rarahaneng tse lebisang polelong e joalo tlaleho ena e fana ka sehlopha sa lipotso le likarabo mabapi le metsamao ea ho falla le karolo ea tikoloho. Pampiri e phethela ka likhothaletso tsa maano ka ho toboketsa bohlokoa ba nts'etsopele ea moshoelella e le mokhoa oa ts'ireletso ea batho.

7. Puso ea Leoatle

Gutierrez, M. and Jobbins, G. (2020, June 2). Sekepe sa China sa Litlhapi sa Metsi a Hole: Sekhahla, Tšusumetso le Puso. Overseas Development Institute. https://odi.org/en/publications/chinas-distant-water-fishing-fleet-scale-impact-and-governance/

Ho haella ha tlhapi ea malapeng ho etsa hore linaha tse ling li tsamaee hole le ho feta ho ea kopana le tlhokahalo e ntseng e eketseha ea lijo tsa leoatleng. E kholo ka ho fetisisa ea likepe tsena tsa metsi a hōle (DWF) ke likepe tsa Chaena, tse nang le palo ea DWF e haufi le likepe tse 17,000, Tlaleho ea morao tjena e fumane hore likepe tsena li ne li le kholoanyane ka makhetlo a 5 ho ea ho tse 8 ho feta tse tlalehiloeng pele 'me bonyane likepe tsa 183 li ne li belaelloa hore li ameha. ho tšoasa litlhapi ka IUU. Likepe tse tšoasang litlhapi ke tsona tse atileng haholo, 'me likepe tsa China tse ka bang 1,000 li ngolisitsoe linaheng tse ling ntle le China. Ho hlokahala ponaletso le puso e eketsehileng hammoho le taolo e thata le ho e phethahatsa. 

Litokelo Tsa Botho Leoatleng. (2020, Phupu 1). Lefu la Litlhapi Maoatleng, Litokelo Tsa Botho & Boikarabelo ba Mekhatlo ea Litlhapi. PDF. https://www.humanrightsatsea.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/HRAS_Abuse_of_Fisheries_Observers_REPORT_JULY-2020_SP_LOCKED-1.pdf

Ha se feela hore ho na le mats'oenyeho a litokelo tsa botho tsa basebetsi ka har'a lekala la botšoasi ba litlhapi ho na le mats'oenyeho bakeng sa Bashebelli ba Litlhapi ba sebetsang ho rarolla tlhekefetso ea litokelo tsa botho leoatleng. Tlaleho e kopa tshireletso e betere ho bobedi basebetsi ba botshwasi ba ditlhapi le Bashebelli ba Ditlhapi. Tlaleho e totobatsa lipatlisiso tse ntseng li tsoela pele tsa lefu la Bashebelli ba Litlhapi le litsela tsa ho ntlafatsa tšireletso bakeng sa bashebelli bohle. Tlaleho ena ke ea pele letotong le hlahisitsoeng ke Litokelo tsa Botho Leoatleng, tlaleho ea bobeli ea letoto lena, e phatlalalitsoeng ka Pulungoana 2020, e tla shebana le likhothaletso tse sebetsang.

Litokelo Tsa Botho Leoatleng. (2020, la 11 Pulungoana). Ho theha Likhothaletso le Leano la Tšehetso ea Polokeho ea Bashebelli ba Litlhapi, Tšireletseho le Bophelo bo Botle. PDF.

Litokelo tsa Botho Leoatleng li hlahisitse letoto la litlaleho ho rarolla matshwenyeho a bashebelli ba botšoasi ba litlhapi molemong oa ho tsebisa sechaba. Tlaleho ena e tsepamisitse maikutlo holim'a likhothaletso tsa ho rarolla mathata a totobalitsoeng letotong lohle. Litlhahiso li kenyeletsa: lintlha tse fumanehang phatlalatsa tsa tsamaiso ea likepe (VMS), tšireletso bakeng sa bashebelli ba litlhapi le inshorense ea litsebi, ho fana ka lisebelisoa tsa ts'ireletso tse tšoarellang nako e telele, ho eketseha ha leihlo le ho beha leihlo, ts'ebeliso ea litokelo tsa khoebo tsa botho, tlaleho ea sechaba, lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng le tse pepeneneng, 'me qetellong ho rarolla bothata. maikutlo a ho hloka kotlo ho tsoa ho toka maemong a mmuso. Tlaleho ena ke tatellano ea Litokelo tsa Botho Leoatleng, Lefu la Litlhapi Maoatleng, Litokelo Tsa Botho & Boikarabelo ba Mekhatlo ea Litlhapi e phatlalalitsoeng ka Phupu 2020.

Lefapha la Naha la United States. (2016, September). Ho Fetola Maqhubu: Ho Kopanya Boqapi le Tšebelisano ho Loantša Khoebo ea Batho Lefapheng la Lijo tsa Leoatleng. Ofisi e Lekola le ho Loantša Khoebo ka Batho. PDF.

Lefapha la Naha, tlalehong ea bona ea 2016 ea Trafficking in Persons e tlaleha hore linaha tse fetang 50 li hlokometse matshwenyeho a mosebetsi o qobelloang oa ho tšoasa litlhapi, ho lokisa lijo tsa leoatleng, kapa temo ea metsing e amang banna, basali le bana sebakeng se seng le se seng lefatšeng ka bophara. Ho loantša sena mekhatlo e mengata ea machaba le mekhatlo e ikemetseng ea Asia Boroa-bochabela e sebetsa ho fana ka thuso e tobileng, ho fana ka koetliso ea sechaba, ho ntlafatsa bokhoni ba mekhoa e fapaneng ea toka (ho kenyeletsoa Thailand le Indonesia), ho eketsa pokello ea lintlha tsa nako ea sebele, le ho khothalletsa liketane tsa phepelo tse ikarabellang.

8. Ho robeha ha Likepe le Tlhekefetso ea Litokelo tsa Botho

Daems, E. le Goris, G. (2019). Boikaketsi ba Mabopo a Betere: Ho robeha ha Likepe India, beng ba likepe ba Switzerland, ba hohela Belgium. NGO Shipbreaking Platform. Makasine ea MO. PDF.

Qetellong ea bophelo ba sekepe, likepe tse ngata li romeloa linaheng tse tsoelang pele moruong, li fapoha lebōpong la leoatle, ’me li robehile, li tletse lintho tse chefo, ’me li ile tsa heletsoa mabōpong a Bangladesh, India le Pakistan. Basebetsi ba senyang likepe hangata ba sebelisa matsoho a bona a sa roala letho maemong a feteletseng le a chefo a bakang tšenyo ea sechaba le ea tikoloho le likotsi tse bolaeang. 'Maraka oa likepe tsa khale ha o bonahale ebile lik'hamphani tsa likepe, tse ngata tse thehiloeng Switzerland le linaheng tse ling tsa Europe, hangata li fumana ho le theko e tlaase ho romela likepe linaheng tse tsoelang pele ho sa tsotellehe kotsi. Tlaleho e reretswe ho lebisa tlhokomelo tabeng ya ho robeha ha dikepe le ho kgothaletsa diphetoho tsa leano ho sebetsana le tlolo ya ditokelo tsa botho mawatleng a dikepe tse pshatlang. Sehlomathiso sa tlaleho le tlhaloso ea mantsoe ke selelekela se babatsehang bakeng sa ba nang le thahasello ea ho ithuta mantsoe a mangata le melao e amanang le ho robeha ha likepe.

Heidegger, P., Jenssen, I., Reuter, D., Mulinaris, N. le Carlsson, F. (2015). Ho na le Phapang Efe eo folakha e e Etsang: Hobaneng Boikarabello ba Beng ba Likepe ba ho Etsa bonnete ba hore Ts'ebetso e Tsoelang Pele ea Sekepe e Hlokahala ho fetela ka Nģ'ane ho Puso ea Naha ea Flag. NGO Shipbreaking Platform. PDF. https://shipbreakingplatform.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/FoCBriefing_NGO-Shipbreaking-Platform_-April-2015.pdf

Selemo se seng le se seng likepe tse kholo tse fetang 1,000, ho kopanyelletsa le likepe tsa litanka, likepe tse tsamaisang thepa, likepe tsa baeti le lisebelisoa tsa oli, li rekisoa bakeng sa ho qhaqha 70% ea tsona e qetellang e le mabōpong a leoatle India, Bangladesh, kapa Pakistan. European Union ke 'maraka o le mong o moholo ka ho fetisisa oa ho romela likepe tsa ho qetela ho likepe tse litšila le tse kotsi. Le hoja European Union e entse tlhahiso ea mehato ea ho laola lik'hamphani tse ngata li tlōla melao ena ka ho ngolisa sekepe naheng e 'ngoe ka melao e bonolo haholoanyane. Mokhoa ona oa ho fetola folakha ea sekepe o hloka ho fetoha 'me lisebelisoa tse eketsehileng tsa molao le tsa lichelete ho otla lik'hamphani tsa likepe li hloka ho amoheloa e le ho thibela litokelo tsa botho le tlhekefetso ea tikoloho ea mabōpo a likepe tse robehang.

Heidegger, P., Jenssen, I., Reuter, D., Mulinaris, N., le Carlsson, F. (2015). Phapang Efe eo Folakha e e Etsang. NGO Shipbreaking Platform. Brussels, Belgium. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/FoCBriefing_NGO-Shipbreaking-Platform_-April-2015.pdf

The Shipbreaking Platform e eletsa ka molao o mocha o reretsoeng ho laola ho sebelisoa hape ha likepe, ho etsoa mohlala ho latela melaoana e tšoanang ea EU. Ba pheha khang ea hore melao e thehiloeng ho lifolakha tsa boiketlo (FOC) e tla nyenyefatsa bokhoni ba ho laola ho robeha ha likepe ka lebaka la likheo tse ka hare ho tsamaiso ea FOC.

Lipman, Z. (2011). Khoebo ka Litšila tse Kotsi: Toka ea Tikoloho Khahlanong le Kholiso ea Moruo. Toka ea Tikoloho le Ts'ebetso ea Molao, Univesithi ea Macquarie, Australia. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/Trade%20in%20Hazardous%20Waste.pdf

Khonvenshene ea Basel, e batlang ho emisa ho tsamaisoa ha litšila tse kotsi ho tloha linaheng tse tsoetseng pele ho ea linaheng tse tsoelang pele tse sebelisang maemo a sa sireletsehang a ts'ebetso le ho lefa basebetsi ba tsona chelete e nyane haholo, ke eona sepheo sa pampiri ena. E hlalosa lintlha tsa molao tse amanang le ho emisa ho robeha ha likepe le mathata a ho leka ho etsa hore Tumellano e amoheloe ke linaha tse lekaneng.

Dann, B., Khauta, M., Aldalur, M. le Braestrup, A. (letoto la mohlophisi), Moholo, L. (ed), Neumann, J. (ed). (2015, November 4). Litokelo tsa Botho & Leoatle: Ho robeha ha Likepe le Chefo.  White Paper. https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/TOF%20Shipbreaking%20White%20Paper% 204Nov15%20version.compressed%20%281%29.pdf

E tšehelitsoe ke Letlole la Boetapele ba Leoatle la The Ocean Foundation, pampiri ena e hlahisitsoe e le karolo ea letoto le hlahlobang khokahano lipakeng tsa litokelo tsa botho le leoatle le phetseng hantle. E le karolo ea letoto lena, pampiri ena e tšoeu e hlahloba likotsi tsa ho ba likepe le ho hloka tlhokomeliso ea machaba le leano la ho laola indasteri e kholo joalo.

Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Litokelo tsa Botho. (2008). Li-Yards tsa ho Senya Bana: Mosebetsi oa Bana Lefapheng la ho Hlakola Sekepe Bangladesh. NGO Shipbreaking Platform. PDF. https://shipbreakingplatform.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Report-FIDH_Childbreaking_Yards_2008.pdf

Bafuputsi ba batlisisang litlaleho tsa likotsi le lefu la basebetsi mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-2000 ba fumane hore bashebelli ba hlokomela khafetsa bana har'a basebetsi le ho kenya letsoho mesebetsing ea ho pshatla likepe. Tlaleho - e entseng lipatlisiso ho qala ka 2000 le ho tsoela pele ho fihlela 2008 - e ne e shebane le jarete e robehileng ea likepe Chittagong, Bangladesh. Ba fumane hore bana le batho ba baholo ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 18 ba etsa 25% ea basebetsi bohle le melao ea malapeng e behang leihlo lihora tsa mosebetsi, moputso o tlase, matšeliso, koetliso le lilemo tse fokolang tsa ho sebetsa li ne li hlokomolohuoa ka mehla. Ho theosa le lilemo ho fetoha ho tla ka linyeoe tsa makhotla, empa ho na le ho hongata ho lokelang ho etsoa ho tiisa melao e sireletsang bana ba hlekefetsoang.

Greenpeace le The International Federation for Human Rights. (2005, December).Bofelo ba Likepe Tsa Bophelo - Theko ea Botho ea Likepe Tse Senyang.https://wayback.archive-it.org/9650/20200516051321/http://p3-raw.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/planet-2/report/2006/4/end-of-life-the-human-cost-of.pdf

Tlaleho e kopanetsoeng ea Greenpeace le FIDH e hlalosa indasteri e senyang sekepe ka litlaleho tsa botho tse tsoang ho basebetsi ba likepe ba India le Bangladesh. Tlaleho ena e reretswe e le boipiletso ba ho nka kgato ho ba amehang indastering ya dikepe ho latela melawana le maano a matjha a laolang diketso tsa indasteri.

RETS'ELISITSOE PHATLISISO