RETS'ELISITSOE PHATLISISO

Tafole ea likateng

1. Selelekela
2. The Basics of Ocean Acidification
3. Liphello tsa Asiti ea Leoatleng ho Baahi ba Lebopong
4. Acidification ea Leoatle le Liphello Tsa Tsona Tse ka 'nang Tsa E-ba Teng ho Tikoloho ea Leoatleng
5. Lisebelisoa bakeng sa Barupeli
6. Litataiso tsa Leano le Lingoliloeng tsa 'Muso
7. Lisebelisoa tse Eketsehileng

1. Selelekela

Leoatle le monya karolo e khōlō ea carbon dioxide ea rōna, e leng ho fetolang k'hemik'hale ea leoatle ka lebelo le sa tloaelehang. Hoo e ka bang karolo ea boraro ea mesi eohle lilemong tse 200 tse fetileng e montsoe ke leoatle, e leng se bakileng phokotseho ea pH ea metsi a holim'a leoatle ka hoo e ka bang yuniti ea 0.1 - ho tloha ho 8.2 ho ea ho 8.1. Phetoho ena e se e bakile litlamorao tsa nako e khuts'oane tsa lehae ho limela le liphoofolo tsa leoatleng. Liphello tsa ho qetela, tsa nako e telele tsa leoatle le ntseng le e-na le asiti e ntseng e eketseha li ka 'na tsa se tsejoe, empa likotsi tse ka bang teng li phahame. Asiti ea leoatle ke bothata bo ntseng bo hola ha mesi ea anthropogenic carbon dioxide e tsoela pele ho fetola sepakapaka le boemo ba leholimo. Ho hakanngoa hore qetellong ea lekholo la lilemo, ho tla ba le lerotholi le eketsehileng la li-unit tsa 0.2-0.3.

Ocean Acidification ke eng?

Lereo ocean acidification hangata ha le hlalosoe hampe ka lebaka la lebitso la lona le rarahaneng. 'Atiification ea leoatle e ka hlalosoa e le phetoho ea k'hemik'hale ea leoatle e susumetsoang ke ho kenngoa ha lik'hemik'hale moeeng ho kenyeletsa carbon, nitrogen, le sulfur compounds.' Ka mantsoe a bonolo, sena ke ha CO e feteletseng₂ e qhibiliha ka holim'a leoatle, e fetola k'hemik'hale ea leoatle. Lebaka le atileng haholo la sena ke ka lebaka la mesebetsi ea anthropogenic joalo ka ho chesoa ha mafura a khale le phetoho ea ts'ebeliso ea mobu e ntšang palo e kholo ea CO.₂. Litlaleho tse kang Tlaleho e Khethehileng ea IPCC ka Oceans and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate li bontšitse hore lebelo la leoatle la ho fihlela moea oa CO.₂ e eketsehile lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse fetileng. Hona joale, atmospheric CO₂ mahloriso ke ~ 420ppmv, boemo bo sa bonahaleng bonyane lilemo tse 65,000. Ketsahalo ena hangata e bitsoa acidification ea leoatle, kapa "CO e 'ngoe₂ bothata,” ntle le ho futhumala ha maoatle. Global surface ocean pH e se e fokotsehile ka li-unit tse fetang 0.1 ho tloha Phetohelong ea Liindasteri, 'me Phanele e Kopanetsoeng ea Phatlalatso ea Phetoho ea Tlelaemete Tlaleho e Khethehileng ea Maemo a Mosi e bolela esale pele ho theoha ha nako e tlang ea likarolo tsa pH tsa 0.3 ho isa ho 0.5 lefatšeng ka bophara ka selemo sa 2100, leha sekhahla le boholo ba ho fokotseha ho fapana ho ea ka sebaka.

Leoatle ka kakaretso le tla lula le le alkaline, le pH ka holimo ho 7. Joale, ke hobane’ng ha le bitsoa acidification ea leoatleng? Ha CO₂ e sebetsana le metsi a leoatle, e fetoha asiti ea carbonic, e sa tsitsang. Molek'hule ena e tsoela pele ho sebetsana le metsi a leoatle ka ho ntša H⁺ ion ho fetoha bicarbonate. Ha a lokolla H⁺ ion, ho ba le tlatsetso ea eona e bakang phokotso ea pH. Ka hona, ho etsa hore metsi a be le asiti le ho feta.

pH Scale ke eng?

Sekala sa pH ke tekanyo ea bongata ba li-ion tsa haedrojene tse sa lefelloeng tharollong. Haeba ho na le li-ion tse ngata tsa hydrogen, tharollo e nkoa e le acidic. Haeba ho na le li-ion tsa haedrojene tse fokolang tse amanang le li-ion tsa hydroxide, tharollo e nkoa e le ea motheo. Ha o hokahanya liphumano tsena le boleng, tekanyo ea pH e ka sekala sa logarithmic (phetoho ea makhetlo a 10) ho tloha ho 0-14. Ntho leha e le efe e ka tlase ho 7 e nkoa e le ea motheo, 'me ka holimo e nkoa e le acidic. Ha sekala sa pH e le logarithmic, phokotseho ea yuniti ho pH e lekana le keketseho ea asiti ka makhetlo a leshome. Mohlala bakeng sa rōna batho ho utloisisa sena ke ho e bapisa le pH ea mali a rōna, eo ka karolelano e ka bang 7.40. Haeba pH ea rona e ne e ka fetoha, re ne re tla ba le bothata ba ho hema ebe re qala ho kula haholo. Boemo bona bo tšoana le bo hlahelang libōpuoa tse phelang metsing ka tšokelo e ntseng e eketseha ea asiti ea leoatle.

Asiti ea Leoatleng e Ama Bophelo ba Leoatleng Joang?

Asiti ea leoatleng e ka ba kotsi ho tse ling tsa lintho tse phelang leoatleng tse kang mollusks, coccolithophores, foraminifera le pteropods tse etsang biogenic calcium carbonate. Calcite le aragonite ke liminerale tse kholo tse entsoeng ka carbonate tse hlahisoang ke li-calcifiers tsena tsa leoatleng. Botsitso ba liminerale tsena bo itšetlehile ka bongata ba CO2 metsing 'me karolo e itseng ka mocheso. Ha maemo a anthropogenic CO2 a ntse a eketseha, botsitso ba liminerale tsena tsa biogenic boa fokotseha. Ha ho na le palo e kholo ea H⁺ li-ion ka metsing, e 'ngoe ea li-block tsa kaho tsa calcium carbonate, carbonate ion (CO₃^2-) e tla tlama habonolo ka li-ion tsa hydrogen ho e-na le li-ion tsa calcium. Hore li-calcifiers li hlahise metsoako ea calcium carbonate, li hloka ho nolofatsa ho tlama ha carbonate le k'halsiamo, e ka bitsang chelete e ngata haholo. Kahoo, lintho tse ling tse phelang li bontša ho fokotseha ha litekanyetso tsa calcification le/kapa keketseho ea ho qhibiliha ha li pepesehela maemo a nakong e tlang a acidification ea leoatle.  (lintlha tse tsoang Univesithing ea Plymouth).

Esita le lintho tse phelang tseo e seng li-calcifiers li ka angoa ke asiti ea leoatleng. Taolo ea ka hare ea acid-base e hlokahalang ho loantšana le ho fetoha ha k'hemik'hale ea metsi a leoatle a kantle ho naha e ka faposa matla lits'ebetsong tsa mantlha, joalo ka metabolism, tlhahiso le maikutlo a tloaelehileng a tikoloho. Lithuto tsa baeloji li ntse li tsoela pele ho hlophisoa ho utloisisa letoto le felletseng la litlamorao tse ka bang teng tsa ho fetoha ha maemo a leoatle ka bophara ba mefuta ea leoatle.

Leha ho le joalo, liphello tsena li ka 'na tsa se ke tsa lekanyetsoa ho mefuta e itseng feela. Ha mathata a kang ana a hlaha, marang-rang a lijo a senyeha hang-hang. Le hoja e ka ’na ea se ke ea bonahala e le bothata bo boholo ho rōna batho, re itšetlehile ka lintho tsena tse nang le likhetla tse thata hore li felise bophelo ba rōna. Haeba li sa hlahise kapa li sa hlahise hantle, phello ea domino e tla hlaha ho websaete eohle ea lijo, 'me liketsahalo tse tšoanang li etsahala. Ha bo-rasaense le bafuputsi ba utloisisa liphello tse kotsi tseo acidification ea leoatle e ka bang le eona, linaha, baetsi ba melao-motheo le lichaba ba lokela ho kopana ho fokotsa liphello tsa hona.

The Ocean Foundation e Etsa'ng Mabapi le Acidification ea Leoatle?

Leano la Machabeng la Ocean Foundation la Ocean Foundation le aha bokhoni ba bo-ramahlale, baetsi ba melaoana, le lichaba ho beha leihlo, ho utloisisa, le ho arabela OA sebakeng sa heno le ka tšebelisano-mmoho lefatšeng ka bophara. Re etsa sena ka ho theha lisebelisoa le lisebelisoa tse etselitsoeng ho sebetsa lefatšeng ka bophara. Bakeng sa tlhaiso-leseling e batsi mabapi le hore na Ocean Foundation e sebetsa joang ho sebetsana le Ocean Acidification ka kopo etela Webosaete ea International Ocean Acidification Initiative. Hape re khothaletsa ho etela The Ocean Foundation selemo le selemo Leqephe la Ketso la Letsatsi la Ocean Acidification. Mokhatlo oa Ocean Foundation Buka ea Tataiso ea Ocean Acidification bakeng sa Baetsi ba Leano e etselitsoe ho fana ka mehlala e seng e amohetsoe ea melao le puo ho thusa ho rala molao o mocha ho sebetsana le asiti ea leoatle, Buka ea Tataiso e teng ha u e kōpa.

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2. Mehloli ea Motheo mabapi le Asiti ea Leoatle

Mona ho The Ocean Foundation, Morero oa rona oa Machabeng oa Lewatle la Acidification o eketsa bokhoni ba bo-ramahlale, baetsi ba melaoana, le sechaba ho utloisisa le ho etsa lipatlisiso ka OA maemong a lehae le a lefats'e. Re motlotlo ka mosebetsi oa rona oa ho eketsa bokhoni ka lithupelo tsa lefats'e, ts'ehetso ea nako e telele ka lisebelisoa, le li-stipends ho ts'ehetsa tlhahlobo e tsoelang pele le lipatlisiso.

Sepheo sa rona ka har'a morero oa OA ke ho etsa hore naha e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e be le leano le matla la naha la tlhahlobo le phokotso ea OA e tsamaisoang ke litsebi le litlhoko tsa lehae. Ha re ntse re hokahanya mehato ea tikoloho le ea machaba ho fana ka puso e hlokahalang le tšehetso ea lichelete e hlokahalang ho rarolla phephetso ena ea lefats'e. Ho tloha ho nts'etsopele ea morero ona re khonne ho finyella:

• E kentse lisebelisoa tse 17 tsa ho beha leihlo linaheng tse 16
• E ile ea etella pele lithupelo tse 8 tsa tikoloho le bo-ramahlale ba fetang 150 ba tsoang lefats'eng lohle
• E hatisitsoe bukana ea tataiso e felletseng mabapi le melao ea asiti ea leoatle
• Ho thehile sephutheloana se secha sa lisebelisoa tsa ho beha leihlo se fokolitseng litšenyehelo tsa ho beha leihlo ka 90%
• Ho tšehelitsoe ka lichelete merero e 'meli ea ntlafatso ea lebopo ho ithuta hore na k'habone e putsoa, ​​joalo ka mangrove le joang ba leoatle, e ka fokotsa asiti ea leoatle joang sebakeng sa heno.
• Ho thehile litšebelisano tsa molao le mebuso ea naha le mekhatlo ea mebuso ho thusa ho hokahanya mehato e meholo
• E thusitsoe ho fetisa liqeto tse peli tsa libaka ka lits'ebetso tse hlophisitsoeng tsa UN ho matlafatsa matla

Tsena ke tse ling tsa lintlha-khōlō tse ngata tseo mosebetsi oa rōna o atlehileng ho li finyella lilemong tse ’maloa tse fetileng. Lisebelisoa tsa lipatlisiso tsa OA, tse bitsoang "Global Ocean Observing Network in a Box," e bile motheo oa mosebetsi oa IOAI. Hangata merero ena e theha tlhahlobo ea pele ea k'hemistri ea leoatle naheng e 'ngoe le e' ngoe 'me e lumella bafuputsi ho eketsa lipatlisiso ho ithuta liphello tsa mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea leoatleng joaloka litlhapi le likorale. Merero ena e tšehelitsoeng ke GOA-ON in a Box kit e kentse letsoho phuputsong kaha baamoheli ba bang ba ile ba fumana lengolo la mangolo kapa ba iketsetsa lilaboratori tsa bona.

Ocean Acidification e bolela phokotso ea pH ea leoatle ka nako e telele, hangata mashome a lilemo kapa ho feta. Sena se bakoa ke ho kenngoa ha CO₂ ho tsoa sepakapakeng, empa hape e ka bakoa ke litlatsetso tse ling tsa lik'hemik'hale kapa ho tlosoa ho tsoa leoatleng. Sesosa se atileng haholo sa OA lefatšeng la kajeno ke ka lebaka la mesebetsi ea anthropogenic kapa ka mantsoe a bonolo, mesebetsi ea batho. Ha CO₂ e sebetsana le metsi a leoatle, e fetoha asiti e fokolang, e hlahisang liphetoho tse ngata k'hemistri. Sena se eketsa li-ion tsa bicarbonate [HCO₃^-] le khabone ea inorganic e qhibilihisitsoeng (C_t), le ho fokotsa pH.

pH ke eng? Tekanyo ea asiti ea leoatle e ka tlalehoang ho sebelisoa likala tse fapaneng: Ofisi ea Naha ea Maemo (pH_NBS), metsi a leoatle (pH_sws), le kakaretso (pH_t) sekala. Kakaretso ea tekanyo (pH_t) e khothaletsoa (Dickinson, 2007) mme ke eona e sebelisoang haholo.

Hurd, C., Lenton, A., Tilbrook, B. & Boyd, P. (2018). Kutloisiso ea hajoale le liphephetso tsa maoatle sebakeng se phahameng-CO₂ lefatše. Tlhaho. E ntšitsoe ho https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0211-0

Le hoja asiti ea maoatle e le ntho e etsahalang lefatšeng ka bophara, temoho ea phapang e khōlō ea libaka e lebisitse ho thehoeng ha marang-rang a ho shebella. Liphephetso tsa kamoso ho CO e phahameng₂ Lefatše le kenyelletsa moralo o betere le liteko tse matla tsa ho ikamahanya le maemo, phokotso, le likhetho tsa ho kenella ho felisa litlamorao tsa asiti ea leoatle.

Caucus ea Naha ea Bakhethoa ba Melao ea Tikoloho. Leqephe la 'Nete la NCEL: Ocean Acidification.

Leqephe la lintlha le hlalosang lintlha tsa bohlokoa, melao, le lintlha tse ling mabapi le asiti ea leoatle.

Amaratunga, C. 2015. Seo diabolo e leng sona ocean acidification (OA) mme hobaneng re lokela ho tsotella? Marine Environmental Observation Prediction and Response Network (MEOPAR). Canada.

Sengoliloeng sena sa moeti se bua ka kopano ea bo-ramahlale ba likepe le litho tsa indasteri ea temo ea metsing Victoria, BC moo baetapele ba ileng ba buisana ka ketsahalo e tšoenyang ea asiti ea leoatle le litlamorao tsa eona maoatleng a Canada le temo ea metsing.

Eisler, R. (2012). Ocean Acidification: Tlhaloso e Feletseng. Enfield, NH: Bahatisi ba Saense.

Buka ena e hlahloba lingoliloeng le lipatlisiso tse teng mabapi le OA, ho kenyeletsoa kakaretso ea nalane ea pH le atmospheric CO₂ maemo le mehloli ea tlhaho le ea anthropogenic ea CO₂. Bolaoli ke bolaoli bo tsebahalang mabapi le tlhahlobo ea kotsi ea lik'hemik'hale, 'me buka e akaretsa litlamorao tsa 'nete le tse lebelletsoeng tsa asiti ea leoatle.

Gattuso, J.-P. & L. Hansson. Mohl. (2012). Ocean Acidization. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN- 978-0-19-959108-4

Ocean Acidification ke bothata bo ntseng bo hola mme buka ena e thusa ho rarolla bothata. Buka ena e bohlokoa haholo ho barutehi kaha ke sengoloa sa boemo ba lipatlisiso 'me e kopanya lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao mabapi le litlamorao tse ka bang teng tsa OA, ka sepheo sa ho tsebisa lintlha tse tlang pele tsa lipatlisiso le leano la taolo ea maoatle.

Gattuso, J.-P., J. Orr, S. Pantoja. H.-O. Portner, U. Riebesell, & T. Trull (Eds.). (2009). Leoatle lefatšeng le phahameng-CO2 II. Gottingen, Jeremane: Lingoliloeng tsa Copernicus. http://www.biogeosciences.net/ special_issue44.html

Khatiso ena e khethehileng ea Biogeosciences e kenyelletsa lingoliloeng tsa mahlale tse fetang 20 mabapi le k'hemistri ea leoatle le phello ea OA tikolohong ea maoatle.

Turley, C. and K. Boot, 2011: Liphephetso tsa asiti ea leoatle tse tobaneng le saense le sechaba. Ho: Ocean Acidification [Gattuso, J.-P. le L. Hansson (bahats.)]. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, leqepheng la 249-271

Tsoelo-pele ea batho e tsoetse pele haholo lekholong le fetileng la lilemo ka liphello tse ntle le tse mpe tikolohong. Ha palo ea baahi e ntse e eketseha, batho ba 'nile ba tsoela pele ho theha le ho qapa mekhoa e mecha ea theknoloji ho tsoela pele ho rua. Ha sepheo se seholo e le leruo, ka linako tse ling liphello tsa liketso tsa bona ha li hlokomeloe. Tšebeliso e feteletseng ea lisebelisoa tsa lipolanete le ho bokellana ha likhase ho fetotse k'hemik'hale ea sepakapaka le ea maoatle ho ba le litlamorao tse matla. Kaha batho ba matla haholo, ha boemo ba leholimo bo bile kotsing, re potlakile ho arabela le ho etsolla tšenyo ena e bakang botle. Ka lebaka la kotsi e ka bang teng ea litlamorao tse mpe tikolohong, litumellano tsa machaba le melao li hloka ho etsoa ho boloka lefatše le phetse hantle. Baetapele ba lipolotiki le bo-ramahlale ba hloka ho kopana ho bona hore na ho bonahala ho hlokahala neng ho kenella ho etsolla litlamorao tsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo.

Mathis, JT, JN Cross, le NR Bates, 2011: Ho kopanya tlhahiso ea mantlha le ho phalla ha lefatše ho acidification ea leoatle le khatello ea liminerale tsa carbonate Leoatleng la Bering le ka bochabela. Tlaleho ea Patlisiso ea Geophysical, 116, C02030, doi:10.1029/2010JC006453.

Ha u sheba khabone e qhibilihisitsoeng (DIC) le alkalinity e felletseng, likhakanyo tsa bohlokoa tsa liminerale tsa carbonate le pH li ka bonoa. Lintlha li bontšitse hore calcite le aragonite li anngoe haholo ke ho phalla ha nōka, tlhahiso ea mantlha, le ho tsosolosoa ha lintho tse phelang. Liminerale tsena tsa bohlokoa tsa carbonate li ne li tletse ka har'a kholomo ea metsi ho tsoa liketsahalong tsena tse tsoang ho anthropogenic carbon dioxide maoatleng.

Gattuso, J.-P. Ocean Acidization. (2011) Villefranche-sur-mer Developmental Biological Laboratory.

Kakaretso e khutšoane ea maqephe a mararo ea acidization ea leoatle, sengoloa sena se fana ka semelo sa mantlha sa k'hemistri, pH scale, lebitso, nalane le litlamorao tsa acidification ea leoatle.

Harrould-Kolieb, E., M. Hirshfield, & A. Brosius. (2009). Li-Emitters tse kholo ka ho fetesisa tse otliloeng ka thata ke Ocean Acidification. Oceana.

Tlhahlobo ena e lekola bofokoli le phello ea OA linaheng tse fapaneng lefats'eng ka bophara ho ipapisitsoe le boholo ba litlhapi le likhofu tseo li li tšoasang, boemo ba tsona ba tšebeliso ea lijo tsa leoatleng, peresente ea mafika a likorale ka har'a EEZ ea bona, le boemo bo lebelletsoeng ba OA ho bona. metsi a lebopong ka 2050. Tlaleho e bontša hore lichaba tse nang le libaka tse khōlō tsa mafika a likorale, kapa li tšoasa le ho ja litlhapi tse ngata le likhofu, ’me tse sebakeng se phahameng ke tsona tse kotsing ea ho hlaseloa ke OA.

Doney, SC, VJ Fabry, RA Feely, le JA Kleypas, 2009: Ocean acidification: E 'ngoe CO₂ bothata. Tlhahlobo ea Selemo le Selemo ea Saense ea Marine, 1, 169-192, doi:10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834.

Ha tlhahiso ea anthropogenic carbon dioxide e ntse e eketseha phetoho ea k'hemistri ea carbonate e etsahala. Sena se fetola potoloho ea biogeochemical ea metsoako ea bohlokoa ea lik'hemik'hale joalo ka aragonite le calcite, e fokotsang ho ikatisa ho nepahetseng ha lintho tse phelang tse thata. Liteko tsa Lab li bonts'itse ho fokotseha ha lipalo le sekhahla sa kholo.

Dickson, AG, Sabine, CL le Christian, JR (Eds.) 2007. Tataiso ea mekhoa e metle ea litekanyo tsa CO2 ea leoatle. PICES Khatiso e Khethehileng ea 3, 191 maq.

Litekanyo tsa carbon dioxide ke motheo oa lipatlisiso tsa asiti ea leoatle. E 'ngoe ea litataiso tse ntle ka ho fetisisa tsa ho metha e entsoe ke sehlopha sa mahlale le Lefapha la Matla la United States (DOE) bakeng sa morero oa bona oa ho etsa tlhahlobo ea pele ea lefats'e ea carbon dioxide maoatleng. Kajeno tataiso e hlokometsoe ke National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

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3. Liphello tsa Asiti ea Leoatleng ho Baahi ba Lebopong

Acidification ea leoatle e ama ts'ebetso ea mantlha ea bophelo ba leoatle le tikoloho. Liphuputso tsa hajoale li bonts'a hore asiti ea leoatle e tla ba le litlamorao tse mpe ho baahi ba lebopong ba itšetlehileng ka ts'ireletso ea lebopo, botšoasi ba litlhapi le temo ea metsing. Ha asiti ea maoatle e ntse e phahama maoatleng a lefatše, ho tla ba le phetoho pusong ea macroalgal, ho senyeha ha bolulo le tahlehelo ea mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng. Baahi ba libakeng tsa tropike le tsa tropike ba kotsing e kholo ea ho theoha ho hoholo ha chelete e tsoang maoatleng. Lithuto tse hlahlobang litlamorao tsa asiti ea leoatleng ho bongata ba litlhapi tse pepeneneng li bonts'a liphetoho tse mpe mokhoeng oa ho fofonela, ho tsoala, le karabelo ea ho phonyoha (litlhaloso tse ka tlase). Liphetoho tsena li tla roba motheo oa bohlokoa oa moruo oa lehae le tikoloho. Haeba batho ba ne ba ka bona liphetoho tsena ka bobona, tlhokomelo ea ho fokotsa lebelo la hona joale la CO₂ mesi e ka fapohang haholo maemong afe kapa afe a boletsoeng ka holimo. Ho hakanngoa hore haeba liphello tsena li tsoela pele ho ba le liphello tsena litlhaping, ho ka ba le liranta tse limilione tse makholo tse lahlehang selemo le selemo ka 2060.

Ka thoko ho botšoasi ba litlhapi, bohahlauli ba lintho tse phelang le mepopotlo ea likorale bo tlisa chelete e kenang ea lidolara tse limilione selemo le selemo. Baahi ba lebōpong la leoatle ba itšepa ebile ba itšetlehile ka mafika a likorale bakeng sa ho iphelisa. Ho ’nile ha hakanngoa hore ha asiti ea leoatle e ntse e eketseha, liphello tsa mafika a likorale li tla ba matla, ka hona li fokotse bophelo ba tsona bo tla fella ka ho lahleheloa ke chelete e hakanyetsoang ho lidolara tse libilione tse 870 selemo le selemo ka 2100. Sena feela ke phello ea acidification ea leoatle. Haeba bo-ramahlale ba ka eketsa litlamorao tse kopaneng tsa sena, ka ho futhumala, ho felloa ke oksijene, le tse ling, ho ka baka litlamorao tse mpe le ho feta moruong le tikolohong ea baahi ba lebopong la leoatle.

Moore, C. le Fuller J. (2022). Liphello Tsa Moruo oa Lewatle Acidification: Meta-Analysis. Univesithi ea Chicago Press Journals. Marine Resource Economics Vol. 32, No.2

Phuputso ena e bonts'a tlhahlobo ea litlamorao tsa OA moruong. Liphello tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi, temo ea metsing, boikhathollo, tšireletso ea mabōpo, le matšoao a mang a moruo li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho ithuta haholoanyane ka liphello tsa nako e telele tsa asiti ea leoatle. Boithuto bona bo fumane kakaretso ea lithuto tse 20 ho tloha ka 2021 tse hlahlobileng litlamorao tsa moruo tsa acidization ea leoatle, leha ho le joalo, ke tse 11 feela tsa tsona tse neng li le matla ho lekana ho hlahlojoa e le lithuto tse ikemetseng. Ho tsena, bongata bo boholo bo ne bo shebane le limmaraka tsa mollusk. Bangoli ba phethela thuto ea bona ka ho hoeletsa tlhokahalo ea lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng, haholo-holo lithuto tse kenyelletsang likhase tse khethehileng le maemo a moruo oa sechaba, e le ho fumana likhakanyo tse nepahetseng tsa liphello tsa nako e telele tsa acidification ea leoatle.

Hall-Spencer JM, Harvey BP. Litšusumetso tsa asiti ea leoatleng litšebeletsong tsa tikoloho ea lebopo ka lebaka la ho senyeha ha bolulo. Emerg Top Life Sci. 2019 May 10;3(2):197-206. doi: 10.1042/ETLS20180117. PMID: 33523154; PMCID: PMC7289009.

Asiti ea leoatle e theola botsitso ba libaka tsa maoatle ho sehlopha sa bakhanni ba bang ba amanang le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo (ho futhumala ha lefatše, ho phahama ha leoatle, ho eketseha ha sefefo) ho eketsang kotsi ea ho fetoha ha puso ea maoatle le tahlehelo ea mesebetsi le litšebeletso tsa bohlokoa tsa tikoloho le tikoloho. Likotsi tsa thepa ea leoatleng li hola ka OA e bakang phetoho taolong ea macroalgal, ho senyeha ha bolulo, le tahlehelo ea mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng. Liphello tsena li 'nile tsa bonoa libakeng tse sa tšoaneng ho pota lefatše. Lithuto ka CO₂ li-seeps li tla ba le liphello ho litlhapi tse haufi, 'me libaka tsa tropike le tsa tropike li tla ba le liphello tse bohloko ka lebaka la batho ba limilione ba itšetlehileng ka tšireletso ea lebōpong la leoatle, ho tšoasa litlhapi le ho rua metsing.

Cooley SR, Ono CR, Melcer S le Roberson J (2016) Liketso tsa Boemo ba Sechaba tse ka sebetsanang le Asiti ea Leoatleng. Pele. Mar. Sci. 2:128. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2015.00128

Pampiri ena e kenella liketsong tsa hajoale tse ntseng li etsoa ke linaha le libaka tse ling tse sa utloeng litlamorao tsa OA empa li khathetse ke litlamorao tsa eona.

Ekstrom, JA et al. (2015). Ho ba kotsing le ho ikamahanya le maemo a likhetla tsa US ho acidification ea leoatle. Nature. 5, 207-215, doi: 10.1038/climate2508

Mehato e ka khonahalang le e amehang sebakeng sa phokotso le ho ikamahanya le maemo ea hlokahala ho sebetsana le litlamorao tsa asiti ea leoatle. Sengoliloeng sena se hlahisa tlhahlobo e hlakileng ea ho ba kotsing ea libaka tsa libaka tse lebopong la United States.

Spalding, MJ (2015). Koluoa ​​​​bakeng sa Sherman's Lagoon - Le Leoatle la Lefatše. Seboka sa Tikoloho. 32 (2), 38-43.

Tlaleho ena e totobatsa ho teba ha OA, phello ea eona holim'a marang-rang a lijo le mehloling ea batho ea protheine, le 'nete ea hore hase feela tšokelo e ntseng e hōla empa ke bothata bo teng hona joale le bo bonahalang. Sengoliloeng se bua ka mehato ea mmuso oa US hammoho le karabelo ea machaba ho OA, 'me se qetella ka lethathamo la mehato e menyenyane e ka nkoang le e lokelang ho nkoa ho thusa ho loantša OA.

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4. Acidification ea Leoatle le Liphello tsa Eona Libakeng Tsa Leoatle

Doney, Scott C., Busch, D. Shallin, Cooley, Sarah R., & Kroeker, Kristy J. Litlamorao tsa Asiti ea Leoatleng ho Tikoloho ea Maoatleng le Metseng ea Batho e Itšetlehileng. Tlhahlobo ea Selemo le Selemo ea Tikoloho le Lisebelisoa, 45 (1). E nkiloe ho https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10164807. https:// doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083019

Phuputso ena e tsepamisitse maikutlo litlamorao tsa ho phahama ha maemo a khabonetaeokosaete ho tsoa mafura a khale le mesebetsi e meng ea anthropogenic. Liteko tsa lab li bonts'a hore sena se entse liphetoho ho fisioloji ea liphoofolo, matla a baahi, le ho fetola tikoloho. Sena se tla beha moruo kotsing e itšetlehileng haholo ka maoatle. Ho tšoasa litlhapi, temo ea metsing le ho sireletsa mabōpo ke tse ling tsa tse ngata tse tla latsoa liphello tse bohloko ka ho fetisisa.

Olsen E, Kaplan IC, Ainsworth C, Fay G, Gaichas S, Gamble R, Girardin R, Eide CH, Ihde TF, Morzaria-Luna H, Johnson KF, Savina-Rolland M, Townsend H, Weijerman M, Fulton EA and Link JS (2018) Bokamoso ba Leoatle Tlas'a Asiti ea Leoatle, Tšireletso ea Marine, le Khatello e Fetohang ea ho Tšoasa Litlhapi e Lekotsoeng ho Sebelisa Sehlopha sa Lefatše sa Ecosystem Models. Pele. Mar. Sci. 5:64. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00064

Tsamaiso e thehiloeng ho ecosystem, eo hape e tsejoang ka hore ke EBM, e bile thahasello e ntseng e eketseha ea ho leka maano a mang a taolo le ho thusa ho tseba mekhoa ea khoebo ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea batho. Ona ke mokhoa oa ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa tharollo bakeng sa mathata a rarahaneng a taolo ea maoatle ho ntlafatsa bophelo bo botle ba tikoloho libakeng tse fapaneng tsa lefats'e.

Mostofa, KMG, Liu, C.-Q., Zhai, W., Minella, M., Vione, D., Gao, K., Minakata, D., Arakaki, T., Yoshioka, T., Hayakawa, K ., Konohira, E., Tanoue, E., Akhand, A., Chanda, A., Wang, B., le Sakugawa, H.: Reviews and Syntheses: Ocean acidification le liphello tsa eona tse ka bang teng ho tikoloho ea leoatle, Biogeosciences, 13 , 1767–1786, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1767-2016, 2016.

Sengoliloeng sena se kenella lipuisanong tsa lithuto tse fapaneng tse entsoeng ho bona litlamorao tsa OA maoatleng.

Cattano, C, Claudet, J., Domenici, P. le Milazzo, M. (2018, May) Ho phela lefatšeng le phahameng la CO2: tlhahlobo ea meta ea lefats'e e bonts'a likarabo tse ngata tsa tlhapi tse nang le mekhoa e mengata ho acidification ea leoatle. Ecological Monographs 88(3). DOI:10.1002/ecm.1297

Litlhapi ke mohloli oa bohlokoa bakeng sa mekhoa ea boipheliso metseng e lebōpong la leoatle 'me ke karolo ea bohlokoa bakeng sa botsitso ba tikoloho ea leoatle. Ka lebaka la litlamorao tse amanang le khatello ea maikutlo tsa OA ho physiology, ho hlokahala hore ho etsoe ho hongata ho tlatsa lekhalo la tsebo lits'ebetsong tsa bohlokoa tsa eco-physiological le ho atolosa lipatlisiso libakeng tse kang ho futhumala ha lefatše, hypoxia, le ho tšoasa litlhapi. Hoa thahasellisa hore liphello tsa litlhapi ha lia ka tsa e-ba matla, ho fapana le mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea li-invertebrate tse tlas'a maemo a tikoloho a spatiotemporal. Ho fihlela joale, ho na le liphuputso tse ngata tse bontšang liphello tse fapaneng ho liphoofolo tse nang le lesapo la mokokotlo le li-invertebrates. Ka lebaka la phapang, ho bohlokoa hore ho etsoe liphuputso ho bona phapang ena ho utloisisa haholoanyane hore na asiti ea leoatle e tla ama moruo oa lichaba tse lebopong joang.

Albright, R. and Cooley, S. (2019). Tlhahlobo ea Lits'ebetso tse sisintsoeng ho fokotsa litlamorao ho asiti ea maoatleng ho mafika a likorale Regional Studies in Marine Science, Moq. 29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2019.100612

Phuputso ena e fana ka lintlha tse qaqileng mabapi le hore na mepopotlo ea likorale e anngoe ke OA joang lilemong tsa morao tjena. Phuputsong ena, bafuputsi ba fumane hore mafika a likorale a khona ho khutlela morao ketsahalong ea ho fifala. 

1. Mepopotlo ea likorale e na le monyetla oa ho khutlela morao ketsahalong ea ho fifala butle haholo ha e kenyelletsa litlamorao tikolohong, joalo ka asiti ea leoatle.
2. “Litšebeletso tsa tikoloho li kotsing ea OA tikolohong ea mafika a likorale. Hangata litšebeletso tsa ho fana ka litšebeletso li lekanngoa moruong, empa litšebeletso tse ling le tsona ke tsa bohlokoa metseng ea batho ba lebōpong la leoatle.”

Malsbury, E. (2020, Hlakola 3) “Mehlala ea Leeto le Tloaelehileng la Lekholong la bo19 la lilemo e Senola Liphello tse 'Tšosang' tsa ho Eketsa Asiti ea Leoatleng." Makasine ea Saense. AAAS. E nkiloe ho: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/02/ plankton-shells-have-become-dangerously-thin-acidifying-oceans-are-blame

Mehlala ea likhetla, tse bokelletsoeng ho HMS Challenger ka 1872-76, li tenya haholo ho feta likhetla tsa mofuta o tšoanang o fumanehang kajeno. Bafuputsi ba ile ba sibolla sena ha likhetla tse ka bang lilemo tse 150 tse neng li le pokellong ea Musiamo oa London oa Histori ea Tlhaho li ne li bapisoa le mehlala ea mehleng ea kajeno ea nako e tšoanang. Bo-rasaense ba ile ba sebelisa logi ea sekepe ho fumana hore na ke mofuta ofe, sebaka le nako ea selemo eo likhetla li neng li bokelloa ’me ba sebelisa sena ho bokella lisampole tsa morao-rao. Papiso e ne e hlakile: likhetla tsa sejoale-joale li ne li le mosesaane ho fihla ho 76% ho feta balekane ba bona ba nalane mme liphetho li supa ho acidization ea leoatle e le sesosa.

MacRae, Gavin (12 Mmesa 2019.) "Acidification ea Leoatle e Bopa bocha Mecha ea Lijo tsa Leoatleng." Molebeli oa Metsi. https://watershedsentinel.ca/articles/ocean-acidification-is-reshaping-marine-food-webs/

Botebo ba leoatle bo liehisa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo, empa ka litšenyehelo. Asiti ea metsi a leoatle e ntse e eketseha ha maoatle a monya carbon dioxide libesong tsa khale.

Spalding, Mark J. (21 Pherekhong 2019.) “Tlhaloso: Leoatle lea fetoha – le ntse le e-ba asiti le ho feta.” Channel News Asia. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/ commentary/ocean-acidification-climate-change-marine-life-dying-11124114

Lintho tsohle tse phelang lefatšeng li tla qetella li ameha ha leoatle le ntseng le futhumala le le nang le asiti le ntse le hlahisa oksijene e fokolang e bakang maemo a sokelang mefuta e mengata ea lintho tse phelang leoatleng le lintho tse phelang ho eona. Ho na le tlhokahalo e potlakileng ea ho haha ​​​​khanyetso khahlano le asiti ea leoatle ho sireletsa mefuta-futa ea lintho tse phelang leoatleng lefatšeng la rōna.

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5. Lisebelisoa bakeng sa Barupeli

NOAA. (2022). Thuto le Phatlalatso. Leano la Ocean Acidification. https://oceanacidification.noaa.gov/AboutUs/ EducationOutreach/

NOAA e na le lenaneo la thuto le phalliso ka lefapha la eona la acidification ea maoatle. Sena se fana ka lisebelisoa bakeng sa sechaba mabapi le mokhoa oa ho lebisa tlhokomelo ho baetsi ba melaoana ho qala ho nka melao ea OA boemong bo bocha le ho sebetsa. 

Thibodeau, Patrica S., Ho Sebelisa Lintlha tsa Nako e Telele ho Tsoa Antarctica ho Ruta ka Acidification ea Leoatle (2020). Hona joale Journal of Marine Education, 34 (1), 43-45.https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles

Virginia Institute of Marine Science e thehile moralo ona oa thuto oa ho kopanya baithuti ba sekolo se mahareng ho rarolla sephiri: acidification ea leoatle ke eng, 'me e ama bophelo ba leoatle joang Antarctic? Ho rarolla sephiri, baithuti ba tla nka karolo ho tsomang ha acidification ea leoatleng, ho etsa tlhahiso ea likhopolo-taba le ho fihlela liqeto tsa bona ka tlhaloso ea data ea nako ea nnete e tsoang Antarctic. Lenaneo le felletseng la thuto le fumaneha ho: https://doi.org/10.25773/zzdd-ej28.

Pokello ea Kharikhulamo ea Ocean Acidification. 2015. Morabe oa Suquamish.

Mohloli ona oa Marang-rang ke pokello e hlophisitsoeng ea lisebelisoa tsa mahala mabapi le acidification ea leoatle bakeng sa matichere le likhokahano, bakeng sa limaraka tsa K-12.

The Alaska Ocean Acidification Network. (2022). Ocean Acidification bakeng sa Barupeli. https://aoan.aoos.org/community-resources/for-educators/

Alaska's Ocean Acidification Network e hlahisitse lisebelisoa ho tloha ho PowerPoints tse boletsoeng le lingoliloeng ho isa livideong le merero ea lithuto bakeng sa limaraka tse fapaneng. Kharikhulamo e hlophisitsoeng mabapi le asiti ea leoatle e nkuoe e le ea bohlokoa Alaska. Re ntse re sebetsana le lithuto tse ling tse totobatsang k'hemistri ea metsi e ikhethang ea Alaska le bakhanni ba OA.

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6. Litataiso tsa Leano le Litlaleho tsa 'Muso

Sehlopha sa Tšebetso sa Interagency ka Ocean Acidification. (2022, Mphalane, 28). Tlaleho ea Botšelela mabapi le Lipatlisiso le Mesebetsi ea Tlhokomelo e Felletsoeng ke 'Muso. Komitjana ea Komiti ea Mahlale le Thekenoloji ea Leoatle ka Tikoloho ea Lekhotla la Naha la Saense le Thekenoloji. https://oceanacidification.noaa.gov/sites/oap-redesign/Publications/SOST_IWGOA-FY-18-and-19-Report.pdf?ver=2022-11-01-095750-207

Ocean acidification (OA), phokotso ea pH ea leoatle e bakoang haholo-holo ke ho kenngoa ha carbon dioxide e tsoang ho anthropogenically (CO).₂) ho tsoa sepakapakeng, ke tšokelo tikolohong ea maoatleng le lits'ebeletso tseo litsamaiso tseo li fanang ka tsona sechabeng. Tokomane ena e akaretsa mesebetsi ea Federal on OA in Fiscal Years (FY) 2018 le 2019. E hlophisitsoe ka likarolo tse tsamaellanang le libaka tse robong tsa libaka, haholo-holo, boemo ba lefatše, boemo ba naha, le mosebetsi United States Leboea-bochabela, United States Bohareng. -Atlantic, United States Boroa-bochabela le Gulf Coast, Caribbean, United States West Coast, Alaska, US Pacific Islands, Arctic, Antarctic.

Komiti ea Tikoloho, Lihloliloeng, le Moshoelella ea Lekhotla la Naha la Saense le Thekenoloji. (2015, Mmesa). Tlaleho ea Boraro ea Lipatlisiso le Ts'ebetso ea Tlhokomelo ea Lipatlisiso tsa Ocean Acidification e tšehelitsoeng ke 'Muso.

Tokomane ena e entsoe ke Interagency Working Group on Ocean Acidification, e eletsang, e thusang, le ho fana ka likhothaletso mabapi le litaba tse amanang le asiti ea leoatle, ho kenyeletsoa le ho hokahanya mesebetsi ea Federale. Tlaleho ena e akaretsa liphuputso le ho beha leihlo mesebetsi ea lipatlisiso e tšehelitsoeng ka lichelete ke 'muso; e fana ka ditjeho bakeng sa mesebetsi ena, mme e hlalosa tokollo ya moraorao tjena ya leano la leano la ho etsa dipatlisiso bakeng sa dipatlisiso tsa Federale le ho beha leihlo ho asiti ya lewatle.

Mekhatlo ea NOAA e sebetsanang le Taba ea Asiti ea Leoatle ka Metsing a Lehae. Tsamaiso ea Naha ea Leoatle le Sepakapaka.

Tlaleho ena e fana ka thuto e khutšoane ea "Ocean Chemistry 101" mabapi le karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale ea OA le sekala sa pH. E boetse e thathamisa lintlha tse akaretsang tsa NOAA tsa acidification ea leoatle.

NOAA Climate Science & Services. Karolo ea Bohlokoa ea Litebello tsa Lefatše ho Utloisisa Ho Fetola Chemistry ea Leoatle.

Tlaleho ena e hlakisa boiteko ba NOAA ba Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) bo reretsoeng ho tšoaea, ho bolela esale pele, le ho beha leihlo tikoloho ea lebopo, maoatle le Great Lake.

Tlaleha ho 'Musisi le Seboka se Akaretsang sa Maryland. Lebotho la Mosebetsi la ho Ithuta Kameho ea Asiti ea Leoatleng ho Metsi a Naha. Web. La 9 Pherekhong 2015.

Naha ea Maryland ke naha e lebopong la leoatle e sa itšetleheng feela ka leoatle empa hape le Chesapeake Bay. Sheba sengoloa sena ho ithuta haholoanyane ka boithuto ba sehlopha sa mesebetsi eo Maryland e e sebelisitseng ke Seboka se Akaretsang sa Maryland.

Washington State Blue Ribbon Panel mabapi le Ocean Acidification. Ocean Acidification: Ho tloha ho Tsebo ho ea ho Ketso. Web. November 2012.

Tlaleho ena e fana ka semelo sa acidization ea leoatle le phello ea eona ho naha ea Washington. Jwaloka naha e lebopong la lewatle e itshetlehileng ka botshwasi ba ditlhapi le mehlodi ya metsing, e ikakgela hodima ditlamorao tse ka bang teng tsa phetoho ya tlelaemete moruong. Bala sengoloa sena ho ithuta seo Washington e se etsang hajoale molemong oa mahlale le lipolotiki ho loants'a litlamorao tsena.

Hemphill, A. (2015, February 17). Maryland e nka khato ea ho sebetsana le asiti ea leoatle. Lekhotla la Lebatooa la Mid-Atlantic Leoatleng. E khutlisitsoe ho http://www.midatlanticocean.org

Naha ea Maryland e ka pele ho mebuso e nkang khato e tiileng ho rarolla litlamorao tsa OA. Maryland e fetisitse House Bill 118, ho theha sehlopha sa basebetsi ho ithuta ka phello ea OA metsing a mmuso nakong ea seboka sa eona sa 2014. Sehlopha sa tšebetso se tsepamisitse maikutlo holim'a libaka tse supileng tsa bohlokoa ho ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea OA.

Upton, HF & P. ​​Folger. (2013). Tlhahiso ea leoatle (CRS Report No. R40143). Washington, DC: Tšebeletso ea Lipatlisiso ea Congressional.

Likahare li kenyelletsa lintlha tsa motheo tsa OA, sekhahla seo OA e etsahalang ka sona, litlamorao tse ka bang teng tsa OA, likarabelo tsa tlhaho le tsa batho tse ka fokotsang kapa tsa fokotsa OA, thahasello ea congress ho OA, le seo mmuso oa koporasi o se etsang ka OA. E phatlalalitsoe ka Phupu ea 2013, tlaleho ena ea CRS ke ntlafatso ea litlaleho tsa CRS OA tse fetileng mme e fana ka maikutlo a molao o le mong feela o hlahisitsoeng ho Congress ea 113 (Coral Reef Conservation Act Amendments of 2013) e neng e tla kenyelletsa OA ho mekhoa e sebelisoang ho lekola litlhahiso tsa morero bakeng sa ho ithuta ka litšokelo tsa mafika a likorale. Tlaleho ea mantlha e phatlalalitsoe ka 2009 mme e ka fumanoa sehokelong se latelang: Buck, EH & P. ​​Folger. (2009). Tlhahiso ea leoatle (CRS Report No. R40143). Washington, DC: Tšebeletso ea Lipatlisiso ea Congressional.

IGBP, IOC, SCOR (2013). Kakaretso ea Asiti ea Leoatle bakeng sa Baetsi ba Melao - Simposiamo ea Boraro Leoatleng le Phahameng-CO₂ Lefatše. Lenaneo la Machaba la Geosphere-Biosphere, Stockholm, Sweden.

Kakaretso ena ke ea boemo ba tsebo mabapi le asiti ea leoatle e ipapisitseng le liphuputso tse hlahisitsoeng simposiamong ea boraro Leoatleng ka High-CO.₂ Lefatšeng la Monterey, CA ka 2012.

Sehlopha sa InterAcademy ka Litaba tsa Machaba. (2009). Polelo ea IAP ka Ocean Acidification.

Polelo ena e maqephe a mabeli, e tiisitsoeng ke likolo tse fetang 60 lefatšeng ka bophara, e hlalosa ka bokhutšoanyane litšokelo tse behiloeng ke OA, 'me e fana ka likhothaletso le pitso ea ho nka khato.

Liphello tsa Tikoloho tsa Asiti ea Leoatleng: Kotsi ho Tšireletso ea Lijo. (2010). Nairobi, Kenya. UNEP.

Sengoliloeng sena se akaretsa likamano lipakeng tsa CO₂, phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo, le OA, phello ea OA mehloling ea lijo tsa leoatleng, 'me e phethela ka lethathamo la liketso tse 8 tse hlokahalang ho fokotsa kotsi ea liphello tsa acidification ea leoatle.

Phatlalatso ea Monaco ka Ocean Acidification. (2008). Symposium ea Bobeli ea Machabeng Leoatleng le Phahameng ka ho Fetisisa.CO₂ Lefatše.

E kopiloe ke Prince Albert II ka mor'a simposiamo ea bobeli ea machaba Monaco ka OA, phatlalatso ena, e thehiloeng ho liphuputso tsa saense tse ke keng tsa hanyetsoa 'me e saennoe ke bo-ramahlale ba 155 ba tsoang lichabeng tse 26, e fana ka likhothaletso, e bitsang baetsi ba melaoana ho rarolla bothata bo boholo ba acidification ea leoatle.

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7. Lisebelisoa tse Eketsehileng

Ocean Foundation e khothaletsa lisebelisoa tse latelang bakeng sa tlhaiso-leseling e eketsehileng mabapi le Patlisiso ea Ocean Acidification

1. Tšebeletso ea Leoatle la NOAA
2. Univesithi ea Plymouth
3. Motheo oa Naha ea Sanctuary ea Leoatle

Spalding, MJ (2014) Ocean Acidification le Tšireletso ea Lijo. Univesithi ea California, Irvine: Bophelo bo Botle ba Leoatleng, ho Tšoasa Litlhapi lefatšeng ka bophara, le ho rekota ha kopano ea Tšireletso ea Lijo.

Ka 2014, Mark Spalding o ile a hlahisa kamano pakeng tsa OA le tšireletso ea lijo sebokeng sa bophelo bo botle ba leoatle, ho tšoasa litlhapi lefatšeng ka bophara, le tšireletso ea lijo UC Irvine. 

The Island Institute (2017). Letoto la Lifilimi tsa Boemo ba Leholimo ba Phetoho. The Island Insitiute. https://www.islandinstitute.org/stories/a-climate-of-change-film-series/

Setsi sa Sehlekehlekeng se hlahisitse letoto le lekhutšoane la likarolo tse tharo le shebaneng le litlamorao tsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo le asiti ea maoatle ho lihlapi tsa United States. Livideo li phatlalalitsoe qalong ka 2017, empa boholo ba tlhaiso-leseling e ntse e sebetsa le kajeno.

Karolo ea Pele, Metsi a futhumetseng Koung ea Maine, e shebana haholo le litlamorao tsa boemo ba leholimo bohlapi ba sechaba sa habo rona. Bo-rasaense, batsamaisi le batšoasi ba litlhapi kaofela ba se ba qalile ho buisana ka hore na re ka rera joang le hore na re lokela ho rera joang bakeng sa liphello tse ke keng tsa qojoa, empa tse sa lebelloang, tsa boemo ba leholimo tikolohong ea leoatle. Bakeng sa tlaleho e felletseng, tlanya mona.

Karolo ea bobeli, Ocean Acidification Alaska, e lebisa tlhokomelo tabeng ea kamoo batšoasi ba litlhapi ba Alaska ba sebetsanang le bothata bo ntseng bo hōla ba ho tlala asiti ea leoatleng. Bakeng sa tlaleho e felletseng, tlanya mona.

Karolong ea Boraro, Ho putlama le ho Ikamahanya le maemo sebakeng sa Litlhapi sa Oyster sa Apalachicola, Bahlokomeli ba etela Apalachicola, Florida, ho ea bona se etsahalang ha sebaka sa ho tšoasa litlhapi se oa ka ho feletseng le seo sechaba se se etsang ho ikamahanya le maemo le ho inchafatsa. Bakeng sa tlaleho e felletseng, tlanya mona.

Liketso tseo U ka li Etsang

Joalokaha ho boletsoe ka holimo sesosa se seholo sa asiti ea leoatle ke ho eketseha ha carbon dioxide, e ntan'o monngoa ke leoatle. Kahoo, ho fokotsa tlhahiso ea khabone ke mohato o latelang oa bohlokoa ho emisa ho eketseha ha asiti ka leoatleng. Ka kopo etela Leqephe la International Ocean Acidification Initiative bakeng sa tlhahisoleseling mabapi le mehato eo The Ocean Foundation e e nkang mabapi le Ocean Acidification.

Bakeng sa tlhaiso-leseling e batsi ka litharollo tse ling ho kenyelletsa tlhahlobo ea merero ea ho Tlosa Carbon Dioxide le theknoloji ka kopo bona Leqephe la Patlisiso la Phetoho ea Tlelaemete la Ocean Foundatione, ho fumana lintlha tse ling bona Morero oa Ocean Foundation's Blue Resilience Initiative. 

sebelisa rona SeaGrass Holisa Carbon Calculator ho bala tlhahiso ea khabone ea hau le ho fana ka chelete ho fokotsa tšusumetso ea hau! Calculator e entsoe ke The Ocean Foundation ho thusa motho kapa mokhatlo ho bala CO ea selemo le selemo₂ mesi ho bona hore na ke bokae ba khabone e putsoa e hlokahalang ho e felisa (lihekthere tsa joang ba leoatle bo tla khutlisoa kapa bo lekanang le bona). Lekeno le tsoang mochining oa mokoloto oa khabone e putsoa le ka sebelisoa ho ts'ehetsa matsapa a ho khutlisa, e leng ho hlahisang mekitlane e mengata. Mananeo a joalo a lumella ho hapa tse peli: ho theha litšenyehelo tse ka lekanyetsoang ho litsamaiso tsa lefats'e tsa CO₂-mesebetsi ea ho ntša metsi 'me, ea bobeli, tsosoloso ea makhulo a leoatle a etsang karolo ea bohlokoa ea tikoloho ea lebōpong la leoatle 'me a hloka ho tsosolosoa.

RETS'ELISITSOE PHATLISISO