MMPA: Lilemo tse 45 tsa ho Sireletsa Liphoofolo Tse Anyesang Tsa Leoatleng

Ka Mphalane, re ketekile lilemo tse 45 tsa tšireletso bakeng sa maruarua, li-dolphin, li-porpoise, liqibi, litau tsa leoatle, manatee, li-dugong, li-walrus, li-sea otter le li-polar bear, tse ileng tsa latela hore Mopresidente Nixon a saene Molao oa Tšireletso ea Liphoofolo Tsa Leoatleng hore e be molao. Ha re hetla morao, re khona ho bona hore na re tsamaile hole hakae.

"Amerika e ne e le ea pele, ebile e le moetapele, 'me e ntse e le moetapele kajeno ts'ireletsong ea liphoofolo tse anyesang"
– Patrick Ramage, Letlole la Machaba la Boiketlo ba Liphoofolo

Bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1960, ho ile ha hlaka hore liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa metsing li ne li le tlaase ka tsela e kotsi metsing ’ohle a United States. Sechaba se ile sa hlokomela haholoanyane hore liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa metsing li ne li tšoeroe hampe, li tsongoa ho feta tekano, ’me li kotsing e khōlō ea ho timela. Patlisiso e ncha e ile ea hlaha e totobatsang bohlale le maikutlo a liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa metsing, e leng se ileng sa tsosa khalefo ea tšoaro e mpe ea tsona ho tsoa ho baitseki ba bangata ba tikoloho le lihlopha tsa boiketlo ba liphoofolo. Monk seal ea Caribbean e ne e e-so ka e bonoa metsing a Florida ka lilemo tse fetang leshome. Mefuta e meng le eona e ne e le kotsing ea ho nyamela ka ho feletseng. Ho hlakile hore ho na le ntho e neng e tlameha ho etsoa.

The US Marine Mammal Protection Act, kapa MMPA, e ile ea etsoa ka 1972 ho arabela ho fokotseha ha palo ea liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa leoatleng ka lebaka la mesebetsi ea batho. Molao ona o tsebahala haholo ka boiteko ba ona ba ho tlosa tsepamiso ea paballo ho tloha ho mefuta e meng ho ea ho tikoloho le tikoloho, le ho tloha ho ts'ebetso ho ea ho ts'ireletso. Molao o thehile leano le ikemiselitseng ho thibela palo ea liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa leoatleng ho fokotseha hoo mofuta kapa sechaba se khaotsang ho ba karolo ea bohlokoa ea ts'ebetso ea tikoloho. Kahoo, MMPA e sireletsa mefuta eohle ea liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa metsing ka har'a metsi a United States. Ho hlekefetsa, ho fepa, ho tsoma, ho hapa, ho bokella kapa ho bolaea liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa leoatleng ho thibetsoe ka thata ho latela Molao. Ka 2022, Molao oa Tšireletso ea Liphoofolo tsa Maoatleng o tla hloka hore US e thibele ho tsoa linaheng tse ling tsa lijo tsa leoatleng tse bolaeang liphoofolo tse anyesang ka holimo ho tse behiloeng US bakeng sa ho tšoasoa ka tsela e lumellehang.

Mekhelo mesebetsing ena e thibetsoeng e kenyelletsa liphuputso tse lumelletsoeng tsa mahlale le ponts'o ea sechaba litsing tse nang le mangolo (joalo ka libaka tsa metsing kapa litsi tsa mahlale). Ho feta moo, thibelo ea ho hapa ha e sebetse ho matsoalloa a Alaska a lebōpong la leoatle, a lumeletsoeng ho tsoma le ho nka maruarua, liqibi le li-walrus bakeng sa ho iphelisa hammoho le ho etsa le ho rekisa mesebetsi ea matsoho. Liketso tse tšehetsang ts'ireletso ea United States, tse kang tse tsamaisoang ke Lebotho la Metsing la United States, le tsona li ka lokolloa lithibelong tse tlas'a ketso eo.

Mekhatlo e fapaneng ka hare ho 'muso oa koporasi e ikarabella ho laola mefuta e fapaneng ea mefuta e sirelelitsoeng tlas'a MMPA.

Lefapha la Naha la Tshebeletso ya Ditlhapi tsa Lewatleng (ka hare ho Lefapha la Kgwebo) le na le boikarabelo ba tsamaiso ya maruarua, didolphin, porpoise, diqibi, le ditau tsa lewatle. US Fish and Wildlife Service, ka hare ho Lefapha la Litaba tsa ka Hare, e ikarabella bakeng sa tsamaiso ea li-walrus, manatee, dugongs, otters le polar bear. The Fish & Wildlife Service e boetse e na le boikarabello ba ho tšehetsa ts'ebetsong ea lithibelo ho tsamaisoa kapa thekiso ea liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa metsing kapa lihlahisoa tse seng molaong tse entsoeng ka tsona. Tshebeletso ya Tlhatlhobo ya Bophelo bo Botle ba Diphoofolo le Dimela, ka hara Lefapha la Temothuo, e ikarabella bakeng sa melawana e amang tsamaiso ya disebediswa tse nang le diamusi tsa lewatleng tse ditlamong.

MMPA e boetse e hloka hore National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) e etse litlhahlobo tsa selemo le selemo bakeng sa liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa metsing. Ka ho sebelisa lipatlisiso tsena tsa baahi, batsamaisi ba tlameha ho etsa bonnete ba hore merero ea bona ea tsamaiso e tšehetsa sepheo sa ho thusa mefuta eohle ea batho ba phelang hantle (OSP).

Joale hobaneng re lokela ho tsotella MMPA? Na e hlile ea sebetsa?

MMPA ehlile e bile katleho maemong a mangata. Boemo ba hona joale ba liphoofolo tse ngata tse anyesang tsa leoatleng bo betere ho feta ka 1972. Liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa metsing tse metsing a US hona joale li na le mefuta e fokolang ea lihlopha tse kotsing le tse ngata ka har'a lihlopha tsa "ho ameha hanyane." Ka mohlala, ho bile le ho hlaphoheloa ka tsela e sa tloaelehang ha liqibi tsa boema-kepe le liqibi tse grey New England le litau tsa leoatle tsa California, liqibi tsa tlou le liqibi tsa likoung Lebōpong la Pacific. Ho shebella maruarua US hona joale ke indasteri ea lidolara tse libilione hobane MMPA (le Moratorium ea Machabeng e ileng ea latela mabapi le whaling) e thusitse leruarua le leputsoa la Pacific, le maruarua a Atlantic le Pacific ho hlaphoheloa.

Mohlala o mong oa katleho ea MMPA ke Florida moo liphoofolo tse ling tse anyesang tse tsebahalang tsa metsing li akarelletsang li- bottlenose dolphin, manatee a Florida, le North Atlantic right whale. Liphoofolo tsena tse anyesang li itšetlehile haholo ka mabōpo a Florida a ka tlas'a tropike, li etela metsing a Florida bakeng sa ho tsoala, bakeng sa lijo, le lehae nakong ea likhoeli tsa mariha. Mesebetsi ea bohahlauli ba tikoloho e itšetlehile ka ho ipiletsa ha botle ba liphoofolo tsena tse anyesang tsa metsing le ho li bona naheng. Batho ba ithabisang ka ho qoela ka metsing, basesisi ba likepe le baeti ba bang le bona ba ka itšetleha ka ho bona liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa metsing ho ntlafatsa boiphihlelo ba bona ba kantle. Bakeng sa Florida ka kotloloho, palo ea manatee e eketsehile ho fihla ho 6300 ho tloha 1991, ha ho ne ho hakanngoa hore ke batho ba ka bang 1,267. Ka 2016, katleho ena e ile ea lebisa US Fish and Wildlife Service ho fana ka maikutlo a hore maemo a bona a kotsing a behoe lethathamong la litšokelo.

Leha bafuputsi ba bangata le bo-ramahlale ba ka bala likatleho tlasa MMPA, seo ha se bolele hore MMPA ha e na mathata. Liphephetso li ntse li le teng bakeng sa mefuta e mengata. Ka mohlala, maruarua a North Pacific le Atlantic a bone ntlafatso e fokolang haholo 'me a lula a le kotsing e kholo ea ho shoa ka lebaka la liketso tsa batho. Palo ea li-whale tsa Atlantic e hakanngoa hore e ile ea phahama ka 2010, 'me palo ea basali ha e ngata ho lekana ho boloka litekanyetso tsa ho ikatisa. Ho ea ka Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 30% ea batho ba shoang Atlantic right whale ba etsahala ka lebaka la ho thulana ha sekepe le ho ts'oaroa ha letlooa. Ka bomalimabe, lisebelisoa tsa khoebo tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi le mesebetsi ea likepe ha li qojoe habonolo ke maruarua a nepahetseng, leha MMPA e fana ka likhothaletso bakeng sa ho theha maano le theknoloji ho fokotsa likamano.

'Me litšokelo tse ling ho thata ho li phethahatsa ka lebaka la ho falla ha liphoofolo tsa metsing le liphephetso tsa ts'ebetso ea molao leoatleng ka kakaretso. 'Muso oa kopanelo o fana ka tumello tlas'a MMPA e ka lumellang maemo a itseng a "ho nkoa ka tšohanyetso" nakong ea mesebetsi e kang tlhahlobo ea sesmic bakeng sa oli le khase-empa liphello tsa' nete tsa tlhahlobo ea litšisinyeho tsa lefatše hangata li feta likhakanyo tsa indasteri. Lefapha la Interior la lithuto tsa tikoloho le hakanya hore litlhahiso tsa ho sisinyeha ha lefatše morao tjena li ka baka likotsi tse fetang limilione tse 31 ho liphoofolo tse anyesang tse Koung ea Gulf le litšebelisano tse kotsi tse limilione tse 13.5 le liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa leoatleng la Atlantic, tse ka bolaeang kapa tsa lematsa li-dolphin le maruarua a 138,000 - ho kenyeletsoa. maruarua a robong a kotsing ea ho timela North Atlantic right whales, ao libaka tsa tsona tsa ho tsoala li leng haufi le lebōpo la Florida.

Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, sebaka sa Kou ea Mexico se nkoa e le setsi sa litlolo tsa molao tse khahlano le li-dolphin tsa bottlenose le hoja MMPA e hanela tlhekefetso kapa kotsi leha e le efe ho liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa metsing. Maqeba a likulo, metsu le libomo tsa lipeipi ke tse ling feela tsa tšenyo e seng molaong e fumanoang litopong tse lebōpong la leoatle, empa linokoane ke khale li le sieo. Bafuputsi ba fumane bopaki ba hore liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa leoatleng li khaotsoe 'me tsa siuoa ho fepa lishaka le liphoofolo tse ling tse jang liphoofolo ho e-na le ho tlalehoa e le ho ts'oaroa ka phoso joalokaha MMPA e hloka - ho ka ba thata ho tšoara tlōlo e' ngoe le e 'ngoe.

Ho feta moo, Molao ha oa sebetsa hantle ho sebetsana le litlamorao tse sa tobang (lerata la anthropogenic, ho fokotseha ha liphofu, oli le chefo e 'ngoe e tšolotsoeng, le mafu, ho bolela tse seng kae). Mehato ea hajoale ea paballo e ke ke ea thibela kotsi e tsoang ho tšoloha ha oli kapa koluoa ​​​​e 'ngoe ea tšilafalo. Mehato ea hajoale ea paballo ea maoatle e ke ke ea hlola liphetoho tse teng tlhaping ea liphofu le mehloling e meng ea lijo le libaka tse bakiloeng ke lisosa tse ling ntle le ho tšoasa ho feta tekano. ’Me mehato ea hajoale ea paballo ea maoatle e ke ke ea thibela ho bolaoa ke chefo e tsoang mehloling ea metsi a hloekileng e kang cyanobacteria e bolaileng li-sea otter ka makholo Lebōpong la rōna la Pacific. Re ka sebelisa MMPA joalo ka sethala seo ho sona re ka rarollang litšokelo tsena.

Re ke ke ra lebella hore Molao oa Tšireletso ea Liphoofolo Tsa Leoatleng o sireletse phoofolo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe. Seo e se etsang ke sa bohlokoa le ho feta. E fa phoofolo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea metsing boemo bo sirelelitsoeng ba ho khona ho falla, ho fepa le ho ikatisa ntle le tšitiso ea batho. ’Me, moo ho nang le kotsi e tsoang mesebetsing ea batho, e fana ka khothatso ea ho hlahisa litharollo le ho otla ba tlōlang molao bakeng sa tšoaro e mpe ea ka boomo. Re ka fokotsa metsi a silafetseng, ra fokotsa lerata le tsoang mesebetsing ea batho, ra eketsa bongata ba lihlapi tsa liphofu, 'me ra qoba likotsi tse tsejoang tse kang ho hlahloba oli le khase e sa hlokahaleng metsing a rona a leoatle. Lianyesi tse phelang hantle tsa leoatleng li na le seabo ho leka-lekana ha bophelo maoatleng a rona, hape le matleng a leoatle a ho boloka carbon. Kaofela ha rōna re ka phetha karolo e itseng ho pholoheng ha bona.

mehloling

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“Baahi ba Manatee ba Eketsehile ka Liphesente tse 500, ha ba sa Le Kotsing,”

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