Phetoho ea Leoatle le Tlelaemete
RETS'ELISITSOE PHATLISISO
Tafole ea likateng
1. Selelekela
2. Motheo oa Phetoho ea Tlelaemete le Leoatle
3. Ho falla ha Mefuta ea Lebopong le Leoatleng ka lebaka la Phetoho ea Tlelaemete
4. Hypoxia (Dead Zones)
5. Liphello tsa Metsi a Futhumatsang
6. Tahlehelo ea Mefuta-futa ea Lihloliloeng tsa Leoatleng ka lebaka la Phetoho ea Tlelaemete
7. Liphello tsa Phetoho ea Tlelaemete ho Mepopotlo ea Likorale
8. Liphello tsa Phetoho ea Tlelaemete ho Arctic le Antarctic
9. Ho Tlosoa ha Carbon Dioxide ka Leoatleng
10. Phetoho ea Tlelaemete le Phapang, Tekano, Kenyeletso, le Toka
11. Leano le Likhatiso tsa 'Muso
12. Litharollo Tse reriloeng
13. U Batla Tse ling? (Lisebelisoa tse Eketsehileng)
Leoatle e le Setsoalle sa Litharollo tsa Tlelaemete
Ithute ka rona #HopolaLeoatle letšolo la boemo ba leholimo.
1. Selelekela
Leoatle le etsa 71% ea polanete 'me le fana ka lits'ebeletso tse ngata ho sechaba sa batho ho tloha ho fokotsa maemo a leholimo a feteletseng ho ea ho hlahisa oksijene eo re e hemang, ho tloha ho hlahisa lijo tseo re li jang ho boloka carbon dioxide e feteletseng eo re e hlahisang. Leha ho le joalo, liphello tsa ho eketseha ha likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše li sokela tikoloho e lebōpong la leoatle le leoatleng ka ho fetoha ha mocheso oa leoatle le ho qhibiliha ha leqhoa, e leng ho amang maqhubu a leoatle, maemo a leholimo le bophahamo ba leoatle. Hape, kaha matla a ho teba ha carbon a leoatleng a fetisitsoe, re boetse re bona k'hemik'hale ea leoatle e fetoha ka lebaka la khabone ea rona. Ha e le hantle, moloko oa batho o ekelitse asiti ea leoatle la rona ka 30% lilemong tse makholo a mabeli tse fetileng. (Sena se ngotsoe leqepheng la rona la Lipatlisiso ka Tlhahiso ea leoatle). Maoatle le phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo li hokahane ka mokhoa o ke keng oa aroloa.
Leoatle le phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho bebofatseng phetoho ea maemo a leholimo ka ho sebetsa e le setsi se seholo sa mocheso le carbon. Hape leoatle le na le bothata ba phetoho ea maemo a leholimo, joalo ka ha ho pakoa ke liphetoho tsa mocheso, maqhubu a leoatle le ho phahama ha metsi a leoatle, 'me sena sohle se ama bophelo bo botle ba mefuta ea leoatle, libaka tse haufi le leoatle le tikoloho e tebileng ea maoatle. Ha matshwenyeho a mabapi le phetoho ya tlelaemete a ntse a eketseha, kamano pakeng tsa lewatle le tlelaemete e tlameha ho lemohuwa, ho utlwisiswe le ho kenyeletswa maanong a mmuso.
Ho tloha ka Phetohelo ea Liindasteri, palo ea carbon dioxide sepakapakeng sa rona e eketsehile ka ho feta 35%, haholo-holo ho tloha ho chesoang ha libeso. Metsi a leoatle, liphoofolo tsa leoatle le libaka tsa leoatleng kaofela li thusa leoatle ho monya karolo e kholo ea khabone e hlahisoang ke mesebetsi ea batho.
Leoatle la lefatše lohle le se le ntse le latsoa phello e kholo ea phetoho ea maemo a leholimo le liphello tsa eona. Li kenyelletsa ho futhumala ha mocheso oa moea le metsi, ho fetoha ha linako tsa selemo, ho soeufala ha likorale, ho phahama ha bophahamo ba leoatle, ho koaheloa ha metsi lebōpong la leoatle, khoholeho ea lebōpo, lipalesa tse kotsi tsa algal, libaka tse nang le hypoxic (kapa tse shoeleng), mafu a macha a leoatleng, tahlehelo ea liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa leoatleng, ho fetoha ha maemo a bophelo. pula, le ho fokotseha ha ho tšoasa litlhapi. Ho phaella moo, re ka lebella liketsahalo tse feteletseng tsa boemo ba leholimo (komello, likhohola, lifefo), tse amang libaka tsa bolulo le mefuta ea lintho tse phelang. Ho sireletsa tikoloho ea rona ea bohlokoa ea maoatleng, re tlameha ho nka khato.
Tharollo ka kakaretso bakeng sa phetoho ea leoatle le boemo ba leholimo ke ho fokotsa haholo tlhahiso ea likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše. Tumellano ea morao-rao ea machaba ea ho sebetsana le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo, Tumellano ea Paris, e kentsoe tšebetsong ka 2016. Ho fihlela lipehelo tsa Tumellano ea Paris ho tla hloka hore ho nkoe khato maemong a machaba, a naha, a lehae le a sechaba lefatšeng ka bophara. Ho feta moo, carbon e putsoa e ka fana ka mokhoa oa ho nka nako e telele le ho boloka carbon. “Blue Carbon” ke carbon dioxide e hapiloeng ke maoatle a lefatše le tikoloho ea leoatle. K'habone ena e bolokoa ka sebopeho sa biomass le sediments ho tloha lifateng tsa mangrove, makhulong a leoatle le makhulo a leoatle. Boitsebiso bo eketsehileng ka Blue Carbon e ka ba fumanoa mona.
Ka nako e tšoanang, ke habohlokoa ho bophelo bo botle ba leoatle—le rōna—hore ho qojoe litšokelo tse eketsehileng, le hore tikoloho ea rōna ea leoatleng e laoloe ka hloko. Ho boetse ho hlakile hore ka ho fokotsa likhatello tsa hang-hang tse tsoang mesebetsing e feteletseng ea batho, re ka eketsa matla a ho mamella mefuta ea maoatle le tikoloho. Ka tsela ena, re ka tsetela ho bophelo bo botle ba maoatle le "tsamaiso ea 'mele ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung" ka ho felisa kapa ho fokotsa limiriade ea maloetse a manyane ao le tšoaroang ke 'ona. Ho tsosolosa mefuta e mengata ea maoatle—ea lifate tsa mangrove, makhulo a leoatle, makhulo a likorale, meru ea kelp, ea litlhapi, ea mefuta eohle ea lintho tse phelang maoatleng—ho tla thusa leoatle hore le tsoele pele ho fana ka litšebeletso tseo bophelo bohle bo itšetlehileng ka tsona.
Ocean Foundation esale e sebetsa ka maoatle le litaba tsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo ho tloha ka 1990; ka Ocean Acidification ho tloha ka 2003; le litabeng tse amanang le "khabone e putsoa" ho tloha ka 2007. The Ocean Foundation e tšoere Blue Resilience Initiative e batlang ho ntšetsa pele leano le khothaletsang karolo eo tikoloho ea leoatle le tikoloho e e bapalang e le ho teba ha khabone ea tlhaho, ke hore, khabone e putsoa le ho lokolla Blue Carbon Offset ea pele. Calculator ka 2012 ho fana ka liphallelo tsa khabone bakeng sa bafani ka bomong, metheo, likhoebo le liketsahalo ka ho khutlisetsa le paballo ea libaka tsa bohlokoa tse lebopong tse bokellang le ho boloka khabone, ho kenyeletsoa makhulo a joang, meru ea mangrove le libaka tsa leoatle tsa maoatle. Ho fumana lintlha tse ling, ka kopo bona Morero oa Ocean Foundation's Blue Resilience Initiative bakeng sa tlhaiso-leseling e mabapi le merero e tsoelang pele le ho ithuta hore na u ka fokotsa khabone ea hau joang u sebelisa Sebali sa TOF sa Blue Carbon Offset Calculator.
Basebetsi ba Ocean Foundation ba sebeletsa botong ea likeletso bakeng sa Setsi sa Tšebelisano ea Maoatle, Boemo ba Leholimo le Tšireletso, 'me The Ocean Foundation ke setho sa Sethala sa Leoatle le Tlelaemete. Ho tloha ka 2014, TOF e fane ka keletso e tswelang pele ya setegeniki mabapi le Setsi sa Lefatshe sa Lefatshe sa Tikoloho (GEF) se tsepamisitseng maikutlo ho Metsi a Matjhaba a kgontshitseng Porojeke ya GEF Blue Forests ho fana ka tekolo ya pele ya maemo a lefatshe a boleng bo amanang le ditshebeletso tsa carbon le tikoloho ya lebopong. Hona joale TOF e etella pele morero oa tsosoloso ea joang ba leoatle le lifate tsa mangrove Setsing sa Lipatlisiso sa Naha sa Estuarine sa Jobos Bay ka tšebelisano e haufi-ufi le Lefapha la Puerto Rico la Tlhaho le Tikoloho.
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2. Motheo oa Phetoho ea Tlelaemete le Leoatle
Tanaka, K., le Van Houtan, K. (2022, February 1). Tlhophiso ea Haufinyane ea Mocheso o Feteletseng oa Marine oa Nalane. Boemo ba Leholimo ba PLOS, 1(2), e0000007. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000007
Monterey Bay Aquarium e fumane hore ho tloha ka 2014 mocheso o fetang halofo ea mocheso oa leoatle oa lefatše o ntse o feta moeli oa histori oa mocheso o feteletseng. Ka 2019, 57% ea metsi a holim'a leoatle a ile a tlaleha mocheso o feteletseng. Ha ho bapisoa, nakong ea phetoho ea bobeli ea indasteri, ke 2% feela ea libaka tse ileng tsa tlaleha mocheso o joalo. Maqhubu ana a mocheso o feteletseng a hlahisoang ke phetoho ea tlelaemete a sokela tikoloho ea leoatle 'me a sokela bokhoni ba bona ba ho fana ka lisebelisoa bakeng sa lichaba tse lebōpong la leoatle.
Garcia-Soto, C., Cheng, L., Caesar, L., Schmidtko, S., Jewett, EB, Cheripka, A., … & Abraham, JP (2021, September 21). Kakaretso ea Lipontšo tsa Phetoho ea Tlelaemete ea Leoatleng: Mocheso oa Bokaholimo ba Leoatle, Likahare tsa Mocheso oa Leoatleng, pH ea Leoatleng, Motsoako oa Oksijene o Khaotsoeng, Boholo ba Leqhoa la Leoatle la Arctic, Botenya le Bophahamo, Boemo ba Leoatle le Matla a AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation). Meeli ho Saense ea Marine. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.642372
Matšoao a supileng a phetoho ea maemo a leholimo a maoatle, Mocheso oa Mocheso oa Leoatle, Mocheso oa Leoatle, pH ea Leoatleng, Tšimoloho ea Oksijene e Khaotsoeng, Boholo ba Leqhoa la Leoatle la Arctic, Botenya, le Bophahamo, le Matla a Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation ke mehato ea bohlokoa ea ho lekanya phetoho ea maemo a leholimo. Ho utloisisa matšoao a nalane le a hajoale a phetoho ea maemo a leholimo ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho bolela esale pele mekhoa ea nako e tlang le ho sireletsa lits'ebetso tsa rona tsa maoatle ho litlamorao tsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo.
Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Meteorological. (2021). 2021 Boemo ba Litšebeletso tsa Tlelaemete: Metsi. Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo. PDF.
Mokgatlo wa Lefatshe wa Meteorological Organization o lekola phihlello le bokgoni ba bafani ba ditshebeletso tsa boemo ba lehodimo ba amanang le metsi. Ho finyella lipakane tsa ho ikamahanya le maemo linaheng tse tsoelang pele ho tla hloka chelete e eketsehileng ea lichelete le lisebelisoa ho netefatsa hore metse ea bona e ka ikamahanya le liphello tse amanang le metsi le mathata a phetoho ea maemo a leholimo. Ho ipapisitsoe le liphumano, tlaleho e fana ka likhothaletso tse tšeletseng tsa maano a ho ntlafatsa litšebeletso tsa boemo ba leholimo bakeng sa metsi lefatšeng ka bophara.
Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Meteorological. (2021). Re kopane ho Saense 2021: Kopano ea Mekhatlo e Mengata ea Boemo bo Phahameng ea Litaba tsa Morao-rao tsa Mahlale a Tlelaemete. Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo. PDF.
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) e fumane hore liphetoho tsa morao-rao tsamaisong ea tlelaemete ha li e-s'o ka li e-ba teng ka mesi e ntseng e eketseha e mpefatsang likotsi tsa bophelo bo botle 'me e ka 'na ea lebisa boemong bo bobe ba leholimo (sheba ka holimo infographic bakeng sa liphuputso tsa bohlokoa). Tlaleho e felletseng e bokella lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa tlhahlobo ea boemo ba leholimo tse amanang le ho ntšoa ha likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše, ho phahama ha mocheso, tšilafalo ea moea, liketsahalo tse feteletseng tsa boemo ba leholimo, ho phahama ha bophahamo ba leoatle le litlamorao tsa maoatle. Haeba tlhahiso ea khase e futhumatsang lefatše e tsoela pele ho nyoloha ho latela mokhoa oa hajoale, ho phahama ha bophahamo ba leoatle lefatšeng ka bophara ho ka ba lipakeng tsa limithara tse 0.6-1.0 ka 2100, e leng se bakang likoluoa tse mabōpong a leoatle.
Sekolo sa Sechaba sa Mahlale. (2020). Phetoho ea Tlelaemete: Tsoelo-pele ea Bopaki le Lisosa 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25733.
Saense e hlakile, batho ba fetola boemo ba leholimo ba Lefatše. Tlaleho e kopaneng ea US National Academy of Sciences le UK Royal Society e pheha khang ea hore phetoho ea nako e telele ea boemo ba leholimo e tla itšetleha ka kakaretso ea CO.2 – le digase tse ding tsa greenhouse (GHGs) – tse tswang ka lebaka la diketso tsa batho. Li-GHG tse phahameng li tla lebisa leoatleng le futhumetseng, ho phahama ha bophahamo ba leoatle, ho qhibiliha ha leqhoa la Arctic, le ho eketseha ha maqhubu a mocheso.
Yozell, S., Stuart, J., le Rouleau, T. (2020). Lenane la Kotsi ea Boemo ba Leholimo le Maoatle. Morero oa Tlelaemete, Kotsi ea Leoatle, le Boiketlo. Setsi sa Stimson, Lenaneo la Tšireletso ea Tikoloho. PDF.
The Climate and Ocean Risk Vulnerability Index (CORVI) ke sesebelisoa se sebelisoang ho hloaea likotsi tsa lichelete, tsa lipolotiki le tsa tikoloho tseo phetoho ea maemo a leholimo e li hlahisang litoropong tse lebopong la leoatle. Tlaleho ena e sebelisa mokhoa oa CORVI litoropong tse peli tsa Caribbean: Castries, Saint Lucia le Kingston, Jamaica. Castries e fumane katleho indastering ea eona ea ho tšoasa litlhapi, leha e tobane le phephetso ka lebaka la ho ts'epa haholo bohahlauli le ho hloka taolo e sebetsang. Khatelo-pele e ntse e etsoa ke toropo empa ho na le ho hongata ho lokelang ho etsoa ho ntlafatsa moralo oa litoropo haholo-holo ka likhohola le litlamorao tsa likhohola. Kingston e na le moruo o fapaneng o ts'ehetsang ts'epo e eketsehileng, empa ho ata ha litoropo ka potlako ho ile ha sokela matšoao a mangata a CORVI, Kingston e maemong a matle ho sebetsana le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo empa e ka sithabela haeba litaba tsa sechaba hammoho le boiteko ba ho fokotsa boemo ba leholimo li sa rarolloe.
Figueres, C. le Rivett-Carnac, T. (2020, Hlakola 25). Bokamoso boo re bo Khethang: Ho Pholoha Maqakabetsing a Tlelaemete. Khatiso ea Vintage.
Bokamoso boo re bo khethang ke pale ea tlhokomeliso ea bokamoso ba lefatše ka bobeli, boemo ba pele ke se ka etsahalang haeba re ka hloleha ho fihlela lipheo tsa Tumellano ea Paris, 'me boemo ba bobeli bo shebana le hore na lefatše le ka shebahala joang haeba sepheo sa khabone e ka ba teng. kopane. Figueres le Rivett-Carnac ba hlokomela hore ka lekhetlo la pele historing re na le motse-moholo, thekenoloji, maano, le tsebo ea saense ho utloisisa hore re le sechaba re tlameha ho nka halofo ea tlhahiso ea rona ka 2050. Meloko e fetileng e ne e se na tsebo ena le e tla be e le morao haholo bakeng sa bana ba rona, nako ea ho nka khato ke hona joale.
Lenton, T., Rockström, J., Gaffney, O., Rahmstorf, S., Richardson, K., Steffen, W. le Schellnhuber, H. (2019, November 27). Lintlha tsa Keletso ea Boemo ba Leholimo - Ho Kotsi Haholo ho Betha Khahlanong le: Nchafatso ea Mmesa 2020. Makasine ea Tlhaho. PDF.
Lintlha tse fanang ka likeletso, kapa liketsahalo tseo tsamaiso ea Lefatše e ke keng ea hlola e e-ba teng, li na le monyetla o moholo ho feta kamoo ho nahanoang tse ka lebisang liphetohong tsa nako e telele tse ke keng tsa fetoloa. Ho putlama ha leqhoa sebakeng sa cryosphere le Leoatleng la Amundsen ka Bophirimela ho Antarctic e kanna ea ba e se e fetile lintlha tsa eona tse holimo. Lintlha tse ling tsa bohlokoa - joalo ka ho rengoa ha meru ea Amazon le liketsahalo tsa ho fifala ho Great Barrier Reef ea Australia - li ntse li atamela ka potlako. Liphuputso tse ling li hloka ho etsoa ho ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea liphetoho tsena tse hlokometsoeng le monyetla oa liphello tse fokolang. Nako ea ho nka khato ke hona joale pele Lefatše le feta ntlha ea ho se khutlele.
Peterson, J. (2019, Pulungoana). Lebopo le Lecha: Maano a ho Arabela Maholiotsoana a Senyehileng le Maoatle a Haholoang. Island Press.
Liphello tsa lifefo tse matla le ho phahama ha maoatle ha li bonahale 'me ho ke ke ha khoneha hore li hlokomolohuoe. Tšenyo, tahlehelo ea thepa, le ho hloleha ha meaho ka lebaka la lifefo tse lebopong la leoatle le ho phahama ha maoatle li ke ke tsa qojoa. Leha ho le joalo, saense e hatetse pele haholo lilemong tsa morao tjena 'me ho ka etsoa ho eketsehileng haeba' muso oa United States o nka mehato ea ho ikamahanya le maemo ka potlako le e nahanang. Lebōpo la leoatle lea fetoha empa ka ho eketsa bokhoni, ho kenya ts'ebetsong maano a bohlale, le ho tšehetsa mananeo a nako e telele ka lichelete, likotsi li ka laoloa 'me likoluoa li ka thibeloa.
Kulp, S. and Strauss, B. (2019, October 29). Likhakanyo tse Ncha tsa Phahamiso e Hararo tsa Kotsi ea Lefatše Lohle ho Phahamiso ea Boemo ba Leoatle le Likhohola tsa Lebopo. Tlhaho ea puisano 10, 4844. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12808-z
Kulp le Strauss ba fana ka maikutlo a hore mesi e phahameng e amanang le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo e tla lebisa ho phahama ho feta kamoo ho neng ho lebelletsoe. Ba hakanya hore batho ba limilione tse sekete ba tla angoa ke likhohola tsa selemo le selemo ka 2100, ho bao, ba limilione tse 230 ba lula sebakeng se ka har'a mithara e le 'ngoe ea maqhubu a phahameng. Likhakanyo tse ngata li beha karolelano ea bophahamo ba leoatle ho limithara tse 2 ka har'a lekholo le latelang la lilemo, haeba Kulp le Strauss li nepahetse joale batho ba limilione tse makholo ba tla tloha ba le kotsing ea ho lahleheloa ke matlo a bona leoatleng.
Powell, A. (2019, Mphalane 2). Lifolakha tse Khubelu li Phahamisa ho futhumala ha Lefatše le Maoatle. Koranta ea Harvard. PDF.
Tlaleho ea Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) mabapi le Maoatle le Cryosphere - e phatlalalitsoeng ka 2019 - e lemositse ka litlamorao tsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo, leha ho le joalo, baprofesa ba Harvard ba arabile hore tlaleho ena e kanna ea nyenyefatsa ho potlaka ha bothata. Batho ba bangata hona joale ba tlaleha hore ba lumela phetohong ea tlelaemete leha ho le joalo, liphuputso li bontša hore batho ba amehile haholo ka litaba tse atileng haholo bophelong ba bona ba letsatsi le letsatsi joalo ka mesebetsi, tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle, lithethefatsi joalo-joalo. tse tlang pele haholo ha batho ba ntse ba e-ba le mocheso o phahameng, lifefo tse matla haholoanyane, le mello e atileng. Litaba tse monate ke hore hona joale ho na le tlhokomeliso ea sechaba ho feta leha e le neng pele 'me ho na le mokhatlo o ntseng o hōla oa "tlase" oa phetoho.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Caldeira, K., Chopin, T., Gaines, S., Haugan, P., Hemer, M., …, & Tyedmers, P. (2019, September 23) Leoatle e le Tharollo ho Phetoho ea Tlelaemete: Menyetla e Mehlano ea Ketso. Phanele ea Boemo bo Phahameng bakeng sa Moruo o tsitsitseng oa Leoatle. E khutlisoa ho: https://dev-oceanpanel.pantheonsite.io/sites/default/files/2019-09/19_HLP_Report_Ocean_Solution_Climate_Change_final.pdf
Ketso ea boemo ba leholimo e thehiloeng leoatleng e ka bapala karolo e kholo ho fokotsa khabone lefatšeng ka bophara ho isa ho 21% ea likhaello tsa selemo le selemo tsa khase e futhumatsang lefatše joalo ka ha ho tšepisitsoe ke Tumellano ea Paris. E hatisitsoe ke Phanele ea Boemo bo Phahameng bakeng sa Moruo o Tsoelang Pele oa Leoatle, sehlopha sa lihlooho tsa linaha le mebuso tse 14 Sebokeng sa Machaba a Kopaneng sa Ts'ebetso ea Boemo ba Leholimo tlaleho ena e tebileng e totobatsa kamano pakeng tsa leoatle le boemo ba leholimo. Tlaleho e hlahisa likarolo tse hlano tsa menyetla e kenyeletsang matla a ka nchafatsoang a thehiloeng maoatleng; lipalangoang tse thehiloeng leoatleng; tikoloho ya lebopong le lewatleng; ho tšoasa litlhapi, temo ea metsing le lijo tse fetohang; le polokelo ea khabone botebong ba leoatle.
Kennedy, KM (2019, Loetse). Ho Bea Theko ho Carbon: Ho Lekola Theko ea Carbon le Maano a Tlatsetso bakeng sa Lefatše la likhato tse 1.5 tsa Celsius. Setsi sa Lefatše sa Lisebelisoa. E khutlisoa ho: https://www.wri.org/publication/evaluating-carbon-price
Hoa hlokahala ho beha theko holim'a khabone molemong oa ho fokotsa tlhahiso ea khabone ho ea maemong a behiloeng ke Tumellano ea Paris. Theko ea carbon ke tefiso e sebelisoang ho mekhatlo e hlahisang likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše ho tlosa litšenyehelo tsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo ho tloha sechabeng ho ea ho mekhatlo e ikarabellang bakeng sa mesi ha e ntse e fana ka khothatso ea ho fokotsa mesi. Maano a tlatsetso le mananeo a ho khothaletsa boqapi le ho etsa mefuta e meng ea khabone ea lehae e hohela moruo le eona ea hlokahala ho fihlela litholoana tsa nako e telele.
Macreadie, P., Anton, A., Raven, J., Beaumont, N., Connolly, R., Friess, D., …, & Duarte, C. (2019, September 05) Bokamoso ba Blue Carbon Science. Tlhaho ea puisano, 10(3998). E nkiloe ho: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-11693-w
Karolo ea Blue Carbon, khopolo ea hore tikoloho e nang le limela tse lebōpong la leoatle e kenya letsoho ka mokhoa o sa lekanyetsoang oa khabone ea lefats'e, e na le karolo e kholo phokotsong ea maemo a leholimo ea machaba le ho ikamahanya le maemo. Saense ea Blue Carbon e ntse e tsoela pele ho hola tšehetsong 'me e na le monyetla oa ho hola ka bophara ka litebello le liteko tsa boleng bo holimo le tse mpe le ho eketseha ha bo-rasaense ba tsoang lichabeng tse fapaneng.
Heneghan, R., Hatton, I., & Galbraith, E. (2019, May 3). Phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo e ama tikoloho ea leoatle ka lense ea boholo bo boholo. Lihlooho Tse Hlahang ho Life Sciences, 3(2), 233-243. E nkiloe ho: http://www.emergtoplifesci.org/content/3/2/233.abstract
Phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo ke taba e rarahaneng haholo e tsamaisang liphetoho tse ngata lefatšeng ka bophara; haholoholo e bakile liphetoho tse tebileng sebopehong le tšebetsong ea tikoloho ea maoatleng. Sengoliloeng sena se sekaseka kamoo lense e sa sebelisoeng hantle ea boholo ba bongata bo ka fanang ka sesebelisoa se secha sa ho lekola phetoho ea tikoloho.
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. (2019). Ho Utloisisa Ho Phahama ha Maemo a Leoatle: Ho shebisisa lintlha tse tharo tse tlatsetsang ho phahama ha bophahamo ba leoatle haufi le Lebōpo la Leoatle la US le kamoo bo-rasaense ba ithutang ketsahalo ena kateng. E hlahisitsoe ka Tšebelisano le Christopher Piecuch, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Woods Hole (MA): WHOI. DOI 10.1575/1912/24705
Ho tloha ha bophahamo ba leoatle ba lekholong la bo20 la lilemo bo nyolohile ka lisenthimithara tse tšeletseng ho isa ho tse robeli lefatšeng ka bophara, leha sekhahla sena se sa tsitsa. Phapang ea ho phahama ha bophahamo ba leoatle e kanna ea bakoa ke ho khutla ha leqhoa ka mor'a leqhoa, liphetoho tsa potoloho ea Leoatle la Atlantic, le ho qhibiliha ha Leqhoa la Antarctic. Bo-rasaense ba lumellana hore maemo a metsi a lefats'e a tla tsoela pele ho phahama ka lilemo tse makholo, empa ho hlokahala lithuto tse ngata ho rarolla likheo tsa tsebo le ho bolela esale pele hamolemo hore na ho tla phahama ho hoholo ha leoatle nakong e tlang.
Rush, E. (2018). Ho phahama: Lipapatso tse tsoang Lebōpong la New American. Canada: Likhatiso tsa Milkweed.
E bolelloa ka selelekela sa motho oa pele, sengoli Elizabeth Rush o bua ka litlamorao tseo baahi ba tlokotsing ba tobanang le tsona ka lebaka la phetoho ea maemo a leholimo. Tlaleho e entsoeng ka mokhoa oa boralitaba e kopanya lipale tsa 'nete tsa sechaba sa Florida, Louisiana, Rhode Island, California, le New York tse bileng le liphello tse senyang tsa maholiotsoana, boemo ba leholimo bo feteletseng, le maqhubu a ntseng a phahama ka lebaka la phetoho ea maemo a leholimo.
Leiserowitz, A., Maibach, E., Roser-Renouf, C., Rosenthal, S. le Cutler, M. (2017, July 5). Phetoho ea Tlelaemete Maikutlong a Amerika: Motšeanong 2017. Lenaneo la Yale mabapi le Puisano ea Phetoho ea Tlelaemete le Setsi sa Univesithi ea George Mason bakeng sa Puisano ea Phetoho ea Tlelaemete.
Phuputso e kopanetsoeng ke Univesithi ea George Mason le Yale e fumane hore karolo ea 90 lekholong ea Maamerika ha e tsebe hore ho na le tumellano ka har'a sechaba sa saense hore phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo e bakoang ke batho ke ea sebele. Leha ho le joalo, phuputso e amohetse hore hoo e ka bang 70% ea Maamerika a lumela hore phetoho ea maemo a leholimo e etsahala ho isa bohōleng bo itseng. Ke 17% feela ea Maamerika a "tšoenyehileng haholo" ka phetoho ea maemo a leholimo, 57% "e tšoenyehile ka mokhoa o itseng," 'me bongata bo bona bo bona ho futhumala ha lefatše e le tšokelo e hole.
Goodell, J. (2017). Metsi a Tla Tla: Maoatle a Tsoelang Pele, Metse e Tebileng, le ho Tsosolosoa ha Lefatše le Tsoetseng Pele. New York, New York: Little, Brown le Company.
Ha a hlalosoa ka pale ea hae, sengoli Jeff Goodell o nahana ka maqhubu a ntseng a phahama lefatšeng ka bophara le litlamorao tsa ona nakong e tlang. A susumelitsoe ke Leholiotsoana Sandy New York, phuputso ea Goodell e mo isa ho pota lefatše ho nahana ka khato e matla e hlokahalang ho ikamahanya le metsi a ntseng a phahama. Ketapeleng, Goodell o bolela ka nepo hore ena hase buka ea ba batlang ho utloisisa kamano pakeng tsa tlelaemete le carbon dioxide, empa hore na phihlelo ea motho e tla shebahala joang ha metsi a leoatle a ntse a phahama.
Laffoley, D., & Baxter, JM (2016, September). Ho hlalosa ho futhumala ha Leoatle: Lisosa, Sekala, Liphello, le Liphello. Tlaleho e Feletseng. Gland, Switzerland: Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Paballo ea Tlhaho.
Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Paballo ea Tlhaho o fana ka tlaleho e qaqileng ea 'nete e mabapi le boemo ba leoatle. Tlaleho e fumana hore mocheso o holim'a leoatle, k'honthinente ea mocheso oa leoatle, ho phahama ha bophahamo ba leoatle, ho qhibiliha ha leqhoa le leqhoa, ho ntšoa ha CO2 le maemo a sepakapaka li eketseha ka sekhahla se nang le litlamorao tse kholo ho batho le mefuta ea leoatle le tikoloho ea leoatle. Tlaleho e khothaletsa ho elelloa botebo ba taba ena, ts'ebetso e kopaneng ea leano la ts'ireletso e felletseng ea maoatle, tlhahlobo e nchafalitsoeng ea kotsi, ho rarolla likheo tsa mahlale le litlhoko tsa bokhoni, ho nka khato ka potlako, le ho fihlela phokotso e kholo ea likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše. Taba ea ho futhumala ha leoatle ke taba e rarahaneng e tla ba le liphello tse pharaletseng, tse ling li ka ba molemo, empa boholo ba liphello e tla ba tse mpe ka litsela tse e-s'o utloisisoe ka botlalo.
Poloczanska, E., Burrows, M., Brown, C., Molinos, J., Halpern, B., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., ..., & Sydeman, W. (2016, May 4). Likarabo tsa Liphoofolo tsa Leoatleng Phetoho ea Tlelaemete ho pholletsa le Maoatle. Meeli ho Saense ea Marine. E khutlisoa ho: doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00062
Mefuta ea leoatleng e arabela liphellong tsa ho ntšoa ha likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše le ho fetoha ha boemo ba leholimo ka litsela tse lebeletsoeng. Likarabo tse ling li kenyelletsa phetoho e tebileng ea kabo, ho fokotseha ha lipalo, ho eketseha ha mefuta e mengata ea metsi a futhumetseng, le tahlehelo ea tikoloho eohle (mohlala, mafika a likorale). Phapang ea karabelo ea bophelo ba maoatleng ho fetoha ha lipalo, palo ea batho, bongata, kabo, phenology e kanna ea lebisa phetohong ea tikoloho le liphetoho tšebetsong tse hlokang boithuto bo eketsehileng.
Albert, S., Leon, J., Grinham, A., Church, J., Gibbes, B., le C. Woodroffe. (2016, May 6). Litšebelisano Pakeng tsa Rise-level le Wave Exposure ho Reef Island Dynamics in the Solomon Islands. Environmental Research Letters Vol. 11 No. 05 .
Lihlekehleke tse hlano (ka boholo ba hektare e le ’ngoe ho isa ho tse hlano) tsa Solomon Islands li lahlehile ka lebaka la ho phahama ha metsi a leoatle le khoholeho ea lebōpo. Bona e bile bopaki ba pele ba saense ba litlamorao tsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo mabopong a leoatle le bathong. Ho lumeloa hore maqhubu a matla a phethile karolo ea bohlokoa khoholehong ea sehleke-hleke. Nakong ena lihlekehleke tse ling tse robong tsa mafika li hoholehile haholo ’me li ka ’na tsa nyamela lilemong tse tlang.
Gattuso, JP, Magnan, A., Billé, R., Cheung, WW, Howes, EL, Joos, F., & Turley, C. (2015, July 3). Ho bapisa bokamoso ba leoatle le sechaba ho tsoa maemong a fapaneng a anthropogenic CO2 ea mesi. Mahlale, 349(6243). E nkiloe ho: doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4722
E le ho ikamahanya le phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo ba anthropogenic, leoatle le ile la tlameha ho fetola haholo fisiks ea lona, k'hemistri, ecology le litšebeletso tsa lona. Likhakanyo tsa hajoale tsa mesi li tla fetola ka potlako le haholo tikoloho eo batho ba itšetlehileng ka eona haholo. Mekhoa ea tsamaiso ea ho sebetsana le ho fetoha ha leoatle ka lebaka la phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo e ntse e fokotseha ha leoatle le tsoela pele ho futhumala le ho ba le asiti. Sengoliloeng sena se atlehile ho kopanya liphetoho tsa morao-rao le tsa nakong e tlang ho maoatle le tikoloho ea lona, hammoho le thepa le litšebeletso tseo litsamaiso tsa tikoloho li li fang batho.
Setsi sa Ntlafatso ea Moshoelella le Likamano tsa Machabeng. (2015, September). Leoatle le Kopantsoeng le Tlelaemete: Liphello Bakeng sa Lipuisano tsa Machabeng tsa Tlelaemete. Tlelaemete – Maoatle le Libaka tse Mabopong: Kakaretso ea Leano. E khutlisoa ho: https://www.iddri.org/en/publications-and-events/policy-brief/intertwined-ocean-and-climate-implications-international
Ho fana ka kakaretso ea leano, e khuts'oane ena e hlalosa sebopeho se hokahaneng sa leoatle le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo, e kopang phokotso ea hang-hang ea CO2. Sengoliloeng se hlalosa bohlokoa ba liphetoho tsena tse amanang le boemo ba leholimo leoatleng 'me se pheha khang ea ho fokotsa likhase tse phahameng maemong a machaba, kaha ho eketseha ha carbon dioxide ho tla ba thata ho sebetsana le eona.
Stocker, T. (2015, November 13). Litšebeletso tse khutsitseng tsa leoatle la lefats'e. Mahlale, 350(6262), 764-765. E nkiloe ho: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/350/6262/764.abstract
Maoatle a fana ka litšebeletso tsa bohlokoa ho lefatše le ho batho tseo e leng tsa bohlokoa lefatšeng ka bophara, tseo kaofela li tlang ka theko e ntseng e eketseha e bakoang ke mesebetsi ea batho le ho eketseha ha khabone. Mongoli o hatisa taba ea hore tlhokahalo ea hore batho ba nahane ka litlamorao tsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo maoatleng ha ba nahana ho ikamahanya le maemo le ho fokotsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo, haholo-holo ke mekhatlo ea mebuso.
Levin, L. & Le Bris, N. (2015, November 13). Leoatle le tebileng tlas'a phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo. Saense, 350(6262), 766-768. E nkiloe ho: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/350/6262/766
Leoatle le tebileng, ho sa tsotellehe lits'ebeletso tsa lona tsa bohlokoa tsa tikoloho, hangata ha li natsoe sebakeng sa phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo le phokotso. Botebong ba limithara tse 200 ho ea tlaase, leoatle le monya carbon dioxide e ngata haholo ’me le hloka tlhokomelo e khethehileng le lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng ho sireletsa botšepehi le boleng ba lona.
Univesithi ea McGill. (2013, Phuptjane 14) Thuto ea Maoatle a Nakong e Fetileng e Tsosa Matšoenyeho ka Bokamoso ba Bona. Saense Letsatsi le Letsatsi. E khutlisoa ho: sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130614111606.html
Batho ba fetola palo ea naetrojene e fumanehang ho tšoasa litlhapi leoatleng ka ho eketsa bongata ba CO2 sepakapakeng sa rona. Liphuputso li bontša hore ho tla nka lilemo tse makholo hore leoatle le leka-lekanye potoloho ea naetrojene. Sena se hlahisa matšoenyeho mabapi le sekhahla sa hajoale sa CO2 se kenang sepakapakeng sa rona 'me se bontša kamoo leoatle le ka fetohang lik'hemik'hale ka litsela tseo re neng re sa li lebella.
Sengoloa se kaholimo se fana ka kenyelletso e khuts'oane ea kamano lipakeng tsa acidization ea leoatle le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo, bakeng sa tlhaiso-leseling e batsi ka kopo bona maqephe a lisebelisoa a The Ocean Foundation ho Ocean Acidization.
Fagan, B. (2013) Leoatle le Hlaselang: Nako e Fetileng, Hona Joale, le Suture ea Maemo a Maoatle a ntseng a phahama. Bloomsbury Press, New York.
Ho tloha ha maemo a leoatle a Ice Age a ho qetela a phahame ka limithara tse 122 'me a tla tsoela pele ho phahama. Fagan e nka babali ho pota lefatše ho tloha Doggerland ea khale ho seo hona joale e leng Leoatle le ka Leboea, ho ea Mesopotamia le Egepeta ea boholo-holo, Portugal ea bokolone, Chaena, le United States ea kajeno, Bangladesh le Japane. Mekhatlo ea batho ba tsomang litsomi e ne e tsamaea haholo 'me e ne e khona ho fallela libakeng tse phahameng habonolo, empa e ile ea tobana le pherekano e ntseng e eketseha ha baahi ba ntse ba fokotseha. Kajeno batho ba limilione lefatšeng ka bophara ba ka 'na ba tobana le ho falla lilemong tse mashome a mahlano tse tlang ha metsi a leoatle a ntse a eketseha.
Doney, S., Ruckelshaus, M., Duffy, E., Barry, J., Chan, F., English, C., …, & Talley, L. (2012, January). Liphello tsa Phetoho ea Tlelaemete ho Tikoloho ea Leoatleng. Tlhahlobo ea Selemo le Selemo ea Saense ea Maoatleng, 4, 11-37 . E nkiloe ho: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-marine-041911-111611
Litsing tsa tikoloho ea leoatle, phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo e amahanngoa le ho fetoha ha mocheso ka nako e le 'ngoe, ho potoloha ha mali, stratification, ho kenya limatlafatsi, boemo ba oksijene le asiti ea leoatle. Ho boetse ho na le likamano tse matla lipakeng tsa boemo ba leholimo le kabo ea mefuta, phenology le palo ea batho. Qetellong tsena li ka ama ts'ebetso ea tikoloho le lits'ebeletso tseo lefats'e le itšetlehileng ka tsona.
Vallis, GK (2012). Tlelaemete le Leoatle. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Ho na le kamano e matla e hokahaneng lipakeng tsa tlelaemete le leoatle e bonts'itsoeng ka puo e hlakileng le litšoantšo tsa mehopolo ea mahlale ho kenyeletsoa lits'ebetso tsa moea le maqhubu ka har'a leoatle. E bōpiloe e le setšoantšo sa pele, Tlelaemete le Leoatle e sebetsa e le selelekela sa karolo ea leoatle e le molebeli oa tsamaiso ea leholimo ea Lefatše. Buka ena e lumella babali ho iketsetsa liqeto, empa ka tsebo ea ho utloisisa ka kakaretso saense ea boemo ba leholimo.
Spalding, MJ (2011, May). Pele Letsatsi le likela: Ho Fetola Chemistry ea Leoatle, Lisebelisoa tsa Marine tsa Lefatše, le Meeli ea Lisebelisoa tsa Rōna tsa Molao ho Tobatsa Kotsi. Leselinyana la Komiti ea Machaba ea Molao oa Tikoloho, 13(2). PDF.
Carbon dioxide e monngoa ke leoatle 'me e ama pH ea metsi ka mokhoa o bitsoang ocean acidification. Melao ea machaba le melao ea lehae United States, ka nako ea ho ngola, e na le monyetla oa ho kenyelletsa maano a ho hlahisa asiti ea maoatle, ho kenyeletsoa Tumellano ea UN Framework on Climate Change, Tumellano ea Machaba a Kopaneng ea Melao ea Leoatle, Tumellano ea London le Protocol, le Molao oa US Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring (FOARAM). Litsenyehelo tsa ho se sebetse li tla feta hole litšenyehelo tsa moruo tsa ho nka khato, 'me liketso tsa kajeno lia hlokahala.
Spalding, MJ (2011). Phetoho e Khobehileng ea Leoatle: Lefa la Setso ka Tlas'a Metsi Leoatleng le Tobane le Liphetoho tsa Lik'hemik'hale le 'Meleng. Tlhahlobo ea Lefa la Setso le Bonono, 2(1). PDF.
Libaka tsa lefa la setso tse ka tlas'a metsi li sokeloa ke asiti ea leoatle le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo. Phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo e ntse e tsoela pele ho fetola k'hemistri ea leoatle, ho phahama ha maemo a leoatle, ho futhumala ha mocheso oa maoatle, ho fetoha ha maqhubu le ho eketseha ha maemo a leholimo; tseo kaofela li amang paballo ea libaka tsa histori tse kolobisitsoeng ke metsi. Kotsi e ke keng ea lokisoa, leha ho le joalo, ho khutlisa tikoloho ea lebopo, ho fokotsa tšilafalo e thehiloeng mobung, ho fokotsa mesi ea CO2, ho fokotsa khatello ea likepe tsa leoatle, ho eketsa tlhahlobo ea nalane ea nalane le ho theha maano a molao ho ka fokotsa tšenyeho ea libaka tsa lefa tsa moetlo tse ka tlas'a metsi.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., & Bruno, J. (2010, June 18). Kameho ea Phetoho ea Tlelaemete ho Tikoloho ea Lefatše ea Leoatleng. Mahlale, 328(5985), 1523-1528. E nkiloe ho: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
Ho phahama ka sekhahla ha likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše ho lebisa leoatle maemong a sa bonahaleng ka lilemo tse limilione 'me ho baka liphello tse kotsi. Ho fihlela joale, phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo ea anthropogenic e bakile ho fokotseha ha tlhahiso ea leoatle, ho feto-fetoha ha maemo a marang-rang a lijo, ho fokotsa bongata ba mefuta e etsang sebaka sa bolulo, ho fetoha ha mefuta ea mefuta, le liketsahalo tse kholo tsa mafu.
Spalding, MJ, & de Fontaubert, C. (2007). Tharollo ea Likhohlano bakeng sa ho Tobana le Phetoho ea Boemo ba Leholimo ka Merero ea ho Fetola Maoatle. Litaba le Tlhahlobo ea Molao oa Tikoloho. E khutlisoa ho: https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/ocean_climate_3.pdf
Ho na le tekano e hlokolosi lipakeng tsa litlamorao tsa lehae le melemo ea lefats'e, haholo ha ho nahanoa ka litlamorao tse mpe tsa merero ea matla a moea le maqhubu. Ho na le tlhokahalo ea hore ho sebelisoe mekhoa ea ho rarolla likhohlano e lokelang ho sebelisoa mererong ea lebopong la leoatle le ea maoatleng e ka bang kotsi tikolohong ea lehae empa e hlokahala ho fokotsa ho itšetleha ka mafura a mafura. Phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo e tlameha ho rarolloa 'me tse ling tsa litharollo li tla etsahala tikolohong ea leoatle le lebopong la leoatle, ho fokotsa lipuisano tsa likhohlano li tlameha ho kenyelletsa baetsi ba melaoana, mekhatlo ea lehae, mekhatlo ea sechaba, le maemong a machaba ho netefatsa hore liketso tse ntle ka ho fetisisa tse fumanehang li tla nkuoa.
Spalding, MJ (2004, August). Phetoho ea Tlelaemete le Maoatle. Sehlopha sa Boeletsi mabapi le Mefuta-futa ea Likokoana-hloko. E khutlisoa ho: http://markjspalding.com/download/publications/peer-reviewed-articles/ClimateandOceans.pdf
Leoatle le fana ka melemo e mengata mabapi le lisebelisoa, ho lekanyetsoa ha boemo ba leholimo le botle ba botle. Leha ho le joalo, likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše tse tsoang mesebetsing ea batho ho nahanoa hore li tla fetola tikoloho ea lebopo le leoatle le ho mpefatsa mathata a tloaelehileng a maoatleng (ho tšoasa ho feta tekano le ho senngoa ha bolulo). Leha ho le joalo, ho na le monyetla oa hore ho be le phetoho ka tšehetso ea philanthropic ho kopanya maoatle le boemo ba leholimo ho matlafatsa botsitso ba tikoloho e kotsing ea phetoho ea maemo a leholimo.
Bigg, GR, Jickells, TD, Liss, PS, & Osborn, TJ (2003, August 1). Seabe sa Maoatle ho Tlelaemete. International Journal of Climatology, 23, 1127-1159 . E nkiloe ho: doi.org/10.1002/joc.926
Leoatle ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea tsamaiso ea tlelaemete. E bohlokoa phapanyetsanong ea lefats'e le kabong bocha ea mocheso, metsi, likhase, likaroloana, le lebelo. Tekanyetso ea metsi a hloekileng a leoatle e ea fokotseha 'me ke ntlha ea bohlokoa bakeng sa boemo le bophelo bo bolelele ba phetoho ea maemo a leholimo.
Dore, JE, Lukas, R., Sadler, DW, & Karl, DM (2003, August 14). Liphetoho tse tsamaellanang le boemo ba leholimo sebakeng sa sepakapaka sa CO2 se tebang Leoatleng la Pacific Leboea. Tlhaho, 424(6950), 754-757. E nkiloe ho: doi.org/10.1038/nature01885
Ho nkuoa ha carbon dioxide metsing a leoatle ho ka susumetsoa ka matla ke liphetoho tsa pula ea libaka le mekhoa ea mouoane e tlisoang ke ho fetoha ha maemo a leholimo. Ho tloha ka 1990, ho bile le phokotseho e kholo ea matla a sekoahelo sa CO2, e leng ka lebaka la keketseho e sa fellang ea khatello ea metsi holim'a leoatle CO2 e bakoang ke ho fetoha mouoane le motsoako o tsamaeang le solute metsing.
Revelle, R., & Suess, H. (1957). Phapanyetsano ea Carbon Dioxide Pakeng tsa Sepakapaka le Leoatle le Potso ea Keketso ea Atmospheric CO2 lilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. La Jolla, California: Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Univesithi ea California.
Palo ea CO2 sepakapakeng, litekanyetso le mekhoa ea phapanyetsano ea CO2 pakeng tsa leoatle le moea, le ho fetoha ha carbon organic carbon e ithutoa ho tloha nakoana ka mor'a ho qala Phetohelo ea Liindasteri. Ho chesoa ha mafura a indasteri ho tloha ha ho qala Phetohelo ea Liindasteri, lilemong tse fetang 150 tse fetileng, ho bakile keketseho ea mocheso o tloaelehileng oa leoatleng, ho fokotseha ha carbon ea mobu, le phetoho ea bongata ba lintho tse phelang leoatleng. Tokomane ena e sebelitse e le ntlha ea bohlokoa thutong ea phetoho ea maemo a leholimo 'me e bile le tšusumetso e kholo lithutong tsa mahlale lilemong tse mashome a mahlano ho tloha ha e phatlalatsoa.
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3. Ho Falla ha Mefuta ea Lebopong le Leoatleng ka lebaka la Liphello tsa Phetoho ea Tlelaemete
Hu, S., Sprintall, J., Guan, C., McPhaden, M., Wang, F., Hu, D., Cai, W. (2020, Hlakola 5). Keketseho e tebileng ea Potoloho ea Leoatle le Bolelang Lefatšeng lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse fetileng. Tsoelo-pele ea Saense. EAAX7727. https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/6/eaax7727
Maoatle a qalile ho tsamaea ka potlako lilemong tse 30 tse fetileng. Matla a matla a kinetic a maqhubu a leoatle a bakoa ke moea o ntseng o eketseha oa holim'a metsi o susumetsoang ke mocheso o futhumetseng, haholo-holo ho potoloha libaka tsa tropike. Tloaelo e kholo ho feta phapang efe kapa efe ea tlhaho e fanang ka maikutlo a hore lebelo le ntseng le eketseha le tla tsoela pele ka nako e telele.
Whitcomb, I. (2019, Phato 12). Lishaka tse ngata tsa Blacktip li Hlabula Long Island Lekhetlo la Pele. LiveScience. E khutlisoa ho: livescience.com/sharks-vacation-in-hamptons.html
Selemo se seng le se seng, lishaka tsa blacktip li fallela leboea hlabula li batla metsi a pholileng. Nakong e fetileng, lishaka li ne li qeta nako ea tsona ea lehlabula haufi le lebōpo la Carolinas, empa ka lebaka la metsi a futhumetseng a leoatle, li tlameha ho ea leboea ho ea Long Island ho fumana metsi a pholileng a lekaneng. Nakong ea phatlalatso, ha ho tsejoe hore na lishaka li fallela hōle leboea kapa li latela liphofu tsa tsona ho ea fihla leboea.
Tšabo, D. (2019, Phupu 31). Ho fetoha ha maemo a leholimo ho tla etsa hore ho be le bana ba bangata ba makhala. Joale libatana li tla tloha boroa ’me li li je. The Washington Post. E khutlisoa ho: https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2019/07/31/climate-change-will-spark-blue-crab-baby-boom-then-predators-will-relocate-south-eat-them/?utm_term=.3d30f1a92d2e
Makhala a maputsoa a atleha metsing a futhumetseng a Chesapeake Bay. Ka mekhoa ea hona joale ea metsi a futhumetseng, haufinyane makhala a maputsoa ha a sa tla hlola a cheka mariha hore a phele, e leng se tla etsa hore palo ea baahi e eketsehe. Ho eketseha ha baahi ho ka hohela libatana tse ling ho ea metsing a macha.
Furby, K. (2018, June 14). Phetoho ea maemo a leholimo e tsamaisa litlhapi kapele ho feta kamoo melao e ka sebetsanang le eona, boithuto bo re. The Washington Post. E khutlisoa ho: washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2018/06/14/climate-change-is-moving-fish-around-faster-than-laws-can-handle-study-says
Mefuta ea litlhapi tsa bohlokoa tse kang salmon le mackerel li fallela libakeng tse ncha tse hlokang tšebelisano e eketsehileng ea machaba ho tiisa hore ho na le nala. Sengoliloeng sena se bonts'a khohlano e ka hlahang ha mefuta ea lintho tse phelang e tlola meeli ea naha ho ea ka pono ea motsoako oa molao, leano, moruo, thuto ea maoatle le tikoloho.
Poloczanska, ES, Burrows, MT, Brown, CJ, García Molinos, J., Halpern, BS, Hoegh-Guldberg, O., … & Sydeman, WJ (2016, May 4). Likarabo tsa Liphoofolo tsa Leoatleng Phetoho ea Boemo ba Leholimo ho Maoatle. Meeli ho Saense ea Marine, 62. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00062
Setsi sa Boitsebiso ba Liphello tsa Phetoho ea Tlelaemete ea Maoatleng (MCID) le Tlaleho ea Tekolo ea Bohlano ea Phanele ea Mebuso ea Phetoho ea Tlelaemete e hlahloba liphetoho tsa tikoloho ea maoatleng tse susumetsoang ke phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo. Ka kakaretso, likarabelo tsa mefuta ea phetoho ea maemo a leholimo li lumellana le litebello, ho kenyeletsoa phetoho e tebileng le e tebileng ea kabo, tsoelo-pele ea phenology, ho fokotseha ha lipalo, le keketseho ea bongata ba mefuta ea metsi a futhumetseng. Libaka le mefuta e se nang litokomane tse amanang le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo, ha li bolele hore ha li amehe, empa ho e-na le hoo, ho ntse ho e-na le likheo lipatlisisong.
Tsamaiso ea Naha ea Leoatle le Sepakapaka. (2013, September). Litsela Tse peli Tsa ho Fetoha ha Tlelaemete Leoatleng? Tšebeletso ea Naha ea Leoatle: Lefapha la Khoebo la United States. E khutlisoa ho: http://web.archive.org/web/20161211043243/http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2013/09/9_30_13two_takes_on_climate_change_in_ocean.html
Bophelo ba leoatleng ho pholletsa le likarolo tsohle tsa ketane ea lijo bo fetohela lipalong ho lula bo pholile ha lintho li ntse li futhumala 'me liphetoho tsena li ka ba le liphello tse kholo tsa moruo. Mefuta e fapa-fapaneng sebakeng le nako ha e etsahale ka lebelo le le leng, ka hona, e sitisa mokhoa oa ho ja lijo le mekhoa e metle ea bophelo. Hona joale ho feta leha e le neng pele ho bohlokoa ho thibela ho tšoasa litlhapi ho feta tekano le ho tsoela pele ho tšehetsa mananeo a nako e telele a ho beha leihlo.
Poloczanska, E., Brown, C., Sydeman, W., Kiessling, W., Schoeman, D., Moore, P., …, & Richardson, A. (2013, August 4). Phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo lefatšeng ka bophara bophelong ba leoatle. Phetoho ea Tlelaemete ea Tlhaho, 3, 919-925. E nkiloe ho: https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1958
Lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng, ho bile le liphetoho tse pharalletseng tsa tsamaiso ea phenology, palo ea batho, le ho ajoa ha mefuta ea lintho tse phelang metsing. Phuputso ena e ile ea kopanya lithuto tsohle tse teng tsa litebello tsa tikoloho ea leoatle ka litebello tlas'a phetoho ea maemo a leholimo; ba fumane likarabo tse 1,735 tsa likokoana-hloko tsa leoatleng tseo phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo ea lehae kapa ea lefatše e bileng mohloli.
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4. Hypoxia (Dead Zones)
Hypoxia ke maemo a tlase kapa a fokotsehileng a oksijene metsing. Hangata e amahanngoa le ho ata ha algae e lebisang ho fokotseng oksijene ha algae e shoa, e teba ho ea tlaase, le ho bola. Hypoxia e boetse e mpefatsoa ke limatlafatsi tse ngata, metsi a futhumetseng, le tšitiso e meng ea tikoloho ka lebaka la phetoho ea maemo a leholimo.
Slabosky, K. (2020, August 18). Na Leoatle le ka Felloa ke Oksijene?. TED-Ed. E nkiloe ho: https://youtu.be/ovl_XbgmCbw
Video e bonts'ang e hlalosa hore na hypoxia kapa libaka tse shoeleng li bōptjoa joang Koung ea Mexico le ho feta. Phello ea limatlafatsi tsa temo le manyolo ke karolo e kholo ea libaka tse shoeleng, 'me mekhoa ea temo e nchafatsang e tlameha ho hlahisoa ho sireletsa litsela tsa rona tsa metsi le tikoloho e kotsing ea maoatle. Leha e sa boleloe videong, metsi a futhumetseng a hlahisoang ke phetoho ea maemo a leholimo a boetse a eketsa khafetsa le matla a libaka tse shoeleng.
Bates, N., and Johnson, R. (2020) Ho Potlakisa ha Ho futhumala ha Leoatle, Ho Salinization, Ho Fetola Oxygenation le Acidification ka Surface Subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. Lipuisano Lefatše & Tikoloho. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00030-5
Maemo a lik'hemik'hale le a 'mele a leoatleng aa fetoha. Lintlha tse bokelletsoeng Leoatleng la Sargasso lilemong tsa bo-2010 li fana ka leseli la bohlokoa bakeng sa mehlala ea sepakapaka sa leoatle le litekolo tsa lintlha tsa lilemo tse leshome ho isa ho tse leshome tsa potoloho ea carbon ea lefatše. Bates le Johnson ba fumane hore mocheso le letsoai Leoatleng la Leoatle la Atlantic le ka tlas'a tropike li ile tsa fapana lilemong tse mashome a mane tse fetileng ka lebaka la liphetoho tsa linako tsa selemo le liphetoho tsa alkalinity. Phaello e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea liabo tsa CO2 'me acidification ea leoatle e etsahetse nakong ea CO e fokolang ka ho fetisisa ea sepakapaka2 kholo.
Tsamaiso ea Naha ea Leoatle le Sepakapaka. (2019, May 24). Dead Zone ke Eng? Tšebeletso ea Naha ea Leoatle: Lefapha la Khoebo la United States. E khutlisoa ho: oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/deadzone.html
Sebaka se shoeleng ke lentsoe le tloaelehileng bakeng sa hypoxia 'me le bolela boemo bo fokotsehileng ba oksijene metsing e lebisang mahoatateng a likokoana-hloko. Libaka tsena li etsahala ka tlhaho, empa li atolosoa le ho ntlafatsoa ke liketso tsa batho ka mocheso oa metsi a futhumetseng a bakoang ke phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo. Limatlafatsi tse feteletseng tse phallang mobung le metsing ke sesosa se ka sehloohong sa ho eketseha ha libaka tse shoeleng.
Setsi sa Tšireletso ea Tikoloho. (2019, la 15 Mmesa). Tšilafalo ea Limatla, Liphello: Tikoloho. Mokhatlo oa United States oa Tšireletso ea Tikoloho. E khutlisoa ho: https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/effects-environment
Tšilafalo ea limatlafatsi e matlafatsa kholo ea lithunthung tse kotsi tsa algal (HABs), tse nang le litlamorao tse mpe tikolohong ea metsing. Ka linako tse ling li-HAB li ka hlahisa chefo e jeoang ke litlhapi tse nyane ebe li phahamisa letoto la lijo 'me tsa ba kotsi bophelong ba leoatleng. Esita le ha li sa hlahise chefo, li thibela khanya ea letsatsi, li koala makhapetla a litlhapi, 'me li etsa libaka tse shoeleng. Libaka tse shoeleng ke libaka tse metsing tse nang le oksijene e nyenyane kapa e se nang eona e thehoang ha algal blooms e ja oksijene ha e shoa e etsa hore bophelo ba leoatleng bo tlohe sebakeng se amehileng.
Blaszczak, JR, Delesantro, JM, Urban, DL, Doyle, MW, & Bernhardt, ES (2019). E hloekisitsoe kapa e khangoa ke moea: Litsi tsa tikoloho tsa litoropo li tsamaea pakeng tsa hydrologic le moea o feteletseng oa oksijene. Limnology le Oceanography, 64 (3), 877-894. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11081
Libaka tse lebōpong la leoatle hase tsona feela libaka tseo maemo a shoeleng a kang libaka a ntseng a eketseha ka lebaka la phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo. Melapo ea litoropo le linōka tse ntšang metsi libakeng tse nang le batho ba bangata ba rekisoang haholo ke libaka tse tloaelehileng bakeng sa libaka tse shoeleng tsa hypoxic, tse sieang setšoantšo se lerootho bakeng sa libōpuoa tsa metsi a hloekileng tse bitsang litsela tsa metsi tsa litoropo hae. Maholiotsoana a matla a baka matangoana a metsi a tletseng limatlafatsi a lulang a le hypoxic ho fihlela sefefo se latelang se hohola matamo.
Breitburg, D., Levin, L., Oschiles, A., Grégoire, M., Chavez, F., Conley, D., …, & Zhang, J. (2018, January 5). Ho fokotseha ha oksijene metsing a leoatle a lefatše le lebopong la leoatle. Mahlale, 359(6371). E nkiloe ho: doi.org/10.1126/science.aam7240
Haholo ka lebaka la mesebetsi ea batho e ekelitseng mocheso oa lefats'e ka kakaretso le bongata ba limatlafatsi tse tšeloang metsing a lebōpong la leoatle, boemo ba oksijene leoatleng ka kakaretso bo ntse bo fokotseha bonyane lilemo tse mashome a mahlano tse fetileng. Boemo bo fokotsehang ba oksijene leoatleng bo na le litlamorao tsa baeloji le tsa tikoloho le sekala sa tikoloho le sa lefats'e.
Breitburg, D., Grégoire, M., & Isensee, K. (2018). Leoatle le felloa ke moea: Ho fokotseha ha oksijene metsing a leoatle a lefatše le lebopong la leoatle. IOC-UNESCO, IOC Technical Series, 137. E khutlisoa ho: https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/232562/1/Technical%20Brief_Go2NE.pdf
Oksijene e ea fokotseha ka leoatleng ’me batho ke bona sesosa se seholo. Sena se etsahala ha ho sebelisoa oksijene e ngata ho feta e tlatsitsoeng hape moo ho futhumala le ho eketseha ha limatlafatsi ho bakang tšebeliso e phahameng ea oksijene ea likokoana-hloko. Ho haella ha oksijene ho ka mpefala ka lebaka la temo e teteaneng ea metsing, e lebisang ho fokotseng ho hola, ho fetoha ha boitšoaro, mafu a ntseng a eketseha, haholo-holo ho li-finfish le crustaceans. Ho boleloa esale pele hore phepelo ea oksijene e tla mpefala lilemong tse tlang, empa mehato e ka nkuoa ho loants'a tšokelo ena ho kenyelletsa ho fokotsa ho tsoa ha likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše, hammoho le ho tsoa ha carbon e ntšo le limatlafatsi.
Bryant, L. (2015, April 9). Leoatleng 'libaka tse shoeleng' ke koluoa e ntseng e eketseha bakeng sa litlhapi. Phys.org. E khutlisoa ho: https://phys.org/news/2015-04-ocean-dead-zones-disaster-fish.html
Ho tloha khale, marulelo a leoatle a nkile lilemo tse sekete ho hlaphoheloa ho tloha mehleng ea khale ea oksijene e tlase, e tsejoang hape e le libaka tse shoeleng. Ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea batho le ho phahama ha mocheso libaka tse shoeleng hajoale li etsa 10% le ho phahama ha sebaka sa leoatle la lefatše. Tšebeliso ea lik'hemik'hale le mesebetsi e meng ea batho e lebisa ho phahama ha maemo a phosphorus le naetrojene metsing a fepa libaka tse shoeleng.
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5. Liphello tsa Metsi a Futhumatsang
Schartup, A., Thackray, C., Quershi, A., Dassuncao, C., Gillespie, K., Hanke, A., & Sunderland, E. (2019, Phato 7). Phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo le ho tšoasa litlhapi ho feta tekano li eketsa neurotoxicant ho libatana tsa leoatle. Tlhaho, 572, 648-650 . E nkiloe ho: doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1468-9
Litlhapi ke mohloli o ka sehloohong oa ho pepeseha ha batho ho methylmercury, e ka lebisang ho khaello ea nako e telele ea neurocognitive ho bana e tsoelang pele ho ba batho ba baholo. Ho tloha ka bo-1970 ho bile le keketseho e hakanyetsoang ea 56% ea methylmercury ho Atlantic bluefin tuna ka lebaka la ho eketseha ha mocheso oa metsi a leoatle.
Smale, D., Wernberg, T., Oliver, E., Thomsen, M., Harvey, B., Straub, S., …, & Moore, P. (2019, March 4). Maqhubu a mocheso a leoatle a sokela mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng tsa lefatše le phano ea litšebeletso tsa tikoloho. Phetoho ea Tlelaemete ea Tlhaho, 9, 306-312 . E nkiloe ho: nature.com/articles/s41558-019-0412-1
Leoatle le futhumetse haholo lilemong tse lekholo tse fetileng. Maqhubu a mocheso a leoatleng, linako tsa ho futhumala ho feteletseng ha libaka, a amme haholo mefuta ea mantlha e kang likorale le joang ba leoatle. Ha phetoho ea maemo a leholimo a anthropogenic e ntse e tota, ho futhumala ha leoatle le maqhubu a mocheso a na le bokhoni ba ho hlophisa bocha tikoloho le ho sitisa phano ea thepa le litšebeletso tsa tikoloho.
Sanford, E., Sones, J., Garcia-Reyes, M., Goddard, J., & Largier, J. (2019, March 12). Liphetoho tse atileng tikolohong ea lebopo la California leboea nakong ea maqhubu a mocheso a leoatleng a 2014-2016. Scientific Reports, 9(4216). E nkiloe ho: doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40784-3
Ka lebaka la maqhubu a mocheso a nako e telele a leoatleng, ho ata ha mefuta e mengata ea lintho tse phelang le ho fetoha ho feteletseng ha mocheso oa holim'a leoatle ho ka bonoa nakong e tlang. Maqhubu a mocheso a matla a leoatle a bakile ho shoa ha batho ba bangata, lithunthung tse kotsi tsa algal, ho fokotseha ha li-kelp, le liphetoho tse kholo kabong ea libaka tsa mefuta.
Pinsky, M., Eikeset, A., McCauley, D., Payne, J., & Sunday, J. (2019, April 24). Kotsi e kholo ea ho futhumala ha li-ectotherms tsa metsing le tsa lefatše. Tlhaho, 569, 108-111 . E nkiloe ho: doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1132-4
Ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa hore na ke mefuta efe le tikoloho e tla angoa haholo ke ho futhumala ha mocheso ka lebaka la phetoho ea maemo a leholimo e le ho netefatsa taolo e sebetsang. Sekhahla se phahameng sa kutlo ho futhumala le sekhahla se potlakileng sa ho ikatisa tikolohong ea maoatleng li fana ka maikutlo a hore pheliso e tla ba teng khafetsa le ho fetoha ha mefuta ka potlako leoatleng.
Morley, J., Selden, R., Latour, R., Frolicher, T., Seagraves, R., & Pinsky, M. (2018, May 16). Ho rera ho fetoha ha maemo a futhumetseng bakeng sa mefuta e 686 shelofong ea Amerika Leboea. PLOS E MOTHO. E khutlisoa ho: doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196127
Ka lebaka la ho fetoha ha thempereichara ea maoatle, mefuta ea lintho tse phelang e se e qala ho fetola kabo ea eona ea libaka ho leba lipalong. Ho ile ha etsoa likhakanyo bakeng sa mefuta e 686 ea metsing e ka 'nang ea angoa ke ho fetoha ha mocheso oa leoatle. Likhakanyo tsa nakong e tlang tsa ho fetoha ha sebaka ka kakaretso li ne li lebile holimo 'me li latela mabopo a leoatle' me li thusitse ho tseba hore na ke mefuta efe e kotsing ea phetoho ea maemo a leholimo.
Laffoley, D. & Baxter, JM (bahlophisi). (2016). Ho hlalosa ho futhumala ha Leoatle: Lisosa, Sekala, Liphello le Liphello. Tlaleho e felletseng. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 456 maq. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2016.08.en
Ho futhumala ha leoatle ka potlako ho fetoha e 'ngoe ea litšokelo tse kholo ka ho fetisisa molokong oa rona joalo ka ha IUCN e khothaletsa tlhokomeliso e eketsehileng ea matla a ts'usumetso, ts'ebetso ea leano la lefats'e, ts'ireletso le taolo e felletseng, litekolo tse ntlafalitsoeng tsa kotsi, ho koala likheo tsa lipatlisiso le litlhoko tsa bokhoni, le ho nka khato ka potlako ho etsa. ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše.
Hughes, T., Kerry, J., Baird, A., Connolly, S., Dietzel, A., Eakin, M., Heron, S., ..., & Torda, G. (2018, April 18). Ho futhumala ha lefatše ho fetola likopano tsa mafika a likorale. Tlhaho, 556, 492-496. E nkiloe ho: nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0041-2?dom=scribd&src=syn
Ka 2016, Great Barrier Reef e bile le leqhubu le chesang la leoatle le senyehileng. Boithuto bona bo na le tšepo ea ho koala lekhalo lipakeng tsa khopolo le tloaelo ea ho lekola likotsi tsa ho putlama ha tikoloho ea tikoloho ho bolela esale pele hore na liketsahalo tsa ho futhumala ha nako e tlang li ka ama lichaba tsa mafika a likorale joang. Ba hlalosa mekhahlelo e fapaneng, ba hloaea mokhanni ea ka sehloohong, 'me ba theha mekhoa ea ho putlama ha palo.
Gramling, C. (2015, November 13). Kamoo Maoatle a Futhumatsang a Ileng a Tlisa Leqhoa Kateng. Mahlale, 350(6262), 728. E ntšitsoe ho: DOI: 10.1126/science.350.6262.728
Leqhoa la Greenland le tšollela leqhoa la lik'hilomithara tse ngata leoatleng selemo le selemo ha metsi a leoatle a futhumetseng a le fokolisa. Se etsahalang tlas'a leqhoa se phahamisa ho tšoenyeha ka ho fetisisa, kaha metsi a futhumetseng a leoatle a ntšitse leqhoa leo ho lekaneng hore le ka le katolla ho tloha sekoting. Sena se tla etsa hore leqhoa le khutlele morao ka lebelo le ho feta, 'me ho tla baka tšabo e kholo mabapi le ho phahama ho hoholo ha leoatle.
Precht, W., Gintert, B., Robbart, M., Fur, R., & van Woesik, R. (2016). Lefu le Ileng la E-ba le Lefu le Amanang le Mafu a Coral Southeastern Florida. Scientific Reports, 6(31375). E nkiloe ho: https://www.nature.com/articles/srep31374
Ho fifala ha likorale, lefu la likorale, le liketsahalo tsa ho shoa ha likorale li ntse li eketseha ka lebaka la mocheso o phahameng oa metsi o hlahisoang ke phetoho ea maemo a leholimo. Ha re sheba maemo a phahameng a sa tloaelehang a mafu a tšoaetsanoang a coral ka boroa-bochabela ho Florida ho pholletsa le 2014, sengoloa se amahanya boemo bo phahameng ba ho shoa ha likorale le likolone tsa likorale tse hatelletsoeng ke mocheso.
Friedland, K., Kane, J., Hare, J., Lough, G., Fratantoni, P., Fogarty, M., & Nye, J. (2013, September). Litšitiso tsa tikoloho ea mocheso ho mefuta ea zooplankton e amanang le Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) Shelf ea Amerika Leboea-bochabela. Tsoelo-pele ho Oceanography, 116, 1-13 . E nkiloe ho: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.05.011
Ka har'a tikoloho ea US Northeast Continental Shelf ho na le libaka tse fapaneng tsa mocheso, 'me mocheso o ntseng o eketseha oa metsi o ama bongata ba libaka tsena. Libaka tse futhumetseng, tse holim'a metsi li eketsehile athe libaka tsa metsi a pholileng li fokotsehile. Sena se na le monyetla oa ho theola bongata ba Atlantic Cod haholo kaha lijo tsa bona tsa zooplankton li angoa ke ho fetoha ha mocheso.
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6. Tahlehelo ea Mefuta-futa ea Lihloliloeng tsa Leoatleng ka lebaka la Phetoho ea Tlelaemete
Brito-Morales, I., Schoeman, D., Molinos, J., Burrows, M., Klein, C., Arafeh-Dalmau, N., Kaschner, K., Garilao, C., Kesner-Reyes, K. , le Richardson, A. (2020, March 20). Lebelo la Tlelaemete le Senola Keketseho e Keketsehang ea Mefuta-futa ea Liphoofolo tsa Leoatle le Leholo ho Mofuthuso o Tlang. Tlhaho. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0773-5
Bafuputsi ba fumane hore lebelo la sejoale-joale la boemo ba leholimo - metsi a futhumatsang - a potlakile botebong ba leoatle ho feta ka holim'a metsi. Hona joale boithuto bo bolela esale pele hore ho futhumala ha 2050 le 2100 ho tla etsahala ka potlako maemong ohle a kholomo ea metsi, ntle le bokaholimo. Ka lebaka la ho futhumala hona, mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng e tla be e sokeloa maemong ohle, haholo-holo botebong ba limithara tse 200 ho isa ho tse 1,000 XNUMX. Ho fokotsa sekhahla sa ho futhumala ha mocheso ho lokela ho behoa tšebelisong ea mehloli e tebileng ea maoatle ka likepe tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi le ka merafo, hydrocarbon le mesebetsi e meng ea ho tsoa. Ho feta moo, tsoelo-pele e ka etsoa ka ho holisa marang-rang a li-MPA tse kholo botebong ba leoatle.
Riskas, K. (2020, Phuptjane 18). Li-Shellfish tse Lemiloeng ha li Tšireletso ho Phetoho ea Boemo ba Leholimo. Lebopo la Saense le Mekhatlo Hakai Magazine. PDF.
Batho ba libilione lefatšeng ka bophara ba fumana liprotheine tsa bona tikolohong ea leoatle, leha ho le joalo litlhapi tse hlaha li ntse li fokola. Temo ea metsing e ntse e tsoela pele ho tlatsa sekheo 'me tlhahiso e laoloang e ka ntlafatsa boleng ba metsi le ho fokotsa limatlafatsi tse feteletseng tse bakang lithunthung tse kotsi tsa algal. Leha ho le joalo, ha metsi a ntse a e-ba asiti haholoanyane le ha metsi a futhumetseng a fetola kholo ea plankton, temo ea metsing le tlhahiso ea mollusk e kotsing. Riskas e bolela esale pele hore mollusk aquaculture e tla qala ho theoha ha tlhahiso ea 2060, 'me linaha tse ling li amehile pejana, haholo-holo linaha tse tsoelang pele le tse tsoetseng pele haholo.
Record, N., Runge, J., Pendleton, D., Balch, W., Davies, K., Pershing, A., …, & Thompson C. (2019, May 3). Liphetoho tse Potlakileng Tsa Phetoho ea Boemo ba Leholimo li Sokela Paballo ea Li-Whale tse Kotsing tsa North Atlantic. Oceanography, 32(2), 162-169. E nkiloe ho: doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2019.201
Phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo e etsa hore tikoloho ea tikoloho e fetohe ka potlako, e leng se etsang hore maano a mangata a paballo a ipapisitseng le mekhoa ea nalane a se ke a sebetsa. Ka ho futhumala ha metsi a tebileng ka sekhahla se habeli ho feta sa metsi a holim'a metsi, mefuta e kang Calanus finmarchicus, phepelo ea bohlokoa ea lijo bakeng sa maruarua a nepahetseng a North Atlantic, e fetotse mekhoa ea eona ea ho falla. Li-whale tsa North Atlantic li latela phofu ea tsona ho tsoa tseleng ea tsona ea histori ea ho falla, ho fetola mokhoa oa tsona, 'me kahoo li li beha kotsing ea ho hlaseloa ke likepe kapa ho kenngoa ha lisebelisoa libakeng tseo maano a paballo a sa li sireletseng.
Díaz, SM, Settele, J., Brondízio, E., Ngo, H., Guèze, M., Agard, J., … & Zayas, C. (2019). Tlaleho ea Global Assessment ka Litšebeletso tsa Mefuta-futa ea Lihloliloeng le Ecosystem: Kakaretso ea Baetsi ba Leano. IPBES. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3553579.
Mefuta e pakeng tsa halofo ea milione le milione e kotsing ea ho timela lefatšeng ka bophara. Maoatleng, mekhoa e sa tsitsang ea ho tšoasa litlhapi, ho fetoha ha naha le leoatle le ho fetoha ha maemo a leholimo ho baka tahlehelo ea mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng. Leoatle le hloka tšireletso e eketsehileng le tšireletso e eketsehileng ea Leoatle le Sirelelitsoeng.
Abreu, A., Bowler, C., Claudet, J., Zinger, L., Paoli, L., Salazar, G., le Sunagawa, S. (2019). Temoso ea Bo-ramahlale ka Litšebelisano Pakeng tsa Ocean Plankton le Phetoho ea Boemo ba Leholimo. Motheo oa Leoatle la Tara.
Liphuputso tse peli tse sebelisang boitsebiso bo fapaneng ka bobeli li bontša hore phello ea phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo kabong le bongata ba mefuta ea planktonic e tla ba khōlō libakeng tsa polar. Sena se ka etsahala hobane mocheso o phahameng oa leoatle (ho pota-potile equator) o lebisa ho ho eketseha ha mefuta-futa ea mefuta e mengata ea planktonic e ka 'nang ea khona ho phela ho fetoha ha mocheso oa metsi, le hoja lichaba tse peli tsa planktonic li ka ikamahanya le maemo. Ka hona, phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo e sebetsa e le ntlha ea khatello e eketsehileng bakeng sa mefuta. Ha li kopantsoe le liphetoho tse ling tsa libaka tsa bolulo, sebaka sa lijo, le mefuta ea lintho tse phelang, khatello e eketsehileng ea tlelaemete e ka baka liphetoho tse kholo linthong tsa tikoloho. Ho rarolla bothata bona bo ntseng bo hola ho hlokahala hore ho be le likhokahano tse ntlafalitsoeng tsa mahlale / leano moo lipotso tsa lipatlisiso li qapiloeng ke bo-ramahlale le baetsi ba melaoana hammoho.
Bryndum-Buchholz, A., Tittensor, D., Blanchard, J., Cheung, W., Coll, M., Galbraith, E., ..., & Lotze, H. (2018, November 8). Phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo lekholong la mashome a mabeli a motso o mong e ama bophelo ba liphoofolo tsa leoatleng le sebopeho sa tikoloho ho pholletsa le maoatle. Global Change Biology, 25(2), 459-472. E nkiloe ho: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14512
Phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo e ama tikoloho ea leoatle mabapi le tlhahiso ea mantlha, mocheso oa maoatle, kabo ea mefuta, le bongata ba sekala sa lehae le sa lefats'e. Liphetoho tsena li fetola haholo sebopeho le tšebetso ea tikoloho ea leoatle. Phuputso ena e sekaseka likarabo tsa biomass ea liphoofolo tsa leoatleng ho arabela likhatello tsena tsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo.
Niiler, E. (2018, March 8). Lishaka Tse Ling Tse Fanang ka Phallo ea Selemo le Selemo e le Mofuthu oa Leoatle. National Geographic. E khutlisoa ho: nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/03/animals-sharks-oceans-global-warming/
Lishaka tse tona tsa blacktip ho tloha khale li falletse boroa nakong ea likhoeli tse batang haholo tsa selemo ho ea kopana le basali ho tloha lebopong la Florida. Lishaka tsena li bohlokoa tikolohong ea lebopo la Florida: Ka ho ja litlhapi tse fokolang le tse kulang, li thusa ho leka-lekanya khatello ea mafika a likorale le joang ba leoatle. Haufinyane tjena, lishaka tse tona li lutse hōle le leboea ha metsi a ka leboea a ntse a futhumala. Ntle le ho falla ho leba boroa, tse tona li ke ke tsa kopana kapa tsa sireletsa tikoloho ea lebopo la Florida.
Worm, B., & Lotze, H. (2016). Phetoho ea Tlelaemete: Liphello Tse Lemohileng Lefatšeng, Khaolo ea 13 - Mefuta-futa ea Liphoofolo tsa Leoatle le Phetoho ea Tlelaemete. Lefapha la Biology, Univesithi ea Dalhousie, Halifax, NS, Canada. E nkiloe ho: sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444635242000130
Lintlha tsa nako e telele tsa tlhapi le li-plankton li fane ka bopaki bo matla ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa liphetoho tse bakoang ke boemo ba leholimo likopanong tsa mefuta. Khaolo ena e etsa qeto ea hore ho baballa mefuta-futa ea lintho tse phelang leoatleng ho ka fana ka tšireletso e molemohali khahlanong le phetoho e potlakileng ea boemo ba leholimo.
McCauley, D., Pinsky, M., Palumbi, S., Estes, J., Joyce, F., & Warner, R. (2015, January 16). Marine defaunation: tahlehelo ea liphoofolo maoatleng a lefatše. Mahlale, 347(6219). E nkiloe ho: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6219/1255641
Batho ba amme haholo liphoofolo tse hlaha tsa leoatleng le tšebetso le sebōpeho sa leoatle. Ho senyeha ha leoatle, kapa tahlehelo ea liphoofolo e bakiloeng ke batho leoatleng, e hlahile lilemong tse makholo tse fetileng. Phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo e sokela ho potlakisa tšilafalo ea metsing lilemong tse lekholo tse tlang. E 'ngoe ea mabaka a ka sehloohong a tahlehelo ea liphoofolo tse hlaha ka metsing ke ho senyeha ha bolulo ka lebaka la phetoho ea maemo a leholimo, e leng ntho e ka qojoang ka ho kenella ka matla le ho tsosolosoa.
Deutsch, C., Ferrel, A., Seibel, B., Portner, H., & Huey, R. (2015, June 05). Phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo e tiisa tšitiso ea metabolism libakeng tsa maoatle. Mahlale, 348(6239), 1132-1135. E nkiloe ho: science.sciencemag.org/content/348/6239/1132
Ho futhumala ha leoatle le ho lahleheloa ke oksijene e qhibilihileng ho tla fetola tikoloho ea leoatle haholo. Lekholong lena la lilemo, index ea metabolism ea leoatle le kaholimo ho nahanoa hore e tla fokotseha ka 20% lefatšeng ka bophara le 50% libakeng tse phahameng tsa leboea. Sena se qobella ho putlama ho hoholo le ho otloloha ha libaka le mefuta ea mefuta e phelang e sebetsang hantle. Khopolo-taba ea metabolic ea ecology e bontša hore boholo ba 'mele le mocheso li susumetsa litekanyetso tsa metabolism ea lintho tse phelang, tse ka hlalosang liphetoho tsa mefuta-futa ea liphoofolo ha mocheso o fetoha ka ho fana ka maemo a molemo ho lintho tse itseng.
Marcogilese, DJ (2008). Tšusumetso ea phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo ho likokoana-hloko le mafu a tšoaetsanoang a liphoofolo tse phelang metsing. Tlhahlobo ea Mahlale le Theknoloji ea Office International des Epizooties (Paris), 27(2), 467-484. E nkiloe ho: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/219d/8e86f333f2780174277b5e8c65d1c2aca36c.pdf
Kabo ea likokoana-hloko le likokoana-hloko e tla angoa ka ho toba le ka tsela e sa tobang ke ho futhumala ha lefatše, ho ka 'nang ha phalla ka har'a marang-rang a lijo ka liphello bakeng sa tikoloho eohle. Litekanyetso tsa phetiso ea likokoana-hloko le likokoana-hloko li amana ka ho toba le mocheso, mocheso o ntseng o eketseha o eketsa litekanyetso tsa phetisetso. Bopaki bo bong bo boetse bo fana ka maikutlo a hore virulence le eona e amana ka kotloloho.
Barry, JP, Baxter, CH, Sagarin, RD, & Gilman, SE (1995, February 3). Liphetoho tse amanang le boemo ba leholimo, tsa nako e telele tsa liphoofolo tikolohong ea mafika ea California. Mahlale, 267(5198), 672-675. E nkiloe ho: doi.org/10.1126/science.267.5198.672
Liphoofolo tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo sebakeng sa mafika sa California se fapohetse ka leboea ha ho bapisoa linako tse peli tsa boithuto, e 'ngoe ho tloha 1931-1933 le e' ngoe ho tloha 1993-1994. Phetoho ena e eang leboea e lumellana le likhakanyo tsa phetoho e amanang le ho futhumala ha tlelaemete. Ha ho bapisoa lithempereichara ho tloha linakong tse peli tsa thuto, boholo ba mocheso oa lehlabula nakong ea 1983-1993 e ne e le 2.2˚C ho feta mocheso o phahameng oa lehlabula ho tloha ka 1921-1931.
BOKANG TOP
7. Liphello tsa Phetoho ea Tlelaemete ho Mepopotlo ea Likorale
Figueiredo, J., Thomas, CJ, Deleersnijder, E., Lambrechts, J., Baird, AH, Connolly, SR, & Hanert, E. (2022). Ho Futhumala ha Lefatše ho Fokotsa Khokahano Har'a Baahi ba Coral. Tlhaho ea Temo ea Tlelaemete, 12(1), 83-87
Ho eketseha ha mocheso oa lefatše ho bolaea likorale le ho fokotsa khokahanyo ea baahi. Khokahano ea likorale ke mokhoa oo likorale ka bomong le liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa bona li fapanyetsanoang ka teng har'a baahi ba libaka tse arohaneng, tse ka amang haholo bokhoni ba likorale ho hlaphoheloa ka mor'a litšitiso (tse kang tse bakiloeng ke phetoho ea maemo a leholimo) li itšetlehile haholo ka ho hokahana ha lefika. Ho etsa hore ts'ireletso e sebetse hantle, libaka tse lipakeng tsa libaka tse sirelelitsoeng li lokela ho fokotsoa ho netefatsa khokahanyo ea mafika.
Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN). (2021, Mphalane). Boemo ba Botšelela ba Likorale tsa Lefatše: Tlaleho ea 2020. GCRMN. PDF.
Kaho ea mafika a leoatle a theohile ka 14% ho tloha ka 2009 haholo-holo ka lebaka la phetoho ea maemo a leholimo. Ho theoha hona ke sesosa se tšoenyang haholo kaha likorale ha li na nako e lekaneng ea ho hlaphoheloa lipakeng tsa liketsahalo tse ngata tsa ho fifala.
Principe, SC, Acosta, AL, Andrade, JE, & Lotufo, T. (2021). Li-Shifts Tse Nehetsoeng Pele Kabong ea Likorale tsa Atlantic Reef-Building Corals ho Tobana le Phetoho ea Boemo ba Leholimo. Meeli ho Saense ea Marine, 912.
Mefuta e meng ea likorale e bapala karolo e ikhethang joalo ka lihahi tsa mafika, 'me liphetoho tsa kabo ea tsona ka lebaka la phetoho ea maemo a leholimo li tla le litlamorao tse mpe tsa tikoloho. Boithuto bona bo akaretsa likhakanyo tsa hajoale le tsa nako e tlang tsa mefuta e meraro ea lihahi tsa mafika a Atlantic tse bohlokoa molemong oa bophelo bo botle ba tikoloho. Mepopotlo ea likorale ka har'a leoatle la Atlantic e hloka mehato e potlakileng ea paballo le puso e ntlafetseng ho netefatsa hore li phela le ho tsosolosoa ka phetoho ea maemo a leholimo.
Brown, K., Bender-Champ, D., Kenyon, T., Rémond, C., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., & Dove, S. (2019, Hlakola 20). Litlamorao tsa nakoana tsa ho futhumala ha leoatle le acidization tlholisanong ea coral-algal. Mepopotlo ea Likorale, 38(2), 297-309. E nkiloe ho: link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00338-019-01775-y
Mepopotlo ea likorale le bolele li bohlokoa tikolohong ea maoatle 'me li hlōlisana ka lebaka la lisebelisoa tse fokolang. Ka lebaka la ho futhumala ha metsi le asiti ka lebaka la phetoho ea maemo a leholimo, tlhōlisano ena e ntse e fetoloa. Ho felisa liphello tse kopantsoeng tsa ho futhumala ha leoatle le acidification, liteko li ile tsa etsoa, empa le photosynthesis e matlafalitsoeng e ne e sa lekana ho felisa liphello 'me likorale le algae li fokolitse ho pholoha, calcification le bokhoni ba photosynthetic.
Bruno, J., Côté, I., & Toth, L. (2019, Pherekhong). Phetoho ea Tlelaemete, Tahlehelo ea Likorale, le Taba e Boheleheleng ea Parrotfish Paradigm: Hobaneng Libaka tse Sirelelitsoeng tsa Maoatleng li sa Ntlafatse ho Tiea ha Mafika? Tlhahlobo ea Selemo le Selemo ea Saense ea Marine, 11, 307-334. E nkiloe ho: yearreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-marine-010318-095300
Likorale tse hahang mafika li senngoa ke ho fetoha ha maemo a leholimo. E le ho loantša sena, ho ile ha thehoa libaka tse sirelelitsoeng leoatleng, ’me ho ile ha latela tšireletso ea litlhapi tse jang limela. Ba bang ba re maqheka ana a bile le phello e fokolang ho tiisetso ea likorale ka kakaretso hobane khatello ea bona e kholo ke ho phahama ha mocheso oa leoatle. Ho boloka likorale tse hahang mafika, boiteko bo tlameha ho feta boemo ba lehae. Phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo ea anthropogenic e tlameha ho rarolloa ka ho toba kaha ke eona sesosa sa ho theoha ha likorale lefatšeng ka bophara.
Cheal, A., MacNeil, A., Emslie, M., & Sweatman, H. (2017, January 31). Tšokelo ea mafika a likorale ka lebaka la maholiotsoana a matla haholoanyane tlas'a phetoho ea maemo a leholimo. Global Change Biology. E khutlisoa ho: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.13593
Phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo e eketsa matla a maholiotsoana a bakang tšenyo ea likorale. Le ha maqhubu a leholiotsoana a sa khone ho eketseha, matla a leholiotsoana a tla eketseha ka lebaka la ho futhumala ha tlelaemete. Keketseho ea matla a leholiotsoana e tla potlakisa tšenyo ea mepopotlo ea likorale le ho lieha ho fola ka mor'a leholiotsoana ka lebaka la ho felisa mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng ke leholiotsoana.
Hughes, T., Barnes, M., Bellwood, D., Cinner, J., Cumming, G., Jackson, J., & Scheffer, M. (2017, May 31). Mepopotlo ea likorale sebakeng sa Anthropocene. Tlhaho, 546, 82-90 . E nkiloe ho: nature.com/articles/nature22901
Mepopotlo e senyeha ka potlako ka lebaka la letoto la bakhanni ba anthropogenic. Ka lebaka lena, ho khutlisetsa mepopotlo tlhophisong ea bona ea nakong e fetileng ha se khetho. Ho loantša ho senyeha ha mafika, sengoloa sena se hloka hore ho be le liphetoho tse matla saenseng le taolong ho tsamaisa mafika nakong ena ha ho ntse ho bolokoa tšebetso ea 'ona ea tlhaho.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Poloczanska, E., Skirving, W., & Dove, S. (2017, May 29). Ecosystems ea Coral Reef e tlas'a Phetoho ea Tlelaemete le Asiti ea Leoatle. Meeli ho Saense ea Marine. E khutlisoa ho: frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2017.00158/full
Liphuputso li qalile ho bolela esale pele ho felisoa ha mepopotlo e mengata ea metsi a futhumetseng ka 2040-2050 (le hoja likorale tsa metsi a batang li le kotsing e tlaase). Ba tiisa hore ntle leha ho ka etsoa tsoelo-pele e potlakileng ea ho fokotsa mocheso, lichaba tse itšetlehileng ka mafika a likorale hore li tsoele pele li phela li ka ’na tsa tobana le bofutsana, pherekano ea sechaba le ho se sireletsehe ha libaka.
Hughes, T., Kerry, J., & Wilson, S. (2017, March 16). Ho futhumala ha lefatše le ho soeufala ka bongata ha likorale. Tlhaho, 543, 373-377. E nkiloe ho: nature.com/articles/nature21707?dom=icopyright&src=syn
Liketsahalo tsa morao-rao tse phetoang ka bongata ba likorale li fapane haholo ka ho teba. Ho sebelisa lipatlisiso tsa mafika a Australia le mocheso oa holim'a leoatle, sengoloa se hlalosa hore boleng ba metsi le khatello ea ho tšoasa litlhapi li bile le litlamorao tse fokolang ho bleaching ka 2016, e fana ka maikutlo a hore maemo a lehae a fana ka tšireletso e nyane khahlanong le mocheso o feteletseng.
Torda, G., Donelson, J., Aranda, M., Barshis, D., Bay, L., Berumen, M., …, & Munday, P. (2017). Likarabo tse potlakileng tsa phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo likorale. Tlhaho, 7, 627-636. E nkiloe ho: nature.com/articles/climate3374
Bokhoni ba mepopotlo ea likorale ho ikamahanya le phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo bo tla ba bohlokoa bakeng sa ho hlahisa bokamoso ba mopopotlo. Sengoliloeng sena se kenella ka har'a polasetiki ea transgenerational har'a likorale le karolo ea epigenetics le likokoana-hloko tse amanang le likorale ts'ebetsong.
Anthony, K. (2016, November). Mepopotlo ea Likorale Tlas'a Phetoho ea Tlelaemete le Asiti ea Leoatle: Mathata le Menyetla ea Tsamaiso le Leano. Tlhahlobo ea Selemo le Selemo ea Tikoloho le Lisebelisoa. E khutlisoa ho: yearreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085610
Ha ho nahanoa ka ho senyeha ho potlakileng ha mepopotlo ea likorale ka lebaka la phetoho ea maemo a leholimo le asiti ea maoatle, sengoloa sena se fana ka maikutlo a lipheo tsa sebele bakeng sa mananeo a taolo a libaka le a lehae a ka ntlafatsang mehato ea ho tšoarella.
Hoey, A., Howells, E., Johansen, J., Hobbs, JP, Messmer, V., McCowan, DW, & Pratchett, M. (2016, May 18). Tsoelo-pele ea Haufinyane ea ho Utloisisa Liphello tsa Phetoho ea Boemo ba Leholimo ho Mepopotlo ea Likorale. Mefuta-futa. E khutlisoa ho: mdpi.com/1424-2818/8/2/12
Bopaki bo fana ka maikutlo a hore mepopotlo ea likorale e ka ba le bokhoni bo itseng ba ho arabela ho futhumala, empa ha ho hlake hore na liphetoho tsena li ka tsamaisana le lebelo le ntseng le eketseha la phetoho ea maemo a leholimo. Leha ho le joalo, liphello tsa phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo li ntse li eketsoa ke litšitiso tse ling tse fapaneng tsa anthropogenic tse etsang hore ho be thata ho likorale ho arabela.
Ainsworth, T., Heron, S., Ortiz, JC, Mumby, P., Grech, A., Ogawa, D., Eakin, M., & Leggat, W. (2016, April 15). Phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo e sitisa tšireletso ea coral bleaching ho Great Barrier Reef. Mahlale, 352(6283), 338-342. E nkiloe ho: science.sciencemag.org/content/352/6283/338
Sebopeho sa hona joale sa ho futhumala ha mocheso, se thibelang ho lumellana le maemo, se entse hore ho be le bleaching e eketsehileng le lefu la likorale. Liphello tsena li ne li fetelletse ka ho fetisisa ka mor'a selemo sa 2016 sa El Nino.
Graham, N., Jennings, S., MacNeil, A., Mouillot, D., & Wilson, S. (2015, Hlakola 05). Ho bolela esale pele puso e tsamaellanang le boemo ba leholimo e fetoha khahlano le monyetla oa ho khutla hape mafika a likorale. Tlhaho, 518, 94-97 . E nkiloe ho: nature.com/articles/nature14140
Ho fifala ha likorale ka lebaka la phetoho ea maemo a leholimo ke e 'ngoe ea litšokelo tse kholo tse tobaneng le mafika a likorale. Sengoliloeng sena se sheba karabelo ea nako e telele ea mafika ho soeufalitsoeng ke boemo ba leholimo ba likorale tsa Indo-Pacific mme se supa litšobotsi tsa mafika tse ratang ho khutla hape. Bangoli ba ikemiselitse ho sebelisa liphuputso tsa bona ho tsebisa mekhoa e metle ea taolo ea nakong e tlang.
Spalding, MD, & B. Brown. (2015, November 13). Mepopotlo ea likorale tsa metsi a futhumetseng le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo. Mahlale, 350(6262), 769-771. E nkiloe ho: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/350/6262/769
Mepopotlo ea likorale e tšehetsa lits'ebetso tse kholo tsa bophelo ba leoatleng hammoho le ho fana ka lits'ebeletso tsa bohlokoa tsa tikoloho bakeng sa limilione tsa batho. Leha ho le joalo, litšokelo tse tsejoang tse kang ho tšoasa litlhapi ho feta tekano le tšilafalo li ntse li eketsoa ke ho fetoha ha maemo a leholimo, haholo-holo ho futhumala ha metsi le asiti ea leoatle ho eketsa tšenyo ea mafika a likorale. Sengoliloeng sena se fana ka kakaretso e khuts'oane ea phello ea phetoho ea maemo a leholimo mepopotlong ea likorale.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Eakin, CM, Hodgson, G., Sale, PF, & Veron, JEN (2015, December). Phetoho ea Tlelaemete e Sokela ho Pholoha ha Mepopotlo ea Likorale. Polelo ea Tumellano ea ISRS mabapi le Bleaching ea Coral le Phetoho ea Boemo ba Leholimo. E khutlisoa ho: https://www.icriforum.org/sites/default/files/2018%20ISRS%20Consensus%20Statement%20on%20Coral%20Bleaching%20%20Climate%20Change%20final_0.pdf
Mepopotlo ea likorale e fana ka thepa le litšebeletso tse jang bonyane lidolara tse limilione tse likete tse 30 ka selemo le ho tšehetsa bonyane batho ba limilione tse 500 lefatšeng ka bophara. Ka lebaka la phetoho ea maemo a leholimo, mafika a kotsing e kholo haeba mehato ea ho thibela ho tsoa ha carbon lefatšeng ka bophara e sa nkoe hang-hang. Polelo ena e lokollotsoe ka ho tsamaisana le Seboka sa Phetoho ea Tlelaemete sa Paris ka Tšitoe 2015.
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8. Liphello tsa Phetoho ea Tlelaemete ho Arctic le Antarctic
Sohail, T., Zika, J., Irving, D., le Kereke, J. (2022, February 24). E Shebehile Lipalangoang tsa Metsi a Hloekileng tsa Poleward Ho tloha ka 1970. Nature. Moq. 602, 617-622. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04370-w
Pakeng tsa 1970 le 2014 matla a potoloho ea metsi lefatšeng ka bophara a eketsehile ho fihla ho 7.4%, eo mohlala o fetileng o ileng oa fana ka maikutlo a likhakanyo tsa keketseho ea 2-4%. Metsi a futhumetseng a huleloa ho leba lipalong a fetolang mocheso oa leoatle, metsi a hloekileng le letsoai. Liphetoho tse ntseng li eketseha tsa sekhahla sa metsi lefatšeng ka bophara li ka 'na tsa etsa hore libaka tse omeletseng li ome ebe libaka tse mongobo li be mongobo.
Khoeli, TA, ML Druckenmiller., le RL Thoman, Eds. (2021, Tšitoe). Karete ea Tlaleho ea Arctic: Nchafatso ea 2021. NOAA. https://doi.org/10.25923/5s0f-5163
Karete ea Tlaleho ea Arctic ea 2021 (ARC2021) le video e kenyellelitsoeng e bontša hore ho futhumala ka potlako le ka mokhoa o hlakileng ho ntse ho tsoela pele ho baka mathata a maholo bophelong ba leoatleng la Arctic. Litloaelo tsa Arctic ka bophara li kenyelletsa botala ba tundra, ho eketseha ha metsi a linōka tsa Arctic, ho lahleheloa ke leqhoa la leoatle, lerata la leoatle, ho atolosoa ha mefuta ea li-beaver, le likotsi tsa leqhoa la leqhoa.
Strycker, N., Wethington, M., Borowicz, A., Forrest, S., Witharana, C., Hart, T., le H. Lynch. (2020). Tlhahlobo ea Baahi ba Lefatše Lohle ea Penguin ea Chinstrap (Pygoscelis antarctica). Tlaleho ea mahlale Moq. 10, Article 19474. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76479-3
Li-penguin tsa Chinstrap li ikamahanya le maemo a tsona a Antarctic; leha ho le joalo, bafuputsi ba tlaleha phokotso ea baahi ho 45% ea likolone tsa li-penguin ho tloha lilemong tsa bo-1980. Bafuputsi ba fumane hore palo e 'ngoe ea 23 ea li-chinstrap penguin e felile nakong ea leeto ka Pherekhong ea 2020. Leha litlhahlobo tse hlakileng li sa fumanehe hajoale, boteng ba libaka tse lahliloeng tsa lihlaha bo fana ka maikutlo a hore ho fokotseha ho atile. Ho lumeloa hore metsi a futhumetseng a fokotsa leqhoa la leoatleng le phytoplankton eo krill e itšetlehileng ka eona bakeng sa lijo, e leng lijo tsa mantlha tsa li-chinstrap penguin. Ho hlahisoa hore asiti ea leoatleng e ka ’na ea ama matla a liphenguin a ho ikatisa.
Smith, B., Fricker, H., Gardner, A., Medley, B., Nilsson, J., Paolo, F., Holschuh, N., Adusumilli, S., Brunt, K., Csatho, B., Harbeck, K., Markus, T., Neumann, T., Siegfried M., le Zwally, H. (2020, April). Tahlehelo e Seholo ea Leqhoa le Atileng e Bontša Mekhoa ea Tlholisano ea Leoatle le Sepakapaka. Makasine ea Saense. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz5845
NASA's Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite-2, kapa ICESat-2, e phatlalalitsoeng ka 2018, e se e fana ka lintlha tsa phetoho mabapi le ho qhibiliha ha leqhoa. Bafuputsi ba fumane hore pakeng tsa 2003 le 2009 leqhoa le lekaneng le ile la qhibiliha ho phahamisa maemo a leoatle ka limilimithara tse 14 ho tloha Greenland le Antarctic ice sheets.
Rohling, E., Hibbert, F., Grant, K., Galaasen, E., Irval, N., Kleiven, H., Marino, G., Ninnemann, U., Roberts, A., Rosenthal, Y., Schulz, H., Williams, F., le Yu, J. (2019). Menehelo ea Asynchronous Antarctic le Greenland Ice-volume to the Last Interglacial Sea-ice Highstand. Puisano ea Tlhaho 10:5040 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12874-3
Lekhetlo la ho qetela ha bophahamo ba leoatle bo phahame ka holim'a boemo ba bona ba hona joale e ne e le nakong ea ho qetela ea leqhoa, lilemo tse ka bang 130,000-118,000 tse fetileng. Bafuputsi ba fumane hore sebaka se phahameng sa boemo ba leoatle sa pele (ka holimo ho 0m) ho ~ 129.5 ho ~ 124.5 ka le bophahamo ba leoatle la ho qetela la leqhoa se nyoloha ka sekhahla sa liketsahalo tsa 2.8, 2.3, le 0.6mc−1. Ho phahama ha bophahamo ba leoatle nakong e tlang ho ka susumetsoa ke tahlehelo e ntseng e eketseha ea batho ba bangata ho tsoa ho Leqhoa la Leqhoa la Antarctic Bophirimela. Ho na le menyetla e ntseng e eketseha ea ho phahama ho feteletseng ha metsi a leoatle nakong e tlang ho ipapisitse le lintlha tsa nalane tsa nako ea ho qetela ea liqhobosheane.
Liphello tsa Phetoho ea Tlelaemete ho Mefuta ea Arctic. (2019) Leqephe la lintlha tse tsoang ho Setsi sa Aspen & SeaWeb. E khutlisoa ho: https://assets.aspeninstitute.org/content/uploads/files/content/upload/ee_3.pdf
Leqephe la lintlha le bonts'ang liqholotso tsa lipatlisiso tsa Arctic, nako e khuts'oane eo lithuto tsa mefuta e entsoeng ka eona, le ho hlahisa litlamorao tsa tahlehelo ea leqhoa la leoatleng le litlamorao tse ling tsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo.
Christian, C. (2019, Pherekhong) Phetoho ea Tlelaemete le Antarctic. Antarctic & Southern Ocean Coalition. E khutlisitsoe ho https://www.asoc.org/advocacy/climate-change-and-the-antarctic
Sengoliloeng sena sa kakaretso se fana ka kakaretso e ntle haholo ea litlamorao tsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo Antarctic le phello ea eona ho mefuta ea leoatleng moo. Hloahloeng ea Bophirimela ea Antarctic ke se seng sa libaka tse futhumala ka potlako Lefatšeng, 'me ke libaka tse ling feela tsa Arctic Circle tse nang le mocheso o nyolohang ka potlako. Ho futhumala hona ka sekhahla ho ama boemo bo bong le bo bong ba tepo ea lijo metsing a Antarctic.
Katz, C. (2019, May 10) Metsi a Alien: Maoatle a Baahelani a Phallela Leoatleng la Arctic le futhumetseng. Tikoloho ea Yale 360. E khutlisitsoe ho https://e360.yale.edu/features/alien-waters-neighboring-seas-are-flowing-into-a-warming-arctic-ocean
Sengoliloeng se bua ka "Atlantification" le "Pacification" ea Leoatle la Arctic e le metsi a futhumetseng a lumellang mefuta e mecha hore e fallele leboea le ho senya mesebetsi ea tikoloho le lipotoloho tsa bophelo tse bileng teng ka nako e telele ka har'a Leoatle la Arctic.
MacGilchrist, G., Naveira-Garabato, AC, Brown, PJ, Juillion, L., Bacon, S., & Bakker, DCE (2019, August 28). Ho hlophisa bocha potoloho ea khabone ea Leoatle le ka Boroa la Leoatle le ka Boroa. Tsoelo-pele ea Saense, 5(8), 6410. E nkiloe ho: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav6410
Tlelaemete ea lefats'e e na le kutloelo-bohloko haholo ho matla a 'mele le a biogeochemical ka har'a Leoatle le ka Boroa le ka boroa, hobane ke moo likarolo tse tebileng, tse nang le khabone e ngata ea maoatle a lefats'e mme li fapanyetsana carbon le sepakapaka. Kahoo, mokhoa oa ho nka khabone o sebetsa moo ka ho khetheha e tlameha ho utloisisoa hantle e le mokhoa oa ho utloisisa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo ea nakong e fetileng le e tlang. Ho ipapisitsoe le liphuputso tsa bona, bangoli ba lumela hore moralo o tloahelehileng oa potoloho ea khabone ea Leoatle le ka Boroa ha e le hantle o hlahisa bakhanni ba khabone ea tikoloho. Maikutlo ho Weddell Gyre a bonts'a hore sekhahla sa khabone e nkuoa e behiloe ke ho hokahana lipakeng tsa phallo e tšekaletseng ea Gyre le ho nchafatsoa hoa botebo ba khabone ea tlhaho e tsoang tlhahisong ea baeloji bohareng ba gyre.
Woodgate, R. (2018, Pherekhong) Keketseho ea phallo ea Pacific ho Arctic ho tloha 1990 ho isa 2015, le temohisiso mabapi le mekhoa ea linako tsa selemo le mekhoa ea ho khanna ho tloha data ea selemo ho pota ea Bering Strait. Tsoelo-pele ho Oceanography, 160, 124-154 E ntšitsoe ho: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079661117302215
Ka phuputso ena, e entsoeng ho sebelisoa lintlha tsa selemo ho pota Bering Strait, mongoli o ile a tiisa hore ho phalla ha metsi ka leboea ho otlolohile ho eketsehile haholo ka lilemo tse 15, le hore phetoho e ne e sa bakoe ke moea oa sebaka kapa boemo ba leholimo bo bong. liketsahalo, empa ka lebaka la metsi a futhumetseng. Keketseho ea lipalangoang e tsoa ho phallo e matla e eang leboea (e seng liketsahalo tse fokolang tsa phallo e ka boroa), e fanang ka keketseho ea 150% ea matla a kinetic, mohlomong a nang le litlamorao tsa ho emisoa ha tlase, ho tsoakana le khoholeho ea mobu. Hape ho ile ha hlokomeloa hore mocheso oa metsi a phallang ka leboea o ne o futhumetse ho feta likhato tse 0 C ka matsatsi a mangata ka 2015 ho feta qalong ea sete ea data.
Stone, DP (2015). Tikoloho e Fetohang ea Arctic. New York, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ho tloha ka phetohelo ea indasteri, tikoloho ea Arctic e ntse e fetoha ka tsela e sa lebelloang ka lebaka la liketso tsa batho. Tikoloho e bonahalang e hloekile ea arctic e boetse e bontša maemo a phahameng a lik'hemik'hale tse chefo le ho futhumala ho hoholo ho qalileng ho ba le litlamorao tse mpe ho boemo ba leholimo libakeng tse ling tsa lefatše. E bolelloa ke Arctic Messenger, sengoli David Stone o hlahloba tlhahlobo ea mahlale mme lihlopha tse nang le tšusumetso li lebisitse liketsong tsa molao tsa machabeng ho fokotsa kotsi tikolohong ea arctic.
Wohlforth, C. (2004). Leruarua le Supercomputer: Karolong e ka Leboea ea Phetoho ea Tlelaemete. New York: North Point Press.
Leruarua le Supercomputer li loha lipale tsa botho tsa bo-ramahlale ba etsang lipatlisiso ka boemo ba leholimo ka liphihlelo tsa Inupiat e ka leboea ea Alaska. Buka ena e hlalosa ka tsela e tšoanang mekhoa ea ho tšoasa maruarua le tsebo ea setso ea Inupiaq joalo ka mehato e tsamaisoang ke data ea lehloa, leqhoa le qhibiliha, albedo - ke hore, leseli le bonahatsoang ke polanete le liphetoho tsa baeloji tse bonoang liphoofolong le likokoanyana. Tlhaloso ea litso tse peli e lumella batho bao e seng bo-rasaense hore ba ikamahanye le mehlala ea pele ea phetoho ea maemo a leholimo e amang tikoloho.
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9. Ho Tlosa Carbon Dioxide e Thehiloeng Leoatleng (CDR)
Tyka, M., Arsdale, C., le Platt, J. (2022, January 3). CO2 Capture ka Pumping Acidity Surface to the Deep Ocean. Matla le Saense ea Tikoloho. DOI: 10.1039/d1ee01532j
Ho na le monyetla oa ho sebelisa theknoloji e ncha - e kang ho pompa alkalinity - ho kenya letsoho mosebetsing oa theknoloji ea Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR), le hoja e ka 'na ea e-ba theko e boima ho feta mekhoa ea lebōpong la leoatle ka lebaka la mathata a boenjiniere ba leoatle. Haholo-holo ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng ho hlahloba ho khoneha le likotsi tse amanang le ho fetoha ha alkalinity ea leoatle le mekhoa e meng ea ho tlosa. Lipapiso le liteko tse nyane li na le mefokolo 'me li ke ke tsa bolela esale pele ka botlalo hore na mekhoa ea CDR e tla ama tikoloho ea leoatle joang ha e behiloe sekaleng sa ho fokotsa tlhahiso ea hona joale ea CO2.
Castañón, L. (2021, December 16). Leoatle la Monyetla: Ho Fuputsa Likotsi tse ka 'nang tsa E-ba teng le Meputso ea Litharollo tsa Leoatle la Phetoho ea Tlelaemete. Woods Hole Oceanographic Setheo. E nkiloe ho: https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/an-ocean-of-opportunity/
Leoatle ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea ts'ebetso ea tlhaho ea khabone, ho arola k'habone e feteletseng ho tloha moeeng ho ea metsing 'me qetellong e e tebela fatše leoatleng. Likopano tse ling tsa carbon dioxide tse nang le majoe a koahetsoeng ke metsi kapa likhetla tse e notlellang ka mokhoa o mocha, 'me algae ea leoatleng e nka lik'habone tse ling, li e kopanya le potoloho ea tlhaho ea tlhaho. Litharollo tsa Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) li ikemiselitse ho etsisa kapa ho ntlafatsa lipotoloho tsena tsa tlhaho tsa polokelo ea khabone. Sengoliloeng sena se totobatsa likotsi le mefuta e fapaneng e tla ama katleho ea merero ea CDR.
Cornwall, W. (2021, December 15). Ho Theola Carbon le ho Pholisa Lefatše, Nontša ea Leoatleng e Fumana Ponahalo e 'ngoe. Science, 374. E nkiloe ho: https://www.science.org/content/article/draw-down-carbon-and-cool-planet-ocean-fertilization-gets-another-look
Ho nosetsa ka leoatleng ke mokhoa oa lipolotiki oa ho tlosoa ha Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) oo pele o neng o nkoa e le bohlasoa. Hona joale, bafuputsi ba rera ho tšela lithane tse 100 tsa tšepe ho pholletsa le 1000 square kilometers ea Leoatle la Arabia. Potso ea bohlokoa e ntseng e botsoa ke hore na khabone e monyelitsoeng e etsa hore e fihle botebong ba leoatle ho e-na le ho jeoa ke lintho tse ling ebe e ntšetsoa hape tikolohong. Babelaeli ba mokhoa oa ho nontša ba hlokomela hore liphuputso tsa morao-rao tsa liteko tse 13 tsa nakong e fetileng tsa manyolo li fumane e le 'ngoe feela e ileng ea eketsa boemo ba khabone e tebileng ea leoatle. Leha litlamorao tse ka bang teng li tšoenya ba bang, ba bang ba lumela hore ho lekanya likotsi tse ka bang teng ke lebaka le leng la ho tsoela pele ka lipatlisiso.
Likolo tsa Naha tsa Saense, Boenjiniere, le Bongaka. (2021, Tšitoe). Leano la Patlisiso bakeng sa ho Tlosa Carbon Dioxide e Thehiloeng Leoatleng le ho Kgetla. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26278
Tlaleho ena e khothaletsa United States ho etsa lenaneo la lipatlisiso la liranta tse limilione tse 125 le ikemiselitseng ho leka liphephetso tsa kutloisiso bakeng sa mekhoa ea ho tlosa CO2 e thehiloeng leoatleng, ho kenyeletsoa le litšitiso tsa moruo le tsa sechaba. Mekhoa e ts'eletseng ea ho tlosoa ha Carbon Dioxide (CDR) ka leoatleng e ile ea hlahlojoa tlalehong e kenyelletsang manyolo a limatlafatsi, ho nyolla le ho theola ka maiketsetso, ho lema maoatle a leoatle, ho hlaphoheloa ha tikoloho, ntlafatso ea alkalinity ea leoatle le lits'ebetso tsa electrochemical. Ho ntse ho na le maikutlo a hanyetsanang mabapi le mekhoa ea CDR ka har'a sechaba sa mahlale, empa tlaleho ena e tšoaea mohato o hlokomelehang moqoqong oa likhothaletso tse sebete tse fanoeng ke bo-ramahlale ba maoatle.
Setsi sa Aspen. (2021, la 8 Tšitoe). Tataiso bakeng sa Merero ea ho Tlosa Carbon Dioxide e thehiloeng Leoatleng: Tsela ea ho Hlahisa Melao ea Boitšoaro.. Setsi sa Aspen. E Nkisitsoe ho: https://www.aspeninstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/files/content/docs/pubs/120721_Ocean-Based-CO2-Removal_E.pdf
Merero ea ho tlosoa ha Carbon Dioxide (CDR) e thehiloeng leoatleng e ka ba molemo ho feta merero e thehiloeng mobung, ka lebaka la ho fumaneha ha sebaka, monyetla oa merero ea libaka tse kopanetsoeng, le merero ea melemo e kopanetsoeng (ho kenyeletsoa ho fokotsa acidization ea leoatle, tlhahiso ea lijo le tlhahiso ea biofuel. ). Leha ho le joalo, merero ea CDR e tobane le liqholotso tse kenyeletsang mathata a ka bang teng tikolohong a sa ithutoang hantle, melao le libaka tse sa tsitsang, bothata ba ts'ebetso, le litekanyetso tse fapaneng tsa katleho. Liphuputso tse ling tse nyenyane lia hlokahala ho hlalosa le ho netefatsa bokhoni ba ho tlosoa ha carbon dioxide, lethathamong la lintho tse ka 'nang tsa e-ba teng tikolohong le sechabeng, le tlaleho ea puso, lichelete le litaba tsa ho khaotsa.
Batres, M., Wang, FM, Buck, H., Kapila, R., Kosar, U., Licker, R., … & Suarez, V. (2021, July). Toka ea Tikoloho le Tlelaemete le Tloso ea Khabone ea Theknoloji. Koranta ea Motlakase, 34(7), 107002.
Mekhoa ea ho Tlosa Carbon Dioxide (CDR) e lokela ho kengoa ts'ebetsong ho nahanoa ka toka le tekano, 'me sechaba sa lehae moo merero e ka bang teng e lokela ho ba motheo oa ho etsa liqeto. Hangata sechaba se haelloa ke lisebelisoa le tsebo ea ho kenya letsoho le ho tsetela boitekong ba CDR. Toka ea tikoloho e lokela ho lula e le ka pele ho tsoelopele ea morero ho qoba litlamorao tse mpe ho sechaba se seng se imetsoe.
Fleming, A. (2021, Phuptjane 23). Ho Fafatsa ka Leru le ho Slaea ha Leholiotsoana: Kamoo Ocean Geoengineering e ileng ea ba Moeli oa Mathata a Tlelaemete. The Guardian. E nkiloe ho: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jun/23/cloud-spraying-and-hurricane-slaying-could-geoengineering-fix-the-climate-crisis
Tom Green o tšepa ho tebisa lithane tse libilione tsa CO2 botebong ba leoatle ka ho lihela lehlabathe la majoe a seretse se chesang ka leoatleng. Green e bolela hore ha lehlabathe le ka behoa ho 2% ea mabōpo a leoatle a lefats'e le tla tšoara 100% ea likhase tsa rona tsa selemo le selemo tsa carbon. Boholo ba merero ea CDR e hlokahalang ho sebetsana le maemo a rona a hona joale a tlhahiso e etsa hore merero eohle e be thata ho e etsa. Ntle le moo, ho tsosolosa mabopo a mangrove, mekhoabo ea letsoai le joang ba leoatle ka bobeli ho tsosolosa tikoloho le ho tšoara CO2 ntle le ho tobana le likotsi tse kholo tsa ho kenella ha theknoloji ea CDR.
Gertner, J. (2021, June 24). Na Phetohelo ea Carbontech e qalile? The New York Times.
Theknoloji ea Direct carbon capture (DCC) e teng, empa e ntse e le theko e boima. Indasteri ea CarbonTech joale e se e qala ho rekisa k'habone e hapiloeng ho likhoebo tse ka e sebelisang lihlahisoa tsa bona mme ka nako e 'ngoe e fokotse sebaka sa bona sa tlhahiso. Lihlahisoa tsa carbon-neutral kapa carbon-negative li ka oela tlas'a sehlopha se seholoanyane sa lihlahisoa tsa tšebeliso ea carbon tse etsang hore ho tšoara carbon ho be le phaello ha ho ntse ho ipiletsa 'marakeng. Le hoja phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo e ke ke ea lokisoa ka CO2 mats yoga le li-sneakers, ke mohato o mong feela o monyenyane ka tsela e nepahetseng.
Hirschlag, A. (2021, Phuptjane 8). Ho Loantša Phetoho ea Tlelaemete, Bafuputsi ba Batla ho Hōla Carbon Dioxide Leoatleng le ho E Fetola Lefika. Smithsonian. E nkiloe ho: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/combat-climate-change-researchers-want-to-pull-carbon-dioxide-from-ocean-and-turn-it-into-rock-180977903/
Mokhoa o mong o reriloeng oa ho tlosa Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) ke ho kenya mesor hydroxide (masebelisuoa a alkaline) ka leoatleng ho tsosa karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale e ka fellang ka majoe a mokoetla a carbonate. Lefika lena le ne le ka sebelisoa ho haha, empa ho ne ho ka etsahala hore mafika a qetelle a le ka leoatleng. Sehlahisoa sa lejoe la mokoetla se ka senya tikoloho ea maoatle, sa felisa bophelo ba limela le ho fetola libaka tse tlase tsa leoatle haholo. Leha ho le joalo, bafuputsi ba bontša hore metsi a tsoang e tla ba alkaline hanyane, e nang le monyetla oa ho fokotsa litlamorao tsa acidization ea leoatle sebakeng sa kalafo. Ho feta moo, khase ea haedrojene e ka ba sehlahisoa se ka rekisoang ho thusa ho fokotsa litšenyehelo. Lipatlisiso tse ling lia hlokahala ho bonts'a hore theknoloji e sebetsa ka tekanyo e kholo ebile e sebetsa moruong.
Healey, P., Scholes, R., Lefale, P., & Yanda, P. (2021, May). Ho Tlosa Khabone ea Net-Zero ho Qoba ho Hloka Tekano. Meeli ea Tlelaemete, 3, 38. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.672357
Theknoloji ea Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR), joalo ka phetoho ea maemo a leholimo, e kentse likotsi le ho se lekane, 'me sengoloa sena se kenyelletsa likhothaletso tse sebetsang bakeng sa bokamoso ho rarolla ho se lekane hona. Hajoale, tsebo le matsete a ntseng a hlaha ho theknoloji ea CDR li tsepame ka leboea ho lefatše lohle. Haeba mokhoa ona o tsoela pele, o tla mpefatsa feela ho hloka toka lefatšeng ka bophara tikolohong le lekhalo la phihlello ha ho tluoa tabeng ea phetoho ea maemo a leholimo le tharollo ea boemo ba leholimo.
Meyer, A., & Spalding, MJ (2021, March). Tlhahlobo e Bohlokoa ea Liphello tsa Leoatle la Ho tlosoa ha Carbon Dioxide ka Direct Air le Ocean Capture - Na ke Tharollo e Sireletsehileng le e Ts'oarellang?. Ocean Foundation.
Litheknoloji tse ntseng li hlaha tsa ho tlosoa ha Carbon Dioxide (CDR) li ka bapala karolo ea tšehetso litharollong tse kholoanyane phetohong ea ho tloha ho chesoa ha mafura a khale ho ea ho gridi ea matla e hloekileng, e lekanang, e tšoarellang. Har'a mahlale ana ke "direct air capture" (DAC) le direct ocean capture (DOC), tseo ka bobeli li sebelisang mochini ho ntša CO2 sepakapakeng kapa leoatleng le ho e isa libakeng tsa polokelo tse ka tlas'a lefatše kapa ho sebelisa khabone e hapiloeng ho fumana oli mehloling e senyehileng ea khoebo. Hajoale, theknoloji ea ho nka carbon e theko e boima haholo 'me e beha likotsi ho mefuta-futa ea leoatle, tikoloho ea leoatle le lebopo la leoatle, le lichaba tse lebōpong la leoatle ho kenyeletsa le matsoalloa. Litharollo tse ling tse thehiloeng tlhahong tse kenyeletsang: tsosoloso ea mangrove, temo e nchafatsang, le ho nchafatsa meru li lula li le molemo bakeng sa mefuta-futa ea limela, sechaba, le polokelo ea nako e telele ea carbon ntle le likotsi tse ngata tse tsamaeang le theknoloji ea DAC/DOC. Le hoja likotsi le bokhoni ba theknoloji ea ho tlosa carbon li ntse li hlahlojoa ka nepo ho ea pele, ho bohlokoa hore "pele, u se ke ua ntša kotsi" ho netefatsa hore liphello tse mpe ha li bake tikolohong ea rona ea bohlokoa ea naha le maoatle.
Setsi sa Molao oa Machaba oa Tikoloho. (2021, la 18 Hlakubele). Ocean Ecosystems & Geoengineering: Keletso ea selelekela.
Mekhoa ea tlhaho e thehiloeng ho Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) maemong a leoatle e kenyelletsa ho sireletsa le ho khutlisetsa lifate tsa mangrove tse lebopong la leoatle, libethe tsa joang ba leoatle le meru ea kelp. Le hoja li baka likotsi tse fokolang ho feta mekhoa ea theknoloji, ho ntse ho e-na le kotsi e ka bakoang ke tikoloho ea leoatle. Mekhoa ea theknoloji ea CDR ea maoatleng e batla ho fetola k'hemistri ea leoatle hore e fumane CO2 e ngata, ho kenyeletsoa mehlala eo ho buisanoang ka eona haholo ea ho nontša ha leoatle le alkalinization ea leoatle. Tsepamiso e tlameha ho ba ho thibela ho ntšoa ha khabone e bakoang ke batho, ho fapana le mekhoa e sa netefatsoang ea ho ikamahanya le maemo ho fokotsa mesi ea lefatše.
Gattuso, JP, Williamson, P., Duarte, CM, & Magnan, AK (2021, January 25). Monyetla oa Ketso ea Boemo ba Leholimo e Thehiloeng Leoatleng: Litheknoloji tse Negative Emissions le ka Ntle ho. Meeli ea Tlelaemete. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2020.575716
Har'a mefuta e mengata ea ho tlosoa ha carbon dioxide (CDR), mekhoa e mene e ka sehloohong e thehiloeng leoatleng ke: matla a leoatleng a nang le carbon le ho boloka, ho tsosolosa le ho eketsa limela tse lebōpong la leoatle, ho matlafatsa tlhahiso ea leoatle le bulehileng, ho ntlafatsa boemo ba leholimo le alkalinization. Tlaleho ena e hlahlobisisa mefuta e mene mme e pheha khang bakeng sa ho eketseha ho tlang pele bakeng sa lipatlisiso le nts'etsopele ea CDR. Mekhoa e ntse e tla le lintho tse ngata tse sa tsitsang, empa li na le monyetla oa ho atleha haholo tseleng ea ho fokotsa ho futhumala ha tlelaemete.
Buck, H., Aines, R., et al. (2021). Likhopolo: Primer ea ho tlosa carbon dioxide. E Nkisitsoe ho: https://cdrprimer.org/read/concepts
Mongoli o hlalosa ho tlosoa ha Carbon dioxide (CDR) e le ntho leha e le efe e tlosang CO2 sepakapakeng ebe e e boloka ka nako e telele libakeng tsa polokelo ea libaka, tsa lefatše, kapa tsa maoatle, kapa lihlahisoa. CDR e fapane le geoengineering, kaha, ho fapana le geoengineering, mekhoa ea CDR e tlosa CO2 sepakapakeng, empa geoengineering e shebana feela le ho fokotsa matšoao a phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo. Mantsoe a mang a mangata a bohlokoa a kenyelelitsoe temaneng ena, 'me e sebetsa e le tlatsetso e thusang moqoqong o moholo.
Keith, H., Vardon, M., Obst, C., Young, V., Houghton, RA, & Mackey, B. (2021). Ho Lekola Litharollo tse Thehiloeng ho Tlhaho bakeng sa Phokotso ea Boemo ba Leholimo le Paballo e Hlokang Tlaleho e Feletseng ea Khabone. Saense ea The Total Environment, 769, 144341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144341
Litharollo tsa tlhaho tsa Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) ke mokhoa o kopanetsoeng oa ho sebetsana le bothata ba boemo ba leholimo, bo kenyeletsang carbon stocks le phallo. Phallo-based accounting carbon incentives solutions ea tlhaho ha e ntse e totobatsa likotsi tsa ho chesa mafura a lintho tsa khale.
Bertram, C., & Merk, C. (2020, December 21). Maikutlo a Sechaba ka ho Tlosoa ha Carbon Dioxide e Thehiloeng ka Leoatleng: Karohano ea Boenjiniere ba Tlhaho? Meeli ea Tlelaemete, 31. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2020.594194
Kamohelo ea sechaba ea mekhoa ea ho tlosa Carbon Dioxide (CDR) lilemong tse 15 tse fetileng e lutse e le tlase bakeng sa matsapa a boenjiniere ba boemo ba leholimo ha ho bapisoa le tharollo ea tlhaho. Patlisiso ea maikutlo e shebane haholo le pono ea lefats'e ea mekhoa ea boenjineri ba boemo ba leholimo kapa pono ea lehae bakeng sa mekhoa ea khabone e putsoa. Maikutlo a fapana haholo ho ea ka sebaka, thuto, chelete e kenang, joalo-joalo. Mekhoa e 'meli ea thekenoloji le ea tlhaho e na le monyetla oa ho kenya letsoho molemong oa tharollo ea CDR e sebelisitsoeng, kahoo ho bohlokoa ho nahana ka maikutlo a lihlopha tse tla ameha ka kotloloho.
ClimateWorks. (2020, la 15 Tšitoe). Ho tlosoa ha Carbon Dioxide ea Leoatleng (CDR). ClimateWorks. E nkiloe ho: https://youtu.be/brl4-xa9DTY.
Video ena ea lipopae ea metsotso e mene e hlalosa potoloho ea tlhaho ea khabone ea leoatleng 'me e hlahisa mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ho tlosa Carbon Dioxide (CDR). Ho tlameha ho hlokomeloe hore video ena ha e bue ka likotsi tsa tikoloho le sechaba tsa mekhoa ea theknoloji ea CDR, ebile ha e fane ka tharollo e fapaneng ea tlhaho.
Brent, K., Burns, W., McGee, J. (2019, December 2). Taolo ea Marine Geoengineering: Tlaleho e Khethehileng. Setsi sa Boiqapelo ba Puso ea Machaba. E nkiloe ho: https://www.cigionline.org/publications/governance-marine-geoengineering/
Ho phahama ha thekenoloji ea boenjiniere ba maoatle ho ka 'na ha beha litlhoko tse ncha tsamaisong ea rona ea molao ea machaba ho laola likotsi le menyetla. Maano a mang a teng mabapi le mesebetsi ea maoatleng a ka sebetsa ho geoengineering, leha ho le joalo, melao e entsoe le ho buisanoa ka merero e meng ntle le geoengineering. Sehlomathiso sa London Protocol, 2013 mabapi le ho lahlela lahla maoatleng ke mosebetsi oa polasi o amehang ka ho fetisisa ho boenjiniere ba maoatle. Litumellano tse ngata tsa machaba lia hlokahala ho tlatsa sekheo pusong ea boenjiniere ba maoatle.
Gattuso, JP, Magnan, AK, Bopp, L., Cheung, WW, Duarte, CM, Hinkel, J., le Rau, GH (2018, October 4). Litharollo tsa Leoatle ho Tobana le Phetoho ea Tlelaemete le Liphello tsa Tsona ho Tikoloho ea Leoatleng. Meeli ho Saense ea Marine, 337. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00337
Ho bohlokoa ho fokotsa litlamorao tse amanang le boemo ba leholimo tikolohong ea maoatle ntle le ho senya ts'ireletso ea tikoloho ka mokhoa oa tharollo. Ka hona, bangoli ba thuto ena ba ile ba hlahlobisisa mehato ea 13 e thehiloeng leoatleng ho fokotsa ho futhumala ha leoatle, acidization ea leoatle, le ho phahama ha metsi a leoatle, ho kenyeletsoa mekhoa ea ho tlosoa ha Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR), alkalinization, mekhoa e nyalisitsoeng ea lefatše-leoatle, le ho khutlisetsa mafika. Ha re tsoela pele, ho tsamaisoa ha mekhoa e sa tšoaneng ka tekanyo e nyenyane ho ne ho tla fokotsa likotsi le lipelaelo tse amanang le ho tsamaisoa ka bongata.
Lekhotla la Naha la Lipatlisiso. (2015). Ho kenella ha boemo ba leholimo: Ho tlosoa ha Carbon Dioxide le ho Qetela ka Tšepahalang. Khatiso ea Likolo tsa Naha.
Ho romelloa ha mokhoa leha e le ofe oa Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) o tsamaisana le lintho tse ngata tse sa tsitsang: katleho, litšenyehelo, puso, lintho tsa ka ntle, melemo e kopanetsoeng, polokeho, tekano, joalo-joalo Buka ena, ho kenella ha boemo ba leholimo, e bua ka lintho tse sa tsitsang, lintlha tsa bohlokoa, le likhothaletso tsa ho tsoela pele. . Mohloli ona o kenyelletsa tlhahlobo e ntle ea mantlha ea mahlale a mantlha a hlahang a CDR. Mekhoa ea CDR e kanna ea se ke ea phahama ho tlosa palo e kholo ea CO2, empa e ntse e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa leetong la ho ea ho net-zero, 'me tlhokomelo e tlameha ho lefshoa.
London Protocol. (2013, October 18). Sehlomathiso sa ho Laola ho Behoa ha Taba bakeng sa Nontša ea Leoatleng le Mesebetsi e meng ea Boenjiniere ba Maoatle. Sehlomathiso 4.
Sehlomathiso sa 2013 sa Tumellano ea London e thibela ho lahleloa ha litšila kapa lintho tse ling ka leoatleng ho laola le ho thibela manyolo a leoatleng le mekhoa e meng ea boenjiniere ba jeoa. Sehlomathiso sena ke tokiso ya pele ya matjhaba e sebetsanang le dithekeniki dife kapa dife tsa geoengineering tse tla ama mefuta ya diporojeke tsa ho tlosa carbon dioxide tse ka hlahiswang le ho lekwa tikolohong.
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10. Phetoho ea Tlelaemete le Phapano, Tekano, Kenyeletso, le Toka (DEIJ)
Phillips, T. le King, F. (2021). Lisebelisuoa tse 5 tse ka holimo bakeng sa ho Kopanela Sechaba ho Tsoa ho Pono ea Deij. Sehlopha sa Mosebetsi sa Phapano ea Lenaneo la Chesapeake Bay. PDF.
Sehlopha sa Tshebetso sa Chesapeake Bay Programme's Diversity Workgroup se kopantse tataiso ea lisebelisoa bakeng sa ho kopanya DEIJ mererong ea lipuisano tsa sechaba. Leqephe la lintlha le kenyelletsa likhokahano tsa tlhahisoleseling mabapi le toka ea tikoloho, leeme le hlakileng, le tekano ea merabe, hammoho le litlhaloso tsa lihlopha. Ho bohlokoa hore DEIJ e kenyeletsoe morerong ho tloha mohatong oa pele oa ntlafatso e le hore batho bohle le sechaba se amehang se kenye letsoho.
Gardiner, B. (2020, Phupu 16). Toka ea Leoatleng: Moo Tekano ea Sechaba le Ntoa ea Tlelaemete e Kopanang. Puisano le Ayana Elizabeth Johnson. Tikoloho ea Yale 360.
Toka ea leoatle e mateanong a paballo ea maoatle le toka ea sechaba, 'me mathata ao sechaba se tla tobana le ona ka lebaka la phetoho ea maemo a leholimo ha a fele. Ho rarolla bothata ba boemo ba leholimo ha se bothata ba boenjiniere feela empa ke bothata bo tloaelehileng ba sechaba bo sieang ba bangata moqoqong. Puisano e felletseng e khothalelitsoe haholo mme e fumaneha sehokelong se latelang: https://e360.yale.edu/features/ocean-justice-where-social-equity-and-the-climate-fight-intersect.
Rush, E. (2018). Ho phahama: Lipapatso tse tsoang Lebōpong la New American. Canada: Likhatiso tsa Milkweed.
E bolelloa ka selelekela sa motho oa pele, sengoli Elizabeth Rush o bua ka litlamorao tseo baahi ba tlokotsing ba tobanang le tsona ka lebaka la phetoho ea maemo a leholimo. Tlaleho e entsoeng ka mokhoa oa boralitaba e kopanya lipale tsa 'nete tsa sechaba sa Florida, Louisiana, Rhode Island, California, le New York tse bileng le liphello tse senyang tsa maholiotsoana, boemo ba leholimo bo feteletseng, le maqhubu a ntseng a phahama ka lebaka la phetoho ea maemo a leholimo.
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11. Leano le Likhatiso tsa 'Muso
Sethala sa Leoatle le Tlelaemete. (2023). Litlhahiso tsa Leano bakeng sa litoropo tse lebopong la leoatle ho ikamahanya le ho phahama ha metsi a leoatle. Sea'ties Initiative. 28 maq. E khutlisoa ho: https://ocean-climate.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Policy-Recommendations-for-Coastal-Cities-to-Adapt-to-Sea-Level-Rise-_-SEATIES.pdf
Likhakanyo tsa ho phahama ha bophahamo ba leoatle li pata lintho tse ngata tse sa tsitsang le tse fapaneng lefatšeng ka bophara, empa ho na le bonnete ba hore ketsahalo ena e ke ke ea fetoha 'me e ikemiselitse ho tsoela pele ka lilemo tse makholo le ho isa lilemong tse likete. Lefatšeng lohle, litoropo tse lebōpong la leoatle, tse ka pele ho tlhaselo e ntseng e eketseha ea leoatle, li batla litharollo tsa ho ikamahanya le maemo. Ka lebaka la sena, Ocean & Climate Platform (OCP) e ile ea thakhola ka 2020 boikitlaetso ba Sea'ties ho tšehetsa litoropo tse lebopong tse sokeloa ke ho phahama ha metsi a leoatle ka ho thusa ho emoloa le ho kenya tšebetsong maano a ho ikamahanya le maemo. Ho phethela lilemo tse 'ne tsa morero oa Sea'ties, "Likhothaletso tsa Leano ho Litoropo tse Lebopong ho Ikamahanya le Phahamiso ea Boemo ba Leoatle" li ipapisitse le boitsebelo ba mahlale le liphihlelo tsa mantlha tsa litsebi tse fetang 230 tse kopaneng lithupelong tsa tikoloho tse 5 tse hlophisitsoeng Europe Leboea, Mediterranean, Amerika Leboea, Afrika Bophirimela le Pacific. Hona joale e tšehelitsoe ke mekhatlo e 80 lefatšeng ka bophara, likhothaletso tsa leano li reretsoe ba nkang liqeto tsa lehae, naha, tikoloho le machabeng, 'me li shebane le lintho tse nne tse tlang pele.
Machaba a Kopaneng. (2015). Tumellano ea Paris. Bonn, Jeremane: Seboka sa United National Framework Convention on Climate Change, UN Climate Change. E khutlisoa ho: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement
Tumellano ea Paris e qalile ho sebetsa ka la 4 Pulungoana 2016. Maikemisetso a eona e ne e le ho kopanya lichaba boitekong bo matla ba ho fokotsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo le ho ikamahanya le litlamorao tsa eona. Sepheo se seholo ke ho boloka mocheso oa lefats'e o phahame ka tlase ho likhato tse 2 tsa Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) ka holimo ho maemo a pele ho indasteri le ho fokotsa ho eketseha ha mocheso ho fihla ka tlase ho likhato tse 1.5 tsa Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit). Tsena li hlophisitsoe ke mokha o mong le o mong o nang le Menehelo e Ikhethileng ea Naha (NDCs) e hlokang hore mokha o mong le o mong o tlalehe khafetsa mabapi le tlhahiso ea ona le matsapa a ts'ebetsong. Ho fihlela joale, Mekha e 196 e tiisitse tumellano, leha ho lokela ho hlokomeloa hore United States e ne e saena pele empa e fane ka tsebiso ea hore e tla ikhula tumellanong.
Ka kopo hlokomela hore tokomane ena ke eona feela mohloli o seng ka tatellano ea liketsahalo. E le boitlamo bo felletseng ba machaba bo amang leano la phetoho ea tlelaemete, mohloli ona o kenyelelitsoe ho latela tatellano ea liketsahalo.
Sehlopha sa Mebuso e Kopanetsoeng ka Phetoho ea Tlelaemete, Sehlopha sa Tšebetso II. (2022). Phetoho ea Tlelaemete 2022 Liphello, Phetoho, le Kotsi: Kakaretso ea Baetsi ba Melao. IPCC. PDF.
Tlaleho ea Phanele ea Mebuso e mabapi le Phetoho ea Tlelaemete ke kakaretso ea boemo bo holimo bakeng sa baetsi ba maano ba tlatsetso ea Sehlopha sa Tšebetso II ho Tlaleho ea Tekolo ea Botšelela ea IPCC. Tekolo e kopanya tsebo ka matla ho feta litlhahlobo tsa pejana, 'me e shebana le litlamorao tsa phetoho ea tlelaemete, likotsi, le ho ikamahanya le maemo tse etsahalang ka nako e le 'ngoe. Bangoli ba fane ka 'temoso e tšosang' mabapi le boemo ba hajoale le ba kamoso ba tikoloho ea rona.
Lenaneo la Tikoloho la Machaba a Kopaneng. (2021). Emission Gap Report 2021. machaba a kopaneng. PDF.
Tlaleho ea Lenaneo la Machaba a Kopaneng la Tikoloho ea 2021 e bontša hore boitlamo ba boemo ba leholimo ba naha bo teng hona joale bo beha lefatše mocheng oa ho otla mocheso oa lefatše oa likhato tse 2.7 tsa Celsius bofelong ba lekholo lena la lilemo. Ho boloka mocheso oa lefatše o nyoloha ka tlase ho likhato tse 1.5 tsa Celsius, ho latela sepheo sa Tumellano ea Paris, lefats'e le hloka ho fokotsa ho ntšoa ha likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše ka halofo lilemong tse robeli tse tlang. Ka nako e khuts'oane, phokotso ea methane e tsoang mafura a khale, litšila le temo e na le monyetla oa ho fokotsa mocheso. Limmaraka tsa carbon tse hlalositsoeng ka ho hlaka li ka boela tsa thusa lefats'e ho fihlela lipheo tsa tlhahiso ea likhase.
Tumellano ea Moralo oa Machaba a Kopaneng mabapi le Phetoho ea Tlelaemete. (2021, Pulungoana). Glasgow Climate Pact. machaba a kopaneng. PDF.
The Glasgow Climate Pact e kopa ketso e eketsehileng ea boemo ba leholimo ka holimo ho Tumellano ea Tlelaemete ea Paris ea 2015 ho boloka sepheo sa ho nyoloha ha mocheso oa 1.5C feela. Tumellano ena e saennoe ke linaha tse ka bang 200 'me ke tumellano ea pele ea boemo ba leholimo ho rera ka ho hlaka ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea mashala,' me e beha melao e hlakileng bakeng sa 'maraka oa lefats'e oa boemo ba leholimo.
Sehlopha sa Thuso bakeng sa Keletso ea Mahlale le Theknoloji. (2021). Puisano ea Phetoho ea Maoatle le Boemo ba Leholimo ho Nahana ka Mokhoa oa ho Matlafatsa Boiketso ba ho Fetoha le ho Fokotsa. Machabeng a Kopaneng. PDF.
The Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technology Advice (SBSTA) ke tlaleho ea kakaretso ea pele ea seo hona joale e tla ba lipuisano tsa selemo le selemo tsa leoatle le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo. Tlaleho ke tlhokahalo ea COP 25 bakeng sa merero ea tlaleho. Puisano ena e ile ea amoheloa ke Tumellano ea Tlelaemete ea Glasgow ea 2021, 'me e totobatsa bohlokoa ba Mebuso e matlafatsang kutloisiso ea eona le ho nka khato ka leoatle le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo.
Khomishene ea Mebuso ea Maoatle. (2021). Lilemo tse Leshome tsa Machaba a Kopaneng tsa Saense ea Leoatle bakeng sa Tsoelo-pele e Tsoelang Pele (2021-2030): Moralo oa Ts'ebetsong, Kakaretso. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000376780
Machaba a Kopaneng a phatlalalitse hore 2021-2030 ke Leshome la Leoatle. Ho theosa le lilemo tse leshome Machaba a Kopaneng a sebetsa ka nģ'ane ho matla a naha e le 'ngoe ho hokahanya lipatlisiso, matsete, le matsapa a amanang le lintho tse tlang pele lefatšeng ka bophara. Bankakarolo ba fetang 2,500 ba kentse letsoho ntshetsopeleng ya Leano la Dilemo tse Leshome tsa Mawatle la UN bakeng sa Ntshetsopele ya Moshwelella le behang dintho tse tlang pele tsa saense tse tla qhomisa ditharollo tsa mahlale a mawatle bakeng sa ntshetsopele ya moshwelella. Lintlafatso mabapi le matsapa a Lilemo tse Leshome tsa Leoatle li ka fumanoa Mona.
Molao oa Leoatle le Phetoho ea Boemo ba Leholimo. (2020). Ho E. Johansen, S. Busch, & I. Jakobsen (Eds.), Molao oa Leoatle le Phetoho ea Tlelaemete: Litharollo le Litšitiso (leq. I-Ii). Cambridge: Univesithi ea Cambridge Press.
Ho na le kamano e matla lipakeng tsa tharollo ea phetoho ea tlelaemete le tšusumetso ea molao oa machaba oa boemo ba leholimo le molao oa leoatle. Le hoja boholo ba tsona li ntlafalitsoe ka mekhatlo e arohaneng ea molao, ho sebetsana le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo ka melao ea maoatle ho ka lebisa ho fihlelleng merero ea melemo e kopanetsoeng.
Lenaneo la Tikoloho la Machaba a Kopaneng (2020, Phuptjane 9) Bong, Boemo ba Leholimo le Tšireletseho: Ho Boloka Khotso e Kenyelelitsoeng ho Likarolo tse ka pele tsa Phetoho ea Tlelaemete. Machaba a kopaneng. https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/gender-climate-security-sustaining-inclusive-peace-frontlines-climate-change
Phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo e mpefatsa maemo a sokelang khotso le tšireletseho. Litloaelo tsa tekano le mekhoa ea matla li beha karolo ea bohlokoa tabeng ea hore na batho ba ka ameha joang le ho arabela tlokotsing e ntseng e hola. Tlaleho ea Machaba a Kopaneng e khothalletsa ho kopanya manane a tlatsetso a leano, ho nyolla mananeo a kopantseng, ho eketsa lichelete tse reriloeng, le ho atolosa motheo oa bopaki ba litekanyo tsa tekano tsa likotsi tsa tšireletso tse amanang le boemo ba leholimo.
Metsi a Machaba a Kopaneng. (2020, la 21 Hlakubele). Tlaleho ea Ntlafatso ea Lefatše ea Metsi a Machaba a Kopaneng ea 2020: Phetoho ea Metsi le Tlelaemete. Metsi a Machaba a Kopaneng. https://www.unwater.org/publications/world-water-development-report-2020/
Phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo e tla ama boteng, boleng, le bongata ba metsi bakeng sa litlhoko tsa mantlha tsa batho tse sokelang tšireletso ea lijo, bophelo bo botle ba batho, libaka tsa litoropo le mahaeng, tlhahiso ea matla, le ho eketsa makhetlo le boholo ba liketsahalo tse feteletseng tse kang maqhubu a mocheso le liketsahalo tsa sefefo. Maemo a feteletseng a amanang le metsi a mpefalitsoeng ke phetoho ea maemo a leholimo a eketsa likotsi tsa litšebeletso tsa metsi, tsamaiso ea likhoerekhoere le bohloeki (WASH). Menyetla ea ho rarolla bothata ba boemo ba leholimo le mathata a metsi a ntseng a hola a kenyelletsa ho ikamahanya le maemo le moralo oa phokotso matsete a metsi, e leng se tla etsa hore matsete le mesebetsi e amanang le eona e ipiletse haholoanyane ho bo-ramatsete ba boemo ba leholimo. Boemo ba leholimo bo fetohang bo ke ke ba ama bophelo ba leoatle feela, empa hoo e ka bang mesebetsi eohle ea batho.
Blunden, J., le Arndt, D. (2020). Boemo ba Tlelaemete ka 2019. American Meteorological Society. Litsi tsa Naha tsa NOAA tsa Boitsebiso ba Tikoloho.https://journals.ametsoc.org/bams/article-pdf/101/8/S1/4988910/2020bamsstateoftheclimate.pdf
NOAA e tlalehile hore 2019 e ne e le selemo se chesang ka ho fetesisa ho tloha ha lirekoto li qala bohareng ba bo-1800. 2019 e boetse e bone maemo a rekotiloeng a likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše, ho phahama ha maemo a leoatle, le mocheso o ntseng o eketseha o tlalehiloeng sebakeng se seng le se seng sa lefatše. Selemong sena e ne e le lekhetlo la pele tlaleho ea NOAA e kenyelletsa maqhubu a mocheso a leoatleng a bontšang ho ata ha maqhubu a mocheso a leoatleng. Tlaleho e tlatselletsa Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society.
Leoatle le Tlelaemete. (2019, December) Litlhahiso tsa Leano: Leoatle le phetseng hantle, boemo ba leholimo bo sirelelitsoeng. Sethala sa Leoatle le Tlelaemete. https://ocean-climate.org/?page_id=8354&lang=en
Ho ipapisitsoe le boitlamo bo entsoeng nakong ea COP2014 ea 21 le Tumellano ea Paris ea 2015, tlaleho ena e teka mehato ea bophelo bo botle ba leoatle le boemo ba leholimo bo sirelelitsoeng. Linaha li lokela ho qala ka phokotso, ebe li ikamahanya le maemo, 'me qetellong li amohele lichelete tsa moshoelella. Liketso tse khothalletsoang li kenyelletsa: ho fokotsa ho phahama ha mocheso ho 1.5 ° C; ho felisa lithuso tsa tlhahiso ea mafura a lintho tsa khale; hlahisa matla a ka nchafatsoang a leoatleng; potlakisa mehato ea ho ikamahanya le maemo; matlafatsa matsapa a ho felisa ho tšoasa ho seng molaong, ho sa tlalehoang le ho sa laoleheng (IUU) ka 2020; ho amohela tumellano e tlamang ka molao bakeng sa paballo e hlokang leeme le taolo e tsitsitseng ea mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng maoatleng a phahameng; phehella pakane ea 30% ea leoatle le sirelelitsoeng ka 2030; matlafatsa liphuputso tsa machaba tse amanang le maemo a leholimo holim'a maemo a leholimo a leoatle ka ho kenyelletsa karolo ea bophelo le tikoloho.
Mokgatlo wa Lefatshe wa Bophelo bo Botle. (2019, la 18 Mmesa). Bophelo bo Botle, Tikoloho le Phetoho ea Tlelaemete Leano la Lefatše la WHO mabapi le Bophelo bo Botle, Tikoloho le Phetoho ea Tlelaemete: Phetoho e Hlokahala ho Ntlafatsa Bophelo le Bophelo bo Botle ka Tsela e Ts'oarellang ka Litikoloho tse Phelang. Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo, Seboka sa Lefatše sa Bophelo bo Bobeli sa Mashome a A supileng a metso e 'meli A72/15, morero oa nakoana 11.6.
Likotsi tse tsejoang tse ka qojoang tsa tikoloho li baka hoo e ka bang kotara ea mafu le maloetse lefatšeng ka bophara, e leng lefu le tsitsitseng la limilione tse 13 selemo le selemo. Phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo e ntse e eketseha, empa tšokelo ea bophelo ba batho ka lebaka la phetoho ea maemo a leholimo e ka fokotsoa. Liketso li tlameha ho nkoa ho tsepamisitsoe lintlha tse ka holimo tsa bophelo bo botle, tse khethollang phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo, le tikoloho ka mokhoa o kopanetsoeng o lokisoang ho latela maemo a sebaka seo 'me o tšehetsoa ke mekhoa e lekaneng ea puso.
Lenaneo la Ntlafatso la Machaba a Kopaneng. (2019). Ts'episo ea Tlelaemete ea UNDP: Lenaneo le Sireletsang 2030 ka Ketso e Matla ea Boemo ba Leholimo. Lenaneo la Ntlafatso la Machaba a Kopaneng. PDF.
E le ho fihlela maikemisetso a behilweng ho Tumellano ya Paris, Lenaneo la Ntshetsopele la Mokgatlo wa Matjhaba a Kopaneng le tla tshehetsa dinaha tse 100 tshebetsong e kenyeletsang le e pepeneneng mabapi le Menehelo ya Naha ya Naha (NDCs). Phano ea litšebeletso e kenyeletsa ts'ehetso ea ho aha boithatelo ba lipolotiki le botho ba sechaba maemong a naha le a naha; ho hlahloba le ho ntlafatsa lipehelo, maano le mehato e teng; ho kenyelletsa mafapha a macha le kapa maemo a khase e futhumatsang lefatše; lekola litšenyehelo le menyetla ea matsete; hlokomela tsoelopele le ho matlafatsa ponaletso.
Pörtner, HO, Roberts, DC, Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., …, & Weyer, N. (2019). Tlaleho e Khethehileng ka Leoatle le Lefatše la Lefatše le Fetohang la Tlelaemete. Phanele ea Mebuso e Kopanetsoeng ka Phetoho ea Tlelaemete. PDF
Sehlopha sa Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change se ile sa lokolla tlaleho e khethehileng e ngotsoeng ke bo-rasaense ba fetang 100 ba tsoang linaheng tse fetang 36 mabapi le liphetoho tse tšoarellang tsa leoatle le cryosphere-likarolo tse leqhoa tsa polanete. Lintho tse ka sehloohong tse fumanoeng ke hore liphetoho tse kholo libakeng tse phahameng tsa lithaba li tla ama metse e ka tlaase ho metsi, leqhoa le leqhoa le ntse le qhibiliha, ho tlatsetsa ho eketseha ha sekhahla sa ho phahama ha leoatle ho boleloang hore se tla fihla ho 30-60 cm (11.8 - 23.6 inches) ka 2100 haeba ho ntšoa ha likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše. li koetsoe ka thata le 60-110cm (23.6 - 43.3 inches) haeba likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše li tsoela pele ho phahama. Ho tla ba le liketsahalo tse feteletseng khafetsa tsa boemo ba leoatle, liphetoho tikolohong ea maoatle ka ho futhumala ha leoatle le acidification le leqhoa la leoatle la Arctic le fokotseha khoeli le khoeli hammoho le ho qhibiliha ha permafrost. Tlaleho e fumana hore ho fokotsa ka matla ho tsoa ha likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše, ho sireletsa le ho tsosolosa tikoloho le tsamaiso e hlokolosi ea lisebelisoa ho etsa hore ho khonehe ho boloka leoatle le cryosphere, empa mehato e tlameha ho nkoa.
Lefapha la Tšireletso la United States. (2019, Pherekhong). Tlaleho ka Liphello tsa Boemo ba Leholimo bo Fetohang ho Lefapha la Tšireletso. Ofisi ea Mongoli ea Tlas'a Tšireletso bakeng sa Kamohelo le Ts'ehetso. E khutlisoa ho: https://climateandsecurity.files.wordpress.com/2019/01/sec_335_ndaa-report_effects_of_a_changing_climate_to_dod.pdf
Lefapha la Tšireletso la United States le nahana ka likotsi tsa ts'ireletso ea naha tse amanang le maemo a leholimo a fetohang le liketsahalo tse latelang tse kang likhohola tse iphetang, komello, lehoatata, mello e hlaha le ho qhibiliha ha permafrost ts'ireletso ea naha. Tlaleho e fumana hore ho mamella maemo a leholimo ho tlameha ho kenyelletsoa mekhoeng ea ho rera le ho etsa liqeto 'me e ke ke ea sebetsa e le lenaneo le ikemetseng. Tlaleho e fumana hore ho na le bofokoli bo boholo ba ts'ireletso ho tsoa liketsahalong tse amanang le boemo ba leholimo mabapi le ts'ebetso le mesebetsi.
Wuebbles, DJ, Fahey, DW, Hibbard, KA, Dokken, DJ, Stewart, BC, & Maycock, TK (2017). Tlaleho e Khethehileng ea Saense ea Tlelaemete: Tekolo ea Boemo ba Leholimo ea Naha ea Bone, Buka ea I. Washington, DC, USA: Lenaneo la Lipatlisiso la Phetoho ea Lefatše la US.
E le karolo ea Tlhahlobo ea Naha ea Tlelaemete e laetsoeng ke Congress ea US hore e etsoe lilemo tse ling le tse ling tse 'ne e etselitsoe ho ba tlhahlobo e matla ea mahlale a phetoho ea maemo a leholimo e tsepamisitseng maikutlo United States. Liphuputso tse ling tsa bohlokoa li kenyelletsa tse latelang: lekholo la ho qetela la lilemo ke le futhumetseng ka ho fetisisa historing ea tsoelo-pele; mosebetsi oa batho - haholo-holo ho ntšoa ha likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše - ke sesosa se ka sehloohong sa ho futhumala ha mocheso; palogare ya lefatshe ya lewatle e tlhatlogile ka di-inch tse 7 mo lekgolong le le fetileng la dingwaga; likhohola tsa metsi li ntse li eketseha 'me metsi a leoatle a lebelletsoe ho tsoela pele ho phahama; maqhubu a mocheso a tla ba teng khafetsa, joalo ka mello ea meru; ’me boholo ba liphetoho bo tla itšetleha haholo ka maemo a lefatše a ho ntšoa ha likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše.
Cicin-Sain, B. (2015, April). Sepheo sa 14—Ho Baballa le ho Sebelisa Maoatle, Maoatle le Lisebelisoa tsa Maoatle ka Mokhoa o Tsoelang Pele bakeng sa Ntlafatso ea Moshoelella. United Nations Chronicle, LI(4). E nkiloe ho: http://unchronicle.un.org/article/goal-14-conserve-and-sustainably-useoceans-seas-and-marine-resources-sustainable/
Sepheo sa bo 14 sa Maikemisetso a Ntshetsopele ya Moshwelella a Dinaha tse Kopaneng (UN SDGs) se totobatsa tlhokeho ya paballo ya mawatle le tshebediso e tsitsitseng ya mehlodi ya mawatleng. Tšehetso e matla ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa tsamaiso ea maoatle e tsoa lihlekehlekeng tse nyenyane tse ntseng li hōla moruong le linaheng tse sa tsoelang pele haholo tse anngoeng hampe ke bohlasoa ba maoatle. Mananeo a sebetsanang le Sepheo sa 14 a boetse a sebeletsa ho finyella lipakane tse ling tse supileng tsa UN SDG tse kenyeletsang bofuma, tšireletso ea lijo, matla, kholo ea moruo, mekhoa ea motheo, phokotso ea ho se lekane, metse le bolulo ba batho, tšebeliso e tsitsitseng le tlhahiso, phetoho ea maemo a leholimo, mefuta-futa ea limela le mekhoa ea ho kenya ts'ebetsong. le likamano.
Machaba a kopaneng. (2015). Sepheo sa 13—Nka Khato e Potlakileng ho Loantša Phetoho ea Boemo ba Leholimo le Liphello tsa eona. Sethala sa Tsebo sa Lipakane tsa Nts'etsopele ea Moshoelella oa Machaba a Kopaneng. E khutlisoa ho: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg13
Sepheo sa 13 sa Maikemisetso a Ntshetsopele ya Moshwelella wa Dinaha tse Kopaneng (UN SDGs) se totobatsa tlhokeho ya ho sebetsana le ditlamorao tse ntseng di eketseha tsa mesi ya digase tse futhumatsang lefatshe. Ho tloha ha Tumellano ea Paris, linaha tse ngata li nkile mehato e nepahetseng bakeng sa lichelete tsa boemo ba leholimo ka liphallelo tse khethiloeng ke naha, ho ntse ho e-na le tlhokahalo e kholo ea ho nka khato mabapi le phokotso le ho ikamahanya le maemo, haholo-holo bakeng sa linaha tse tsoetseng pele haholo le linaha tsa lihlekehleke tse nyane.
Lefapha la Tšireletso la US. (2015, July 23). Tšireletso ea Sechaba ea Likotsi Tse Amanang le Tlelaemete le Boemo ba Leholimo bo Fetohang. Komiti ea Senate ea Likabelo. E khutlisoa ho: https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/150724-congressional-report-on-national-implications-of-climate-change.pdf
Lefapha la Ts'ireletso le bona phetoho ea maemo a leholimo e le ts'okelo e teng hona joale ea ts'ireletso e nang le litlamorao tse bonoang ho tsitsipano le khatello ea maikutlo ho lichaba le sechaba se tlokotsing, ho kenyeletsoa United States. Likotsi ka botsona lia fapana, empa bohle ba arolelana tlhahlobo e tšoanang ea bohlokoa ba phetoho ea maemo a leholimo.
Pachauri, RK, & Meyer, LA (2014). Phetoho ea Tlelaemete 2014: Tlaleho ea Synthesis. Tlatsetso ea Lihlopha tsa Ts'ebetso I, II le III ho Tlaleho ea Tekolo ea Bohlano ea Phanele ea Mebuso e mabapi le Phetoho ea Tlelaemete. Phanele ea Mebuso e Kopanetsoeng ka Phetoho ea Tlelaemete, Geneva, Switzerland. E khutlisoa ho: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/
Tšusumetso ea batho tsamaisong ea tlelaemete e hlakile 'me mesi ea morao-rao ea anthropogenic ea likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše ke eona e phahameng ka ho fetisisa nalaneng. Menyetla e atlehang ea ho ikamahanya le maemo le phokotso e teng lekaleng le leng le le leng le leholo, empa likarabelo li tla ipapisa le maano le mehato ho pholletsa le maemo a machaba, a naha le a lehae. Tlaleho ea 2014 e fetohile boithuto bo hlakileng mabapi le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Cai, R., Poloczanska, E., Brewer, P., Sundby, S., Hilmi, K., ..., & Jung, S. (2014). Phetoho ea Tlelaemete 2014: Litšusumetso, Phetoho, le Kotsi. Karolo ea B: Likarolo tsa Lebatooa. Tlatsetso ea Sehlopha sa Tšebetso sa II ho Tlaleho ea Tlhahlobo ea Bohlano ea Phanele ea Mebuso e mabapi le Phetoho ea Tlelaemete. Cambridge, UK le New York, New York USA: Press ea Univesithi ea Cambridge. 1655-1731. E nkiloe ho: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap30_FINAL.pdf
Leoatle le bohlokoa ho boemo ba leholimo ba Lefatše 'me le monyelitse 93% ea matla a hlahisoang ke phello e matlafalitsoeng ea greenhouse le hoo e ka bang 30% ea carbon dioxide ea anthropogenic ho tsoa sepakapakeng. Lithempereichara tsa lefatše ka bophara holim'a leoatle li eketsehile ho tloha 1950-2009. Khemistri ea leoatle e ntse e fetoha ka lebaka la ho nka CO2 ho fokotsa pH ea leoatle ka kakaretso. Tsena, hammoho le litlamorao tse ling tse ngata tsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo ea anthropogenic, li na le litlamorao tse ngata tse mpe tsa leoatle, bophelo ba leoatle, tikoloho le batho.
Ka kopo hlokomela hore sena se amana le Tlaleho ea Synthesis e boletsoeng ka holimo, empa e tobane le Leoatle.
Griffis, R., & Howard, J. (Bangoli). (2013). Maoatle le Mehloli ea Maoatle Boemong ba Leholimo bo Fetohang; Kenyelletso ea Setegeniki ho Tekolo ea Naha ea Tlelaemete ea 2013. Tke Tsamaiso ea Naha ea Leoatle le Atmospheric. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press.
E le molekane oa tlaleho ea National Climate Assessment 2013, tokomane ena e shebana le lintlha tsa tekheniki le liphumano tse tobileng tikoloho ea maoatle le maoatle. Tlaleho e pheha khang ea hore liphetoho tsa 'mele le lik'hemik'hale tse tsamaellanang le boemo ba leholimo li baka kotsi e kholo, li tla ama likarolo tsa leoatle hampe, ka hona, tikoloho ea Lefatše. Ho sa ntse ho na le menyetla e mengata ea ho ikamahanya le mathata ana ho kenyeletsa ho eketseha ha likamano tsa machaba, menyetla ea ho reka thepa, le pholisi e ntlafetseng ea maoatle le tsamaiso. Tlaleho ena e fana ka e 'ngoe ea liphuputso tse tebileng ka ho fetisisa tsa liphello tsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo le liphello tsa eona leoatleng tse tšehetsoeng ke lipatlisiso tse tebileng.
Warner, R., & Schofield, C. (Eds.). (2012). Phetoho ea Tlelaemete le Maoatle: Ho lekanya maemo a Molao le Leano la Asia Pacific le ka Nqane. Northampton, Massachusetts: Edwards Elgar Publishing, Inc.
Pokello ena ea meqoqo e shebana le khokahano ea puso le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo sebakeng sa Asia-Pacific. Buka ena e qala ka ho bua ka litlamorao tsa 'mele tsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo ho kenyelletsa litlamorao ho mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng le litlamorao tsa leano. Mehato ea lipuisano tsa matla a maoatle Leoatleng le ka Boroa le Antarctic e lateloa ke puisano ea meeli ea naha le ea maoatle, e lateloa ke tlhahlobo ea tšireletso. Likhaolo tsa ho qetela li tšohla se boleloang ke likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše le menyetla ea ho fokotsa. Phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo e fana ka monyetla oa tšebelisano-'moho ea lefats'e, e bonts'a tlhoko ea ho beha leihlo le ho laola mesebetsi ea boenjineri ba leoatleng ho arabela matsapa a phokotso ea tlelaemete, le ho theha karabelo e momahaneng ea maano a machaba, a libaka le a naha a amohelang karolo ea leoatle phetohong ea tlelaemete.
Machaba a kopaneng. (1997, December 11). Kyoto Protocol. Tumellano ea Moralo oa Machaba a Kopaneng mabapi le Phetoho ea Tlelaemete. E nkiloe ho: https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol
Porothokhole ea Kyoto ke boitlamo ba machaba ba ho beha lipehelo tse tlamang machaba bakeng sa phokotso ea khase e futhumatsang lefatše. Tumellano ena e ile ya ananelwa ka 1997 mme ya kena tshebetsong ka 2005. Tokiso ya Doha e ile ya amohelwa ka Tshitwe, 2012 ho atolosa protocol ho fihla ka la 31 Tshitwe 2020 le ho lekola botjha lenane la digase tse futhumatsang lefatshe (GHG) tse lokelang ho tlalehwa ke mokga ka mong.
BOKANG TOP
12. Litharollo Tse reriloeng
Ruffo, S. (2021, Mphalane). Litharollo Tse Bohlale Tsa Boemo ba Leholimo Leoatleng la Leoatle. TED. https://youtu.be/_VVAu8QsTu8
Re tlameha ho nahana ka leoatle e le mohloli oa tharollo ho fapana le karolo e 'ngoe ea tikoloho eo re hlokang ho e boloka. Hona joale leoatle ke lona le bolokang boemo ba leholimo bo tsitsitse ka ho lekaneng ho tšehetsa batho, 'me ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea ntoa khahlanong le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo. Litharollo tsa boemo ba leholimo ba tlhaho li fumaneha ka ho sebetsa le litsamaiso tsa rona tsa metsi, ha ka nako e le 'ngoe re fokotsa ho ntšoa ha likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše.
Carlson, D. (2020, Mphalane 14) Nakong ea Lilemo tse 20, Maemo a Maoatle a nyolohang a Tla otla Hoo e ka bang Setereke se seng le se seng sa Lebopo - le Li-Bond tsa tsona. Ho tsetela ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng.
Likotsi tse ntseng li eketseha tsa mekoloto tse tsoang likhohola tse etsahalang khafetsa le tse matla li ka lematsa bomasepala, e leng taba e mpefalitsoeng ke koluoa ea COVID-19. Linaha tse nang le baahi ba bangata le moruo o lebopong la leoatle li tobane le likotsi tsa mekoloto ea lilemo tse ngata ka lebaka la moruo o fokolang le litšenyehelo tse phahameng tsa ho phahama ha boemo ba leoatle. Linaha tsa Amerika tse kotsing haholo ke Florida, New Jersey le Virginia.
Johnson, A. (2020, Phuptjane 8). Ho Boloka Boemo ba Leholimo Sheba Leoatleng. Scientific American. PDF.
Leoatle le maqakabetsing a maholo ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea batho, empa ho na le menyetla ea matla a maoatle a ka nchafatsoang, ho nkuoa ha carbon, algae biofuel le temo e nchafatsang ea maoatle. Leoatle ke tšokelo ho limilione tse phelang lebōpong la leoatle ka likhohola, lehlatsipa la liketso tsa batho, le monyetla oa ho pholosa polanete, kaofela ka nako e le 'ngoe. Blue New Deal e ea hlokahala ho kenyelletsa morero o mocha oa Green Deal ho rarolla bothata ba boemo ba leholimo le ho fetola leoatle ho tsoa tšokelong ho ba tharollo.
Ceres (2020, Phuptjane 1) Ho Tobana le Boemo ba Leholimo joalo ka Kotsi ea Tsamaiso: Pitso ea Ketso. Ceres. https://www.ceres.org/sites/default/files/2020-05/Financial%20Regulator%20Executive%20Summary%20FINAL.pdf
Phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo ke kotsi e hlophisitsoeng ka lebaka la bokhoni ba eona ba ho hlokisa mebaraka ea lichelete e ka lebisang liphellong tse mpe tse mpe moruong. Ceres e fana ka likhothaletso tse fetang 50 bakeng sa melaoana ea mantlha ea lichelete bakeng sa ts'ebetso mabapi le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo. Tsena li kenyelletsa: ho amohela hore phetoho ea maemo a leholimo e baka likotsi ho botsitso ba 'maraka oa lichelete, e hloka hore mekhatlo ea lichelete e etse liteko tsa khatello ea maemo a leholimo, e hloka hore libanka li hlahlobe le ho senola likotsi tsa boemo ba leholimo, joalo ka tlhahiso ea khabone e tsoang mesebetsing ea bona ea likalimo le matsete, ho kenyelletsa kotsi ea boemo ba leholimo molemong oa ho khutlisetsa sechaba. lits'ebetso, haholo-holo metseng e amohelang meputso e tlase, le ho ikopanya le boiteko ba ho khothaletsa boiteko bo hokahaneng mabapi le likotsi tsa boemo ba leholimo.
Gattuso, J., Magnan, A., Gallo, N., Herr, D., Rochette, J., Vallejo, L., le Williamson, P. (2019, Pulungoana) Menyetla ea Keketseho ea Ts'ebetso ea Leoatle ka Leano la Leano la Maano a Tlelaemete Brief . IDDRI Tsoelo-pele ea Moshoelella & Likamano tsa Machaba.
E hatisitsoe pele ho 2019 Blue COP (eo hape e tsejoang e le COP25), tlaleho ena e pheha khang ea hore tsebo e tsoelang pele le tharollo e thehiloeng maoatleng e ka boloka kapa ea eketsa litšebeletso tsa maoatle ho sa tsotellehe phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo. Ha merero e mengata e sebetsanang le phetoho ea tlelaemete e ntse e senoloa 'me linaha li sebeletsa ho fihlella Litšenyehelo tsa Naha tse Ikemiselitsoeng (NDCs), linaha li lokela ho etelletsa pele keketseho ea ts'ebetso ea boemo ba leholimo le ho beha pele merero ea makhaola-khang le e fokolang.
Gramling, C. (2019, Mphalane 6). Maqakabetsing a Tlelaemete, na Geoengineering e Lokela Likotsi? Litaba tsa Saense. PDF.
E le ho loantša phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo batho ba khothalelitse merero e meholo ea geoengineering ho fokotsa ho futhumala ha leoatle le ho senya carbon. Diporojeke tse di sisintsweng di akaretsa: go aga diipone tse ditona mo lefaufaung, go tsenya diaerosols mo stratosphere, le peo ya mo lewatleng (go tsenya tshipi jaaka monontsha mo lewatleng go dira gore phytoplankton e gole). Ba bang ba fana ka maikutlo a hore merero ena ea geoengineering e ka lebisa libakeng tse shoeleng le ho beha bophelo ba leoatle kotsing. Tumellano e akaretsang ke hore lipatlisiso tse ngata lia hlokahala ka lebaka la ho hloka botsitso ho hoholo litlamorao tsa nako e telele tsa li-geoengineers.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Northrop, E., and Lubehenco, J. (2019, September 27). Leoatle ke Senotlolo sa ho Finyella Lipheo tsa Tlelaemete le Sechaba: Ho Atameloa ka Leoatleng ho ka thusa ho koala Likheo tsa Phokotso. Insights Policy Forum, Makasine ea Saense. 265(6460), DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz4390.
Le hoja phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo e ama leoatle hampe, leoatle le boetse le sebetsa e le mohloli oa tharollo: matla a ka nchafatsoang; sekepe le lipalangoang; tshireletso le tsosoloso ya ditikoloho tsa lebopong le lewatleng; ho tšoasa litlhapi, temo ea metsing le lijo tse fetohang; le polokelo ea khabone botebong ba leoatle. Litharollo tsena kaofela li 'nile tsa sisinngoa pele, leha ho le joalo ke linaha tse fokolang haholo tse kenyelletseng e le' ngoe ea tsona ho Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) tlas'a Tumellano ea Paris. Ke NDC e robeli feela e kenyelletsang litekanyo tse ka lekanyetsoang bakeng sa khabone, tse peli li bua ka matla a ka nchafatsoang a tsoang leoatleng, 'me ke e le 'ngoe feela e boletsoeng ka sekepe se tšoarellang. Ho ntse ho na le monyetla oa ho tsamaisa lipehelo le maano a nako e behiloeng bakeng sa phokotso e thehiloeng maoatleng ho netefatsa hore lipheo tsa phokotso ea mosi lia fihlelleha.
Cooley, S., BelloyB., Bodansky, D., Mansell, A., Merkl, A., Purvis, N., Ruffo, S., Taraska, G., Zivian, A. le Leonard, G. (2019, La 23 Motšeanong). Ho hlokomolohuoa maano a leoatle a ho rarolla phetoho ea maemo a leholimo. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101968.
Linaha tse ngata li itlamme ho fokotsa likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše ka Tumellano ea Paris. E le ho ba mekha e atlehileng ea Tumellano ea Paris e tlameha ho: sireletsa leoatle le ho potlakisa tabatabelo ea boemo ba leholimo, ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho CO.2 phokotso, ho utloisisa le ho sireletsa polokelo ea carbon dioxide e thehiloeng ho tikoloho ea leoatle, le ho phehella maano a tsitsitseng a ho ikamahanya le maemo a maoatle.
Helvorg, D. (2019). Ho itahlela ka har'a Leano la Ts'ebetso ea Boemo ba Leholimo ba Leoatleng. Alert Diver Online.
Batho ba qoelang metsing ba na le pono e ikhethang ka tikoloho e hlephileng ea leoatle e bakoang ke phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo. Ka hona, Helvarg o pheha khang ea hore ba qoelang metsing ba lokela ho kopana ho tšehetsa Leano la Ts'ebetso ea Boemo ba Leholimo ba Leoatleng. Morero oa ts'ebetso o tla totobatsa tlhokeho ea ntlafatso ea Lenaneo la Naha la Inshorense ea Sekhohola la US, matsete a maholo a meralo ea mabopo a lebopo ka ho tsepamisitse maikutlo holim'a litšitiso tsa tlhaho le mabōpo a phelang, litataiso tse ncha tsa matla a tsosolositsoeng a maoatle, marang-rang a libaka tse sirelelitsoeng tsa maoatleng (MPAs), thuso bakeng sa maemakepe a matala le ditjhaba tsa batshwasi ba dihlapi, matsete a eketsehileng a temo ya metsing, le Moralo wa Naha wa Phodiso ya Dikoduwa tse hlahlobilweng botjha.
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13. U Batla Tse ling? (Lisebelisoa tse Eketsehileng)
Leqephe lena la lipatlisiso le etselitsoe ho ba lethathamo le hlophisitsoeng la lisebelisoa tsa likhatiso tse nang le tšusumetso e kholo ka ho fetisisa leoatleng le boemo ba leholimo. Bakeng sa tlhaiso-leseling e batsi ka lihlooho tse ikhethileng, re khothaletsa likoranta tse latelang, datha, le pokello:
- Meyer, A. le Spalding, M. (2021, March). Tlhahlobo e Bohlokoa ea Liphello tsa Leoatle la Ho Tlosoa ha Carbon Dioxide ka Direct Air le Ocean Capture- Na ke Tharollo e Sireletsehileng le e Ts'oarellang? (Karolo ea tlhahiso e hlophisitsoeng ho National Academies of Sciences, Engineering le Medicine bakeng sa ho hlahlojoa faeleng ea phihlello ea sechaba bakeng sa Thuto ea CDR ea leoatle ea NASEM)
- Journal of Ocean le Climate
- Taolo ya Lewatle le Lebopo
- Bukana ea Libuka tsa Maoatle le Tlelaemete ea NOAA ea 1991
- Histori ea ho Sibolloa ha Mofuthu oa Lefatše
- Pokello ea Univesithi ea New York ea Melao ea Lefatše e amanang le Phetoho ea Tlelaemete
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