Puso ea Leoatle ho Anthropocene

Bangoli: Ruben Zondervan, Leopoldo Cavaleri Gerhardinger, Isabel Torres de Noronha, Mark Joseph Spalding , Oran R Young
Lebitso la Phatlalatso: International Geosphere‑Biosphere Programme, Global Change Magazine, Issue 81
Letsatsi la Khatiso: Labobeli, Mphalane 1, 2013

Ho kile ha nahanoa hore leoatle ke mohloli o se nang moeli, o ka aroloang le ho sebelisoa ke lichaba le batho ba tsona. Jwale re tseba betere. Ruben Zondervan, Leopoldo Cavaleri Gerhardinger, Isabel Torres de Noronha, Mark Joseph Spalding le Oran R Young ba hlahloba mokhoa oa ho busa le ho sireletsa tikoloho ea leoatle ea polanete ea rona. 

Rōna batho re kile ra nahana hore Lefatše le bataletse. Re ne re sa tsebe hakaalo hore maoatle a ne a atoloha ho feta sepakapaka, a koahela hoo e ka bang 70% ea bokaholimo ba polanete, e nang le metsi a fetang 95%. Hang ha bafuputsi ba pele ba ithuta hore polanete ea Lefatše ke qitikoe, maoatle a ile a fetoha sebaka se seholo sa mahlakore a mabeli, haholo-holo a sa hlalosoang - mare incognitum.

Kajeno, re latetse litsela ho pholletsa le leoatle le leng le le leng 'me ra theola bolibeng bo boholo ka ho fetisisa ba leoatle, ho fihlela ponong ea likarolo tse tharo ea metsi a apesitseng lefatše. Hona joale rea tseba hore ho hokahana ha metsi le litsamaiso tsena ho bolela hore Lefatše le na le leoatle le le leng feela. 

Le hoja re e-s'o utloisise botebo le botebo ba litšokelo tse hlahisoang ke phetoho ea lefats'e tsamaisong ea polanete ea rona ea leoatle, re tseba ho lekaneng ho lemoha hore leoatle le kotsing ka lebaka la tšebeliso e feteletseng, tšilafalo, tšenyo ea libaka le liphello tsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo. 'Me re tseba ho lekana ho amohela hore puso e teng ea maoatle ha e lekane ka mokhoa o makatsang ho sebetsana le litšokelo tsena. 

Mona, re hlalosa liqholotso tse tharo tse kholo taolong ea maoatle, ebe re rala mathata a mahlano a boithuto a tlhahlobo a lokelang ho rarolloa, ho latela Morero oa Tsamaiso ea Tsamaiso ea Lefatše, e le ho sireletsa leoatle le rarahaneng le hokahaneng la Lefatše. 

Ho rala mathata
Mona, re nahana ka liqholotso tse tharo tse ka sehloohong pusong ea maoatle: likhatello tse ntseng li eketseha, tlhokahalo ea ntlafatso ea tšebelisano-'moho lefatšeng ka bophara likarabelong tsa puso, le ho hokahana ha litsamaiso tsa maoatle.

Phephetso ea pele e amana le tlhokahalo ea ho laola ts'ebeliso e ntseng e eketseha ea batho ea litsamaiso tsa maoatle tse tsoelang pele ho sebelisa matlotlo a leoatle ho feta tekano. Leoatle ke mohlala o phethahetseng oa kamoo thepa ea lefats'e e ka khathalang le ha melao e meng ea ts'ireletso e le teng, ebang ke melao ea semmuso kapa boipuso bo sa reroang ba sechaba. 

Ho latela sebaka, naha ka 'ngoe ea naha e lebopong la leoatle e na le boipuso holim'a metsi a eona a lebopo. Empa ka nģ’ane ho metsi a naha, litsamaiso tsa leoatle li akarelletsa maoatle a phahameng le botebo ba leoatle, a leng tlas’a Tumellano ea Machaba a Kopaneng ea Molao oa Leoatle (UNCLOS), e thehiloeng ka 1982. Maoatle a leoatle le metsi a ka nģ’ane ho matla a naha hangata ha a alima chelete. ho tsebisa sechaba ka boipuso; kahoo, melao e sebelisang likotlo tlas’a maemo ana e ka ba molemo haholoanyane ho thibela ho tlatlapa ho tlōla. 

Linyeoe tsa khoebo ea maoatleng, tšilafalo ea leoatle le mefuta e fallang ea litlhapi le litlhapi tse tšelang meeli li bontša hore litaba tse ngata li feta meeli ea metsi a linaha tse lebōpong la leoatle le maoatle a phahameng. Liqhobosheane tsena li hlahisa liqholotso tsa bobeli, tse hlokang ho hokahanngoa pakeng tsa lichaba tsa mabōpo ka bomong le machaba ka kakaretso. 

Litsamaiso tsa metsing le tsona li hokahane le litsamaiso tsa sepakapaka le tsa lefatše. Ho ntšoa ha likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše ho fetola potoloho ea Lefatše ea biogeochemical le tikoloho. Lefatšeng ka bophara, acidization ea leoatle le phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo ke litlamorao tsa bohlokoa tsa mesi ena. Sehlopha sena sa boraro sa liphephetso se hloka litsamaiso tsa puso tse khonang ho sebetsana le likhokahano lipakeng tsa likarolo tse kholo tsa litsamaiso tsa tlhaho tsa Lefatše nakong ena ea phetoho e kholo le e potlakileng. 

Marine Mix: mohlala oa mekhatlo ea machaba, ea naha le ea libaka tsa mmuso, mekhatlo e ikemetseng, bafuputsi, likhoebo le ba bang ba nkang karolo litabeng tsa puso ea maoatle. 

Ho hlahloba mathata a ho rarolla
Morero oa Taolo ea Tsamaiso ea Lefatše o nka mehato ea ho sebetsana le liqholotso tse tharo tse kholo tseo re li hlahisang ka holimo. E qalile ka 2009, morero oa mantlha oa lilemo tse leshome oa Lenaneo la Machabeng la Likarolo tsa Batho mabapi le Phetoho ea Tikoloho ea Lefatše le kopanya bafuputsi ba makholo lefatšeng ka bophara. Ka thuso ea sehlopha se sebetsanang le puso ea maoatle, morero ona o tla kopanya liphuputso tsa mahlale a kahisano ka lihlooho tse amanang le liqholotso tsa rona, ho kenyeletsoa karohano ea mebuso; puso ea libaka tse ka nģ'ane ho matla a naha; maano a ho tšoasa litlhapi le a mehloli ea lirafshoa; le karolo ea khoebo kapa bankakarolo bao eseng ba 'muso (joaloka batšoasi ba litlhapi kapa likhoebo tsa bohahlauli) ntlafatsong ea moshoelella. 

Sehlopha sa tšebetso se tla boela se ntlafatse moralo oa liphuputso oa morero, o etelletsang pele mathata a mahlano a tlhahlobo a itšetlehileng ka har'a litaba tse rarahaneng tsa puso ea maoatle. Ha re hlahlobeng tsena ka bokhutšoanyane.

Bothata ba pele ke boithuto ba meaho e akaretsang ea puso kapa meaho e amanang le leoatle. "Molao-motheo oa leoatle", UNCLOS, o fana ka lintlha tse akaretsang tsa ts'ebetso ea puso ea maoatle. Lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa UNCLOS li kenyelletsa ho aroloa ha libaka tsa maoatle, hore na linaha li lokela ho sebelisana joang, le merero e akaretsang ea taolo ea maoatle, hammoho le ho fana ka boikarabello bo itseng ho mekhatlo ea mebuso. 

Empa tsamaiso ena e se e siiloe ke nako kaha batho ba se ba sebetsa hantle ho feta leha e le neng pele ho kotuleng mehloli ea leoatle, ’me tšebeliso ea batho ea tsamaiso ea leoatle (e kang ho cheka oli, ho tšoasa litlhapi, bohahlauli ba mafika a likorale le libaka tse sirelelitsoeng tsa maoatleng) hona joale lia thulana le ho thulana. Ka holim'a tsohle, tsamaiso e hlōlehile ho sebetsana le liphello tse neng li sa lebelloa tsa mesebetsi ea batho leoatleng ho tloha litšebelisanong tsa mobu le moea: mesi ea anthropogenic greenhouse. 

Bothata ba bobeli ba analytical ke ba agency. Kajeno, maoatle le litsamaiso tse ling tsa Lefatše li angoa ke liofisiri tsa mebuso, mebuso ea lehae kapa ea sechaba, litšebelisano tsa sechaba le tsa poraefete le marang-rang a saense. Maoatle a boetse a angoa ke batšoantšisi ba ikemetseng, joalo ka lik'hamphani tse kholo, batšoasi ba litlhapi le litsebi ka bomong. 

Ho ea ka nalane, lihlopha tse joalo tseo e seng tsa 'muso, haholo-holo litšebelisano tse nyalisitsoeng tsa sechaba le tsa poraefete, li bile le tšusumetso e matla pusong ea maoatle. Ka mohlala, Dutch East India Company, e thehiloeng ka 1602, e ile ea fuoa tokelo ea ho laola khoebo le Asia ke 'muso oa Madache, hammoho le bolaoli boo hangata bo boloketsoeng linaha, ho kenyeletsa le taelo ea ho buisana ka litumellano, chelete ea tšepe le ho theha likolone. Ntle le matla a eona a kang a mmuso holim'a mehloli ea leoatle, k'hamphani e bile ea pele ho arolelana phaello ea eona le batho ba ikemetseng. 

Kajeno, bo-ramatsete ba poraefete ba eme moleng oa ho kotula mehloli ea tlhaho bakeng sa meriana le ho etsa merafo e tebileng, ka tšepo ea ho fumana phaello ho seo ho lokelang ho nkoa e le molemo oa bokahohle. Mehlala ena le e meng e hlakisa hore puso ea maoatle e ka ba le seabo ho batalatseng mabala.

Bothata ba boraro ke ho ikamahanya le maemo. Lentsoe lena le kenyelletsa mehopolo e amanang le eona e hlalosang hore na lihlopha tsa sechaba li arabela joang kapa li lebelletse liphephetso tse hlahisoang ke phetoho ea tikoloho. Likhopolo tsena li kenyelletsa ho ba kotsing, ho tiea, ho ikamahanya le maemo, ho ba matla, le bokhoni ba ho ikamahanya le maemo kapa thuto ea sechaba. Sistimi e laolang e tlameha ho ikamahanya le maemo ka boeona, hammoho le ho laola hore na ho ikamahanya le maemo ho etsahala joang. Mohlala, leha ts'ebetso ea ho ts'oasa litlhapi Leoatleng la Bering e ikamahanya le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo ka ho fallela leboea, ho bonahala mebuso ea US le Russia e se na eona: linaha tsena tse peli li ngangisana ka litokelo tsa ho ts'oasa litlhapi ho ipapisitsoe le sebaka sa ho tšoasa litlhapi le meeli e tsekoang ea metsi a lebopong la leoatle. .

Ea bone ke boikarabello le ho nepahala, eseng feela ka maemo a lipolotiki, empa hape le ka kutloisiso ea sebaka sa leoatle: metsi ana a ka nqane ho naha ea naha, a bulehetse bohle ebile ha se a mang. Empa leoatle le le leng le bolela ho hokahana ha jeokrafi le bongata ba metsi, batho, le mehloli ea lintho tsa tlhaho le tse sa pheleng. Likamano tsena li beha litlhoko tse eketsehileng mekhoeng ea ho rarolla mathata, ho sebetsana le bokhoni, boikarabelo le lithahasello tsa batho ba fapaneng. 

Mohlala ke teko ea morao tjena ea 'bokhopo' ea ho nontša ka leoatleng lebōpong la Canada, moo k'hamphani e ikemetseng e ileng ea jala metsi a leoatle ka tšepe ho eketsa khabone. Sena se ile sa tlalehoa ka bophara e le teko e sa laoleheng ea 'geoengineering'. Ke mang ea nang le tokelo ea ho etsa liteko ka leoatle? Hona ke mang ea ka fuoang kotlo haeba ntho e itseng e sa tsamaee hantle? Likhohlano tsena tse ntseng li tsoela pele li hlahisa phehisano e nahanang mabapi le boikarabello le ho nepahala. 

Bothata ba ho qetela ba tlhahlobo ke kabo le phihlello. Ke mang ea fumanang eng, neng, hokae le joang? Tumellano e bonolo ea linaha tse peli e arolang leoatle molemong oa linaha tse peli ka litšenyehelo tsa tse ling kaofela ha ea ka ea sebetsa, joalo ka ha Masepanishe le Mapotoketsi a ile a sibolla makholong a lilemo a fetileng. 

Ka mor'a lipatlisiso tsa Columbus, linaha tsena tse peli li ile tsa kena Selekaneng sa 1494 sa Tordesillas le Tumellano ea 1529 ea Saragossa. Empa matla a maoatle a Fora, Engelane le Netherlands a ile a iphapanyetsa karohano ea linaha tse peli. Puso ea leoatle ka nako eo e ne e itšetlehile ka melao-motheo e bonolo e kang "mohloli o nka tsohle", "ho tla pele, ho sebeletsoa pele" le "tokoloho ea maoatle". Kajeno, ho hlokahala mekhoa e tsoetseng pele ho arolelana boikarabello, litšenyehelo le likotsi tse amanang le leoatle, hammoho le ho fana ka phihlello e lekanang le kabo ea litšebeletso le melemo ea maoatle. 

Nako e ncha ea kutloisiso
Ka tlhokomeliso e matla ea liqholotso tse teng, bo-ramahlale ba tlhaho le ba kahisano ba batla ho ba le botsitso bakeng sa puso e sebetsang ea maoatle. Ba boetse ba ikopanya le ba amehang ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa bona. 

Mohlala, projeke ea IGBP ea Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER) e ntse e etsa moralo o bitsoang IMBER-ADapt ho hlahloba ho etsoa ha maano bakeng sa puso e betere ea maoatle. The Future Ocean Alliance (FOA) e sa tsoa thehoa e kopanya mekhatlo, mananeo le batho ka bomong ho kopanya lithuto tse khethehileng le tsebo ea bona, e le ho ntlafatsa lipuisano tse mabapi le puso ea maoatle le ho thusa baetsi ba melaoana. 

Maikemisetso a FOA ke ho “sebedisa dithekenoloji tsa boiqapelo tsa tlhahisoleseding ho aha setjhaba se kenyeletsang bohle – marangrang a tsebo ya mawatle a lefatshe ka bophara – a kgonang ho rarolla mathata a hlahang a taolo ya mawatle kapele, ka bokgabane, le ka toka”. Selekane sena se tla batla ho thusa mehatong ea pele-pele ea ho nka liqeto, ho matlafatsa nts'etsopele ea moshoelella ea maoatle ho tloha sebakeng sa lehae ho isa boemong ba lefats'e. FOA e kopanya bahlahisi le bareki ba tsebo mme e khothaletsa tšebelisano har'a mekhatlo e mengata le batho ka bomong. Mekhatlo e kenyelletsa Khomishene ea UN Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission; Khomishene ya Benguela; Morero oa Agulhas le Somali Currents Large Marine Ecosystem; tlhahlobo ea puso ea maoatle ea Lenaneo la Lefatše la Tekolo ea Metsi a Fetang Meeli ea Tikoloho; Dikamano tsa Mobu le Lewatle ka hara projeke ya Sebaka sa Lebopo; Bolaodi ba Kakaretso ba Leano la Lewatle la Portugal; Motheo oa Ntlafatso oa Luso-Amerika; le The Ocean Foundation, hara tse ding. 

Litho tsa FOA, ho kenyeletsoa Morero oa Tsamaiso ea Tsamaiso ea Lefatše, li ntse li hlahloba litsela tsa ho kenya letsoho ho nts'etsopele ea lenaneo la lipatlisiso tsa leoatle bakeng sa morero oa Future Earth. Lilemong tse leshome tse tlang, morero oa Bokamoso ba Lefatše e tla ba sethala se loketseng ho bokella bafuputsi, baetsi ba melaoana le ba amehang ba bang bakeng sa ho hlahisa tharollo mathateng a leoatle. 

Hammoho, re ka fana ka tsebo le lisebelisoa tse hlokahalang bakeng sa puso e sebetsang ea maoatle ho Anthropocene. Nako ena e anngoeng ke batho ke mare incognitum - leoatle le sa tsejoeng. Ha litsamaiso tse rarahaneng tsa tlhaho tseo re phelang ho tsona li fetoha le tšusumetso ea batho, ha re tsebe se tla etsahala, haholo-holo ka leoatle la Lefatše. Empa mekhoa ea puso ea maoatle e nakong le e feto-fetohang e tla re thusa ho tsamaisa Anthropocene.

Ho Bala ho Eketsehileng

• Biermann F (2012) Ho etsa botala ho Tumellano ea Machaba a Kopaneng. Lipolotiki tsa Lefatše ho Anthropocene. Pampiri ea Tšebetso ea Tsamaiso ea Lefatše No. 21. Lund le Amsterdam: Morero oa Puso ea Lefatše.
• Spalding, Mark J. "Ho sebelisa litokelo tsa ho phahamisa botsamaisi ho na le se hlokahalang pele: Puso e tšepahalang", White Paper: The Ocean Foundation March 2013
• Taolo ea Tsamaiso ea Lefatše
• Bokamoso Ocean Alliance