RETS'ELISITSOE PHATLISISO

Tafole ea likateng

1. Selelekela
2. Leano la polasetiki la US
- 2.1 Maano a Tlasana a Naha
- 2.2 Maano a Naha
3. Maano a Machaba
- 3.1 Tumellano ea Lefatše
- 3.2 Phanele ea Leano la Saense
- 3.3 Litokiso tsa Litšila tsa Plastiki tsa Basel Convention
4. Moruo o chitja
5. Green Chemistry
6. Plastiki le Bophelo ba Leoatle
- 6.1 Ghost Gear
- 6.2 Liphello Bophelong ba Leoatleng
- 6.3 Pellets ea polasetiki (Nurdles)
7. Plastiki le Bophelo bo Botle ba Batho
8. Toka ea Tikoloho
9. Histori ea Plastiki
10. Mehloli e fapaneng

Re susumetsa tlhahiso e tsitsitseng le tšebeliso ea polasetiki.

Bala ka Plastics Initiative (PI) ea rona le hore na re sebetsa joang ho fihlela moruo o pota-potileng oa polasetiki.

Sheba Boikemisetso ba Rōna
Ofisiri ea Lenaneo Erica Nunez a bua ketsahalong

1. Selelekela

Bophara ba bothata ba polasetiki ke bofe?

Plastiki, mofuta o atileng haholo oa maloanlahla a sa feleng a leoatleng, ke e 'ngoe ea litaba tse hatellang haholo tikolohong ea maoatle. Leha ho le thata ho lekanya, ho hakanngoa hore lithane tse limilione tse 8 tsa polasetiki li eketsoa leoatleng la rona selemo le selemo, ho kenyeletsoa. 236,000 lithane tsa microplastics (Jambeck, 2015), e lekanang le teraka ea lithōle e fetang e le 'ngoe ea polasetiki e lahleloang ka leoatleng la rona motsotso o mong le o mong (Pennington, 2016).

Ho hakanngoa hore ho na le Likotoana tse libilione tse 5.25 tsa maloanlahla a polasetiki ka leoatleng, lithane tse 229,000 tse phaphametseng ka holim'a metsi, le li-microfiber tsa polasetiki tse limilione tse likete tse 4 ka lisekoere-k'hilomithara tse ngata leoatleng le tebileng (National Geographic, 2015). Limilione tse likete tsa likotoana tsa polasetiki leoatleng la rona li thehile likotopo tse hlano tse kholo tsa lithōle, ho kenyeletsoa Great Pacific Garbage patch e kholo ho feta boholo ba Texas. Ka 2050, ho tla ba le polasetiki e ngata ka leoatleng ka boima ho feta litlhapi (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2016). Plastiki ha e na maoatleng a rona, e moeeng le lijong tseo re li jang ho fihlela moo ho hakanngoang hore motho e mong le e mong o tla li ja. polasetiki ea boleng ba karete ea mokoloto beke le beke (Wit, Bigaud, 2019).

Boholo ba polasetiki e kenang ka har'a molatsoana oa litšila e qetella e lahliloe ka tsela e sa lokelang kapa e le ka har'a lithōle. Ka 2018 feela, ho bile le lithane tse limilione tse 35 tsa polasetiki tse hlahisitsoeng United States, 'me ho tsona ke karolo ea 8.7 lekholong feela ea polasetiki e ileng ea sebelisoa hape (EPA, 2021). Tšebeliso ea polasetiki kajeno e batla e ke ke ea qojoa 'me e tla tsoela pele ho ba bothata ho fihlela re tsosolosa le ho fetola kamano ea rona le polasetiki.

Ho tlile joang hore polasetiki e qetelle e le ka leoatleng?

  1. Plastiki ka har'a lithōle: Polasetiki e atisa ho lahleha kapa ho fefoloa ke moea nakong ea ho isoa moo ho qhalloang mobu. Joale polasetiki e bokana ho pota-potile li-drain ebe e kena ka metsing, e qetellang e fella ka leoatleng.
  2. Ho qhekella: Litšila tse oelang seterateng kapa tikolohong ea rona ea tlhaho li tsamaisoa ke moea le metsi a pula metsing a rona.
  3. Ho theosa le draina: Lihlahisoa tsa bohloeki, joalo ka li-wipes tse metsi le malebela a Q, hangata li tšeloa ka har'a drain. Ha liaparo li hlatsuoa (haholo-holo lisebelisoa tsa maiketsetso) li-microfibers le li-microplastics li lokolloa ka metsing a rona a litšila ka mochine oa rona oa ho hlatsoa. Qetellong, lihlahisoa tsa litlolo le ho hloekisa tse nang le li-microbeads li tla romela li-microplastics ho theosa le drain.
  4. Indasteri ea Litlhapi: Likepe tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi li ka lahleheloa kapa tsa lahla lisebelisoa tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi (bona Ghost Gear) leoatleng ho theha maraba a bolaeang a bophelo ba leoatle.
Sets'oants'o sa hore na lipolasetiki li fella joang ka leoatleng
Lefapha la Khoebo la US, NO, le AA (2022, January 27). Tataiso ea Plastiki Leoatleng. Tšebeletso ea Leoatle la Naha ea NOAA. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/hazards/marinedebris/plastics-in-the-ocean.html.

Ke hobane'ng ha polasetiki ka leoatleng e le bothata ba bohlokoa?

Plastiki e ikarabella bakeng sa ho senya bophelo ba leoatle, bophelo bo botle ba sechaba le moruo maemong a lefats'e. Ho fapana le mefuta e meng ea litšila, polasetiki ha e bole ka ho feletseng, kahoo e tla lula e le leoatleng ka lilemo tse makholo. Tšilafalo ea polasetiki ka nako e sa lekanyetsoang e lebisa litšokelong tsa tikoloho: ho tšoasoa ke liphoofolo tse hlaha, ho jeoa, ho tsamaisoa ha mefuta e sa tloaelehang, le tšenyo ea tikoloho (bona Liphello Bophelong ba Metsing). Ho feta moo, lithōle tsa leoatleng ke seriti sa moruo se nyenyefatsang botle ba tikoloho ea lebopo la leoatle (bona Toka ea tikoloho).

Leoatle ha le na bohlokoa bo boholo ba setso feela empa le sebetsa joalo ka mokhoa oa mantlha oa ho iphelisa ho baahi ba lebopong. Lipolasetiki tse litseleng tsa rona tsa metsi li beha boleng ba metsi a rona kotsing le mehloli ea lijo tsa leoatleng. Li-microplastics li nyoloha ka har'a ketane ea lijo 'me li beha bophelo ba batho kotsing (Sheba Plastiki le Bophelo bo Botle ba Batho).

Ha tšilafalo ea polasetiki ea leoatle e ntse e eketseha, mathata ana a hlahang a tla mpefala ntle le haeba re nka khato. Moroalo oa boikarabello ba polasetiki ha oa lokela ho lula ho bareki feela. Ho e-na le hoo, ka ho hlophisa bocha tlhahiso ea polasetiki pele e fihla ho basebelisi ba ho qetela, re ka tataisa bahlahisi ho fihlela tharollo e thehiloeng ho tlhahiso bothateng bona ba lefats'e.

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2. Leano la polasetiki la US

2.1 Maano a Tlasana a Naha

Schultz, J. (2021, Hlakola 8). Molao oa Mokotla oa Naha. Caucus ea Naha ea Bakhethoa ba Melao ea Tikoloho. http://www.ncsl.org/research/environment-and-natural-resources/plastic-bag-legislation

Linaha tse robeli li na le melao e fokotsang tlhahiso / tšebeliso ea mekotla ea polasetiki e sebelisoang e le 'ngoe. Litoropo tsa Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco le Seattle le tsona li thibetse mekotla ea polasetiki. Boulder, New York, Portland, Washington DC, le Montgomery County Md. li thibetse mekotla ea polasetiki le litefiso tsa molao. Ho thibela mekotla ea polasetiki ke mohato oa bohlokoa, kaha ke e 'ngoe ea lintho tse atisang ho fumanoa tšilafalong ea polasetiki ea leoatle.

Gardiner, B. (2022, February 22). Mokhoa oa ho hapa ka mokhoa o makatsang oa litšila tsa polasetiki o ka thibela tšilafalo ea leoatle. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/how-a-dramatic-win-in-plastic-waste-case-may-curb-ocean-pollution

Ka Tšitoe 2019, moitseki ea khahlanong le tšilafalo Diane Wilson o hapile nyeoe ea bohlokoa khahlano le Formosa Plastics, e leng e 'ngoe ea lik'hamphani tse kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng tsa petrochemical, ka mashome a lilemo a tšilafalo e seng molaong ea polasetiki e haufi le Texas 'Gulf Coast. Qeto ea $50 milione e emetse tlholo ea nalane joalo ka khau e kholo ka ho fetisisa e kileng ea fanoa ka nyeoeng ea moahi khahlano le mosilafatso oa indasteri tlasa Molao oa Metsi a Hloekileng oa US. Ho ea ka qeto eo, Formosa Plastics e laetsoe hore e fihlelle "ho qhala litšila" tsa polasetiki fekthering ea eona ea Point Comfort, ho lefa likotlo ho fihlela chefo e khaotsa, le ho tšehetsa chelete ea ho hloekisa polasetiki e bokelletsoeng libakeng tse metsi tse anngoeng ke Texas. mabopo, le litselana tsa metsi. Wilson, eo mosebetsi oa hae o sa khathaleng o mo fumaneng Moputso oa 2023 oa Tikoloho oa Goldman, o fane ka tharollo eohle ho trust, hore e sebelisoe bakeng sa mabaka a fapaneng a tikoloho. Sutu ena e makatsang ea baahi e bakile liphetoho tse ngata indastering e meholohali eo hangata e silafatsang batho ntle le ho hloka kotlo.

Gibbens, S. (2019, Phato 15). Sheba maemo a rarahaneng a lithibelo tsa polasetiki US National Geographic. nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/08/map-shows-the-complicated-landscape-of-plastic-bans

Ho na le lintoa tse ngata tsa makhotla tse ntseng li tsoela pele United States moo litoropo le linaha li sa lumellaneng tabeng ea hore na ho molaong ho thibela polasetiki kapa che. Bomasepala ba makholo ho pholletsa le United States ba na le mofuta o itseng oa tefo ea polasetiki kapa thibelo, ho kenyeletsoa ba bang ba California le New York. Empa linaha tse leshome le metso e supileng li re ha ho molaong ho thibela lintho tsa polasetiki, ka katleho ho thibela bokhoni ba ho thibela. Lithibelo tse teng li sebetsa ho fokotsa tšilafalo ea polasetiki, empa batho ba bangata ba re litefiso li molemo ho feta lithibelo tse tobileng tsa ho fetola boitšoaro ba bareki.

Seqhoqho. (2019, Phuptjane 11). Oregon e Felisa Thibelo e Felletseng ea Mokotla oa Plastiki naheng ka bophara. E nkiloe ho: surfrider.org/coastal-blog/entry/oregon-passes-strongest-plastic-bag-ban-in-the-country

Lekhotla la Tšireletso la Leoatle la California. (2022, Hlakola). Leano la Statewide Microplastics. https://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/agenda_items/ 20220223/Item_6_Exhibit_A_Statewide_Microplastics_Strategy.pdf

Ka ho amoheloa ha Senate Bill 1263 (Sen. Anthony Portantino) ka 2018, California State Legislature e hlokometse tlhokahalo ea moralo o pharaletseng oa ho sebetsana le tšokelo e atileng le e phehellang ea microplastics tikolohong ea leoatle ea naha. California Ocean Protection Council (OPC) e phatlalalitse Leano lena la Statewide Microplastic Strategy, le fana ka 'mapa oa lilemo tse ngata bakeng sa mekhatlo ea mmuso le balekane ba kantle ho sebetsa 'moho ho etsa lipatlisiso le ho fokotsa tšilafalo e chefo ea microplastic ho pholletsa le tikoloho ea lebopo la California le ea metsing. Motheo oa leano lena ke kananelo ea hore mmuso o tlameha ho nka mehato e tiileng, e hlokolosi ho fokotsa tšilafalo ea microplastic, ha kutloisiso ea mahlale ea mehloli ea li-microplastic, litšusumetso, le mehato e sebetsang ea phokotso e ntse e hola.

HB 1085 – 68th Washington State Legislature, (2023-24 Reg. Sess.): Ho Fokotsa Tšilafalo ea Plastiki. (2023, Mmesa). https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?Year=2023&BillNumber=1085

Ka Mmesa 2023, Senate ea Naha ea Washington ka ntsoe-leng e ile ea fetisa House Bill 1085 (HB 1085) ho fokotsa tšilafalo ea polasetiki ka litsela tse tharo tse ikhethileng. E tšehelitsoe ke Rep. Sharlett Mena (D-Tacoma), bili e hloka hore meaho e mecha e hahiloeng ka liliba tsa metsi e tlameha ho ba le liteishene tsa ho tlatsa libotlolo; e felisa tšebeliso ea lihlahisoa tse nyane tsa bophelo bo botle kapa tsa botle ka har'a lijana tsa polasetiki tse fanoang ke lihotele le libaka tse ling tsa marobalo; 'me e thibela ho rekisoa ha foam e bonolo ea polasetiki le boema-kepe, ha e ntse e laela hore ho etsoe boithuto ba likhetla tse thata tsa polasetiki tse holim'a metsi. Ho fihlela maikemisetso a ona, bili ena e ama makala a mangata a mmuso le makhotla mme e tla kenngwa tshebetsong ka dinako tse fapaneng. Rep. Mena o ile a buella HB 1085 e le karolo ea ntoa ea bohlokoa ea Washington State ea ho sireletsa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba, mehloli ea metsi, le litlhapi tsa salmon ho tsoa tšilafalong e feteletseng ea polasetiki.

Boto ea Taolo ea Mehloli ea Metsi ea Naha ea California. (2020, Phuptjane 16). State Water Board e bua ka li-microplastics metsing a nooang ho khothaletsa tlhokomeliso ea tsamaiso ea metsi ea sechaba [Tsebiso ea boralitaba]. https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/ 2020/pr06162020_microplastics.pdf

California ke mokhatlo oa pele oa mmuso lefats'eng ho lekola metsi a eona a nooang ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng bakeng sa tšilafalo ea microplastic ka ho qala lisebelisoa tsa eona tsa tlhahlobo naheng ka bophara. Boikitlaetso bona bo entsoeng ke Boto ea Taolo ea Mehloli ea Metsi ea California State ke litholoana tsa Melao-motheo ea Senate ea 2018 Che. 1422 'me Che. 1263, e tšehetsoeng ke Sen. Anthony Portantino, eo, ka ho latellana, e ileng ea laela bafani ba metsi ba libaka ho hlahisa mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ho hlahloba ho kenella ha microplastic metsing a hloekileng le mehloli ea metsi a nooang le ho theha tlhokomelo ea li-microplastics tsa marine lebōpong la California. Ha liofisiri tsa metsi tsa setereke le tsa mmuso li eketsa ka boithatelo tlhahlobo le tlaleho ea maemo a microplastic metsing a nooang lilemong tse hlano tse tlang, mmuso oa California o tla tsoelapele ho itšetleha ka sechaba sa mahlale ho tsoela pele ho etsa lipatlisiso ka litlamorao tsa bophelo bo botle ba batho le tikoloho ea ho kenngoa ha microplastic.

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2.2 Maano a Naha

Setsi sa Tšireletso ea Tikoloho sa US. (2023, Mmesa). Moralo oa Leano la Naha la ho Thibela Tšilafalo ea Plastiki. Ofisi ea EPA ea Paballo ea Mehloli le Pholoso. https://www.epa.gov/circulareconomy/draft-national-strategy-prevent-plastic-pollution

Leano lena le ikemiselitse ho fokotsa tšilafalo nakong ea tlhahiso ea polasetiki, ho ntlafatsa tsamaiso ea thepa ea morao-rao, le ho thibela lithōle le li-micro/nano-plastics ho kena metsing le ho tlosa litšila tse phonyohileng tikolohong. Phetolelo e hlophisitsoeng, e entsoeng e le katoloso ea Leano la Naha la Ts'ebetso la EPA le lokollotsoeng ka 2021, e totobatsa tlhokeho ea mokhoa o chitja bakeng sa taolo ea lipolasetiki le ho nka khato e kholo. Leano la naha, le hoja le e-s'o sebelisoe, le fana ka tataiso bakeng sa maano a mmuso le a mmuso le lihlopha tse ling tse batlang ho sebetsana le tšilafalo ea polasetiki.

Jain, N., and LaBeaud, D. (2022, October) Tlhokomelo ea Bophelo ea US e Lokela ho Etsa Joang Phetoho ea Lefatše ka Phallo ea Litšila tsa Plastiki. AMA Journal of Ethics. 24(10):E986-993. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2022.986.

Ho fihlela joale, United States ha e e-s'o be ka pele ho leano mabapi le tšilafalo ea polasetiki, empa tsela e 'ngoe eo US e ka etellang pele ka eona ke mabapi le ho lahla litšila tsa polasetiki ho tloha tlhokomelong ea bophelo. Ho lahla litšila tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo ke e 'ngoe ea litšokelo tse kholo holima tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle e tšoarellang lefatšeng ka bophara. Mekhoa ea hajoale ea ho lahla litšila tsa bophelo bo botle ba malapeng le ba machabeng lefatšeng le leoatleng, e leng mokhoa o boetseng o nyenyefatsang tekano ea bophelo bo botle lefatšeng ka bophara ka ho ama hampe bophelo ba sechaba se tlokotsing. Bangoli ba fana ka maikutlo a ho tsosolosa boikarabelo ba sechaba le boits'oaro bakeng sa tlhahiso ea litšila tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo le tsamaiso ka ho fana ka boikarabello bo tiileng ho baeta-pele ba mekhatlo ea tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle, ho susumetsa ts'ebetsong le tlhokomelo ea phepelo ea potoloho, le ho khothalletsa litšebelisano tse matla ho pholletsa le indasteri ea bongaka, polasetiki le litšila.

Setsi sa Tšireletso ea Tikoloho sa US. (2021, Pulungoana). Leano la Naha la Recycle Recycling Karolo ea Pele ea Letoto la Kaho ea Moruo oa Sedikadiko bakeng sa Bohle. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-11/final-national-recycling-strategy.pdf

Leano la Naha la ho Recycle Recycling le tsepamisitse maikutlo ho ntlafatseng le ho ntlafatseng tsamaiso ea matlakala ea naha ea 'masepala (MSW) hape ka sepheo sa ho theha tsamaiso ea matlakala e matla, e tsitsitseng haholoanyane le e theko e tlaase le tsamaiso ea litšila ka har'a United States. Maikemišetšo a pego a akaretša mebaraka ye e kaonafaditšwego ya ditšweletšwa tšeo di dirišitšwego gape, go oketšega go kgoboketša le go kaonafatšwa ga mananeokgoparara a taolo ya matlakala, phokotšo ya tšhilafalo mokerong wa didirišwa tšeo di dirišitšwego gape, le koketšo ya maano a go thekga tikologo. Le hoja ho tsosolosa ho ke ke ha rarolla taba ea tšilafalo ea polasetiki, leano lena le ka thusa ho tataisa mekhoa e metle bakeng sa mokhatlo o lebisang moruong o pota-potileng. Ela hloko, karolo ea ho qetela ea tlaleho ena e fana ka kakaretso e babatsehang ea mosebetsi o etsoang ke mekhatlo ea ’muso United States.

Bates, S. (2021, June 25). Bo-rasaense ba Sebelisa NASA Satellite Data ho Track Ocean Microplastics From Space. Sehlopha sa Litaba tsa Lefatše sa NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/esnt2021/scientists-use-nasa-satellite-data-to-track-ocean-microplastics-from-space

Bafuputsi ba boetse ba sebelisa lintlha tsa morao-rao tsa satellite tsa NASA ho latela motsamao oa li-microplastics ka leoatleng, ba sebelisa lintlha tse tsoang ho Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) ea NASA.

Khatiso ea Microplastic lefatšeng ka bophara, 2017

Law, KL, Starr, N., Siegler, TR, Jambeck, J., Mallos, N., & Leonard, GB (2020). Tlatsetso ea United States ea litšila tsa polasetiki mobung le leoatleng. Tsoelo-pele ea Saense, 6(44). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd0288

Boithuto bona ba mahlale ba 2020 bo bonts'a hore, ka 2016, US e hlahisitse litšila tse ngata tsa polasetiki ka boima ba 'mele le motho ka mong ho feta naha efe kapa efe. Karolo e kholo ea litšila tsena e ile ea lahleloa ntle ho molao US, 'me le ho feta e ne e sa laoloe ka nepo linaheng tse neng li tlisa thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha e bokeletsoeng US hore e sebelisoe hape. Litlaleho tsa litlatsetso tsena, palo ea litšila tsa polasetiki tse hlahisitsoeng US tse hakantsoeng ho kena tikolohong ea lebopo ka 2016 e ne e le kholo ka makhetlo a mahlano ho feta e hakanyetsoang ka 2010, e leng se fanang ka tlatsetso ea naha har'a tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng.

Likolo tsa Naha tsa Saense, Boenjiniere, le Bongaka. (2022). Ho ipapisa le Karolo ea US ho Litšila tsa Plastiki tsa Leoatle la Lefatše. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26132.

Tlhahlobo ena e entsoe e le karabelo ea kopo ho Save Our Seas 2.0 Act bakeng sa ho kopanya mahlale a tlatsetso ea US le karolo ea ho rarolla tšilafalo ea lefatše ka bophara ea maoatleng. Ha US e ntse e hlahisa palo e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea litšila tsa polasetiki ho feta naha efe kapa efe lefatšeng ho tloha ka 2016, tlaleho ena e hloka leano la naha la ho fokotsa tlhahiso ea litšila ea polasetiki ea US. E boetse e khothaletsa tsamaiso e atolositsoeng, e hokahaneng ea ho beha leihlo ho utloisisa hamolemo sekala le mehloli ea tšilafalo ea polasetiki ea US le ho beha leihlo tsoelo-pele ea naha.

Itokolle ho Plastiki. (2021, la 26 Hlakubele). Itokolle Molaong oa Tšilafalo ea Plastiki. Itokolle ho Plastiki. http://www.breakfreefromplastic.org/pollution-act/

The Break Free From Plastic Pollution Act ea 2021 (BFFPPA) ke bili ea Federale e tšehelitsoeng ke Sen. Jeff Merkley (OR) le Rep. Alan Lowenthal (CA e hlahisang sete e felletseng ea tharollo ea maano e hlahisitsoeng congress. Molao-motheo ona ke oa ho fokotsa tšilafalo ea polasetiki ho tloha mohloling, ho eketsa litekanyetso tsa ho sebelisoa hape, le ho sireletsa sechaba se ka pele. bili e tla ntlafatsa bophelo bo botle ba batho, ka ho fokotsa kotsi ea rona ea ho ja li-microplastics.Ho itokolla ho polasetiki ho ka boela ha fokotsa haholo tlhahiso ea khase e futhumatsang lefatše.Le hoja bili e sa ka ea feta, ke habohlokoa ho kenyelletsa leqepheng lena la lipatlisiso e le mohlala bakeng sa polasetiki e pharaletseng ea nakong e tlang. melao boemong ba naha United States.

Seo Molao oa ho Itokolla ho Tšilafalo ea Plastiki o tla se Phethahatsa
Itokolle ho Plastiki. (2021, la 26 Hlakubele). Itokolle Molaong oa Tšilafalo ea Plastiki. Itokolle ho Plastiki. http://www.breakfreefromplastic.org/pollution-act/

Mongolo – S. 1982 – 116th Congress (2019-2020): Boloka Maoatle a Rona 2.0 Act (2020, la 18 Tšitoe). https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1982

Ka 2020, Congress e ile ea theha Molao oa Save Our Seas 2.0 o thehileng litlhokahalo le likhothatso tsa ho fokotsa, ho sebelisa hape le ho thibela litšila tsa leoatleng (mohlala, litšila tsa polasetiki). Ea hlokomela bili e boetse e thehile the Marine Debris Foundation, mokhatlo o fanang ka lithuso le o sa etseng phaello 'me ha se setsi kapa setsi sa United States. Marine Debris Foundation e tla sebetsa ka kopanelo le Lenaneo la NOAA la Marine Debris Programme le ho tsepamisa maikutlo mesebetsing ea ho lekola, ho thibela, ho fokotsa, le ho tlosa litšila tsa leoatleng le ho sebetsana le litlamorao tse mpe tsa maloanlahla a leoatle le lisosa tsa ona moruong oa United States, maoatleng. tikoloho (ho kenyeletsoa le metsi a sebakeng sa United States, maoatle a phahameng, le metsi a sebakeng sa linaha tse ling), le polokeho ea likepe.

S.5163 - Congress ea bo-117 (2021-2022): Ho Sireletsa Sechaba ho tsoa ho Plastics Act. (2022, la 1 Tšitoe). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/5163

Ka 2022, Sen. Cory Booker (DN.J.) le Rep. Jared Huffman (D-CA) ba ile ba ikopanya le Sen. Jeff Merkley (D-OR) le Rep. Alan Lowenthal (D-CA) ho tsebisa sechaba se Sireletsang ho tloha Plastics. Molao oa molao. Ho aha holim'a lipehelo tsa bohlokoa tse tsoang ho Break Free From Plastic Pollution Act, bili ena e ikemiselitse ho sebetsana le koluoa ​​​​ea tlhahiso ea polasetiki e amang bophelo bo botle ba libaka tse ruileng le sechaba sa mebala ka tsela e sa lekanyetsoang. E susumetsoa ke sepheo se seholo sa ho suthisetsa moruo oa Amerika hole le polasetiki e sebelisoang hang feela, Molao oa Tšireletso ea Sechaba ho tsoa ho Plastiki o ikemiselitse ho theha melao e thata bakeng sa limela tsa petrochemical le ho theha lipehelo tse ncha tsa naha bakeng sa phokotso ea mehloli ea polasetiki le ho e sebelisa hape makaleng a liphutheloana le litšebeletso tsa lijo.

S.2645 - Congress ea bo-117 (2021-2022): Maiteko a Moputso a ho Fokotsa Litšilafalo Tse sa Sebelisang Botjha ho Molao oa Ecosystems oa 2021. (2021, Phato 5). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/2645

Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI) o hlahisitse bili e ncha ho theha khothatso e ncha e matla ea ho sebelisa polasetiki hape, ho fokotsa tlhahiso ea polasetiki e sa tsoakoang, le ho etsa hore indasteri ea polasetiki e ikarabelle bakeng sa litšila tse chefo tse senyang bophelo ba sechaba ka bolotsana le libaka tsa bohlokoa tsa tikoloho. . Molao o reriloeng, o nang le sehlooho se reng "Rewarding Efforts to Decrease Unrecycled Contaminants in Ecosystems (REDUCE) Act, o tla qobella tefiso ea 20-cent ka ponto thekisong ea polasetiki e sa tsoakoang e hiriloeng lihlahisoa tse sebelisoang hang. Tefiso ena e tla thusa lipolasetiki tse tsosolositsoeng ho qothisana lehlokoa le lipolasetiki tse sa bonahaleng ka maemo a lekanang. Lintho tse koahetsoeng li kenyelletsa liphutheloana, lihlahisoa tsa tšebeletso ea lijo, lijana tsa lino, le mekotla - tse nang le litokollo bakeng sa lihlahisoa tsa bongaka le lihlahisoa tsa bohloeki.

Jain, N., & LaBeaud, D. (2022). Tlhokomelo ea Bophelo bo Botle ea US e Lokela ho Etsa Phetoho ea Lefatše Joang ka ho Lahla Litšila tsa Plastiki? AMA Journal of Ethics, 24(10):E986-993. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2022.986.

Mekhoa ea hajoale ea ho lahla litšila tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle ba polasetiki e nyenyefatsa haholo tekano ea bophelo bo botle ba lefats'e, e ama ka tsela e sa lekanyetsoang bophelo ba batho ba tlokotsing le ba sotlehileng. Ka ho tsoela pele ka mokhoa oa ho romela litšila tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo ka ntle ho naha hore li lahleloe naheng le metsing a linaha tse tsoelang pele, US e ntse e eketsa liphello tse tlaase tsa tikoloho le bophelo bo botle tse sokelang tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle ba lefatše lohle. Ho hlokahala reframing e matla ea boikarabello ba sechaba le boits'oaro bakeng sa tlhahiso le taolo ea litšila tsa polasetiki. Sengoliloeng sena se khothaletsa ho fana ka boikarabello bo tiileng ho baetapele ba mekhatlo ea tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle, ho khothaletsa ts'ebetsong le tlhokomelo ea phepelo ea potoloho, le ho khothaletsa tšebelisano e matla ho indasteri ea bongaka, polasetiki le litšila. 

Wong, E. (2019, May 16). Saense e Leralleng: Ho Rarolla Bothata ba Litšila tsa Plastiki. Springer Nature. E nkiloe ho: bit.ly/2HQTrfi

Pokello ea lingoliloeng tse hokahanyang litsebi tsa mahlale le baetsi ba molao ba Capitol Hill. Ba sebetsana le kamoo litšila tsa polasetiki li leng tšokelo kateng le hore na ho ka etsoa eng ho rarolla bothata ha ho ntse ho matlafatsa likhoebo le ho lebisa khōlong ea mesebetsi.

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3. Maano a Machaba

Nielsen, MB, Clausen, LP, Cronin, R., Hansen, SF, Oturai, NG, & Syberg, K. (2023). Ho hlahisa saense ka morao ho maano a leano le lebisitseng tšilafalo ea polasetiki. Microplastics le Nanoplastics, 3(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43591-022-00046-y

Bangoli ba ile ba hlahlobisisa maano a tšeletseng a bohlokoa a lebisitseng tšilafalo ea polasetiki mme ba fumana hore matsapa a polasetiki hangata a bua ka bopaki bo tsoang ho lingoliloeng tsa mahlale le litlaleho. Lingoliloeng le litlaleho tsa mahlale li fana ka tsebo mabapi le mehloli ea polasetiki, litlamorao tsa tikoloho ea polasetiki le tlhahiso le mekhoa ea ts'ebeliso. Ho feta halofo ea matsapa a leano la polasetiki a hlahlobiloeng a bua ka lintlha tsa tlhahlobo ea matlakala. Ho bonahala eka sehlopha se fapaneng sa lingoliloeng le lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tsa mahlale li sebelisitsoe ha ho etsoa matsapa a leano la polasetiki. Leha ho le joalo, ho ntse ho e-na le lintho tse ngata tse sa tsitsang tse amanang le ho khetholla kotsi e bakoang ke tšilafalo ea polasetiki, e leng se bolelang hore mehato ea maano e tlameha ho lumella ho fetoha ha maemo. Ka kakaretso, bopaki ba saense bo tlalehoa ha ho etsoa mehato ea maano. Mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea bopaki e sebelisoang ho ts'ehetsa mats'oao a leano a ka baka mats'oao a khohlano. Khohlano ena e ka ama lipuisano le maano a machaba.

OECD (2022, Hlakola), Pono ea Global Plastics: Bakhanni ba Moruo, Liphello tsa Tikoloho le Khetho ea Leano. Khatiso ea OECD, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/de747aef-en.

Le hoja li-plastiki e le lisebelisoa tse molemo haholo bakeng sa sechaba sa kajeno, tlhahiso ea polasetiki le tlhahiso ea litšila e ntse e eketseha 'me ho hlokahala mehato e potlakileng ho etsa hore bophelo ba polasetiki bo be selikalikoe. Lefatšeng ka bophara, ke 9% feela ea litšila tsa polasetiki tse sebelisoang hape ha 22% e sa laoloe hantle. OECD e etsa boipiletso ba katoloso ya maano a naha le tshebedisano-mmoho e ntlafetseng ya matjhaba bakeng sa ho bebofatsa ditlamorao tsa tikoloho nakong yohle ya ketane ya boleng. Tlaleho ena e tsepamisitse maikutlo ho ruteng le ho ts'ehetsa matsapa a maano a ho loantša ho lutla ha polasetiki. The Outlook e khetholla li-levers tse 'nè tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa ho koba li-plastic curve: tšehetso e matla bakeng sa limmaraka tsa polasetiki tse tsosolositsoeng (tsa bobeli); maano a ho matlafatsa boqapi ba theknoloji ka lipolasetiki; mehato e matla ea maano a lehae; le tšebelisano-’moho e khōloanyane ea machaba. Ena ke tlaleho ea pele ho tse peli tse reriloeng, tlaleho ea bobeli, Pono ea Plastiki ea Lefatše: Maemo a Leano ho isa ho 2060 e thathamisitsoe ka tlase.

OECD (2022, Phuptjane), Pono ea Plastiki ea Lefatše: Maemo a Leano ho isa ho 2060. Phatlalatso ea OECD, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/aa1edf33-en. 

Lefatše ha ho kae kapa kae moo le haufi le ho fihlela sepheo sa lona sa ho felisa tšilafalo ea polasetiki, ntle le haeba maano a thata le a hokahaneng a kengoa tšebetsong. Ho thusa ho fihlela lipheo tse behiloeng ke linaha tse fapaneng OECD e sisinya pono ea polasetiki le maemo a leano ho thusa ho tataisa baetsi ba melaoana. Tlaleho e hlahisa letoto la likhakanyo tse momahaneng tsa polasetiki ho isa ho 2060, ho kenyeletsoa tšebeliso ea polasetiki, litšila hammoho le litlamorao tsa tikoloho tse amanang le lipolasetiki, haholoholo ho lutla tikolohong. Tlaleho ena ke tatellano ea tlaleho ea pele, Bakhanni ba Moruo, Litšusumetso tsa Tikoloho le Khetho ea Leano (e thathamisitsoeng ka holimo) e lekantseng mekhoa ea hajoale ea tšebeliso ea lipolasetiki, tlhahiso ea litšila le ho lutla, hammoho le ho tsebahatsa mekhoa e mene ea maano ho thibela litlamorao tsa tikoloho ea polasetiki.

IUCN. (2022). IUCN Briefing for Negotiators: Plastics Treaty INC. Tumellano ea IUCN WCEL mabapi le Lebotho la Tshebetso ea Tšilafalo ea Plastiki. https://www.iucn.org/our-union/commissions/group/iucn-wcel-agreement-plastic-pollution-task-force/resources 

IUCN e thehile letoto la likhuts'oane, leqephe le leng le le leng le le ka tlase ho maqephe a mahlano, ho ts'ehetsa letoto la pele la lipuisano bakeng sa Tumellano ea Tšilafalo ea Plastiki joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ke qeto ea 5/14 ea United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) XNUMX/XNUMX. 'me li hahiloe holim'a mehato e nkiloeng selemong se fetileng mabapi le litlhaloso tsa selekane, lintlha tsa mantlha, litšebelisano le litumellano tse ling, mekhoa e ka bang teng le mekhoa ea molao. Likarolo tsohle, ho kenyeletsoa le tse mabapi le lipehelo tsa bohlokoa, moruo o potolohang, litšebelisano tsa puso, le litumellano tsa linaha tse ngata tsa tikoloho lia fumaneha. Mona. Likaroloana tsena ha li na thuso ho baetsi ba melaoana feela, empa li thusitse ho tataisa nts'etsopele ea selekane sa polasetiki nakong ea lipuisano tsa pele.

Ho Hloekisa Lebōpo la ho Qetela. (2021, Phupu). Melao ea Naha ea Lihlahisoa tsa Plastiki. lastbeachcleanup.org/countrylaws

Lenane le felletseng la melao ea lefats'e e amanang le lihlahisoa tsa polasetiki. Ho fihla hajoale, linaha tse 188 li na le thibelo ea naha ka bophara ea mekotla ea polasetiki kapa letsatsi le tšepisitsoeng la ho qetela, linaha tse 81 li na le thibelo ea naha ka bophara ea lehlaka la polasetiki kapa letsatsi le tšepisitsoeng la ho qetela, 'me linaha tse 96 li na le thibelo ea sets'oants'o sa polasetiki ea foam kapa letsatsi le tšepisitsoeng la ho qetela.

Buchholz, K. (2021). Infographic: Linaha li Thibela Mekotla ea Plastiki. Statista Infographics. https://www.statista.com/chart/14120/the-countries-banning-plastic-bags/

Linaha tse mashome a tšeletseng a metso e robong lefatšeng ka bophara li na le lithibelo tse felletseng kapa tse sa fellang tsa mekotla ea polasetiki. Linaha tse ling tse mashome a mararo a metso e 'meli li lefisa tefo kapa lekhetho e le ho fokotsa polasetiki. China e sa tsoa phatlalatsa hore e tla thibela mekotla eohle e se nang manyolo metseng e meholo qetellong ea 2020 le ho atolosa thibelo naheng eohle ka 2022. Mekotla ea polasetiki ke mohato o le mong feela oa ho felisa ts'epo ea tšebeliso e le 'ngoe ea polasetiki, empa ho hlokahala hore ho be le melao e mengata e fapaneng. ho loantša bothata ba polasetiki.

Linaha li Thibela Mekotla ea Plastiki
Buchholz, K. (2021). Infographic: Linaha li Thibela Mekotla ea Plastiki. Statista Infographics. https://www.statista.com/chart/14120/the-countries-banning-plastic-bags/

Directive (EU) 2019/904 ea Paramente ea Europe le Lekhotla la 5 Phuptjane 2019 mabapi le phokotso ea phello ea lihlahisoa tse ling tsa polasetiki tikolohong. PE/11/2019/REV/1 OJ L 155, 12.6.2019, leq. 1–19 (BG, ES, CS, DA, DE, ET, EL, EN, FR, GA, HR, IT, LV, LT, HU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SL, FI, SV). ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/904/oj

Keketseho e tsitsitseng ea tlhahiso ea litšila tsa polasetiki le ho lutla ha litšila tsa polasetiki tikolohong, haholo-holo tikolohong ea maoatleng, li tlameha ho lokisoa molemong oa ho fihlela potoloho ea bophelo ea lipolasetiki. Molao ona o thibela mefuta e 10 ea polasetiki ea tšebeliso e le 'ngoe mme o sebetsa ho lihlahisoa tse itseng tsa SUP, lihlahisoa tse entsoeng ka polasetiki e senyehang ea oxo le lisebelisoa tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi tse nang le polasetiki. E beha lithibelo tsa 'maraka holim'a likotlolo tsa polasetiki, mahlaka, lipoleiti, linoelo le ho beha sepheo sa pokello ea 90% ea ho tsosolosa libotlolo tsa polasetiki tsa SUP ka 2029. Thibelo ena ea li-plastiki tse sebelisoang e le 'ngoe e se e qalile ho ba le phello tseleng eo bareki ba sebelisang polasetiki le ka eona. ka tšepo e tla lebisa phokotsong e kholo ea tšilafalo ea polasetiki lilemong tse leshome tse tlang.

Setsi sa Leano la Lefatše la Plastiki (2022). Tlhahlobo ea lefats'e ea maano a polasetiki ho ts'ehetsa ho ntlafatsoa ha liqeto le boikarabello ba sechaba. March, A., Salam, S., Evans, T., Hilton, J., le Fletcher, S. (bahlophisi). Revolution Plastics, Univesithi ea Portsmouth, UK. https://plasticspolicy.port.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/GPPC-Report.pdf

Ka 2022, Setsi sa Leano la Global Plastics se ile sa lokolla boithuto bo thehiloeng bopaking bo hlahlobang katleho ea maano a 100 a polasetiki a kenngoeng ke likhoebo, mebuso le mekhatlo ea sechaba lefatšeng ka bophara. Tlaleho ena e qaqisa liphuputso tseo - ho khetholla likheo tse bohlokoa bopaking ba leano le leng le le leng, ho lekola lintlha tse thibelang kapa tse ntlafatsang ts'ebetso ea leano, le ho kopanya tlhahlobo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ho totobatsa mekhoa e atlehileng le liqeto tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa baetsi ba melaoana. Tlhahlobo ena e tebileng ea maano a lefats'e ka bophara a polasetiki ke katoloso ea banka ea Global Plastic Policy Center ea boikitlaetso ba lipolasetiki tse hlahlobiloeng ka boikemelo, e leng la pele la mofuta oa eona le sebetsang e le morupeli le morupeli oa bohlokoa ka pholisi e sebetsang ea tšilafalo ea polasetiki. 

Royle, J., Jack, B., Parris, H., Hogg, D., & Eliot, T. (2019). Plastiki Drawdown: Mokhoa o mocha oa ho sebetsana le tšilafalo ea polasetiki ho tloha mohloling ho ea leoatleng. Maoatle a Tloaelehileng. https://commonseas.com/uploads/Plastic-Drawdown-%E2%80%93-A-summary-for-policy-makers.pdf

Moetso oa Polasetiki oa Drawdown o na le mehato e mene: ho etsa mohlala oa tlhahiso ea litšila tsa polasetiki ea naha le sebopeho, ho etsa 'mapa pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea polasetiki le ho lutla ka leoatleng, tlhahlobo ea phello ea maano a bohlokoa, le ho thusa ho theha tumellano mabapi le maano a bohlokoa ho pholletsa le mmuso, sechaba, le bankakarolo ba kgwebo. Ho na le maano a leshome le metso e robeli a fapaneng a hlahlobiloeng tokomaneng ena, e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e bua ka hore na e sebetsa joang, boemo ba katleho (katleho), le hore na e bua ka li-macro le/kapa li-microplastics life.

Lenaneo la Machaba a Kopaneng la Tikoloho (2021). Ho Tloha ho Tšilafalo ho ea ho Tharollo: Tekolo ea lefats'e ea litšila tsa leoatle le tšilafalo ea polasetiki. United Nations, Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.unep.org/resources/pollution-solution-global-assessment-marine-litter-and-plastic-pollution

Tekolo ena ea lefats'e e hlahloba boholo le ho teba ha matlakala a leoatleng le tšilafalo ea polasetiki tikolohong eohle ea tikoloho le litlamorao tsa tsona tse mpe bophelong ba batho le tikoloho. E fana ka ntlafatso e felletseng mabapi le likheo tsa hajoale tsa tsebo le lipatlisiso mabapi le litlamorao tse tobileng tsa tšilafalo ea polasetiki tikolohong ea maoatle, litšokelo ho bophelo bo botle ba lefats'e, hammoho le litšenyehelo tsa sechaba le moruo tsa maloanlahla a leoatle. Ka kakaretso, tlaleho e leka ho tsebisa le ho potlakisa ts'ebetso e potlakileng, e thehiloeng ho bopaki maemong ohle lefats'eng ka bophara.

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3.1 Tumellano ea Lefatše

Lenaneo la Tikoloho la Machaba a Kopaneng. (2022, la 2 Hlakubele). Seo U Lokelang ho se Tseba ka Qeto ea Tšilafalo ea Plastiki. United Nations, Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/what-you-need-know-about-plastic-pollution-resolution

E 'ngoe ea liwebsaete tse tšepahalang ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa tlhahisoleseling le lintlafatso mabapi le Selekane sa Lefatše, Lenaneo la Tikoloho la Machaba a Kopaneng ke o mong oa mehloli e nepahetseng ka ho fetesisa ea litaba le liapdeite. Sebaka sena sa marang-rang se phatlalalitse qeto ea nalane sebokeng se tsoetsoeng hape sa bohlano sa Kopano ea Tikoloho ea Machaba a Kopaneng (UNEA-5.2) Nairobi ho felisa tšilafalo ea polasetiki le ho theha tumellano ea machaba e tlamang ka molao ka 2024. Lintho tse ling tse thathamisitsoeng leqepheng lena li kenyelletsa likhokahano tsa tokomane e mabapi le Lipotso Tse Botsoang Hangata mabapi le Selekane sa Lefatše le lirekoto tsa Liqeto tsa UNEP ho tsamaisa selekane pele, le a toolkit ka tšilafalo ea polasetiki.

IISD (2023, March 7). Kakaretso ea Likopano tse Tsosolositsoeng tsa Bohlano tsa Komiti e Bulehileng ea Baemeli ba Ka ho sa Feleng le Kopano ea Tikoloho ea Machaba a Kopaneng le Sehopotso sa UNEP@50: 21 Hlakola - 4 Hlakubele 2022. Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol. 16, No 166. https://enb.iisd.org/unea5-oecpr5-unep50

Seboka sa bohlano sa Seboka sa Machaba sa Tikoloho sa Machaba a Kopaneng (UNEA-5.2), se neng se kopane tlas’a sehlooho se reng “Mehato ea ho Matlafatsa Tlhaho ho Finyella Lipakane Tsa Tsoelo-pele e Tsoelang Pele,” se tlalehiloe ho Earth Negotiations Bulletin khatiso ea UNEA e sebetsang e le tšebeletso ea tlaleho. bakeng sa dipuisano tsa tikoloho le ntshetsopele. Bulletin ena e ne e akaretsa UNEAS 5.2 mme ke sesebelisoa se makatsang bakeng sa ba batlang ho utloisisa haholoanyane ka UNEA, qeto ea 5.2 ea "Felisa tšilafalo ea polasetiki: Ho ea ho sesebelisoa sa machaba se tlamang ka molao" le liqeto tse ling tse tšohliloeng kopanong.  

Lenaneo la Tikoloho la Machaba a Kopaneng. (2023, Tšitoe). Session ea Pele ea Komiti ea Lipuisano ea Mebuso e Kopanetsoeng ka Tšilafalo ea Plastiki. Lenaneo la Tikoloho la Machaba a Kopaneng, Punta del Este, Uruguay. https://www.unep.org/events/conference/inter-governmental-negotiating-committee-meeting-inc-1

Leqephe lena la marang-rang le fana ka lintlha tsa kopano ea pele ea komiti ea lipuisano lipakeng tsa mebuso (INC) e neng e tšoaretsoe mafelong a 2022 Uruguay. E akaretsa seshene sa pele sa komiti ya ditherisano pakeng tsa mebuso ho ntshetsapele sesebediswa se tlamang semolao sa matjhaba se mabapi le tshilafatso ya polasetiki, ho kenyeletswa le tikolohong ya mawatleng. Ho feta moo, likhokahano tsa lirekoto tsa kopano li fumaneha ka lihokelo tsa YouTube hammoho le tlhahisoleseling mabapi le linako tsa lipuisano tsa maano le PowerPoints ho tsoa kopanong. Lirekoto tsena kaofela li fumaneha ka Senyesemane, Sefora, Sechaena, Serussia le Sepanishe.

Andersen, I. (2022, March 2). Ketapele bakeng sa Ketso ea Tikoloho. Puo bakeng sa: Karolo ea boemo bo holimo ea Resued Fifth Environment Assembly. Lenaneo la Tikoloho la Machaba a Kopaneng, Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/speech/leap-forward-environmental-action

Motsamaisi e Moholo oa Lenaneo la Tikoloho la Machaba a Kopaneng (UNEP), o itse tumellano ena ke tumellano ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea machaba ea machaba ea tikoloho ho tloha tumellanong ea boemo ba leholimo ba Paris puong ea hae e buellang ho fetisa qeto ea ho qala mosebetsi oa Tumellano ea Lefatše ea Plastiki. O ile a pheha khang ea hore tumellano e tla ba ea bohlokoa ha feela e na le lipehelo tse hlakileng tse tlamang ka molao, joalo ka ha qeto e bolela 'me e tlameha ho nka mokhoa o felletseng oa potoloho ea bophelo. Puo ena e etsa mosebetsi o babatsehang oa ho akaretsa tlhoko ea Tumellano ea Lefatše le lintho tse ka sehloohong tsa Lenaneo la Machaba a Kopaneng la Tikoloho ha lipuisano li ntse li tsoela pele.

IISD (2022, December 7). Kakaretso ea Seboka sa Pele sa Komiti ea Lipuisano tsa Mebuso e Kopanetsoeng ho Hlahisa Sesebelisoa sa Machaba se Tlamang Semolao ka Tšilafalo ea Plastiki: 28 November - 2 December 2022. Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol 36, No. 7. https://enb.iisd.org/plastic-pollution-marine-environment-negotiating-committee-inc1

Kopano ka lekhetlo la pele, komiti ea lipuisano tsa mekhatlo e ikemetseng (INC), Linaha tsa Litho li ile tsa lumellana ho buisana ka sesebelisoa sa machaba se tlamang ka molao (ILBI) mabapi le tšilafalo ea polasetiki, ho kenyeletsa le tikolohong ea leoatle, ho beha nako e matla ea ho phethela lipuisano ka 2024. Joalokaha ho boletsoe ka holimo. , Earth Negotiations Bulletin ke khatiso ea UNEA e sebetsang e le tšebeletso ea tlaleho ea lipuisano tsa tikoloho le nts'etsopele.

Lenaneo la Tikoloho la Machaba a Kopaneng. (2023). Seboka sa Bobeli sa Komiti ea Lipuisano tsa Mebuso e Kopanetsoeng mabapi le Tšilafalo ea Plastiki: 29 May – 2 June 2023. https://www.unep.org/events/conference/second-session-intergovernmental-negotiating-committee-develop-international

Sesebelisoa se tla nchafatsoa kamora ho phetheloa ha seboka sa 2nd ka Phuptjane 2023.

Ocean Plastics Leadership Network. (2021, Phuptjane 10). Lipuisano tsa Global Plastics Treaty Dialogues. YouTube. https://youtu.be/GJdNdWmK4dk.

Puisano e qalile ka letoto la liboka tsa lefats'e tsa marang-rang ho itokisetsa qeto ea Kopano ea Tikoloho ea Machaba a Kopaneng (UNEA) ka Hlakola 2022 mabapi le ho latela tumellano ea lefats'e ea polasetiki. Ocean Plastics Leadership Network (OPLN) mokhatlo oa litho tse 90 o sebelisana le Greenpeace le WWF ho hlahisa letoto le sebetsang la lipuisano. Linaha tse mashome a supileng a motso o mong li kopa selekane sa lefats'e sa polasetiki hammoho le mekhatlo e ikemetseng, le lik'hamphani tse 30 tse kholo. Mekha e batla hore ho be le tlaleho e hlakileng ea lipolasetiki bophelong bohle ba bona ho ikarabella bakeng sa ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e etsoang le hore na e sebetsoa joang, empa ho ntse ho e-na le likheo tse kholo tsa ho se lumellane tse setseng.

Parker, L. (2021, Phuptjane 8). Tumellano ea lefats'e ea ho laola tšilafalo ea polasetiki e ntse e eketseha. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/global-treaty-to-regulate-plastic-pollution-gains-momentum

Lefatšeng ho na le litlhaloso tse supileng tsa se nkoang e le mokotla oa polasetiki 'me o tla le melao e sa tšoaneng bakeng sa naha ka' ngoe. Lenaneo la selekane sa lefats'e le tsepame holim'a ho fumana sete e tsitsitseng ea litlhaloso le litekanyetso, khokahanyo ea lipheo le merero ea naha, litumellano mabapi le litekanyetso tsa tlaleho, le ho theha letlole la ho thusa ka lichelete tsa lits'ebeletso tsa taolo ea litšila moo li hlokahalang haholo libakeng tse sa tsoelang pele. linaha.

World Wildlife Foundation, Ellen MacArthur Foundation, & Boston Consulting Group. (2020). Taba ea Khoebo ea Tumellano ea Machaba a Kopaneng mabapi le Tšilafalo ea Plastiki. WWF, Ellen MacArthur Foundation, le BCG. https://f.hubspotusercontent20.net/hubfs/4783129/ Plastics/UN%20treaty%20plastic%20poll%20report%20a4_ single_pages_v15-web-prerelease-3mb.pdf

Likhoebo tsa machaba le likhoebo li bitsetsoa ho tšehetsa selekane sa lefats'e sa polasetiki, hobane tšilafalo ea polasetiki e tla ama bokamoso ba likhoebo. Likhamphani tse ngata li tobane le likotsi tsa botumo, ha bareki ba ntse ba tseba haholoanyane ka likotsi tsa polasetiki mme ba batla pepeneneng e potileng ketane ea phepelo ea polasetiki. Basebeletsi ba batla ho sebetsa lik'hamphani tse nang le sepheo se setle, batseteli ba batla lik'hamphani tse utloahalang tsa tikoloho, 'me balaoli ba khothalletsa maano a ho sebetsana le bothata ba polasetiki. Bakeng sa likhoebo, selekane sa UN mabapi le tšilafalo ea polasetiki e tla fokotsa ho rarahana ha ts'ebetso le melao e fapaneng ho pholletsa le libaka tsa mebaraka, ho nolofatsa tlaleho, le ho thusa ho ntlafatsa litebello tsa ho fihlela lipheo tse kholo tsa khoebo. Ona ke monyetla oa ho etella pele lik'hamphani tsa lefats'e ho ba ka pele ho phetoho ea maano bakeng sa ntlafatso ea lefatše la rona.

Setsi sa Patlisiso ea Tikoloho. (2020, Phuptjane). Tumellano ea Tšilafalo ea Plastiki: Ho Leba Tumellano e Ncha ea Lefatše ea ho Tobana le Tšilafalo ea Plastiki. Setsi sa Patlisiso ea Tikoloho le Gaia. https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Convention-on-Plastic-Pollution-June- 2020-Maqephe a le Mong.pdf.

Linaha tseo e leng litho tsa Likopano tsa Plastics li khethile libaka tse 4 tse ka sehloohong moo moralo oa lefats'e o hlokahalang: tlhokomelo / tlaleho, thibelo ea tšilafalo ea polasetiki, khokahanyo ea lefats'e, le tšehetso ea theknoloji / ea lichelete. Tlhokomelo le Tlaleho e tla theoa holim'a matšoao a mabeli: mokhoa oa holimo-tlase oa ho lekola tšilafalo ea polasetiki ea hajoale, le mokhoa o tlase oa tlaleho ea data ea dutla. Ho theha mekhoa ea lefats'e ea ho fana ka tlaleho e tloaelehileng hammoho le potoloho ea bophelo ea polasetiki ho tla khothaletsa phetoho ho sebopeho sa moruo se chitja. Thibelo ea tšilafalo ea polasetiki e tla thusa ho tsebisa meralo ea ts'ebetso ea naha, le ho rarolla mathata a ikhethileng joalo ka li-microplastic le maemo ho pholletsa le ketane ea boleng ba polasetiki. Khokahano ea machaba holim'a mehloli e thehiloeng leoatleng ea polasetiki, khoebo ea litšila, le tšilafalo ea lik'hemik'hale e tla thusa ho eketsa mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng ha e ntse e atolosa phapanyetsano ea tsebo ea libaka. Qetellong, tšehetso ea botekgeniki le ea lichelete e tla eketsa liqeto tsa saense le moruo oa sechaba, ha ho ntse ho le joalo e thusa phetoho bakeng sa linaha tse tsoelang pele.

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3.2 Phanele ea Leano la Saense

Machaba a kopaneng. (2023, Pherekhong - Hlakola). Tlaleho ea karolo ea bobeli ea seboka sa pele sa sehlopha sa ts'ebetso se bulehileng se sa sebetseng holim'a phanele ea leano la saense ho kenya letsoho ho feta taolong e utloahalang ea lik'hemik'hale le litšila le ho thibela tšilafalo.. Sehlopha sa ts'ebetso se sa sebetseng hantle sa phanele ea leano la mahlale ho kenya letsoho ho ea pele taolong e nepahetseng ea lik'hemik'hale le litšila le ho thibela tšilafalo Seboka sa pele Nairobi, 6 Mphalane 2022 le Bangkok, Thailand. https://www.unep.org/oewg1.2-ssp-chemicals-waste-pollution

Sehlopha se sebetsang sa maemo a tšohanyetso sa Machaba a Kopaneng (OEWG) ka phanele ea leano la saense ho kenya letsoho ho ea pele taolong e nepahetseng ea lik'hemik'hale le litšila le ho thibela tšilafalo e neng e tšoaretsoe Bangkok, ho tloha ka la 30 Pherekhong ho isa la 3 Hlakola 2023. Nakong ea kopano. , Qeto ea 5 / 8, Seboka sa Machaba a Kopaneng sa Tikoloho (UNEA) se ile sa etsa qeto ea hore ho lokela ho thehoe sehlopha sa maano a saense bakeng sa ho kenya letsoho haholoanyane taolong e utloahalang ea lik’hemik’hale le litšila le ho thibela tšilafalo. UNEA e ile ea boela ea etsa qeto ea ho bokana, ho itšetlehile ka ho fumaneha ha lisebelisoa, OEWG ho lokisetsa litlhahiso bakeng sa phanele ea leano la saense, ho qala mosebetsi ka 2022 ka tabatabelo ea ho e phethela qetellong ea 2024. Tlaleho ea ho qetela ea seboka e ka ba fumanehile Mona. 

Wang, Z. et al. (2021) Re hloka mokhatlo oa lefats'e oa leano la saense mabapi le lik'hemik'hale le litšila. Saense. 371(6531) E:774-776. DOI: 10.1126/science.abe9090 | Sehokelo se seng: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abe9090

Linaha tse ngata le mekhatlo ea lipolotiki ea libaka li na le meralo ea taolo le leano la ho laola lik'hemik'hale le litšila tse amanang le mesebetsi ea batho ho fokotsa kotsi bophelong ba batho le tikolohong. Merero ena e tlatselletsoa le ho atolosoa ke khato e kopanetsoeng ea machaba, haholo-holo e amanang le litšila tse tsamaeang ka lipalangoang tsa nako e telele ka moea, metsi le biota; ho tšela meeli ea naha ka khoebo ea machaba ea lisebelisoa, lihlahisoa, le litšila; kapa ba teng linaheng tse ngata (1). Kgatelopele e itseng e se e entswe, empa Pono ya Global Chemicals (GCO-II) ho tswa ho Lenaneo la Tikoloho la Dinaha tse Kopaneng (UNEP) (1) e kopile “ho matlafatsa kgokahanyo ya leano la saense le tshebediso ya saense ho lekola kgatelopele, ho beha lintho tse tlang pele, le ho etsa melaoana nakong eohle ea potoloho ea bophelo ea lik’hemik’hale le litšila.” Ka Seboka sa Machaba a Kopaneng sa Tikoloho (UNEA) haufinyane ho tla buisana ka mokhoa oa ho matlafatsa khokahano ea leano la mahlale mabapi le lik'hemik'hale le litšila (2), re sekaseka sebopeho sa naha le ho fana ka likeletso tsa ho theha sehlopha se akaretsang sa lik'hemik'hale le litšila.

Lenaneo la Machaba a Kopaneng la Tikoloho (2020). Tlhahlobo ea Likhetho tsa ho Matlafatsa Sehokelo sa Leano la Saense Lefapheng la Machaba bakeng sa Taolo ea Molumo oa Lik'hemik'hale le Litšila. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/33808/ OSSP.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Tlhokahalo e potlakileng ea ho matlafatsa khokahanyo ea leano la saense maemong ohle ho ts'ehetsa le ho khothaletsa ts'ebetso e thehiloeng ho saense ea lehae, ea naha, ea tikoloho le ea lefats'e mabapi le taolo e ntle ea lik'hemik'hale le litšila ho feta 2020; tšebeliso ea mahlale ho lekola tsoelo-pele; tlhophiso ea lintho tse tlang pele le ho etsa maano nakong eohle ea bophelo ba lik'hemik'hale le litšila, ho ela hloko likheo le tlhahisoleseding ea saense linaheng tse tsoelang pele.

Fadeeva, Z., & Van Berkel, R. (2021, January). Ho notlolla moruo oa selikalikoe bakeng sa thibelo ea tšilafalo ea polasetiki ea leoatleng: tlhahlobo ea leano le matsapa a G20.. Journal of Environmental Management. 277(111457). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111457

Ho na le kananelo e ntseng e hola ea lefats'e ea matlakala a leoatleng le ho nahana bocha ka mokhoa oa rona oa polasetiki le liphutheloana, 'me e hlalosa mehato ea ho nolofalletsa phetoho ho moruo oa selikalikoe o ka loantšang lipolasetiki tse sebelisoang hanngoe le likarolo tsa tsona tse mpe. Mehato ena e nka sebopeho sa tlhahiso ea leano bakeng sa linaha tsa G20.

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3.3 Litokiso tsa Litšila tsa Plastiki tsa Basel Convention

Lenaneo la Tikoloho la Machaba a Kopaneng. (2023). Kopano ea Basel. Machaba a kopaneng. http://www.basel.int/Implementation/Plasticwaste/Overview/ tabid/8347/Default.aspx

Ketso ena e khothalelitsoe ke qeto e amohetsoeng ke Seboka sa Mekha ea Kopano ea Basel BC-14/12 eo ka eona e fetotseng Annexes II, VIII le IX ho Tumellano mabapi le litšila tsa polasetiki. Lihokelo tse thusang li kenyelletsa 'mapa o mocha oa lipale ho'Matlakala a polasetiki le Kopano ya Basel' e fanang ka datha ka pono ka lifitio le infographics ho hlalosa karolo ea Basel Convention Plastic Waste Amendments ho laola metsamao e fetang meeli, ho nts'etsapele taolo e nepahetseng ea tikoloho, le ho khothaletsa thibelo le ho fokotsa tlhahiso ea litšila tsa polasetiki. 

Lenaneo la Tikoloho la Machaba a Kopaneng. (2023). Ho Laola Metsamao e Fetang Meeli ea Litšila tse Kotsi le ho Lahloa ha tsona. Kopano ea Basel. Machaba a kopaneng. http://www.basel.int/Implementation/Plasticwastes/PlasticWaste Partnership/tabid/8096/Default.aspx

Selekane sa Litšila tsa Plastiki (PWP) se thehiloe tlas'a Tumellano ea Basel, ho ntlafatsa le ho khothaletsa tsamaiso e nepahetseng ea tikoloho (ESM) ea litšila tsa polasetiki le ho thibela le ho fokotsa tlhahiso ea eona. Lenaneo le okametse kapa le tšehelitse merero ea liteko tse 23 ho khothaletsa ts'ebetso. Merero ena e reretsoe ho khothaletsa thibelo ea litšila, ho ntlafatsa pokello ea litšila, ho rarolla metsamao ea litšila tsa polasetiki ka mose ho meeli, le ho fana ka thuto le ho hlokomelisa ka tšilafalo ea polasetiki e le ntho e kotsi.

Benson, E. & Mortsensen, S. (2021, October 7). Kopano ea Basel: Ho Tloha Litšila tse Kotsi ho ea Tšilafatsong ea Plastiki. Setsi sa Lithuto tsa Leano le Machabeng. https://www.csis.org/analysis/basel-convention-hazardous-waste-plastic-pollution

Sehlooho sena se etsa mosebetsi o motle oa ho hlalosa lintho tsa motheo tsa kopano ea Basel bakeng sa bamameli ka kakaretso. Tlaleho ya CSIS e akaretsa ho thehwa ha Tumellano ya Basel dilemong tsa bo 1980 ho sebetsana le ditshila tse chefo. Tumellano ea Basel e saennoe ke linaha tse 53 le European Economic Community (EEC) ho thusa ho laola khoebo ea litšila tse kotsi le ho fokotsa ho tsamaisoa ho sa batleheng ha thepa e chefo eo mebuso e sa kang ea lumela ho e amohela. Sengoliloeng se tsoela pele ho fana ka leseli ka letoto la lipotso le likarabo ho kenyelletsa hore na ke mang ea saenneng tumellano, litlamorao tsa phetoho ea polasetiki e tla ba life, le hore na ho latela eng. Moralo oa pele oa Basel o thehile sebaka sa ho qala ho rarolla bothata ba ho lahloa ha litšila, leha sena e le karolo feela ea leano le leholoanyane le hlokahalang ho fihlela moruo o pota-potileng.

Setsi sa Tšireletso ea Tikoloho sa US. (2022, June 22). Litlhoko tse Ncha tsa Machabeng bakeng sa ho Romela le ho Tlisoa ka ntle ha Lipolasetiki le Litšila. EPA. https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/new-international-requirements-export-and-import-plastic-recyclables-and-waste

Ka Motsheanong 2019, dinaha tse 187 di ile tsa thibela kgwebisano ya matjhaba ya makgakga/disebediswa tsa polasetiki ka Tumellano ya Basel e mabapi le Taolo ya Phallo ya Ditshila tse Kotsi le ho Lahlwa ha tsona. Ho qala ka la 1 Pherekhong 2021, lintho tse ka sebelisoang hape le litšila li lumelloa ho romelloa linaheng tse nang le tumello e ngotsoeng ea pele ea naha e tlisang thepa le linaha life kapa life tsa lipalangoang. United States ha se mokha oa hajoale oa Tumellano ea Basel, ho bolelang hore naha efe kapa efe e saenetseng Tumellano ea Basel e ke ke ea rekisa litšila tse thibetsoeng ka Basel le US (e seng mokha) ntle le litumellano tse reriloeng esale pele lipakeng tsa linaha. Litlhoko tsena li ikemiselitse ho sebetsana le ho lahloa ho sa nepahalang ha litšila tsa polasetiki le ho fokotsa ho lutla ha lipalangoang ho ea tikolohong. E ’nile ea e-ba tloaelo hore lichaba tse tsoetseng pele li romele polasetiki ea tsona linaheng tse tsoelang pele moruong, empa lithibelo tse ncha li thatafatsa sena le ho feta.

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4. Moruo o chitja

Gorrasi, G., Sorrentino, A., & Lichtfouse, E. (2021). Khutlela ho tšilafalo ea polasetiki linakong tsa COVID. Mangolo a Khemistri ea Tikoloho. 19(leq.1-4). HAL Open Science. https://hal.science/hal-02995236

Moferefere le ho potlaka ho bakiloeng ke seoa sa COVID-19 ho lebisitse tlhahisong e kholo ea polasetiki e entsoeng ka mafura e neng e iphapanyetsa litekanyetso tse boletsoeng melaong ea tikoloho. Sengoliloeng sena se totobatsa hore litharollo tsa moruo o tsitsitseng le o chitja li hloka lintlafatso tse matla, thuto ea bareki 'me haholo-holo boikemisetso ba lipolotiki.

Moruo o otlolohileng, moruo oa ho sebelisa hape, le moruo oa selikalikoe
Gorrasi, G., Sorrentino, A., & Lichtfouse, E. (2021). Khutlela ho tšilafalo ea polasetiki linakong tsa COVID. Mangolo a Khemistri ea Tikoloho. 19(leq.1-4). HAL Open Science. https://hal.science/hal-02995236

Setsi sa Molao oa Machaba oa Tikoloho. (2023, Hlakubele). Ka Ntle ho ho Recycling: Ho bala le Plastics ho Circle Economy. Setsi sa Molao oa Machaba oa Tikoloho. https://www.ciel.org/reports/circular-economy-analysis/ 

E ngotsoe bakeng sa baetsi ba melaoana, tlaleho ena e pheha khang ea hore ho nahaneloe haholoanyane ha ho etsoa melao e mabapi le polasetiki. Haholo-holo mongoli o pheha khang ea hore ho na le ho hongata ho lokelang ho etsoa mabapi le chefo ea polasetiki, ho lokela ho lumeloa hore ho chesa polasetiki hase karolo ea moruo oa selikalikoe, hore moralo o sireletsehileng o ka nkoa e le selikalikoe, le hore ho boloka litokelo tsa botho hoa hlokahala. finyella moruo o chitja. maano kapa mekhoa ea botekgeniki e hlokang ho tsoela pele le katoloso ea tlhahiso ea lipolasetiki e ke ke ea ngoloa e le selikalikoe, 'me ka hona ha ea lokela ho nkoa e le tharollo mathateng a lefatše a polasetiki. Qetellong, mongoli o pheha khang ea hore tumellano leha e le efe e ncha ea lefats'e ea polasetiki, mohlala, e tlameha ho lebisoa pele ho lithibelo tsa tlhahiso ea polasetiki le ho felisoa ha lik'hemik'hale tse chefo ka har'a ketane ea phepelo ea polasetiki.

Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2022, November 2). Tlaleho ea Khatelo-pele ea Boitlamo ba Lefatše la 2022. Lenaneo la Tikoloho la Machaba a Kopaneng. https://emf.thirdlight.com/link/f6oxost9xeso-nsjoqe/@/# 

Tekolo e fumane hore maikemisetso a behilweng ke dikhamphani ho fihlella pakete e ka sebediswang hape ka 100%, e ka sebediswang hape, kapa e ka sebediswang ka 2025 e batla e sa fihlelwe mme e tla fosa maikemisetso a bohlokwa a 2025 bakeng sa moruo o potolohang. Tlaleho e hlokometse hore tsoelo-pele e matla e ntse e etsoa, ​​​​empa tebello ea ho se fihlelle lipehelo e tiisa tlhokahalo ea ho potlakisa ts'ebetso 'me e pheha khang ea ho qhaqhoa ha kholo ea khoebo ho tloha ts'ebelisong ea liphutheloana ka khato ea hang-hang e hlokoang ke mebuso ho susumetsa phetoho. Tlaleho ena ke karolo ea bohlokoa ho ba batlang ho utloisisa boemo ba hajoale ba boitlamo ba k'hamphani ho fokotsa polasetiki ha ba ntse ba fana ka khalemelo e hlokahalang hore likhoebo li nke khato e eketsehileng.

Greenpeace. (2022, October 14). Litlaleho tse selikalikoe li oela hape. Litlaleho tsa Greenpeace. https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/reports/circular-claims-fall-flat-again/

E le ntjhafatso ho Thuto ea 2020 ea Greenpeace, bangoli ba lekola tseko ea bona ea pele ea hore mokhanni oa moruo oa ho bokella, ho hlophisa le ho lokisa lihlahisoa tsa polasetiki tsa morao-rao a ka mpefala ha tlhahiso ea polasetiki e ntse e eketseha. Bangoli ba fumane hore lilemong tse peli tse fetileng tseko ena e netefalitsoe ka mefuta e meng feela ea libotlolo tsa polasetiki tse sebelisoang hape ka nepo. Ka mor'a moo pampiri e ile ea tšohla mabaka a hore na ke hobane'ng ha ho sebelisoa hape ka mechine le lik'hemik'hale ho hloleha ho kenyelletsa le hore na mokhoa oa ho tsosolosa o senya ebile o chefo hakae le hore ha o boloke chelete. Ho bohlokoa ho nka khato e eketsehileng hang hang ho rarolla bothata bo ntseng bo eketseha ba tšilafalo ea polasetiki.

Hocevar, J. (2020, Hlakola 18). Tlaleho: Circle Claims Fall Flat. Greenpeace. https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Greenpeace-Report-Circular-Claims-Fall-Flat.pdf

Tlhahlobo ea pokello ea litšila ea polasetiki ea hajoale, ho hlophisoa, le ho e lokisa hape naheng ea Amerika ho fumana hore na lihlahisoa li ka bitsoa ka nepo "tse ka sebelisoang hape". Tshekatsheko e fumane hore hoo e batlang e le dintho tsohle tse tlwaelehileng tsa tshilafalo ya polasetiki, ho kenyeletswa le tshebeletso ya dijo e sebediswang hang feela le dihlahiswa tsa boiketlo, di ke ke tsa sebediswa hape ka mabaka a fapaneng ho tswa ho bomasepala ba di bokellang empa e seng ho di ntshetsapele ho isa mabotleng a ho honyela a polasetiki dibotlolong tse etsang hore di se ke tsa sebediswa hape. Sheba ka holimo bakeng sa tlaleho e ntlafalitsoeng ea 2022.

Setsi sa Tšireletso ea Tikoloho sa US. (2021, Pulungoana). Leano la Naha la Recycle Recycling Karolo ea Pele ea Letoto la Kaho ea Moruo oa Sedikadiko bakeng sa Bohle. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-11/final-national-recycling-strategy.pdf

Leano la Naha la ho Recycle Recycling le tsepamisitse maikutlo ho ntlafatseng le ho ntlafatseng tsamaiso ea matlakala ea naha ea 'masepala (MSW) hape ka sepheo sa ho theha tsamaiso ea matlakala e matla, e tsitsitseng haholoanyane le e theko e tlaase le tsamaiso ea litšila ka har'a United States. Maikemišetšo a pego a akaretša mebaraka ye e kaonafaditšwego ya ditšweletšwa tšeo di dirišitšwego gape, go oketšega go kgoboketša le go kaonafatšwa ga mananeokgoparara a taolo ya matlakala, phokotšo ya tšhilafalo mokerong wa didirišwa tšeo di dirišitšwego gape, le koketšo ya maano a go thekga tikologo. Le hoja ho tsosolosa ho ke ke ha rarolla taba ea tšilafalo ea polasetiki, leano lena le ka thusa ho tataisa mekhoa e metle bakeng sa mokhatlo o lebisang moruong o pota-potileng. Ela hloko, karolo ea ho qetela ea tlaleho ena e fana ka kakaretso e babatsehang ea mosebetsi o etsoang ke mekhatlo ea ’muso United States.

Beyond Plastics (2022, May). Tlaleho: 'Nete ea Sebele Mabapi le Sekhahla sa Ts'ebeliso ea Lipolasetiki tsa US. Ho Hloekisa Lebōpo la ho Qetela. https://www.lastbeachcleanup.org/_files/ ugd/dba7d7_9450ed6b848d4db098de1090df1f9e99.pdf 

Sekhahla sa hajoale sa 2021 sa US sa ho sebelisa polasetiki se hakanyetsoa ho ba lipakeng tsa 5 le 6%. Ho baka tahlehelo e eketsehileng e sa lekanngoeng, joalo ka litšila tsa polasetiki tse bokeletsoeng ka boikaketsi ba "recycling" tse chesitsoeng, ho fapana le moo, sekhahla sa 'nete sa US sa ho sebelisa polasetiki se ka ba tlase le ho feta. Sena se bohlokoa kaha litefiso tsa khateboto le tšepe li phahame haholo. Tlaleho joale e fana ka kakaretso e bohlale ea nalane ea litšila tsa polasetiki, litefiso tsa ho romelloa kantle ho naha, le litefiso tsa ho e sebelisa hape United States mme e pheha khang ea liketso tse fokotsang palo ea polasetiki e jeoang joalo ka lithibelo tsa polasetiki e sebelisoang e le 'ngoe, liteishene tsa ho tlatsa metsi le sejana se ka sebelisoang hape. mananeo.

Moruo o Mocha oa Plastics. (2020). Pono ea Moruo oa Sedikadikwe bakeng sa Plastiki. PDF

Litšobotsi tse tšeletseng tse hlokahalang ho finyella moruo oa selikalikoe ke: (a) ho felisoa ha polasetiki e nang le mathata kapa e sa hlokahaleng; (b) lintho li sebelisoa hape ho fokotsa tlhoko ea polasetiki e sebelisoang hang; (c) polasetiki kaofela e tlameha ho sebelisoa hape, e ka sebelisoa hape, kapa e ka sebelisoa; (d) liphutheloana tsohle li sebelisoa hape, li sebelisoa hape, kapa li entsoe ka manyolo; (e) polasetiki e arotsoe ho sebelisoa ha lisebelisoa tse fokolang; (f) liphutheloana tsohle tsa polasetiki ha li na lik'hemik'hale tse kotsi 'me litokelo tsa batho bohle lia hlomphuoa. Tokomane e otlolohileng e baloa kapele ho mang kapa mang ea ratang mekhoa e metle ea moruo o potolohang ntle le lintlha tse qaqileng.

Fadeeva, Z., & Van Berkel, R. (2021, January). Ho notlolla moruo oa selikalikoe bakeng sa thibelo ea tšilafalo ea polasetiki ea leoatleng: tlhahlobo ea leano le matsapa a G20.. Journal of Environmental Management. 277(111457). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111457

Ho na le kananelo e ntseng e hola ea lefats'e ea matlakala a leoatleng le ho nahana bocha ka mokhoa oa rona oa polasetiki le liphutheloana, 'me e hlalosa mehato ea ho nolofalletsa phetoho ho moruo oa selikalikoe o ka loantšang lipolasetiki tse sebelisoang hanngoe le likarolo tsa tsona tse mpe. Mehato ena e nka sebopeho sa tlhahiso ea leano bakeng sa linaha tsa G20.

Nunez, C. (2021, September 30). Mehopolo e mene ea bohlokoa ea ho aha moruo o chitja. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/paid-content-four-key-ideas-to-building-a-circular-economy-for-plastics

Litsebi ho pholletsa le makala li lumellana hore re ka theha tsamaiso e sebetsang haholoanyane moo thepa e sebelisoang khafetsa. Ka 2021, American Beverage Association (ABA) e ile ea bitsa sehlopha sa litsebi, ho kenyeletsoa baetapele ba tikoloho, baetsi ba melaoana, le baqapi ba likhoebo, ho buisana ka karolo ea polasetiki ho pakang bareki, tlhahiso ea kamoso le lits'ebetso tsa ho e sebelisa hape, ka moralo o moholo e le ho nahanoa ka litharollo tsa moruo oa selikalikoe tse feto-fetohang. 

Meys, R., Frick, F., Westhues, S., Sternberg, A., Klankermayer, J., & Bardow, A. (2020, Pulungoana). Ho ea moruong oa selikalikoe bakeng sa litšila tsa ho paka ka polasetiki - monyetla oa tikoloho oa ho sebelisa lik'hemik'hale. Lisebelisoa, Paballo le Tšebeliso e Ncha. 162(105010). DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105010.

Keijer, T., Bakker, V., & Slootweg, JC (2019, Hlakola 21). Khemistri e chitja ho thusa moruo o chitja. Nature Chemistry. 11(190-195). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-019-0226-9

Ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea lisebelisoa le ho nolofalletsa indasteri ea lik'hemik'hale e koalehileng, e se nang litšila, mochini o sebelisang lisebelisoa ka nako eo o tlameha ho nkeloa sebaka. Ho etsa sena, menahano ea ts'ebetso ea sehlahisoa e tlameha ho kenyelletsa nako eohle ea bophelo ba eona 'me e ikemisetse ho nka sebaka sa mokhoa o tloaelehileng ka k'hemistri e chitja. 

Spalding, M. (2018, April 23). U se ke Ua Lumella Polasetiki e Kena ka Leoatleng. Ocean Foundation. earthday.org/2018/05/02/o se ke oa tlohella-polasetiki-e kene-ka-leoatleng

Polelo ea sehlooho e entsoeng bakeng sa Puisano ea ho Felisa Tšilafalo ea Plastiki Embassy ea Finland e rala taba ea polasetiki ka leoatleng. Spalding e tšohla mathata a lipolasetiki ka leoatleng, hore na lipolasetiki tse sebelisoang hang-hang li phetha karolo efe, le hore na lipolasetiki li tsoa hokae. Thibelo ke senotlolo, u se be karolo ea bothata, 'me ketso ea hau ke qalo e ntle. Ho sebelisoa hape le ho fokotsa litšila le tsona ke tsa bohlokoa.

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5. Green Chemistry

Tan, V. (2020, la 24 Hlakubele). Na Bio-plastiki ke Tharollo ea Moshoelella? Lipuisano tsa TEDx. YouTube. https://youtu.be/Kjb7AlYOSgo.

Li-bioplastic e ka ba tharollo ea tlhahiso ea polasetiki e thehiloeng ho peterole, empa bioplastics ha e emise bothata ba litšila tsa polasetiki. Li-bioplastics hajoale li theko e phahameng haholo ebile ha li fumanehe habonolo ha li bapisoa le lipolasetiki tse thehiloeng ho petroleum. Ho feta moo, bioplastics ha se hakaalo hore e betere bakeng sa tikoloho ho feta lipolasetiki tsa petroleum kaha bioplastics tse ling li ke ke tsa senyeha tikolohong. Bioplastics feela e ke ke ea rarolla bothata ba rona ba polasetiki, empa e ka ba karolo ea tharollo. Re hloka melao e felletseng le ts'ebetsong e netefalitsoeng e amang tlhahiso ea polasetiki, tšebeliso le ho lahla.

Tickner, J., Jacobs, M. le Brody, C. (2023, Hlakola 25). Khemistri e Hloka ka Potlako ho Hlahisa Lisebelisoa tse Sireletsehileng. Scientific American. www.scientificamerican.com/article/chemistry-urgently-needs-to-develop-safer-materials/

Bangoli ba pheha khang ea hore haeba re batla ho felisa liketsahalo tse kotsi tsa lik'hemik'hale tse kulisang batho le tikoloho, re hloka ho sebetsana le ho itšetleha ha batho ka lik'hemik'hale tsena le mekhoa ea tlhahiso e hlokahalang ho li etsa. Se hlokahalang ke litharollo tse bolokang chelete, tse sebetsang hantle le tse tšoarellang.

Neitzert, T. (2019, Phato 2). Ke hobane'ng ha li-plastiki tsa manyolo li ka 'na tsa se ke tsa e-ba molemo bakeng sa tikoloho. Moqoqo. theconversation.com/why-compostable-plastics-may-be-no-better-for-the-environment-100016

Ha lefatše le ntse le suthela hole le lipolasetiki tse sebelisoang hanngoe feela, lihlahisoa tse ncha tse senyehang kapa tse manyolo ka litlama li bonahala e le mekhoa e metle ho feta ea polasetiki, empa e kanna ea ba mpe joalo ka tikoloho. Bothata bo bongata bo ka har'a mantsoe, khaello ea lisebelisoa tse nchafatsoang kapa tsa manyolo, le chefo ea lipolasetiki tse senyehang. Bophelo bohle ba sehlahisoa bo hloka ho hlahlobisisoa pele bo ngoloa e le mokhoa o mong o betere ho feta oa polasetiki.

Gibbens, S. (2018, November 15). Seo U Lokelang ho se Tseba ka Plastic-based Plastics. National Geographic. nationalgeographic.com.au/nature/what-you-need-to-now-about-plant-based-plastics.aspx

Ha u habanya feela, li-bioplastics li bonahala e le mokhoa o motle ho feta oa polasetiki, empa 'nete e rarahane le ho feta. Bioplastic e fana ka tharollo ea ho fokotsa libeso tse tukang, empa e ka hlahisa tšilafalo e ngata ho tsoa ho manyolo le mobu o mong o faposoang tlhahisong ea lijo. Li-bioplastics le tsona ho boleloa esale pele hore li tla etsa ho fokolang ho thibela palo ea polasetiki e kenang metsing.

Steinmark, I. (2018, November 5). Moputso oa Nobel o Fumanetsoeng bakeng sa Li-Evolving Green Chemistry Catalysts. Royal Society of Chemistry. eic.rsc.org/soundbite/nobel-prize-awarded-for-evolving-green-chemistry-catalysts/3009709.article

Frances Arnold ke e mong oa Bahapi ba Likhau tsa Nobel tsa k'hemistri selemong sena bakeng sa mosebetsi oa hae ho Directed Evolution (DE), k'hemistri e tala biochemical hack moo liprotheine / li-enzyme li fetoloang ka mokhoa o sa reroang makhetlo a mangata, ebe lia hlahlojoa ho fumana hore na ke life tse sebetsang hantle. E ka fetola indasteri ea lik'hemik'hale.

Greenpeace. (2020, la 9 Loetse). Thetso ka Lipalo: Lekhotla la Amerika la Chemistry le re mabapi le matsete a phepelo ea lik'hemik'hale a hloleha ho hlahlobisisoa.. Greenpeace. www.greenpeace.org/usa/research/deception-by-the-numbers

Lihlopha tse kang American Chemistry Council (ACC), li buella hore lik'hemik'hale li sebelisoe hape e le tharollo ea bothata ba tšilafalo ea polasetiki, empa ho sebetsa ha lik'hemik'hale ho ntse ho belaella. Tšebeliso ea lik'hemik'hale kapa "recycling e tsoetseng pele" e bua ka polasetiki ho ea ho mafura, litšila ho ea ho mafura, kapa polasetiki ho ea ho polasetiki 'me e sebelisa lihlapolli tse fapaneng ho theola lipolima tsa polasetiki hore e be litene tsa tsona tsa motheo. Greenpeace e fumane hore ka tlase ho 50% ea merero ea ACC ea ts'ebetso e tsoetseng pele e ne e le merero e ts'epahalang ea ho sebelisa hape polasetiki ho isa ho polasetiki e bonts'a monyetla o fokolang oa katleho. Ho fihlela kajeno balefalekgetho ba fane ka bonyane $506 milione ho tshehetsa diporojeke tsena tsa tshebetso e sa tsitsang. Bareki le bakhethoa ba lokela ho hlokomela mathata a tharollo - joalo ka ts'ebeliso ea lik'hemik'hale - e ke keng ea rarolla bothata ba tšilafalo ea polasetiki.

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6. Plastiki le Bophelo ba Leoatle

Miller, EA, Yamahara, KM, French, C., Spingarn, N., Birch, JM, & Van Houtan, KS (2022). Laeborari ea litšupiso tsa Raman tse ka bang teng tsa anthropogenic le li-biological ocean polymers. Lintlha tsa Mahlale, 9(1), 1-9. DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01883-5

Li-microplastics li fumanoe ka likhato tse feteletseng tikolohong ea leoatle le marang-rang a lijo, leha ho le joalo, ho rarolla bothata bona ba lefats'e, bafuputsi ba thehile mokhoa oa ho khetholla sebopeho sa polymer. Ts'ebetso ena - e etelletsoeng pele ke Monterey Bay Aquarium le MBARI (Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute) - e tla thusa ho latela mehloli ea tšilafalo ea polasetiki ka laebrari e bulehileng ea Raman spectral. Sena se bohlokoa haholo kaha litšenyehelo tsa mekhoa li beha litšitiso laeboraring ea polima spectra ho bapisa. Bafuputsi ba ts'epa hore polokelongtshebetso ena e ncha le laeborari ea litšupiso li tla thusa ho tsamaisa khatelo-pele mathateng a tšilafalo ea polasetiki lefatšeng ka bophara.

Zhao, S., Zettler, E., Amaral-Zettler, L., le Mincer, T. (2020, September 2). Bokhoni ba ho Jara Likokoana-hloko le Likokoana-hloko tsa Carbon tsa Matlakala a Leoatleng a Plastiki. Koranta ea ISME. 15, 67-77. DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00756-2

Ho fumanoe maloanlahla a polasetiki a leoatleng a tsamaisang lintho tse phelang ho tšela maoatle le libakeng tse ncha. Phuputso ena e fumane hore polasetiki e fana ka libaka tse ngata tse holim'a bokolone ba likokoana-hloko 'me bongata bo boholo ba biomass le lintho tse ling li na le monyetla o moholo oa ho ama mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng le mesebetsi ea tikoloho.

Abbing, M. (2019, Mmesa). Sopho ea Plastiki: Atlas ea Tšilafalo ea Leoatle. Island Press.

Haeba lefatše le tsoela pele tseleng ea lona ea hona joale, ho tla ba le polasetiki e ngata leoatleng ho feta litlhapi ka 2050. Lefatšeng ka bophara, motsotso o mong le o mong ho na le tekanyo e lekanang le teraka ea lithōle tse lahleloang ka leoatleng ’me lebelo leo le ntse le eketseha. Sopho ea polasetiki e sheba sesosa le liphello tsa tšilafalo ea polasetiki le hore na ho ka etsoa eng ho e thibela.

Spalding, M. (2018, Phuptjane). Mokhoa oa ho emisa lipolasetiki ho silafatsa maoatle a rona. Lebaka la Lefatše. globalcause.co.uk/plastic/how-to-stop-plastics-polluting-our-ocean/

Plastiki e ka leoatleng e oela likarolong tse tharo: litšila tsa metsing, li-microplastic le microfibres. Tsena tsohle li senya bophelo ba leoatleng 'me li bolaea ntle ho khethollo. Likhetho tsa motho e mong le e mong li bohlokoa, batho ba bangata ba hloka ho khetha lintho tse nkelang sebaka sa polasetiki hobane phetoho e tsitsitseng ea boitšoaro ea thusa.

Attenborough, Sir D. (2018, June). Sir David Attenborough: polasetiki le maoatle a rona. Lebaka la Lefatše. globalcause.co.uk/plastic/sir-david-attenborough-plastic-and-our-oceans/

Monghali David Attenborough o bua ka kananelo ea hae bakeng sa leoatle le kamoo e leng mohloli oa bohlokoa o "bohlokoa bakeng sa ho phela ha rona." Taba ea polasetiki e kanna ea "ba taba e tebileng ho feta". O re batho ba n6.1 ba hloka ho nahana haholoanyane ka tšebeliso ea bona ea polasetiki, ho tšoara polasetiki ka tlhompho, 'me "ha u sa e hloke, u se ke ua e sebelisa."

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6.1 Ghost Gear

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2023). Lisebelisoa tsa ho Tšoasa Lihlapi tse Khaoletsoeng. Lenaneo la NOAA Marine Debris Program. https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/types/derelict-fishing-gear

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration e hlalosa lisebelisoa tsa ho tšoasa tse sa sebetseng, tseo ka linako tse ling li bitsoang "ghost gear," e bua ka lisebelisoa life kapa life tsa ho tšoasa tse lahliloeng, tse lahlehileng kapa tse lahliloeng tikolohong ea leoatle. Ho rarolla bothata bona, Lenaneo la NOAA Marine Debris Program le bokelletse liponto tse fetang limilione tse 4 tsa ghost gear, leha ho le joalo, ho sa tsotellehe pokello ena ea bohlokoa ea ghost gear e ntse e etsa karolo e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea tšilafalo ea polasetiki leoatleng, e totobatsang tlhokahalo ea mosebetsi o mongata oa ho loantša. tšokelo ena tikolohong ea leoatle.

Kuczenski, B., Vargas Poulsen, C., Gilman, EL, Musyl, M., Geyer, R., & Wilson, J. (2022). Likhakanyo tsa tahlehelo ea lisebelisoa tsa polasetiki ho tsoa ho tlhokomeliso e hole ea ts'ebetso ea ho ts'oasa liindasteri. Litlhapi le Litlhapi, 23, 22-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12596

Bo-rasaense ba nang le The Nature Conservancy le Univesithi ea California Santa Barbara (UCSB), ka kopanelo le Pelagic Research Group le Hawaii Pacific University, ba phatlalalitse boithuto bo hlahlobiloeng ke lithaka bo fanang ka khakanyo ea pele ea lefats'e ea tšilafalo ea polasetiki ho tsoa liindastering tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi. Thutong, Likhakanyo tsa tahlehelo ea lisebelisoa tsa polasetiki ho tsoa ho tlhokomeliso e hole ea ts'ebetso ea ho ts'oasa liindasteri, bo-rasaense ba ile ba hlahlobisisa boitsebiso bo bokeletsoeng ho Global Fishing Watch le Mokhatlong oa Lijo le Temo oa Machaba a Kopaneng (FAO) ho bala tekanyo ea mosebetsi oa ho tšoasa oa indasteri. Ka ho kopanya lintlha tsena le mekhoa ea theknoloji ea lisebelisoa tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi le lintlha tsa bohlokoa tse tsoang ho litsebi tsa indasteri, bo-rasaense ba ile ba khona ho bolela esale pele meeli e ka holimo le e tlaase ea tšilafalo e tsoang indastering ea ho tšoasa litlhapi. Ho latela liphuputso tsa eona, liponto tse fetang limilione tse 100 tsa tšilafalo ea polasetiki li kena ka leoatleng selemo se seng le se seng ho tsoa ho lisebelisoa tsa moea. Phuputso ena e fana ka lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa motheo tse hlokahalang ho ntšetsa pele kutloisiso ea bothata ba lisebelisoa tsa moea le ho qala ho ikamahanya le maemo le ho etsa liphetoho tse hlokahalang.

Giskes, I., Baziuk, J., Pragnell-Raasch, H. le Perez Roda, A. (2022). Tlaleha ka mekhoa e metle ea ho thibela le ho fokotsa matlakala a polasetiki a leoatleng mesebetsing ea ho tšoasa litlhapi. Roma le London, FAO le IMO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb8665en

Tlaleho ena e fana ka kakaretso ea kamoo lisebelisoa tsa ho tšoasa tse lahliloeng, tse lahliloeng, kapa tse lahliloeng (ALDFG) li otlang tikoloho ea metsing le mabopong 'me e tsamaisana le phello e pharalletseng le tlatsetso molemong oa lefats'e ka bophara oa tšilafalo ea polasetiki ea leoatleng. Karolo ea bohlokoa ea ho sebetsana ka katleho le ALDFG, joalo ka ha e hlalositsoe tokomaneng ena, ke ho ela hloko lithuto tse ithutoang ho tsoa mererong e teng likarolong tse ling tsa lefats'e, ha re ntse re hlokomela hore leano lefe kapa lefe la taolo le ka sebelisoa feela ka ho nahanoa haholo ka maemo/litlhoko tsa lehae. Tlaleho ena ea GloLitter e fana ka lithuto tsa liketsahalo tse leshome tse behang mohlala oa mekhoa ea mantlha bakeng sa thibelo, phokotso le tokiso ea ALDFG.

Liphello tsa Leoatle. (2021, Phupu 6). Ghost Gear Legislation Analysis. Global Ghost Gear Initiative, World Wide Fund for Natural, le Ocean Conservancy. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/ 5b987b8689c172e29293593f/t/60e34e4af5f9156374d51507/ 1625509457644/GGGI-OC-WWF-O2-+LEGISLATION+ANALYSIS+REPORT.pdf

Global Ghost Gear Initiative (GGGI) e qalileng ka 2015 ka sepheo sa ho emisa mofuta o bolaeang ka ho fetesisa oa polasetiki ea leoatle. Ho tloha ka 2015, mebuso ea naha e 18 e kene selekaneng sa GGGI se bonts'ang takatso e tsoang linaheng tse ling ho sebetsana le tšilafalo ea tsona. Hajoale, leano le atileng haholo mabapi le thibelo ea tšilafalo ea lisebelisoa ke ho tšoaea lisebelisoa, 'me maano a sa sebelisoeng haholo ke tlamo e tlamang ho khutlisa lisebelisoa le merero ea ts'ebetso ea lisebelisoa tsa naha. Ha re ea pele, ntho e tlang pele e tlameha ho ba ts'ebetsong ea molao o teng oa lisebelisoa tsa moea. Joalo ka tšilafalo eohle ea polasetiki, lisebelisoa tsa moea li hloka khokahano ea machabeng mabapi le taba ea tšilafalo ea polasetiki e fetang meeli.

Mabaka a etsang hore lisebelisoa tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi li tloheloe kapa li lahlehe
Liphello tsa Leoatle. (2021, Phupu 6). Ghost Gear Legislation Analysis. Global Ghost Gear Initiative, World Wide Fund for Natural, le Ocean Conservancy.

Letlole la Lefatshe Lotlhe la Tlhaho. (2020, Mphalane). Stop Ghost Gear: Mofuta o Bolaeang ka ho Fetisisa oa Lithōle tsa Plastiki ea Marine. WWF ea Machaba. https://wwf.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Stop-Ghost-Gear_Advocacy-Report.pdf

Ho ea ka Machaba a Kopaneng ho na le lithane tse fetang 640,000 tsa lisebelisoa tsa moea leoatleng la rona, tse etsang 10% ea tšilafalo eohle ea polasetiki ea leoatle. Ghost gear ke lefu le tsamaeang butle le le bohloko ho liphoofolo tse ngata mme lisebelisoa tsa mahala tse phaphametseng li ka senya libaka tsa bohlokoa tse haufi le lebopo le leoatleng. Ka kakaretso batšoasi ba litlhapi ha ba batle ho lahleheloa ke lisebelisoa tsa bona, leha ho le joalo 5.7% ea matlooa a ho tšoasa litlhapi, 8.6% ea maraba le lipitsa, le 29% ea litsela tsohle tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi tse sebelisoang lefatšeng ka bophara li lahliloe, lia lahleha, kapa li lahleloa tikolohong. Ho tšoasa litlhapi tse seng molaong, tse sa tlalehoang, le tse sa laoleheng tsa botebo ba leoatle ke karolo e kholo ho bongata ba lisebelisoa tse lahliloeng. Ho tlameha ho be le litharollo tsa nako e telele tse tiisitsoeng ka leano ho nts'etsapele maqheka a sebetsang a ho thibela tahlehelo ea lisebelisoa. Ho sa le joalo, ho bohlokoa ho theha meralo ea lisebelisoa tse se nang chefo, tse sireletsehileng ho fokotsa ts'enyeho ha e lahlehile leoatleng.

Global Ghost Gear Initiative. (2022). Tšusumetso ea Lisebelisoa tsa ho Tšoasa Litlhapi e le Mohloli oa Tšilafalo ea Plastiki ea Marine. Tlhokomelo ea Leoatle. https://Static1.Squarespace.Com/Static/5b987b8689c172e2929 3593f/T/6204132bc0fc9205a625ce67/1644434222950/ Unea+5.2_gggi.Pdf

Pampiri ena ea tlhahisoleseding e lokisitsoe ke Ocean Conservancy le Global Ghost Gear Initiative ho tšehetsa lipuisano bakeng sa ho lokisetsa Kopano ea 2022 ea Machaba a Kopaneng ea Tikoloho (UNEA 5.2). Ha e araba lipotso tsa hore na ghost gear ke eng, e tsoa hokae, 'me ke hobane'ng ha e le kotsi tikolohong ea maoatle, pampiri ena e hlalosa tlhokahalo e akaretsang ea hore lisebelisoa tsa moea li kenyelelitsoe selekaneng sefe kapa sefe sa lefats'e se sebetsanang le tšilafalo ea polasetiki ea leoatleng. 

Tsamaiso ea Naha ea Leoatle le Sepakapaka. (2021). Ho sebelisana 'moho ho pholletsa le meeli: The North American Net Collection Initiative. https://clearinghouse.marinedebris.noaa.gov/project?mode=View&projectId=2258

Ka tšehetso e tsoang ho Lenaneo la NOAA Marine Debris Program, Ocean Conservancy's Global Ghost Gear Initiative e hokahana le balekane ba Mexico le California ho thakhola Leano la Pokello la Letlooa la Amerika Leboea, leo morero oa lona e leng ho laola le ho thibela tahlehelo ea lisebelisoa tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi. Boiteko bona ba ho tšela moeli bo tla bokella lisebelisoa tsa khale tsa ho ts'oasa lihlapi hore li sebetsoe hantle le ho sebelisoa hape hape 'me li sebetse hammoho le botšoasi ba litlhapi ba US le Mexico ho khothaletsa maano a fapaneng a ho sebelisa hape le ho ntlafatsa taolo e akaretsang ea lisebelisoa tse sebelisitsoeng kapa tse seng li tlohetsoe. Morero o lebelletsoe ho qala ho tloha ka hoetla 2021 ho fihlela lehlabula la 2023. 

Charter, M., Sherry, J., & O'connor, F. (2020, Phupu). Ho Theha Menyetla ea Khoebo ho Tsoa Lithabeng tsa ho Tšoasa Litlhapi: Menyetla ea Meetso ea Khoebo e chitja le Moralo o chitja o Amanang le Lisebelisoa tsa ho Tšoasa Litlhapi. Blue Circle Economy. Retrieved From Https://Cfsd.Org.Uk/Wp-Content/Uploads/2020/07/Final-V2-Bce-Master-Creating-Business-Opportunities-From-Waste-Fishing-Nets-July-2020.Pdf

E tšehelitsoe ka lichelete ke Komisi ea Europe (EC) Interreg, Blue Circular Economy e lokolotse tlaleho ena ho rarolla bothata bo atileng le bo tšoarellang ba lisebelisoa tsa litšila tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi maoatleng le ho sisinya menyetla e amanang le khoebo ka har'a sebaka sa Northern Periphery and Arctic (NPA). Tlhahlobo ena e hlahloba litlamorao tse hlahisoang ke bothata bona bakeng sa bankakarolo tikolohong ea NPA, 'me e fana ka puisano e felletseng ea mefuta e mecha ea khoebo e chitja, morero oa Extended Producer Responsibility scheme e leng karolo ea EC's Single Use Plastics Directive, le moralo o chitja oa lisebelisoa tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi.

Mohindu. (2020). Kameho ea lisebelisoa tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi tsa 'ghost' ho liphoofolo tse hlaha tsa leoatle. YouTube. https://youtu.be/9aBEhZi_e2U.

Ntho e ka sehloohong e kenyang letsoho lifung tsa bophelo ba metsing ke lisebelisoa tsa moea. Liphoko li tšoasa liphoofolo tse hlaha ka lilemo tse mashome ntle le tšitiso ea batho ho kenyelletsa le maruarua, li-dolphin, liqibi, lishaka, likolopata, mahlaseli, litlhapi, joalo-joalo. phofu e tshoeroeng. Ghost gear ke e 'ngoe ea mefuta e sokelang ea tšilafalo ea polasetiki, hobane e etselitsoe ho tšoasa le ho bolaea liphoofolo tsa leoatleng. 

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6.2 Liphello Bophelong ba Leoatleng

Eriksen, M., Cowger, W., Erdle, LM, Coffin, S., Villarrubia-Gómez, P., Moore, CJ, Carpenter, EJ, Day, RH, Thiel, M., & Wilcox, C. (2023) ). Mosi o ntseng o hola oa polasetiki, oo hona joale o hakanngoang ho feta likaroloana tsa polasetiki tse libilione tse 170 tse phaphametseng maoatleng a lefatše—Ho hlokahala tharollo e potlakileng.. PLOS E MOTHO. 18(3), e0281596. DOI: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0281596

Ha batho ba bangata ba elelloa bothata ba tšilafalo ea polasetiki, ho hlokahala lintlha tse ngata ho lekola hore na maano a kentsoeng tšebetsong aa sebetsa. Bangoli ba thuto ena ba sebetsa ho rarolla lekhalo lena la data ba sebelisa letoto la nako la lefats'e le hakanyang lipalo le boima ba lipolasetiki tse nyane lebopong la leoatle ho tloha 1979 ho isa 2019. Ba fumane hore kajeno, ho na le hoo e ka bang 82-358 trillion. likaroloana tsa polasetiki tse boima ba lithane tse limilione tse 1.1–4.9, bakeng sa kakaretso ea likaroloana tsa polasetiki tse fetang litrilione tse 171 tse phaphametseng maoatleng a lefatše. Bangoli ba thuto ba hlokometse hore ho ne ho se na mokhoa o hlokometsoeng kapa o bonahalang ho fihlela ka 1990 ha ho ne ho e-na le keketseho e potlakileng ea palo ea likaroloana tsa polasetiki ho fihlela joale. Sena se totobatsa feela tlhokahalo ea mehato e matla e lokelang ho nkoa kapele kamoo ho ka khonehang ho thibela boemo ho tsoela pele ka potlako.

Pinheiro, L., Agostini, V. Lima, A, Ward, R., le G. Pinho. (2021, Phuptjane 15). Qetello ea Litlama tsa Plastiki ka har'a Likarolo tsa Estuarine: Kakaretso ea Tsebo ea Hona Joale bakeng sa Taba e Fetang Meeli ho Tataisa Litekolo tsa Kamoso. Tšilafalo ea Tikoloho, Vol 279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116908

Karolo ea linōka le linoka ho tsamaiseng polasetiki ha e utloisisoe ka botlalo, empa e kanna ea sebetsa e le kotopo e kholo ea tšilafalo ea polasetiki ea leoatle. Li-microfiber e ntse e le mofuta o atileng haholo oa polasetiki, ka lithuto tse ncha tse shebaneng le likokoana-hloko tse nyane tsa estuarine, li-microfiber tse nyolohang/tse tebang joalo ka ha li laetsoe ke litšoaneleho tsa tsona tsa polima, le ho feto-fetoha ha sebaka le nako ho ata. Ho hlokahala tlhahlobo e eketsehileng mabapi le tikoloho ea maoatle, ka hloko e khethehileng ea likarolo tsa moruo oa sechaba tse ka amang maano a tsamaiso.

Brahney, J., Mahowald, N., Prank, M., Cornwall, G., Kilmont, Z., Matsui, H. & Prather, K. (2021, April 12). Ho qobella setho sa sepakapaka sa potoloho ea polasetiki. Ts'ebetso ea National Academy of Sciences ea United States of America. 118(16) e2020719118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020719118

Microplastic, ho kenyelletsa le likaroloana le likhoele li se li tloaelehile hoo polasetiki e se e na le potoloho ea eona ea sepakapaka e nang le likaroloana tsa polasetiki tse tsamaeang ho tloha Lefatšeng ho ea sepakapakeng le ho khutla hape. Tlaleho e fumane hore li-microplastics tse fumanoang moeeng sebakeng sa thuto (United States e ka bophirimela) li tsoa mehloling ea bobeli e kenyelletsang litsela (84%), leoatle (11%) le lerōle la mobu oa temo (5% ). Boithuto bona bo hlokomelehile haholo hobane bo lebisa tlhokomelo ho ngongoreho e ntseng e hola ea tšilafalo ea polasetiki e tsoang litseleng le lithaereng.

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6.3 Pellets ea polasetiki (Nurdles)

Faber, J., van den Berg, R., & Raphaël, S. (2023, March). Ho Thibela ho Tšoaroa ha Pellets ea Plastiki: Tlhahlobo ea Ho khoneha ea Likhetho tsa Taolo. CE Delft. https://cedelft.eu/publications/preventing-spills-of-plastic-pellets/

Li-pellets tsa polasetiki (tseo hape li bitsoang 'nurdles') ke likotoana tse nyane tsa polasetiki, hangata lipakeng tsa 1 le 5 mm ka bophara, tse hlahisoang ke indasteri ea petrochemical e sebetsang e le tlatsetso bakeng sa indasteri ea polasetiki ho etsa lihlahisoa tsa polasetiki. Ka bongata bo boholo ba li-nurdles li tsamaisoa ka leoatleng 'me ho latela hore likotsi li etsahala, ho bile le mehlala ea bohlokoa ea ho lutla ha pellet e qetellang e silafatsa tikoloho ea leoatle. Ho sebetsana le sena Mokgatlo wa Matjhaba wa Mawatle o thehile komitinyana e tla nahana ka melawana ya ho rarolla le ho laola ho dutla ha metsi. 

Fauna & Flora International. (2022).  Ho felisa leqhubu: ho felisa tšilafalo ea pellet ea polasetiki. https://www.fauna-flora.org/app/uploads/2022/09/FF_Plastic_Pellets_Report-2.pdf

Li-pellets tsa polasetiki ke likotoana tsa polasetiki tse boholo ba lensile tse qhibilihang hammoho ho etsa hoo e batlang e le lintho tsohle tsa polasetiki tse teng. E le thepa ea lijo bakeng sa indasteri ea polasetiki ea lefats'e, li-pellets li tsamaisoa ho pota lefatše 'me ke mohloli o moholo oa tšilafalo ea microplastic; ho hakanngoa hore libilione tsa li-pellets ka bomong li kena ka leoatleng selemo se seng le se seng ka lebaka la ho qhalla mobung le leoatleng. Ho rarolla bothata bona ho pheha khang ea mongoli bakeng sa mohato o potlakileng o lebisang tsamaisong ea taolo e nang le litlhoko tse tlamang tse tšehetsoang ke litekanyetso tse thata le merero ea setifikeiti.

Tunnell, JW, Dunning, KH, Scheef, LP, & Swanson, KM (2020). Ho lekanya bongata ba polasetiki ea pellet (nurdle) mabopong ho pholletsa le Kou ea Mexico ho sebelisoa bo-rasaense ba baahi: Ho theha sethala sa lipatlisiso tse amanang le leano.. Bulletin ea Tšilafalo ea Maoatleng. 151(110794). DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110794

Li-nurdles tse ngata (li-pellets tse nyane tsa polasetiki) li ile tsa bonoa li hlatsoa mabopong a Texas. Ho ile ha thehoa morero oa saense o khannoang ke baahi, "Nurdle Patrol". Baithaopi ba 744 ba entse lipatlisiso tsa mahlale a baahi ba 2042 ho tloha Mexico ho ea Florida. Lipalo tsohle tse 20 tse phahameng ka ho fetesisa tsa nurdle li tlalehiloe libakeng tsa Texas. Likarabo tsa maano li rarahane, li na le litekanyo tse ngata, 'me li tobana le litšitiso.

Karlsson, T., Brosche, S., Alidousst, M. & Takada, H. (2021, December). Li-pellets tsa polasetiki tse fumanehang mabopong a leoatle lefatšeng ka bophara li na le lik'hemik'hale tse chefo. International Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN).  ipen.org/sites/default/files/documents/ipen-beach-plastic-pellets-v1_4aw.pdf

Lipolasetiki tse tsoang libakeng tsohle tse entsoeng lisampole li ne li na le li-stabilizer tse leshome tse hlahlobiloeng tsa benzotriazole, ho kenyeletsoa UV-328. Lipolasetiki tse tsoang libakeng tsohle tse entsoeng lisampole li ne li boetse li na le li-biphenyl tse hlahlobiloeng tse leshome le metso e meraro. Maemo a ne a phahame haholo linaheng tsa Afrika, leha e se bahlahisi ba ka sehloohong ba lik'hemik'hale kapa polasetiki. Liphetho li bontša hore ka tšilafalo ea polasetiki ho boetse ho na le tšilafalo ea lik'hemik'hale. Liphello li boetse li bontša hore li-plastiki li ka phetha karolo ea bohlokoa haholo ho tsamaisa lik'hemik'hale tse chefo ka nako e telele.

Maes, T., Jefferies, K., (2022, Mmesa). Tšilafalo ea Plastiki ea Marine - na li-Nurdle ke Taba e Khethehileng bakeng sa Taolo?. GRID-Arendal. https://news.grida.no/marine-plastic-pollution-are-nurdles-a-special-case-for-regulation

Litlhahiso tsa ho laola phalliso ea li-pellets tsa polasetiki tse hlahisoang pele ho tlhahiso, tse bitsoang "nurdles," li leng lenaneong la The International Maritime Organization Pollution Prevention and Response Sub-Committee (PPR). Mokhuts'oane ona o fana ka semelo se setle haholo, se hlalosang li-nurdles, se hlalosang hore na li fihla joang tikolohong ea leoatle, le ho buisana ka litšokelo tikolohong ho tsoa ho li-nurdles. Ena ke mohloli o motle bakeng sa baetsi ba melaoana le sechaba ka kakaretso ba ka ratang tlhaloso eo e seng ea mahlale.

Bourzac, K. (2023, Pherekhong). Ho loantšana le ho qhalla ho hoholo ha polasetiki ea metsing historing. C&EN Global Enterprise. 101 (3), 24-31. DOI: 10.1021/cen-10103-sekoahelo 

Ka May 2021, sekepe sa thepa, X-Press Pearl, se ile sa tšoara mollo 'me sa teba lebōpong la Sri Lanka. Sekepe sena se ile sa hlahisa rekoto ea lithane tse 1,680 tsa li-pellets tsa polasetiki le lik'hemik'hale tse chefo tse se nang palo lebōpong la leoatle la Sri Lanka. Bo-rasaense ba ntse ba ithuta ka kotsi, e leng mollo o moholo ka ho fetisisa o tsejoang oa polasetiki ea leoatleng le ho qhalana, ho thusa ho utloisisa liphello tsa tikoloho tsa mofuta ona oa tšilafalo o sa batlisisoang hantle. Ntle le ho hlokomela hore na li-nurdles li senyeha joang ha nako e ntse e ea, ke mefuta efe ea lik'hemik'hale tse kenang ts'ebetsong le liphello tsa tikoloho tsa lik'hemik'hale tse joalo, bo-rasaense ba thahasella ka ho khetheha ho rarolla se etsahalang ka lik'hemik'hale ha li-nurdles tsa polasetiki li chesa. Ha a ngola liphetoho tsa li-nurdles tse hlatsoitsoeng lebōpong la leoatle la Sarakkuwa haufi le ho soahlamana ha sekepe, rasaense oa tikoloho Meththika Vithanage o fumane litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa lithium metsing le li-nurdles (Sci. Total Environ. 2022, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154374; Mar. Tšilafalo. Poho. 2022, DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114074). Sehlopha sa hae se ile sa boela sa fumana lik'hemik'hale tse ling tse chefo tse ngata, tse ka fokotsang ho hōla ha limela, tsa senya lisele tsa liphoofolo tse phelang metsing, 'me tsa baka ho hlōleha ha litho tsa batho. Litlamorao tsa koluoa ​​​​e ntse e tsoela pele ho etsahala Sri Lanka, moo mathata a moruo le a lipolotiki a hlahisang litšitiso ho bo-ramahlale ba lehae 'me a ka thatafatsa boiteko ba ho netefatsa matšeliso bakeng sa tšenyo ea tikoloho, eo ho ntse ho sa tsejoe hore na ho tla ba le eng.

Bǎlan, S., Andrews, D., Blum, A., Diamond, M., Rojello Fernández, S., Harriman, E., Lindstrom, A., Reade, A., Richter, L., Sutton, R. , Wang, Z., & Kwiatkowski, C. (2023, January). Ho Ntlafatsa Taolo ea Lik'hemik'hale United States le Canada ka Mokhoa oa Bohlokoa oa Tšebeliso. Saense ea Tikoloho le Thekenoloji. 57 (4), 1568-1575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05932

Litsamaiso tse teng tsa taolo li ipakile li sa lekana bakeng sa ho hlahloba le ho laola lik'hemik'hale tse mashome a likete khoebong. Ho hlokahala mokhoa o fapaneng ka potlako. Khothatso ea mongoli ea mokhoa oa ts'ebeliso ea bohlokoa e fana ka lintlha tsa hore lik'hemik'hale tse amehang li lokela ho sebelisoa feela maemong ao ho ona mosebetsi oa tsona oa lihlahisoa tse ikhethileng o hlokahalang bakeng sa bophelo bo botle, polokeho, kapa ts'ebetso ea sechaba le ha mekhoa e meng e ka khonehang e sa fumaneheng.

Wang, Z., Walker, GR, Muir, DCG, & Nagatani-Yoshida, K. (2020). Ho ea ho Kutloisiso ea Lefatše ea Tšilafalo ea Lik'hemik'hale: Tlhahlobo ea Pele e Felletseng ea Lits'oants'o tsa Lik'hemik'hale tsa Naha le Setereke. Saense ea Tikoloho le Theknoloji. 54(5), 2575–2584. DOI: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b06379

Tlalehong ena, ho hlahlobjoa lihlahisoa tsa lik'hemik'hale tse 22 tse tsoang linaheng le libakeng tse 19 ho fihlela tlhahlobo ea pele e felletseng ea lik'hemik'hale tse teng 'marakeng oa lefatše. Tlhahlobo e hatisitsoeng e tšoaea mohato oa pele oa bohlokoa oa kutloisiso ea lefats'e ea tšilafalo ea lik'hemik'hale. Har'a liphuputso tse hlokomelehang ke tekanyo e neng e khelloa fatše pele le ho boloka lekunutu la lik'hemik'hale tse ngolisitsoeng tlhahisong. Ho tloha ka 2020, ho ngodisitswe dikhemikhale le metswako ya dikhemikhale e fetang 350 000 bakeng sa tlhahiso le tshebediso. Setoko sena se feta se neng se hakanngoa pele ho phuputso ka makhetlo a mararo. Ho feta moo, boitsebiso ba lik'hemik'hale tse ngata ha bo tsejoe ke sechaba hobane ho thoe ke lekunutu (ho feta 50 000) kapa bo hlalosoa ka mokhoa o sa hlakang (ho fihla ho 70 000).

OECD. (2021). Pono ea Lik'hemik'hale mabapi le ho Rala ka Plastiki e Tsoelang Pele: Lipheo, Litlhokomelo le Lithekiso. OECD Publishing, Paris, Fora. doi.org/10.1787/f2ba8ff3-en.

Tlaleho ena e batla ho thusa ho theha lihlahisoa tsa polasetiki tse tšoarellang ka tlhaho ka ho kopanya monahano o tsitsitseng oa k'hemistri molemong oa moralo. Ka ho sebelisa lense ea lik'hemik'hale nakong ea khetho ea thepa ea polasetiki, baqapi le baenjiniere ba ka etsa liqeto tse nepahetseng tsa ho kenyelletsa polasetiki e tšoarellang ha ba rala lihlahisoa tsa bona. Tlaleho e fana ka mokhoa o kopaneng oa khetho ea polasetiki e tšoarellang ho tsoa ponong ea lik'hemik'hale, 'me e supa letoto la lipheo tse tloaelehileng tsa moralo o tsitsitseng, menahano ea potoloho ea bophelo le likhohlano.

Zimmermann, L., Dierkes, G., Ternes, T., Völker, C., & Wagner, M. (2019). Benchmarking the in Vitro Toxicity and Chemical Composition of Plastic Consumer Products. Saense ea Tikoloho le Thekenoloji. 53(19), 11467-11477. DOI: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b02293

Lipolasetiki ke mehloli e tsebahalang ea ho pepeseha ha lik'hemik'hale 'me lik'hemik'hale tse seng kae tse hlaheletseng tse amanang le polasetiki li tsejoa - tse kang bisphenol A - leha ho le joalo, ho hlokahala tlhaloso e feletseng ea metsoako e rarahaneng ea lik'hemik'hale tse teng ka har'a polasetiki. Bafuputsi ba fumane lik'hemik'hale tse 260 li fumanoe ho kenyelletsa monomers, li-additives, le lintho tse sa eketsoang ka boomo, 'me li beha lik'hemik'hale tse 27 pele. Li-extracts tsa polyvinyl chloride (PVC) le polyurethane (PUR) li hlahisitse chefo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa, athe polyethylene terephthalate (PET) le polyethylene e phahameng haholo (HDPE) ha e bake chefo kapa che.

Aurisano, N., Huang, L., Milà i Canals, L., Jolliet, O., & Fantke, P. (2021). Lik'hemik'hale tse amehang lipapaling tsa polasetiki. Environment International. 146, 106194. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106194

Plastiki ka lintho tsa ho bapala e ka fana ka kotsi ho bana, ho sebetsana le sena bangoli ba thehile sete ea litekanyetso le likotsi tsa skrine tsa lik'hemik'hale linthong tsa ho bapala tsa polasetiki 'me ba rala mokhoa oa ho hlahloba ho thusa ho lekanya lik'hemik'hale tse amohelehang lipapaling. Hona joale ho na le lik'hemik'hale tse 126 tse amehang tse fumanoang hangata lipapaling, tse bontšang tlhokahalo ea boitsebiso bo bongata, empa mathata a mangata a ntse a sa tsejoe 'me ho hlokahala taolo e eketsehileng.

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7. Plastiki le Bophelo bo Botle ba Batho

Setsi sa Molao oa Machaba oa Tikoloho. (2023, Hlakubele). Plastiki e Phefumolohang: Liphello tsa Bophelo bo Botle ba Plastiki e sa Bonahaleng Moeeng. Setsi sa Molao oa Machaba oa Tikoloho. https://www.ciel.org/reports/airborne-microplastics-briefing/

Microplastic e fetoha hohle, e fumanoa hohle moo bo-rasaense ba e batlang. Likaroloana tsena tse nyane li kenya letsoho haholo ho nkeng motho polasetiki ho fihla ho 22,000,000 microplastic le nanoplastics selemo le selemo mme palo ena e lebelletsoe ho nyoloha. Ho loantša sena pampiri e khothalletsa hore phello e kopantsoeng ea "cocktail" ea polasetiki e le bothata bo bongata moeeng, metsing le mobung, hore mehato e tlamang ka molao e hlokeha hang-hang ho loantša bothata bona bo ntseng bo eketseha, 'me litharollo tsohle li tlameha ho sebetsana le bophelo bo feletseng. potoloho ea polasetiki. Plastiki ke bothata, empa kotsi 'meleng oa motho e ka fokotsoa ka ketso e potlakileng le e tiileng.

Baker, E., Thygesen, K. (2022, August 1). Plastiki ho Temo- Phephetso ea Tikoloho. Ponelopele e Khutšoanyane. Tlhokomeliso ea Pele, Mathata a Hlahang le Bokamoso. Lenaneo la Tikoloho la Machaba a Kopaneng. https://www.unep.org/resources/emerging-issues/plastics-agriculture-environmental-challenge

Machaba a Kopaneng a fana ka khutsufatso e khutšoanyane empa e rutang ka bothata bo ntseng bo eketseha ba tšilafalo ea polasetiki temong le keketseho e kholo ea palo ea tšilafalo ea polasetiki. Pampiri e shebana haholo le ho tseba mehloli ea lipolasetiki le ho hlahloba qetello ea masalla a polasetiki mobung oa temo. Kakaretso ena ke ea pele letotong le lebelletsoeng le rerang ho hlahloba motsamao oa lipolasetiki tsa temo ho tloha mohloling ho ea leoatleng.

Wiesinger, H., Wang, Z., & Hellweg, S. (2021, June 21). Iketsetse ka botebo ka har'a li-Monomers tsa Plastiki, Li-additives, le Lithuso tsa ho sebetsa. Saense ea Tikoloho le Thekenoloji. 55(13), 9339-9351. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00976

Ho na le lik'hemik'hale tse ka bang 10,500 ka polasetiking, 24% ea tsona li khona ho bokella batho le liphoofolo 'me li na le chefo kapa carcinogenic. United States, European Union le Japane, karolo e fetang halofo ea lik’hemik’hale ha e laoloe. Linaheng tsena tse fetang 900 tsa lik'hemik'hale tsena tse ka 'nang tsa e-ba chefo li amohetsoe hore li sebelisoe ka lijaneng tsa lijo tsa polasetiki. Har’a lik’hemik’hale tse 10,000 39, XNUMX% ea tsona ha lia ka tsa aroloa ka lihlopha ka lebaka la ho se be le “karolo ea likotsi.” Chefo ke koluoa ​​​​ea bophelo bo botle ba metsing le ea sechaba ha ho nahanoa ka bongata ba tšilafalo ea polasetiki.

Ragusa, A., Svelatoa, A., Santacroce, C., Catalano, P., Notarstefano, V., Carnevali, O., Papa, F., Rongioletti, M., Baioccoa, F., Draghia, S., D'Amorea, E., Rinaldod, D., Matta, M., & Giorgini, E. (2021, Pherekhong). Plasticenta: Bopaki ba Pele ba Microplastic ho Placenta ea Motho. Environmental International. 146(106274). DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106274

Ka lekhetlo la pele li-microplastics li ile tsa fumanoa ka har'a placenta ea motho, ho bontša hore polasetiki e ka ama batho pele ho tsoalo. Sena se na le bothata haholo kaha li-microplastics li ka ba le lik'hemik'hale tse sebetsang e le litšitiso tsa endocrine tse ka bakang mathata a nako e telele a bophelo ho batho.

Liphoso, J. (2020, Tšitoe). Plastiki, EDCs, & Health: Tataiso ea Mekhatlo ea Lithahasello tsa Sechaba le Baetsi ba Leano mabapi le Lik'hemik'hale Tse Senyang Lik'hemik'hale & Plastiki. Mokhatlo oa Endocrine & IPEN. https://www.endocrine.org/-/media/endocrine/files/topics/edc_guide_2020_v1_6bhqen.pdf

Lik'hemik'hale tse ngata tse tloaelehileng tse tsoang ho polasetiki li tsejoa e le Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs), tse kang bisphenols, ethoxylates, brominated flame retardants, le phthalates. Lik'hemik'hale tseo e leng li-EDC li ka 'na tsa ama hampe ho ikatisa ha batho, metabolism, qoqotho, tsamaiso ea' mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung le ts'ebetso ea methapo. E le ho arabela Mokhatlo oa Endocrine o ile oa lokolla tlaleho mabapi le likamano pakeng tsa leaching ea lik'hemik'hale ho tloha polasetiki le EDCs. Tlaleho e batla hore ho etsoe boiteko bo eketsehileng ba ho sireletsa batho le tikoloho ho li-EDC tse ka bang kotsi ka lipolasetiki.

Teles, M., Balasch, J., Oliveria, M., Sardans, J., le Peñuel, J. (2020, August). Litlhaloso mabapi le Liphello tsa Nanoplastics ho Bophelo bo Botle ba Batho. Bulletin ea Saense. 65(23). DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.08.003

Ha polasetiki e ntse e senyeha e aroloa likotoana tse nyenyane le tse nyenyane tse ka nooang ke liphoofolo le batho. Bafuputsi ba fumane hore ho ja li-nano-plastiki ho ama sebopeho le mefuta e fapaneng ea mala a batho mme ho ka ama tsamaiso ea methapo ea ho ikatisa, ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung le ea endocrine. Le hoja ho fihla ho 90% ea polasetiki e kentsoeng e ntšoa ka potlako, 10% ea ho qetela - hangata likaroloana tse nyenyane tsa nano-plastiki - li ka phunyeletsa marako a lisele 'me tsa baka kotsi ka ho susumetsa cytotoxicity, ho tšoara lisele tsa lisele, le ho eketseha ha pontšo ea lisele tsa' mele oa ho itšireletsa mafung. ho qaleha ha maikutlo a ho ruruha.

Motheo oa Sopho ea Plastiki. (2022, Mmesa). Plastiki: Sejo se Patiloeng sa Botle. Otla The Microbead. Beatthemicrobead.Org/Wp-Content/Uploads/2022/06/Plastic-Thehiddenbeautyingredients.Pdf

Tlaleho ena e na le phuputso ea pele e kholo ea boteng ba li-microplastic ho lihlahisoa tse fapaneng tse fetang likete tse supileng tsa litlolo le tsa tlhokomelo ea motho. Selemo se seng le se seng, lithane tse fetang 3,800 tsa li-microplastics li lokolloa tikolohong ka tšebeliso ea litlolo tsa letsatsi le letsatsi le lihlahisoa tsa tlhokomelo Europe. Ha European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) e itokisetsa ho ntlafatsa tlhaloso ea bona ea li-microplastics, tlaleho ena e pharaletseng e khantša libaka tseo tlhaloso ena e reriloeng, e kang ho tlosoa ha nanoplastics, e fokolang le liphello tse ka 'nang tsa latela ho amoheloa ha eona. 

Zanolli, L. (2020, Hlakola 18). Na lijana tsa polasetiki li bolokehile bakeng sa lijo tsa rona? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/feb/18/are-plastic-containers-safe-to-use-food-experts

Ha ho na polymer e le 'ngoe feela ea polasetiki kapa motsoako, ho na le lik'hemik'hale tse likete tse fumanoang lihlahisoa tsa polasetiki tse sebelisoang ketane ea lijo, 'me ha ho tsejoe hakaalo ka boholo ba liphello tsa bona bophelong ba batho. Lik'hemik'hale tse ling tse sebelisoang ho paka lijo le lipolasetiki tse ling tsa lijo li ka baka ho se sebetse hantle ha bana, asthma, tšenyo ea boko ba masea le masea, le litaba tse ling tsa neurodevelopmental. 

Muncke, J. (2019, Mphalane 10). Seboka sa Bophelo bo Botle ba Plastiki. Motheo oa Sopho ea Plastiki. youtube.com/watch?v=qI36K_T7M2Q

E hlahisitsoe Sebokeng sa Bophelo bo Botle ba Plastiki, setsebi sa Toxicologist Jane Muncke se bua ka lik'hemik'hale tse kotsi le tse sa tsejoeng ka polasetiki tse ka kenang lijong ka ho paka polasetiki. Polasetiki kaofela e na le lik'hemik'hale tse makholo tse fapaneng, tse bitsoang lintho tse sa eketsoang ka boomo, tse entsoeng ka ho kopana ha lik'hemik'hale le ho senyeha ha polasetiki. Bongata ba lintho tsena ha li tsejoe, leha ho le joalo, li etsa boholo ba lik'hemik'hale tse kenang lijong le linong. Mebuso e lokela ho theha boithuto bo eketsehileng le bolebeli ba lijo ho fumana litlamorao tsa bophelo bo botle ba lintho tse sa eketsoang ka boomo.

Credit Credit: NOAA

Plastic Health Coalition. (2019, Mphalane 3). Samiti ya Plastiki le Bophelo bo Botle ya 2019. Plastic Health Coalition. plastichealthcoalition.org/plastic-health-summit-2019/

Sebokeng sa pele sa Bophelo bo Botle ba Plastiki se neng se tšoaretsoe Amsterdam, bo-rasaense ba Netherlands, baetsi ba melao-motheo, ba susumetsang le baqapi bohle ba ile ba kopana ho arolelana phihlelo ea bona le tsebo ea bona bothateng ba polasetiki ha bo amana le bophelo bo botle. Seboka sena se hlahisitse livideo tsa libui tsa litsebi tse 36 le linako tsa lipuisano, tseo kaofela li leng teng bakeng sa ho li shebella webosaeteng ea bona. Lihlooho tsa video li kenyelletsa: kenyelletso ea polasetiki, lipuisano tsa mahlale mabapi le li-microplastics, lipuisano tsa mahlale mabapi le litlatsetso, leano le bobuelli, lipuisano tsa tafole e pota-potileng, linako tsa ba susumetsang ba khothalelitseng ketso khahlano le tšebeliso e feteletseng ea polasetiki, 'me qetellong mekhatlo le baqapi ba ikemiselitseng ho nts'etsapele lintho tse bonahalang. tharollo ea bothata ba polasetiki.

Li, V., & Youth, I. (2019, September 6). Tšilafalo ea polasetiki ea metsing e pata chefo ea methapo lijong tsa rona. Phys Org. phys.org/news/2019-09-marine-plastic-pollution-neurological-toxin.html

Plastiki e sebetsa joalo ka makenete ho methylmercury (mercury), polasetiki eo ebe e jeoa ke phofu, eo batho ba e jang. Methylmercury ka bobeli e bokellana ka har'a 'mele, ho bolelang hore ha ho mohla e tlohang empa ho e-na le hoo e haha ​​​​ka mor'a nako, le biomagnifies, ho bolelang hore liphello tsa methylmercury li matla ho liphoofolo tse jang liphoofolo ho feta phofu.

Cox, K., Covrenton, G., Davies, H., Dower, J., Juanes, F., & Dudas, S. (2019, Phuptjane 5). Tšebeliso ea Batho ea Microplastics. Saense ea Tikoloho le Thekenoloji. 53(12), 7068-7074. DOI: 10.1021 / acs.est.9b01517

Ho shebana le lijo tsa Amerika, tlhahlobo ea palo ea likaroloana tsa microplastic lijong tse sebelisoang hangata ho ipapisitse le seo ba se jang letsatsi le letsatsi.

Morero o sa phutholoha. (2019, Phuptjane). Likotsi tsa Bophelo bo Botle ba Seboka sa Lik'hemik'hale tsa Lik'hemik'hale le Lijo tsa Lik'hemik'hale. https://unwrappedproject.org/conference

Seboka se ile sa tšohla morero oa Plastic Exposed, e leng tšebelisano ea machaba ea ho pepesa litšokelo tsa bophelo bo botle ba batho ba lipolasetiki le liphutheloana tse ling tsa lijo.

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8. Toka ea Tikoloho

Vandenberg, J. le Ota, Y. (eds.) (2023, January). Mabapi le Mokhoa o Lekaneng oa Tšilafalo ea Plastiki ea Leoatleng: Tekano ea Leoatle la Nexus le Tlaleho ea Tšilafalo ea Plastiki ea 2022. Univesithi ea Washington. https://issuu.com/ocean_nexus/docs/equity_and_marine_plastic_ pollution_report?fr=sY2JhMTU1NDcyMTE

Tšilafalo ea polasetiki ea leoatleng e ama batho le tikoloho hampe (ho kenyeletsoa tšireletseho ea lijo, mokhoa oa boipheliso, bophelo bo botle ba 'mele le ba kelello, le litloaelo le mekhoa ea setso), 'me e ama bophelo le mokhoa oa boipheliso oa batho ba sotlehileng haholo. Tlaleho e shebana le boikarabello, tsebo, boiketlo le boiteko ba ho hokahanya ka ho kopanya likhaolo le lithuto tsa liketsahalo le bangoli ba tsoang linaheng tsa 8, ho tloha United States le Japane ho ea Ghana le Fiji. Qetellong, mongoli o pheha khang ea hore bothata ba tšilafalo ea polasetiki ke ho hlōleha ho rarolla ho se lekane. Tlaleho e phethela ka ho re ho fihlela ho se lekane ho rarolloa le ho tlatlapuoa ha batho le mobu o setseng o sebetsana le litlamorao tsa tšilafalo ea polasetiki joale ho ke ke ha ba le tharollo mathateng a tšilafalo ea polasetiki.

GRID-Arendal. (2022, Loetse). Setulo Tafoleng – Karolo ea Lekala la Tšebeliso e sa Ratoang ea Tšebeliso e Ntle ho Phokotso ea Tšilafalo ea Plastiki, le Liphetoho tse Khothaletsoang tsa Leano.. GRID-Arendal. https://www.grida.no/publications/863

Lekala la recycle recycle, leo hangata le entsoeng ka basebetsi ba khesehang le batho ba sa rekotiloeng, ke karolo e kholo ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso linaheng tse tsoelang pele. Pampiri ena ea leano e fana ka kakaretso ea kutloisiso ea rona ea ha joale ea lekala la recycle e seng molaong, litšobotsi tsa lona tsa sechaba le moruo, liqholotso tseo lekala le tobaneng le tsona. E shebana le boikitlaetso ba machaba le ba naha ba ho amohela basebetsi ba sa sebetseng le ho ba kenya letsoho meralong le litumellanong tsa semmuso, joalo ka Tumellano ea Lefatše ea Plastics Tlaleho e boetse e fana ka letoto la likhothaletso tsa leano la boemo bo holimo tse kenyeletsang lekala la recycle e sa rekoang, e lumellang hore ho be le phetoho e nepahetseng. le tshireletso ya boiphediso ba basebetsi ba recycleng e seng molaong. 

Cali, J., Gutiérrez-Graudiņš, M., Munguía, S., Chin, C. (2021, April). E HLOKOMENG: Liphello tsa Toka ea Tikoloho tsa Lithōle tsa Leoatleng le Tšilafalo ea Plastiki. Lenaneo la Tikoloho la Machaba a Kopaneng & Azul. https://wedocs.unep.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/ 35417/EJIPP.pdf

Tlaleho ea 2021 ea Lenaneo la Tikoloho la Machaba a Kopaneng le Azul, mokhatlo oa Toka ea tikoloho oo e seng oa 'muso, o batla hore ho eketsehe kananelo ea sechaba se ka pele ho litšila tsa polasetiki le ho kenyeletsoa ha tsona liqetong tsa lehae. Ke tlaleho ea pele ea Machaba e hokahanyang matheba pakeng tsa toka ea tikoloho le koluoa ​​​​ea tšilafalo ea polasetiki ea leoatleng. Tšilafalo ea polasetiki e ama ka mokhoa o sa lekanyetsoang baahi ba sotlehileng ba phelang haufi le tlhahiso ea polasetiki le libaka tsa litšila. Ho feta moo, polasetiki e sokela bophelo ba batho ba sebetsang ka lisebelisoa tsa leoatle le ba jang lijo tsa leoatleng ka li-micro-le nano-plastiki tse chefo. E thehiloe ho pota-pota botho, tlaleho ena e ka theha motheo oa maano a machaba ho felisa butle-butle tšilafalo le tlhahiso ea polasetiki.

Creshkoff, R., & Enck, J. (2022, September 23). Lebelo la ho Emisa Semela sa Plastiki le Fumana Tlhōlo ea Bohlokoa. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-race-to-stop-a-plastics-plant-scores-a-crucial-win/

Batšehetsi ba tikoloho St. James Parish, Louisiana ba ile ba hlōla tlhōlo e kholo ea lekhotla khahlanong le Formosa Plastics, e neng e ntse e itokisetsa ho haha ​​​​polasetiki e kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng sebakeng seo ka tšehetso ea 'musisi, baetsi ba molao ba naha, le barekisi ba motlakase sebakeng seo. Mokhatlo oa grassroots o hanyetsang nts'etsopele e ncha, o etelletsoeng pele ke Sharon Lavigne oa Rise St. James le lihlopha tse ling tsa sechaba tse tšehelitsoeng ke babuelli ba molao ba Earthjustice, li ile tsa susumetsa Lekhotla la Boahloli la 19 la Louisiana hore le hlakole litumello tse 14 tsa tšilafalo ea moea tse fanoeng ke Lefapha la Naha la Boleng ba Tikoloho le neng le tla etsa joalo. e lumelletse Formosa Plastics ho haha ​​​​mohaho oa eona o reriloeng oa petrochemical. Petrochemicals li sebelisoa lihlahisoa tse se nang palo, ho akarelletsa le polasetiki.Ho ema ha morero ona o moholo, le ho atolosoa ka kakaretso ha Formosa Plastics, ke habohlokoa ho toka ea sechaba le ea tikoloho. E lutse bohōle ba lik'hilomithara tse 85 ho Nōka ea Mississippi e tsejoang e le "Cancer Alley," baahi ba St. James Parish, haholo-holo baahi ba nang le meputso e tlaase le batho ba mebala, ba kotsing e kholo ea ho tšoaroa ke kankere nakong ea bophelo bohle ba bona ho feta naha. karolelano. Ho latela kopo ea bona ea tumello, setsi se secha sa Formosa Plastics se ka be se entse hore St. James Parish e be le lithane tse ling tse 800 tsa lintho tse silafatsang moea tse kotsi, tse menahaneng habeli kapa gararo tsa batho ba moo ba neng ba tla hema selemo se seng le se seng. Le hoja k'hamphani e tšepisitse ho etsa boipiletso, tlhōlo ena e hlōlehileng ka thata e tla tsosa khanyetso ea lehae e sebetsang ka tsela e tšoanang libakeng tseo ho tsona ho buelloang lisebelisoa tse tšoanang tsa tšilafalo—ka linako tsohle metseng e tlaase ea batho ba mebala. 

Madapoosi, V. (2022, August). Imperialism ea Matsatsi a Sejoale-joale Khoebong ea Lefatše ea Litšila: Setsi sa Digital se Lekola Mehaho ea Khoebo ea Litšila tsa Lefatše, (J. Hamilton, Ed.). Intersectional Environmentalist. www.intersectionalenvironmentalist.com/toolkits/global-waste-trade-toolkit

Leha ho na le lebitso la eona, khoebo ea litšila lefatšeng ka bophara ha se khoebo, empa ke ts'ebetso ea ho tlosa lintho tse thehiloeng ho imperialism. Joaloka naha ea borena, US e fetisetsa taolo ea eona ea litšila linaheng tse tsoelang pele ho pota lefatše ho sebetsana le litšila tsa eona tsa polasetiki tse silafetseng. Ka ntle ho litlamorao tse matla tsa tikoloho tikolohong ea maoatle, ho senyeha ha mobu le tšilafalo ea moea, khoebo ea litšila lefatšeng ka bophara e phahamisa toka e tebileng ea tikoloho le litaba tsa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba, tseo litlamorao tsa tsona li shebaneng le batho le tikoloho ea linaha tse tsoelang pele. Letlapa lena la lisebelisoa tsa digital le hlahloba ts'ebetso ea litšila US, lefa la bokolone le kentsoeng khoebong ea litšila ea lefats'e, litlamorao tsa tikoloho, sechabeng le lipolotiking tsa tsamaiso ea hajoale ea lefats'e ea taolo ea litšila, le maano a lehae, a naha le a lefats'e a ka e fetolang. 

Setsi sa Patlisiso ea Tikoloho. (2021, Loetse). The Truth Behind Trash: Sekala le phello ea khoebo ea machaba ea litšila tsa polasetiki. EIA. https://eia-international.org/wp-content/uploads/EIA-The-Truth-Behind-Trash-FINAL.pdf

Lekala la tsamaiso ea litšila linaheng tse ngata tse nang le chelete e ngata le itšetlehile ka sebopeho sa ho romela litšila tsa polasetiki linaheng tse tlaase tse ntseng li tsoela pele moruong 'me ka ho etsa joalo le ntšitse litšenyehelo tse kholo tsa sechaba le tsa tikoloho ka mokhoa oa bokoloni ba litšila. Ho ea ka tlaleho ena ea EIA, Jeremane, Japane le US ke linaha tse hlahisang litšila tse ngata ka ho fetisisa, 'me e' ngoe le e 'ngoe e rekisitse litšila tsa polasetiki habeli ho feta naha leha e le efe ho tloha ha tlaleho e qala ka 1988. thepa e tsoang ka ntle ho naha ho tloha 65 ho ea ho 2010. Ha Chaena e koala meeli ea eona ho litšila tsa polasetiki ka 2020, Malaysia, Vietnam, Turkey, le lihlopha tsa linokoane tse sebetsang SE Asia li ile tsa hlaha e le libaka tse ka sehloohong tsa litšila tsa polasetiki tse tsoang Japane, US le EU. Tlatsetso e nepahetseng ea khoebo ea litšila tsa polasetiki ho tšilafalo ea polasetiki ea lefats'e ha e tsejoe, empa ka ho hlaka e kholo e ipapisitse le liphapang lipakeng tsa boholo ba khoebo ea litšila le bokhoni ba ho sebetsa ba linaha tse tsoang kantle ho naha. Ho romela litšila tsa polasetiki lefatšeng ka bophara ho boetse ho nolofalelitse linaha tse nang le chelete e ngata hore li tsoele pele ho atolosa tlhahiso ea lipolasetiki tse sa tsejoeng ka ho li lumella ho qoba liphello tse tobileng tsa tšebeliso ea tsona ea polasetiki e nang le bothata. EIA International e fana ka maikutlo a hore bothata ba litšila tsa polasetiki bo ka rarolloa ka leano le akaretsang, ka sebopeho sa selekane se secha sa machaba, se totobatsang tharollo ea ho fokotsa tlhahiso le tšebeliso ea polasetiki ea moroetsana, ho lateloa le ho pepeseha ha litšila tsa polasetiki khoebong, le ka kakaretso. ho khothaletsa katleho e kholo ea lisebelisoa le moruo o chitja o bolokehileng bakeng sa polasetiki - ho fihlela thomello e sa lokang ea litšila tsa polasetiki e ka thibeloa lefatšeng ka bophara.

Global Alliance Bakeng sa Mekhoa e meng ea Incinerator. (2019, Mmesa). Lahla: Metse e ka Pele ho Mathata a Plastiki a Lefatše. GAIA. www.No-Burn.Org/Resources/Discarded-Communities-On-The-Frontlines-Of-The-Global-Plastic-Crisis/

Ha China e koala meeli ea eona ho kenya litšila tsa polasetiki kantle ho naha ka selemo sa 2018, linaha tsa Asia Boroa-bochabela li ile tsa tlala lithōle tse neng li iketsa eka li sebelisoa hape, haholo-holo tse tsoang linaheng tse ruileng tsa Global North. Tlaleho ena ea liphuputso e senola kamoo baahi ba naha ba anngoeng ke tšubuhlellano ea tšohanyetso ea tšilafalo ea kantle ho naha, le hore na ba itoanela joang.

Karlsson, T, Dell, J, Gündoğdu, S, & Carney Almroth, B. (2023, March). Khoebo ea Litšila tsa Plastiki: Linomoro tse Patiloeng. International Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN). https://ipen.org/sites/default/files/documents/ipen_plastic_waste _trade_report-final-3digital.pdf

Mekhoa ea hona joale ea tlaleho e lula e nyenyefatsa boholo ba litšila tsa polasetiki tse rekisoang lefatšeng ka bophara, e leng se lebisang ho phoso e tloaelehileng ea khoebo ea litšila tsa polasetiki ke bafuputsi ba itšetlehileng ka boitsebiso bona bo tlalehiloeng. Ho hloleha ho latela mokhoa oa ho bala le ho latela palo e nepahetseng ea litšila tsa polasetiki ke ka lebaka la khaello ea pepeneneng ea linomoro tsa khoebo ea litšila, tse sa lokisoang ho latela likarolo tse itseng tsa thepa. Tlhahlobo ea morao-rao e fumane hore khoebo ea lefatše ka bophara ea polasetiki e phahame ka 40% ho feta likhakanyo tse fetileng, esita le palo ena e hlōleha ho bonahatsa setšoantšo se seholo sa lipolasetiki tse kenyellelitsoeng maselang, libale tsa pampiri tse tsoakiloeng, e-waste, le rabara, re sa bue ka chefo. lik'hemik'hale tse sebelisoang molemong oa tlhahiso ea polasetiki. Ho sa tsotellehe hore na lipalo tse patiloeng tsa khoebo ea litšila tsa polasetiki li ka ba life, palo ea hona joale e phahameng ea tlhahiso ea polasetiki e etsa hore ho se ke ha khoneha hore naha leha e le efe e laole bongata bo boholo ba litšila tse hlahisoang. Ntho ea bohlokoa e nkiloeng hase hore ho rekisoa litšila tse ngata, empa ke hore linaha tse nang le chelete e ngata li ’nile tsa aparela linaha tse ntseng li hōla moruong ka tšilafalo ea polasetiki ka lebelo le phahameng ho feta kamoo ho tlalehiloeng kateng. Ho loantša sena, linaha tse nang le chelete e ngata li lokela ho etsa ho eketsehileng ho nka boikarabelo bakeng sa litšila tsa polasetiki tseo li li hlahisang.

Karasik R., Lauer NE, Baker AE., Lisi NE, Somarelli JA, Eward WC, Fürst K. & Dunphy-Daly MM (2023, January). Kabo e sa lekanyetsoang ea melemo ea polasetiki le meroalo ho moruo le bophelo bo botle ba sechaba. Meeli ho Saense ea Marine. 9:1017247. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.1017247

Plastiki e ama mokhatlo oa batho ka tsela e fapaneng, ho tloha ho bophelo bo botle ba sechaba ho ea moruong oa lehae le oa lefatše lohle. Ha ba arola melemo le meroalo ea mohato o mong le o mong oa bophelo ba polasetiki, bafuputsi ba fumane hore melemo ea polasetiki ke ea moruo, athe meroalo e oela haholo bophelong ba batho. Ho feta moo, ho na le karohano e fapaneng pakeng tsa hore na ke mang ea nang le melemo kapa moroalo oa polasetiki kaha melemo ea moruo ha e sebelisoe hangata ho lokisa meroalo ea bophelo bo botle eo polasetiki e e etsang. Khoebo ea machaba ea litšila tsa polasetiki e ekelitse ho se lekane hona hobane moroalo oa boikarabello bakeng sa taolo ea litšila o oela holim'a metse e tlase linaheng tse nang le chelete e tlaase, ho e-na le ho bahlahisi ba linaheng tse nang le chelete e ngata, tse jang chelete e ngata ba hlahisitseng melemo e mengata haholo ea moruo. Litlhahlobo tsa mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea litšenyehelo tse tsebisang hore moralo oa maano o lekanya melemo ea moruo ea polasetiki ka mokhoa o sa lekanyetsoang ho feta litšenyehelo tse sa tobang, tseo hangata li ke keng tsa lekanngoa, ho bophelo ba batho le tikoloho. 

Liboiron, M. (2021). Tšilafalo Ke Bokolone. Duke University Press. 

In Tšilafalo ke Bokolone, mongoli o fana ka maikutlo a hore mefuta eohle ea lipatlisiso tsa mahlale le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso e na le likamano tsa mobu, 'me tse ka ikamahanyang le kapa khahlanong le bokolone e le mofuta o itseng oa qotsulo, o nang le tokelo ea kamano ea mobu. E shebane le tšilafalo ea polasetiki, buka ena e bonts'a kamoo tšilafalo e seng sesupo sa bokhaphithaliste feela, empa ke ts'ebetso e mabifi ea likamano tsa naha tsa bokolone tse reng li na le phihlello ea mobu oa matsoalloa. E ipapisitse le mosebetsi oa bona ho Civic Laboratory for Environmental Action Research (CLEAR), Liboiron e fana ka mohlala oa ts'ebetso ea mahlale ea anticolonial e etellang pele mobu, melao ea boitšoaro le likamano, e bonts'ang hore saense ea tikoloho ea anticolonial ha e khonehe feela, empa e ntse e sebetsa hona joale.

Bennett, N., Alava, JJ, Ferguson, CE, Blythe, J., Morgera, E., Boyd, D., & Côté, IM (2023, January). Tikoloho (ka) toka leoatleng la Anthropocene. Leano la Marine. 147(105383). DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105383

Thuto ea toka ea tikoloho qalong e ne e shebane le kabo e sa lekanyetsoang le litlamorao tsa tšilafalo le ho lahleloa ha litšila tse chefo lichabeng tse neng li qheletsoe ka thoko. Ha tšimo e ntse e tsoela pele, meroalo e khethehileng ea tikoloho le bophelo ba batho e jarollotsoeng ke tikoloho ea leoatle le baahi ba lebopong ba ile ba fumana boitsebiso bo fokolang ka kakaretso libukeng tsa toka ea tikoloho. Ha e sebetsana le lekhalo lena la lipatlisiso, pampiri ena e atoloha libakeng tse hlano tsa toka ea tikoloho e bohareng ba leoatle: tšilafalo le litšila tse chefo, lipolasetiki le lithōle tsa leoatleng, phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo, ho senyeha ha tikoloho le libaka tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi tse ntseng li fokotseha. 

Mcgarry, D., James, A., & Erwin, K. (2022). Info-Sheet: Tšilafalo ea Polasetiki ea Marine E le Taba ea ho Hloka Toka ea Tikoloho. Sebaka se le seng sa Leoatle. https://Oneoceanhub.Org/Wp-Content/Uploads/2022/06/Information-Sheet_4.Pdf

Leqephe lena la lintlha le hlahisa litekanyo tsa toka ea tikoloho ea tšilafalo ea polasetiki ea maoatleng ho latela pono ea batho ba sotlehileng ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng, linaha tse nang le meputso e tlase tse fumanehang Global South, le bankakarolo ba linaha tse nang le chelete e ngata ba ikarabellang bakeng sa tlhahiso le tšebeliso ea lipolasetiki tseo. fumana tsela ya ho ya lewatleng. 

Owens, KA, & Conlon, K. (2021, August). Ho Kopolla Kapa ho Koala Theipi? Ho Hloka Toka Tikoloho le Melao ea Boitšoaro ea Tšilafalo ea Plastiki. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.713385

Indasteri ea taolo ea litšila e ke ke ea sebetsa ka mokhoa o sa tsotelleng likotsi tsa sechaba le tsa tikoloho tseo e li fumanang. Ha bahlahisi ba khothalletsa litharollo tse sebetsanang le matšoao a tšilafalo ea polasetiki empa e se sesosa sa motheo, ba hlōleha ho tšoara ba amehang mohloling ba ikarabellang 'me kahoo ba fokotsa tšusumetso ea ketso leha e le efe ea ho lokisa. Indasteri ea polasetiki hajoale e theha litšila tsa polasetiki e le ntho ea kantle e hlokang tharollo ea theknoloji. Ho romela bothata kantle le ho fana ka tharollo kantle ho sutumelletsa moroalo le litlamorao tsa litšila tsa polasetiki ho lichaba tse sotlehileng lefatšeng ka bophara, linaheng tse ntseng li tsoela pele moruong, le melokong e tlang. Ho e-na le ho tlohela ho rarolla mathata ho baetsi ba mathata, bo-rasaense, baetsi ba melao-motheo le mebuso ba eletsoa ho theha litlaleho tsa litšila tsa polasetiki ka ho hatisa ho fokotsa, ho hlophisa bocha le ho sebelisoa bocha, ho e-na le tsamaiso e tlaase.

Mah, A. (2020). Lifa tse chefo le toka ea tikoloho, a Toka ea tikoloho (Mokhatiso oa 1). Khatiso ea Univesithi ea Manchester. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/978042902 9585-12/toxic-legacies-environmental-justice-alice-mah

Ho pepesetsoa ka mokhoa o sa lekanyetsoang ha sechaba sa batho ba fokolang le ba nang le meputso e tlaase tšilafalong e chefo le libaka tsa litšila tse kotsi ke taba ea bohlokoa le ea nako e telele e le teng mokhatlong oa toka ea tikoloho. Ka lipale tse ngata tsa likoluoa ​​​​tsa chefo tse se nang toka lefatšeng ka bophara, ke karoloana feela ea linyeoe tsena e totobatsoang tlalehong ea nalane ha tse ling kaofela li ntse li hlokomolohuoa. Khaolo ena e bua ka litlokotsi tsa bohlokoa tse chefo, tlhokomelo e sa lekanyetsoang ea sechaba e fuoeng ho hloka toka ho itseng tikolohong, le kamoo metsamao e khahlanong le chefo e US le mose ho maoatle e leng ka har'a mokhatlo oa lefats'e oa toka ea tikoloho.

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9. Histori ea Plastiki

Setsi sa Histori ea Saense. (2023). Nalane ea Plastiki. Setsi sa Histori ea Saense. https://www.sciencehistory.org/the-history-and-future-of-plastics

Nalane e khuts'oane ea maqephe a mararo ea lipolasetiki e fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e khuts'oane, empa e nepahetse haholo mabapi le hore na li-plastiki ke life, li tsoa hokae, polasetiki ea pele ea maiketsetso e ne e le eng, nako ea bohlokoa ea polasetiki Ntoeng ea II ea Lefatše le ho tšoenyeha ho ntseng ho eketseha ka polasetiki nakong e tlang. Sehlooho sena se molemo ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa ba ka ratang lichapo tse pharaletseng mabapi le tsoelo-pele ea polasetiki ntle le ho kena ka lehlakoreng la botekgeniki la ho thehoa ha polasetiki.

Lenaneo la Machaba a Kopaneng la Tikoloho (2022). Polanete ea rona e khangoa ka polasetiki. https://www.unep.org/interactives/beat-plastic-pollution/ 

Lenaneo la Machaba a Kopaneng la Tikoloho le thehile leqephe la marang-rang le kopanetsoeng ho thusa ho bona ka mahlo a kelello bothata bo ntseng bo eketseha ba tšilafalo ea polasetiki le ho beha nalane ea polasetiki maemong a ka utloisisoang habonolo ke sechaba ka kakaretso. Litaba tsena li kenyelletsa lipono, limmapa tse sebetsanang le litaba, ho hula mantsoe a qotsitsoeng, le likhokahano tsa lithuto tsa mahlale. Leqephe le qetella ka likhothaletso tseo batho ba ka li nkang ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea bona ea polasetiki le ho khothaletsa ho buella phetoho ka mebuso ea lehae ea motho ka mong.

Hohn, S., Acevedo-Trejos, E., Abrams, J., Fulgencio de Moura, J., Spranz, R., & Merico, A. (2020, May 25). Lefa la nako e telele la Phatlalatso ea Boima ba Plastiki. Saense ea Kakaretso ea Tikoloho. 746, 141115. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141115

Litharollo tse ngata li hlahisitsoe ho bokella polasetiki linōkeng le leoatleng, leha ho le joalo, katleho ea tsona e ntse e sa tsejoe. Tlaleho ena e fumana litharollo tsa hona joale li tla ba le katleho e itekanetseng feela ea ho tlosa polasetiki tikolohong. Mokhoa o le mong feela oa ho fokotsa litšila tsa polasetiki e le kannete ke ka ho fokotsa mesi ea polasetiki, le pokello e matlafalitsoeng ka ho toboketsa ho bokella linokeng pele polasetiki e fihla leoatleng. Tlhahiso ea polasetiki le ho chesoa ho tla tsoela pele ho ba le liphello tse kholo tsa nako e telele ho tekanyetso ea carbon atmospheric carbon le tikoloho.

Dickinson, T. (2020, la 3 Hlakubele). Kamoo Oli e Khōlō le Soda e Kholo li bolokileng tlokotsi ea tikoloho ea lefatše e le lekunutu ka lilemo tse mashome. Lejoe la Rolling. https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/plastic-problem-recycling-myth-big-oil-950957/

Ka beke, motho ea tloaelehileng lefatšeng ka bophara o sebelisa likaroloana tse ka bang 2,000 tsa polasetiki. Seo se lekana le ligrama tse 5 tsa polasetiki kapa boleng ba karete e le 'ngoe ea mokoloto. Ho feta halofo ea polasetiki e teng hona joale Lefatšeng e bōpiloe ho tloha 2002, 'me tšilafalo ea polasetiki e ntse e eketseha ka makhetlo a mabeli ka 2030. Ka mokhatlo o mocha oa sechaba le oa lipolotiki oa ho sebetsana le tšilafalo ea polasetiki, mekhatlo e qala ho nka mehato ea ho tlohela polasetiki ka mor'a lilemo tse mashome. tlhekefetso.

Ostle, C., Thompson, R., Broughton, D., Gregory, L., Wootton, M., & Johns, D. (2019, April). Ho phahama ha lipolasetiki tsa leoatle ho ipakile ho tsoa letotong la lilemo tse 60. Khokahano ea Tlhaho. rdcu.be/bCso9

Boithuto bona bo hlahisa letoto le lecha la nako, ho tloha ka 1957 ho isa 2016 le ho koahela lik'hilomithara tse fetang 6.5, 'me ke ea pele ea ho tiisa keketseho e kholo ea lipolasetiki tsa leoatle tse bulehileng lilemong tse mashome tsa morao tjena.

Taylor, D. (2019, la 4 Hlakubele). Kamoo US e ileng ea lemalla lipolasetiki. Grist. grist.org/article/how-the-us-got-addicted-to-plastics/

Cork e kile ea e-ba ntho e ka sehloohong e sebelisoang tlhahisong, empa e ile ea nkeloa sebaka ka potlako ha polasetiki e fihla sebakeng seo. Plastiki e ile ea e-ba ea bohlokoa nakong ea WWII 'me US esale e itšetlehile ka polasetiki ho tloha ka nako eo.

Geyer, R., Jambeck, J., & Law, KL (2017, Phupu 19). Tlhahiso, tšebeliso, le qetello ea lipolasetiki tsohle tse kileng tsa etsoa. Tsoelo-pele ea Saense, 3(7). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700782

Tlhahlobo ea pele ea lefats'e ea lipolasetiki tsohle tse hlahisoang ka bongata tse kileng tsa etsoa. Ba hakanya hore ho tloha ka 2015, lithane tsa metric tse limilione tse 6300 tsa lithane tse limilione tse 8300 tsa polasetiki e sa tsoakoang tse kileng tsa hlahisoa li ile tsa qetella e le litšila tsa polasetiki. Ho eona, ke 9% feela e neng e sebelisitsoe hape, 12% e chesitsoe, 'me 79% e bokelletse tikolohong ea tlhaho kapa litsing tsa lithōle. Haeba tlhahiso le taolo ea litšila li ntse li tsoela pele ka mekhoa ea bona ea hajoale, palo ea litšila tsa polasetiki libakeng tsa lithōle kapa tikolohong ea tlhaho e tla feta habeli ka 2050.

Ryan, P. (2015, June 2). Histori e Khutšoanyane ea Patlisiso ea Lithōle Tsa Leoatleng. Lithōle tsa Marine Anthropogenic: leq 1-25. link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_1#enumeration

Khaolo ena e fana ka nalane e khuts'oane ea hore na matlakala a leoatleng a batlisisitsoe joang lilemong tse leshome tse qalang ho tloha lilemong tsa bo-1960 ho fihlela joale. Lilemong tsa bo-1960 ho ile ha qala lithuto tsa motheo tsa matlakala a leoatleng tse neng li shebane le ho tšoasoa le ho kenngoa ha polasetiki ke lintho tse phelang metsing. Ho tloha ka nako eo, ho tsepamisitsoe maikutlo ho li-microplastic le litlamorao tsa tsona bophelong ba manyolo.

Hohn, D. (2011). Moby Duck. Khatiso ea Viking.

Sengoli Donovan Hohn o fana ka tlaleho ea boralitaba ea nalane ea setso ea polasetiki 'me o fumana motso oa se entseng hore lipolasetiki li lahlehe pele. Ka mor'a maemo a thata a WWII, bareki ba ne ba labalabela ho iphelisa ka lihlahisoa, kahoo lilemong tsa bo-1950 ha patent ea polyethylene e fela, thepa e ile ea e-ba theko e tlaase ho feta leha e le neng pele. Tsela feela eo baetsi ba polasetiki ba neng ba ka etsa phaello ka eona e ne e le ka ho kholisa bareki ho lahla, ho reka ho eketsehileng, ho lahla, ho reka ho feta. Likarolong tse ling, o hlahloba lihlooho tse kang li-conglomerate tsa likepe le lifeme tsa lipapali tsa Chaena.

Bowermaster, J. (mohlophisi). (2010). fihlile maoatleng. Mecha ea litaba ea barupeluoa. 71-93.

Captain Charles Moore o ile a sibolla seo hona joale se tsejoang e le Great Pacific Garbage Patch ka 1997. Ka 2009, o ile a khutlela sebakeng seo a lebeletse hore e se e hōlile hanyenyane, empa eseng ka makhetlo a mashome a mararo ho feta kamoo e hlileng e leng kateng. David de Rothschild o ile a haha ​​​​seketsoana sa leoatle se bolelele ba limithara tse 60 se hahiloeng ka ho feletseng ka libotlolo tsa polasetiki tse ileng tsa mo tlosa le sehlopha sa hae ho tloha California ho ea Australia ho ea hlokomelisa ka litšila tsa leoatleng leoatleng.

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10. Mehloli e fapaneng

Rhein, S., & Sträter, KF (2021). Boitlamo ba likhoebo ho fokotsa koluoa ​​​​ea lefats'e ea polasetiki: Ho e sebelisa hape ho fapana le ho fokotsa le ho e sebelisa hape. Journal of Cleaner Production. 296(126571).

Leha e ntse e leka ho etsisa phetoho e lebisang moruong o potolohang, linaha tse ngata li ntse li lebile moruong o sa tsitsang oa ho sebelisoa hape. Leha ho le joalo, ntle le boitlamo boo ho lumellanoeng ka bona lefats'e ka bophara, mekhatlo e tloheloa ho iketsetsa litlhaloso tsa mehopolo ea boikitlaetso bo tšoarellang. Ha ho na litlhaloso tse tšoanang le litekanyo tse hlokahalang tsa phokotso le tšebeliso e ncha hoo mekhatlo e mengata e shebaneng le matsapa a ho hloekisa ka mor'a tšilafalo. Phetoho ea 'nete molemong oa litšila tsa polasetiki e tla hloka ho qoba ho ts'oaroa ha ts'ebeliso e le' ngoe, ho thibela tšilafalo ea polasetiki ho tloha qalong. Boitlamo ba mekhatlo e fapaneng le boitlamo boo ho lumellanoeng ka bona lefats'e ka bophara bo ka thusa ho tlatsa sekheo, haeba ba tsepamisa maikutlo maqheka a thibelo.

Seqhoqho. (2020). Hlokomela Plastiki ea Bokhabane. Surfrider Europe. PDF

Litharollo tsa bothata ba tšilafalo ea polasetiki li ntse li ntlafatsoa, ​​empa hase litharollo tsohle tsa “tse ntle ho tikoloho” tse tla thusa ho sireletsa le ho boloka tikoloho. Ho hakanngoa hore lithane tse 250,000 tsa polasetiki li phaphamala ka holim'a leoatle, empa sena se etsa 1% feela ea polasetiki eohle e leoatleng. Bona ke bothata kaha seo ho thoeng ke tharollo feela se sebetsana le polasetiki e phaphametseng (joalo ka Morero oa Seabin, The Manta, le The Ocean Clean-up). Tharollo feela ea 'nete ke ho koala pompo ea polasetiki le ho emisa polasetiki ho kena tikolohong ea leoatle le leoatle. Batho ba lokela ho hatella likhoebo, ba batle hore balaoli ba libaka ba nke khato, ba felise polasetiki moo ba ka khonang, le ho tšehetsa mekhatlo e ikemetseng e sebetsanang le taba ena.

Lintlha tsa ka tsa NASA (2020). Mehlala ea Potoloho ea Leoatle: Lits'oants'o tsa Lithōle Pale ea 'Mapa.

'Mapa oa pale oa NASA o kopanya lintlha tsa sathelaete ho kena leqepheng la marang-rang le fumanehang habonolo le lumellang baeti ho hlahloba mekhoa ea ho potoloha ha maoatle ha ba ntse ba amana le likotoana tsa litšila tsa leoatle ba sebelisa data ea NASA ea maqhubu a leoatle. Sebaka sena sa Marang-rang se lebisitsoe ho liithuti tsa sehlopha sa 7-12 'me se fana ka lisebelisoa tse eketsehileng le lithuso tse ka hatisoang bakeng sa matichere ho lumella' mapa hore o sebelisoe lithutong.

DeNisco Rayome, A. (2020, Phato 3). Na re ka bolaea Plastiki? CNET. PDF

Mongoli Allison Rayome o hlalosa bothata ba tšilafalo ea polasetiki bakeng sa bamameli ka kakaretso. Ho hlahisoa polasetiki e ngata ea tšebeliso e le 'ngoe selemo le selemo, empa ho na le mehato eo batho ka bomong ba ka e nkang. Sengoliloeng se totobatsa ho phahama ha polasetiki, litaba tsa ho nchafatsa, tšepiso ea tharollo e chitja, melemo ea (tse ling) polasetiki, le se ka etsoang ke batho ka bomong ho fokotsa polasetiki (le ho khothaletsa tšebeliso e ncha). Rayome oa lumela le hoja tsena e le mehato ea bohlokoa ea ho fokotsa tšilafalo, ho finyella phetoho ea sebele ho hloka khato ea molao.

Persson, L., Carney Almroth, BM, Collins, CD, Cornell, S., De Wit, CA, Diamond, ML, Fantke, P., Hassellöv, M., MacLeod, M., Ryberg, MW, Jørgensen, PS , Villarrubia-Gómez, P., Wang, Z., & Hauschild, MZ (2022). Kantle ho Sebaka se Sireletsehileng sa Ts'ebetso sa Moeli oa Lipolanete bakeng sa Mekhatlo ea Novel. Saense ea Tikoloho le Theknoloji, 56(3), 1510–1521. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04158

Bo-rasaense ba fihletse qeto ea hore batho ha joale ba sebetsa ka ntle ho moeli o sireletsehileng oa lefats'e oa mekhatlo e mecha kaha tlhahiso ea selemo le selemo e ntse e eketseha ka lebelo le fetang matla a lefats'e a tlhahlobo le tlhokomelo. Pampiri ena e hlalosa moeli oa mekhatlo e ncha moralong oa meeli ea lipolanete e le mekhatlo e sa tloaelehang ka kutloisiso ea jeoloji 'me e na le tšusumetso e matla ea ho sokela botšepehi ba tsamaiso ea Lefatše. Ho totobatsa tšilafalo ea polasetiki e le sebaka se itseng se amehileng haholo, bo-rasaense ba khothalletsa ho nka khato e potlakileng ho fokotsa tlhahiso le ho lokolloa ha mekhatlo e mecha, ba hlokomela hore leha ho le joalo, ho phehella ha mekhatlo e mengata e mecha e kang tšilafalo ea polasetiki ho tla tsoela pele ho baka kotsi e tebileng.

Lwanga, EH, Beriot, N., Corradini, F. et al. (2022, Hlakola). Tlhahlobo ea mehloli ea microplastic, litsela tsa lipalangoang le likamano le tse ling tse hatellang mobu: leeto la ho tloha libakeng tsa temo ho ea tikolohong. Litheknoloji tsa Lik'hemik'hale le tsa Baeloji ho Temo. 9(20). DOI: 10.1186/s40538-021-00278-9

Lintlha tse nyane li teng mabapi le leeto la microplastic tikolohong ea lefatše. Tlhahlobo ena ea mahlale e lekola litšebelisano tse fapaneng le lits'ebetso tse amehang ho tsamaiseng li-microplastics ho tloha lits'ebetsong tsa temo ho ea tikolohong e potolohileng, ho kenyelletsa le tlhahlobo e ncha ea hore na lipalangoang tsa microplastic li etsahala joang ho tloha plastisphere (cellular) ho ea boemong ba naha.

E Bonolo Haholo. (2019, Pulungoana 7). Litsela tse 5 tse bonolo tsa ho Fokotsa polasetiki lapeng. https://supersimple.com/article/reduce-plastic/.

Litsela tse 8 tsa ho fokotsa infographic ea hau ea polasetiki e sebelisoang hang

Lenaneo la Tikoloho la Machaba a Kopaneng. (2021). Toka ea tikoloho le animation ea tšilafalo ea polasetiki (Senyesemane). YouTube. https://youtu.be/8YPjYXOjT58.

Baahi ba batho ba nang le meputso e tlaase le batho ba batšo, matsoalloa a moo, batho ba mebala-bala (BIPOC) ke bona ba ka pele ho tšilafalo ea polasetiki. Ho ka etsahala hore ebe lichaba tsa batho ba mebala-bala li lula mabōpong a leoatle li sa sireletseha likhohola, ho senyeha ha bohahlauli le indasteri ea ho tšoasa litlhapi. Mohato o mong le o mong oa tlhahiso ea polasetiki ha o sa laolehe ebile o sa hlokomeloe o ka senya bophelo ba leoatle, tikoloho le lichaba tse haufi. Metse ena e qheletsoeng ka thōko e atisa ho hlokofatsoa ke ho se lekane, kahoo e hloka chelete e eketsehileng le tlhokomelo ea thibelo.

TEDx. (2010). TEDx Patch e kholo ea Lithōle tsa Pacific - Van Jones - Toka ea Tikoloho. YouTube. https://youtu.be/3WMgNlU_vxQ.

Puong ea 2010 ea Ted e totobatsang phello e sa lekanyetsoang ho baahi ba futsanehileng ho tsoa litšila tsa tšilafalo ea polasetiki, Van Jones o phephetsa ho itšetleha ha rona ka ho lahloa "e le ho senya polanete eo u tlamehang ho e lahla." Batho ba nang le chelete e tlaase ha ba na bolokolohi ba moruo ba ho khetha mekhoa ea bophelo bo botle kapa e se nang polasetiki e lebisang ho eketseha ho eketsehileng lik'hemik'hale tsa chefo tsa polasetiki. Batho ba futsanehileng le bona ba jara moroalo hobane ba haufi haholo le libaka tsa ho lahlela litšila. Lik'hemik'hale tse chefo ka mokhoa o makatsang li ntšoa lichabeng tse futsanehileng le tse sotlehileng, tse bakang litlamorao tse ngata tsa bophelo bo botle. Re tlameha ho beha mantsoe a tsoang lichabeng tsena ka pele ho melao e le hore phetoho ea sebele e thehiloeng sechabeng e kenngoe tšebetsong.

Setsi sa Molao oa Machaba oa Tikoloho. (2021). Phefumoloha Moea ona - Itokolle Molaong oa Tšilafalo ea Plastiki. Setsi sa Molao oa Machaba oa Tikoloho. YouTube. https://youtu.be/liojJb_Dl90.

The Break Free From Plastic Act e shebane haholo le toka ea tikoloho e pheha khang ea hore "ha u phahamisetsa batho tlase, u phahamisa motho e mong le e mong." Lik'hamphani tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa peterole li lematsa batho ba mebala le baahi ba maemo a tlase hampe ka ho hlahisa le ho lahla litšila tsa polasetiki libakeng tsa bona. Re tlameha ho itokolla ho itšetleheng ka polasetiki ho fihlela tekano lichabeng tse sotlehileng tse anngoeng ke tšilafalo ea tlhahiso ea polasetiki.

Lipuisano tsa Global Plastics Treaty Dialogues. (2021, Phuptjane 10). Ocean Plastics Leadership Network. YouTube. https://youtu.be/GJdNdWmK4dk.

Puisano e qalile ka letoto la liboka tsa lefats'e tsa marang-rang ho itokisetsa qeto ea Kopano ea Tikoloho ea Machaba a Kopaneng (UNEA) ka Hlakola 2022 mabapi le ho latela tumellano ea lefats'e ea polasetiki. Ocean Plastics Leadership Network (OPLN) mokhatlo oa litho tse 90 o sebelisana le Greenpeace le WWF ho hlahisa letoto le sebetsang la lipuisano. Linaha tse mashome a supileng a motso o mong li kopa selekane sa lefats'e sa polasetiki hammoho le mekhatlo e ikemetseng, le lik'hamphani tse 30 tse kholo. Mekha e batla hore ho be le tlaleho e hlakileng ea lipolasetiki bophelong bohle ba bona ho ikarabella bakeng sa ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e etsoang le hore na e sebetsoa joang, empa ho ntse ho e-na le likheo tse kholo tsa ho se lumellane tse setseng.

Tan, V. (2020, la 24 Hlakubele). Na Bio-plastiki ke Tharollo ea Moshoelella? Lipuisano tsa TEDx. YouTube. https://youtu.be/Kjb7AlYOSgo.

Li-bioplastic e ka ba tharollo ea tlhahiso ea polasetiki e thehiloeng ho peterole, empa bioplastics ha e emise bothata ba litšila tsa polasetiki. Li-bioplastics hajoale li theko e phahameng haholo ebile ha li fumanehe habonolo ha li bapisoa le lipolasetiki tse thehiloeng ho petroleum. Ho feta moo, bioplastics ha se hakaalo hore e betere bakeng sa tikoloho ho feta lipolasetiki tsa petroleum kaha bioplastics tse ling li ke ke tsa senyeha tikolohong. Bioplastics feela e ke ke ea rarolla bothata ba rona ba polasetiki, empa e ka ba karolo ea tharollo. Re hloka melao e felletseng le ts'ebetsong e netefalitsoeng e amang tlhahiso ea polasetiki, tšebeliso le ho lahla.

Scarr, S. (2019, September 4). Ho khangoa ke polasetiki: Ho bona bokhoba ba lefatše ba libotlolo tsa polasetiki. Litšoantšo tsa Reuters. E khutlisoa ho: graphics.reuters.com/ENVIRONMENT-PLASTIC/0100B275155/index.html

Lefatšeng ka bophara, ho rekisoa libotlolo tsa polasetiki tse ka bang limilione tse 1 motsotso o mong le o mong, libotlolo tse limilione tse likete tse 1.3 li rekisoa letsatsi le leng le le leng, e leng se lekanang le halofo ea boholo ba Eiffel Tower. Ka tlase ho 6% ea polasetiki eohle e kileng ea etsoa e se e sebelisitsoe hape. Ho sa tsotellehe bopaki bohle ba polasetiki ea tšokelo ho tikoloho, tlhahiso e ntse e eketseha.

Infographic ea polasetiki e kenang leoatleng

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