Tlhokomelo ea metsing e tšoarellang

Temo e tsitsitseng ea metsing e ka ba senotlolo sa ho fepa baahi ba rona ba ntseng ba eketseha. Hajoale, 42% ea lijo tsa leoatleng tseo re li jang lia lengoa, empa ha ho na melaoana e etsang hore ho be le temo ea metsing e "ntle". 

Aquaculture e kenya letsoho haholo phepelong ea rona ea lijo, ka hona e tlameha ho etsoa ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng. Haholo-holo, The OF e shebile mekhoa e fapaneng ea mahlale a koalehileng, ho kenyelletsa le litanka tse potolohang hape, litselana tsa mabelo, litsamaiso tsa phallo le matangoana a kahare ho naha. Lisebelisoa tsena li sebelisoa bakeng sa mefuta e mengata ea litlhapi, likhofu le limela tsa metsing. Le hoja melemo e hlakileng (bophelo bo botle le tse ling) ea mekhoa e koalehileng ea liphoofolo tsa metsing e hlokometsoe, re boetse re tšehetsa boiteko ba ho qoba liphoso tsa tikoloho le polokeho ea lijo tsa pene e bulehileng ea liphoofolo tse phelang metsing. Re tšepa ho sebeletsa boitekong ba machaba hammoho le ba malapeng bo ka tlisang liphetoho tse ntle.

Ocean Foundation e hlophisitse mehloli e latelang ea kantle ho buka e hlalosang mantsoe ho fana ka leseli le eketsehileng mabapi le Sustainable Aquaculture bakeng sa bamameli bohle. 

Tafole ea likateng

1. Selelekela sa Aquaculture
2. Metheo ea Thuto ea Metsi
3. Tšilafalo le Litšokelo ho Tikoloho
4. Lintlafatso tsa Hona Joale le Mekhoa e Mecha ea Temo ea Metsi
5. Aquaculture le Phapano, Tekano, Kenyeletso, le Toka
6. Melawana le Melao e Mabapi le Tlhaho ya Metsing
7. Lisebelisuoa tse Eketsehileng le Lipampiri Tse Tšoeu Tse Hlahisitsoeng ke The Ocean Foundation

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1. Selelekela

Aquaculture ke temo e laoloang kapa temo ea litlhapi, likhofu le limela tsa metsing. Sepheo ke ho theha mohloli oa lijo tse tsoang metsing le lihlahisoa tsa khoebo ka tsela e tla eketsa ho fumaneha ha ho ntse ho fokotsa kotsi ea tikoloho le ho sireletsa mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea metsing. Ho na le mefuta e 'maloa e fapaneng ea temo ea metsing eo e' ngoe le e 'ngoe e nang le maemo a fapaneng a ho tšoarella.

Ho eketseha ha baahi lefatšeng ka bophara le chelete e kenang li tla tsoela pele ho eketsa tlhokahalo ea litlhapi. 'Me ka boemo ba litlhapi tse hlaha tse bataletseng, keketseho eohle ea litlhapi le tlhahiso ea lijo tsa leoatleng e tsoa ho tsa metsing. Le hoja temo ea metsing e tobana le mathata a kang linta tsa leoatle le tšilafalo ba bapalami ba bangata indastering ba sebetsa ka mafolofolo ho rarolla mathata a eona. 

Tlhapi ea Metsing—Mekhoa e Mene

Ho na le mekhoa e mene e meholo ea temo ea metsing e bonoang kajeno: lipene tse bulehileng haufi le lebopo, lipene tse bulehileng tsa liteko tsa kantle ho naha, litsamaiso tse "koetsoeng" tse thehiloeng mobung le lits'ebetso tse bulehileng tsa "khale-khale".

1. Lipene tse Butsoeng haufi le Lebōpo.

Mekhoa e haufi le lebōpo ea metsing e 'nile ea sebelisoa hangata ho rua likhetla, salmon le li-finfish tse ling tse jang nama, ntle le tlhapi ea likhetla, hangata e bonoa e le mofuta o sa tsitsang le o kotsi ka ho fetisisa tikolohong ea liphoofolo tsa metsing. Mokhoa oa tlhaho oa "ecosystem" oa litsamaiso tsena o etsa hore ho be thata haholo ho rarolla mathata a litšila tsa mantle, ho sebelisana le libatana, ho hlahisoa ha mefuta eo e seng ea tlhaho / e sa tloaelehang, ho kenya letsoho ho feteletseng (lijo, lithibela-mafu), ho senngoa ha libaka le mafu. phetiso. Ho feta moo, metsi a lebopong a ke ke a ts'ehetsa mokhoa oa hajoale oa ho tsamaea ho theosa le lebopo ho latela ho holofatsa ho qhoma ha mafu ka har'a lipene. [NB: Haeba re lema mollusk haufi le lebopo, kapa re fokotsa ka mokhoa o makatsang lipene tse bulehileng haufi le lebopo ka sekala 'me re tsepamise maikutlo ho hōliseng liphoofolo tse jang litlama, ho na le ntlafatso e itseng holim'a ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea temo ea metsing. Ho ea ka rona ho bohlokoa ho hlahloba mekhoa ena e fokolang.]

2. Lipene tsa Offshore Open.

Litsamaiso tse ncha tsa liteko tsa pene ea leoatleng li suthisa litlamorao tse tšoanang tse mpe moo li sa bonahaleng hape li eketsa litlamorao tse ling tikolohong, ho kenyeletsoa sebaka se seholo sa khabone ho laola lits'ebeletso tse kantle ho naha. 

3. Litsamaiso tse thehiloeng mobung "tse Koetsoeng".

Mekhoa ea "koetsoeng" e thehiloeng mobung, eo hangata e bitsoang recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), e fumana tlhokomelo e eketsehileng e le tharollo ea nako e telele ea nako e telele ea temo ea metsing, linaheng tse tsoetseng pele le tse tsoelang pele. Litsamaiso tse nyane, tse sa tureng, tse koetsoeng li ntse li etsoa mohlala hore li sebelisoe linaheng tse tsoelang pele ha ho ntse ho etsoa likhetho tse khōloanyane, tse sebetsang haholoanyane le tse turang linaheng tse tsoetseng pele. Litsamaiso tsena lia ikemela 'me hangata li lumella mekhoa e sebetsang ea polyculture ea ho rua liphoofolo le meroho hammoho. Li nkoa li tšoarella ka ho khetheha ha li tsamaisoa ke matla a tsosolositsoeng, li netefatsa hore metsi a tsona a batla a le 100%, 'me a tsepamisitse maikutlo ho hōliseng li-omnivores le li-herbivores.

4. "Boholo-holo" Open Systems.

Ho rua litlhapi ha se ntho e ncha; e ’nile ea sebelisoa ka makholo a lilemo litsong tse ngata. Mekhatlo ea boholo-holo ea Machaena e ne e fepa mantle a silkworm le nymphs ho carp e hōlisitsoeng ka matangoaneng a mapolasi a silika, Baegepeta ba ne ba lema tilapia e le karolo ea theknoloji ea bona ea nosetso, 'me batho ba Hawaii ba ne ba khona ho lema mefuta e mengata e kang milkfish, mullet, prawns le crab (Costa). - Pierce, 1987). Baepolli ba lintho tsa khale ba boetse ba fumane bopaki ba temo ea metsing sechabeng sa Mayan le meetlong ea lichaba tse ling tsa Amerika Leboea. (www.enaca.org).

Mathata a tikoloho

Joalokaha ho boletsoe ka holimo ho na le mefuta e 'maloa ea Aquaculture e' ngoe le e 'ngoe e nang le sebaka sa eona sa tikoloho e fapaneng ho tloha ho e tsitsitseng ho ea ho mathata a maholo. Ts'ebetso ea metsi a leoatleng (hangata e bitsoang open ocean kapa open water aquaculture) e bonoa e le mohloli o mocha oa kholo ea moruo, empa e iphapanyetsa letoto la litaba tsa tikoloho le tsa boitšoaro tsa lik'hamphani tse 'maloa tse laolang lisebelisoa tse ngata ka ho etsa privatization. Ho rua metsi ka ntle ho maoatle ho ka lebisa ho atang ha mafu, ho khothalletsa mekhoa e sa tsitsang ea phepelo ea litlhapi, ho baka ho ntšoa ha lintho tse kotsi bophelong, ho tšoasa liphoofolo tse hlaha le ho phonyoha ha litlhapi tse loto. Ho phonyoha ha litlhapi ke ha litlhapi tse ruuoang li balehela tikolohong, e leng se bakang kotsi e kholo ho palo ea litlhapi tse hlaha le tikolohong ka kakaretso. Ho ea ka histori ha e e-s'o be potso ea if phonyoha etsahala, empa neng di tla etsahala. Phuputso e 'ngoe ea morao tjena e fumane hore 92% ea litlhapi tsohle tse phonyohang li tsoa mapolasing a litlhapi tse thehiloeng leoatleng (Føre & Thorvaldsen, 2021). Offshore aquaculture e na le chelete e ngata ebile ha e na chelete e ngata joalo ka ha e le joalo hajoale.

Ho boetse ho na le litaba tse mabapi le ho qhalloa ha litšila le metsi a litšila sebakeng se haufi le leoatle. Mohlaleng o le mong lits'ebeletso tse haufi le lebopo li ile tsa fumanoa li lokolla lilithara tse limilione tse 66 tsa metsi a litšila - ho kenyeletsoa le liponto tse makholo tsa nitrate - ho ea libakeng tsa noka letsatsi le letsatsi.

Hobaneng ha Tlhapi ea Metsing e Lokela ho Khothatsoa?

Batho ba limilione lefatšeng ka bophara ba itšetlehile ka litlhapi bakeng sa lijo le mokhoa oa ho iphelisa. Hoo e ka bang karolo ea boraro ea litlhapi lefatšeng ka bophara e tšoasoa ka mokhoa o sa tsitsang, ha karolo ea bobeli ho tse tharo ea litlhapi tsa leoatleng li ntse li tšoasoa ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng. Aquaculture e kenya letsoho haholo phepelong ea rona ea lijo, ka hona e tlameha ho etsoa ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng. Haholo-holo, TOF e shebane le mekhoa e fapaneng ea mahlale a koalehileng, ho kenyeletsoa litanka tse potolohang, litselana tsa mabelo, litsamaiso tsa phallo le matangoana a kahare ho naha. Lisebelisoa tsena li sebelisoa bakeng sa mefuta e mengata ea litlhapi, likhofu le limela tsa metsing. Le hoja melemo e hlakileng (bophelo bo botle le tse ling) ea mekhoa e koalehileng ea liphoofolo tsa metsing e hlokometsoe, re boetse re tšehetsa boiteko ba ho qoba liphoso tsa tikoloho le polokeho ea lijo tsa pene e bulehileng ea liphoofolo tse phelang metsing. Re tšepa ho sebetsa boitekong ba machaba hammoho le ba malapeng bo ka amang phetoho e ntle.

Leha ho na le liqholotso tsa Aquaculture, The Ocean Foundation e buella nts'etsopele e tsoelang pele ea lik'hamphani tsa temo ea metsing - har'a lik'hamphani tse ling tse amanang le bophelo bo botle ba maoatle - kaha lefatše le kanna la bona tlhokahalo e ntseng e eketseha ea lijo tsa leoatleng. Mohlala o mong, The Ocean Foundation e sebetsa le Rockefeller le Credit Suisse ho bua le lik'hamphani tsa aquaculture ka boiteko ba bona ba ho sebetsana le linta tsa leoatle, tšilafalo, le ho tšoarella ha phepelo ea litlhapi.

Ocean Foundation e boetse e sebetsa ka tšebelisano 'moho le balekane ba Environmental Law Institute (ELI) le Sekolo sa Harvard Law School sa Emmett Environmental Law and Policy Clinic ho hlakisa le ho ntlafatsa tsela eo temo ea metsing e laoloang ka eona metsing a maoatle a kopaneng a United States.

Fumana lisebelisoa tsena ka tlase le ho ea pele Webosaete ea ELI:

• Taolo ea Tlhaho ea Lihlapi tsa Leoatleng ka Tlas'a Molao oa Paballo le Taolo ea Litlhapi tsa Magnuson-Stevens (Tlaleho e Feletseng) (Phuptjane 2013)
• Taolo ea Tlhaho ea Lihlapi tsa Leoatleng ka Tlas'a Molao oa Paballo le Taolo ea Litlhapi tsa Magnuson-Stevens (Kakaretso) (Phuptjane 2013)
• Taolo ea Tlhaho ea Liphoofolo tsa Leoatleng ka Tlas'a Molao oa Metsi a Hloekileng (Tlaleho e Feletseng) (Tshmere 2012)
• Taolo ea Tlhaho ea Lihlapi tsa Leoatleng ka Tlas'a Molao oa Metsi a Hloekileng (Kakaretso) (Tsoere 2012)
• US Army Corps of Engineers Regulation of Offshore Aquaculture (Phuptjane 2015)LEQEPHE LA 'NETE: Sesole sa US Sesole sa Lienjiniere Regulation of Offshore Aquaculture (Phuptjane 2015)

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2. Metheo ea Tlhaho ea Metsing

Mokhatlo oa Lijo le Temo oa Machaba a Kopaneng. (2022). Boreahlapi le Tlhapi ya Metsing. Machaba a kopaneng. https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/aquaculture

Aquaculture ke mosebetsi oa lilemo tse sekete oo kajeno o fanang ka karolo e fetang halofo ea litlhapi tsohle tse jeoang lefatšeng ka bophara. Leha ho le joalo, temo ea metsing e bakile liphetoho tse sa lakatseheng tsa tikoloho tse kenyeletsang: likhohlano tsa sechaba pakeng tsa basebelisi ba mobu le mehloli ea metsi, ho senngoa ha litšebeletso tsa bohlokoa tsa tikoloho, ho senngoa ha libaka, tšebeliso ea lik'hemik'hale tse kotsi le lithethefatsi tsa bongaka ba liphoofolo, tlhahiso e sa tsitsang ea tlhapi ea tlhapi le oli ea tlhapi, le sechaba le sechaba. litlamorao tsa setso ho basebetsi le sechaba sa temo ea metsing. Kakaretso ena e akaretsang ea Aquaculture bakeng sa batho ba tloaelehileng le litsebi e akaretsa tlhaloso ea temo ea metsing, lithuto tse khethiloeng, maqephe a lintlha, matšoao a ts'ebetso, maikutlo a libaka, le melao ea boitšoaro ea botšoasi ba litlhapi.

Jones, R., Dewey, B., le Seaver, B. (2022, January 28). Aquaculture: Ke Hobane'ng ha Lefatše le Hloka Leqhubu le Lecha la Tlhahiso ea Lijo. Foramo ea Moruo oa Lefatše. 

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/01/aquaculture-agriculture-food-systems/

Lihoai tse phelang metsing e ka ba bashebelli ba bohlokoa tabeng ea ho fetoha ha maemo a tikoloho. Tlhapi ea metsing ea metsing e fana ka melemo e mengata ea ho thusa lefats'e ho fapanyetsana litsamaiso tsa lona tsa lijo tse hatelletsoeng, ho isa boitekong ba ho fokotsa boemo ba leholimo joalo ka ho nka khabone le tlatsetso ho liindasteri tse hlahisang lihlahisoa tse bolokang tikoloho. Lihoai tsa Aquaculture li bile li le boemong bo khethehileng ba ho sebetsa e le bashebelli ba tikoloho le ho tlaleha ka liphetoho tsa tikoloho. Bangoli ba lumela hore tlhapi ea aquaculture ha e sireletsehe mathateng le tšilafalo, empa hang ha liphetoho tsa mekhoa e etsoa, ​​​​aquaculture ke indasteri ea bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa tsoelo-pele ea nako e telele.

Alice R Jones, Heidi K Alleway, Dominic McAfee, Patrick Reis-Santos, Seth J Theuerkauf, Robert C Jones, Lijo tsa Leoatleng tse Sebeletsang Climate: The Potential for Emissions Reduction and Carbon Capture in Marine Aquaculture, BioScience, Volume 72, Issue 2, February 2022, leqepheng la 123–143, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biab126

Aquaculture e hlahisa 52% ya dihlahiswa tsa diphoofolo tsa metsing tse jewang le mariculture e hlahisang 37.5% ya tlhahiso ena le 97% ya kotulo ya mawang a lefatshe. Leha ho le jwalo, ho boloka mesi e fokolang ya digase tse futhumatsang lefatshe (GHG) ho tla itshetleha hodima maano a nahannweng ka hloko ha temo ya dimela tsa lewatleng e ntse e eketseha. Ka ho hokahanya phano ea lihlahisoa tsa maoatle le menyetla ea phokotso ea GHG, bangoli ba pheha khang ea hore indasteri ea temo ea metsing e ka ntšetsa pele mekhoa e lumellanang le boemo ba leholimo e hlahisang litholoana tse tšoarellang tsa tikoloho, sechaba, le moruo bakeng sa nako e telele.

FAO. 2021. Lijo tsa Lefatše le Temo - Buka ea Selemo ea Lipalopalo ea 2021. Roma. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4477en

Selemo se seng le se seng Mokhatlo oa Lijo le Temo o hlahisa buka ea selemo ea lipalo-palo e nang le boitsebiso bo mabapi le boemo ba lefatše ba lijo le temo le boitsebiso ba bohlokoa moruong. Tlaleho e kenyelletsa likarolo tse 'maloa tse tšohlang boitsebiso bo mabapi le botšoasi ba litlhapi le temo ea metsing, meru, litheko tsa lihlahisoa tsa machaba, le metsi. Leha mohlodi ona o sa lebiswa jwalo ka mehloli e meng e hlahisitsweng mona, karolo ya ona ya ho sala morao ntshetsopele ya moruo wa tlhapi ya metsing e ke ke ya hlokomolohuwa.

FAO. 2019. Mosebetsi oa FAO mabapi le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo – Fisheries & aquaculture. Roma. https://www.fao.org/3/ca7166en/ca7166en.pdf

Mokgatlo wa Dijo le Temo o ile wa ama tlaleho e ikgethang e tsamaellanang le Tlaleho e Ikgethang ya 2019 mabapi le Lewatle le Lewatle le Lefatshe. Ba pheha khang ea hore phetoho ea Tlelaemete e tla lebisa liphetohong tse kholo boteng le khoebong ea litlhapi le lihlahisoa tsa leoatleng tse nang le litlamorao tsa bohlokoa tsa tikoloho le moruo. Sena se tla ba thata haholo ho linaha tse itšetlehileng ka leoatle le lijo tsa leoatleng e le mohloli oa protheine (baahi ba itšetlehileng ka litlhapi).

Bindoff, NL, WWL Cheung, JG Kairo, J. Arístegui, VA Guinder, R. Hallberg, N. Hilmi, N. Jiao, MS Karim, L. Levin, S. O'Donoghue, SR Purca Cuicapusa, B. Rinkevich, T. Suga, A. Tagliabue, le P. Williamson, 2019: Lewatle le Fetohang, Tikoloho ya Mawatleng, le Metse e Itshetlehileng. Ho: Tlaleho e Ikgethang ya IPCC ka Lewatle le Lefapheng la Leratadima le Fetohang la Tlelaemete [H.-O. Pörtner, DC Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, NM Weyer ( eds.)]. Khatisong. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/09_SROCC_Ch05_FINAL.pdf

Ka lebaka la phetoho ea maemo a leholimo, liindasteri tsa maoatle tse tsoang leoatleng li ke ke tsa khonahala ka nako e telele ntle le ho sebelisa mekhoa e tšoarellang. Tlaleho e Ikgethang ya 2019 e mabapi le Lewatle le Cryosphere e hlokomela hore lekala la botshwasi ba ditlhapi le temo ya metsing le kotsing e kgolo ya bakganni ba maemo a lehodimo. Haholo-holo, khaolo ea bohlano ea tlaleho e bua ka ho eketseha ha matsete a liphoofolo tsa metsing 'me e totobatsa likarolo tse' maloa tsa lipatlisiso tse hlokahalang ho khothalletsa ts'ebetso ea nako e telele. Ka bokhuts'oane, tlhokeho ea mekhoa e tsitsitseng ea temo ea metsing e ke ke ea hlokomolohuoa.

Heidi K Alleway, Chris L Gillies, Melanie J Bishop, Rebecca R Gentry, Seth J Theuerkauf, Robert Jones, The Ecosystem Services of Marine Aquaculture: Valuing Benefits to People and Nature, BioScience, Volume 69, Issue 1, January 2019, Maqephe 59 -68, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biy137

Ha palo ea baahi ba lefatše e ntse e eketseha, Aquaculture e tla ba ea bohlokoa phepelong ea kamoso ea lijo tsa leoatleng. Leha ho le joalo, liphephetso tse amanang le lintlha tse mpe tsa temo ea metsing li ka sitisa tlhahiso e eketsehileng. Likotsi tsa tikoloho li tla fokotsoa feela ka ho eketseha ha kananelo, kutloisiso, le tlaleho ea phepelo ea litšebeletso tsa tikoloho le tikoloho ka temo ea maoatle ka maano a macha, lichelete le merero ea setifikeiti e ka khothaletsang phano e sebetsang ea melemo. Ka hona, temo ea metsing ha ea lokela ho nkoa e le e arohaneng le tikoloho empa e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea tikoloho, ha feela mekhoa e nepahetseng ea tsamaiso e ntse e etsoa.

Tsamaiso ea Naha ea Leoatle le Atmospheric (2017). NoAA Aquaculture Research - Pale ea 'mapa. Lefapha la Khoebo. https://noaa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Shortlist/index.html?appid=7b4af1ef0efb425ba35d6f2c8595600f

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration e thehile 'mapa oa lipale o sebetsang o totobatsang merero ea bona ea ka hare ea lipatlisiso mabapi le temo ea metsing. Merero ena e kenyelletsa tlhahlobo ea setso sa mefuta e ikhethileng, tlhahlobo ea potoloho ea bophelo, lijo tse ling, acidization ea maoatle, le melemo le litlamorao tse ka bang teng. 'Mapa oa pale o totobatsa merero ea NOAA ho tloha 2011 ho fihlela 2016 mme e thusa haholo baithuti, bafuputsi ba nang le thahasello mererong e fetileng ea NOAA, le bamameli ka kakaretso.

Engle, C., McNevin, A., Racine, P., Boyd, C., Paungkaew, D., Viriyatum, R., Quoc Tinh, H., le Ngo Minh, H. (2017, April 3). Economics of Sustainable Intensification of Aquaculture: Bopaki bo tsoang Mapolasing a Vietnam le Thailand. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, Moq. 48, No. 2, leq. 227-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12423.

Ho hola ha temo ea metsing hoa hlokahala ho fana ka lijo bakeng sa ho eketseha ha maemo a baahi lefatšeng ka bophara. Phuputso ena e ile ea sheba mapolasi a 40 a aquaculture a Thailand le a 43 a Vietnam ho fumana hore na ho hōla ha liphoofolo tsa metsing ho tšoarella hakae libakeng tsena. Phuputso e fumane hore ho ne ho e-na le boleng bo matla ha lihoai tsa li-shrimp li sebelisa mehloli ea tlhaho le lisebelisoa tse ling ka mokhoa o nepahetseng le hore temo ea metsing e lebōpong la leoatle e ka etsoa hore e tšoarelle. Liphuputso tse ling li ntse li tla hlokahala ho fana ka tataiso e tsoelang pele e amanang le mekhoa e tsitsitseng ea tsamaiso ea liphoofolo tsa metsing.

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3. Tšilafalo le Litšokelo ho Tikoloho

Føre, H. and Thorvaldsen, T. (2021, Hlakola 15). Causal Analysis of Escape of Atlantic Salmon and Rainbow Trout From Norwegian Fish Farms Nakong ea 2010 - 2018. Aquaculture, Moq. 532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736002

Phuputso ea morao-rao ea lihoai tsa tlhapi tsa Norway li fumane hore 92% ea litlhapi tsohle tse phonyohang li tsoa mapolasing a litlhapi tse thehiloeng leoatleng, ha tse ka tlase ho 7% li tsoa litsing tse thehiloeng mobung 'me 1% e tsoa lipalangoang. Boithuto bona bo shebile nako ea lilemo tse robong (2019-2018) mme ba bala liketsahalo tse fetang 305 tse tlalehiloeng tse phonyohileng tse nang le litlhapi tse ka bang limilione tse 2 tse phonyohileng, palo ena e bohlokoa haholo ha boithuto bo lekanyelitsoe ho Salmon le Rainbow Trout feela tse ruuoang Norway. Bongata ba ho phonyoha hona ho bakiloe ka ho toba ke masoba a matlooa, le hoja lintlha tse ling tsa theknoloji tse kang lisebelisoa tse senyehileng le boemo bo bobe ba leholimo li ile tsa phetha karolo. Boithuto bona bo totobatsa bothata bo boholo ba temo ea metsi a bulehileng e le mokhoa o sa tsitsang.

Racine, P., Marley, A., Froehlich, H., Gaines, S., Ladner, I., MacAdam-Somer, I., le Bradley, D. (2021). Nyeoe ea ho kenyeletsoa ha temo ea limela tsa leoatleng taolong ea tšilafalo ea limatlafatsi tsa US, Leano la Marine, Moq. 129, 2021, 104506, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104506.

Limela tsa leoatleng li na le monyetla oa ho fokotsa tšilafalo ea limatlafatsi tsa leoatleng, ho thibela ho hola ha eutrophication (ho kenyeletsoa hypoxia), le ho eketsa taolo ea tšilafalo e thehiloeng mobung ka ho tlosa naetrojene le phosphorus tse ngata tikolohong ea lebopo. Leha ho le joalo, ho fihlela joale, litlama tsa leoatleng ha li e-so sebelisoe boemong bona. Ha lefatše le ntse le tsoela pele ho hlokofatsoa ke litlamorao tsa ho phalla ha limatlafatsi, maoatle a leoatle a fana ka tharollo e se nang tikoloho e lokelang matsete a nakoana bakeng sa meputso ea nako e telele.

Flegel, T. le Alday-Sanz, V. (2007, July) The Crisis in Asian Shrimp Aquaculture: Boemo ba Hona Joale le Litlhoko tsa Bokamoso. Journal of Applied Ichthyology. Wiley Online Library. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1998.tb00654.x

Bohareng ba lilemo tsa bo-2000, li-shrimp tsohle tse atisang ho lengoa Asia li ile tsa fumanoa li e-na le lefu la White-spot le bakang tahlehelo ea liranta tse limilione tse likete tse 'maloa. Le hoja lefu lena le ile la rarolloa, phuputso ena e totobatsa tšokelo ea mafu ka har'a indasteri ea liphoofolo tsa metsing. Ho tsoela pele ho tsoela pele ho tla hlokahala mosebetsi oa ho etsa lipatlisiso le nts'etsopele, haeba indasteri ea shrimp e tla ba e tsitsitseng, ho kenyelletsa le: kutloisiso e ntle ea tšireletso ea shrimp khahlanong le maloetse; lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng mabapi le phepo e nepahetseng; le ho felisoa ha likotsi tsa tikoloho.

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4. Lintlafatso tsa Hona Joale le Mekhoa e Mecha ea Temo ea Metsi

Boyd, C., D'Abramo, L., Glencross,B., David C. Huyben, D., Juarez, L., Lockwood, G., McNevin, A., Tacon, A., Teletchea, F., Tomasso Jr, J., Tucker, C., Valenti, W. (2020, June 24). Ho Finyella Tlhapi ea Metsing e Tsoelang Pele: Maikutlo a nalane le a hajoale le litlhoko le liphephetso tsa kamoso. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. Wiley Online Libraryhttps://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12714

Lilemong tse hlano tse fetileng, indasteri ea Aquaculture e fokolitse boemo ba eona ba khabone ka ho amohela butle-butle mekhoa e mecha ea tlhahiso e fokolitseng tlhahiso ea khase e futhumatsang lefatše, e fokolitse tšebeliso ea metsi a hloekileng karolong ka 'ngoe e hlahisoang, mekhoa e ntlafetseng ea tsamaiso ea phepelo, le ho amohela mekhoa e mecha ea temo. Phuputso ena e paka hore le hoja temo ea metsing e ntse e tsoela pele ho bona kotsi e itseng ea tikoloho, mokhoa o akaretsang o lebisa indastering e tsitsitseng haholoanyane.

Turchini, G., Jesse T. Trushenski, J., le Glencross, B. (2018, September 15). Mehopolo bakeng sa Bokamoso ba Phepo ea Metsing ea Metsing: Ho Fetola Maikutlo ho Bontša Mathata a Sejoale-joale a Amanang le Tšebeliso e Bohlale ea Mehloli ea Leoatleng ho Aquafeeds. Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Litlhapi. https://doi.org/10.1002/naaq.10067 https://afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/naaq.10067

Lilemong tse mashome a 'maloa tse fetileng, bafuputsi ba entse tsoelo-pele e kholo lipatlisisong tsa phepo ea liphoofolo tsa metsing le mefuta e meng ea lijo. Leha ho le joalo, ho itšetleha ka mehloli ea leoatle e ntse e le tšitiso e tsoelang pele e fokotsang botsitso. Leano le akaretsang la lipatlisiso-le tsamaellanang le litlhoko tsa indasteri le tse tsepamisitsoeng holim'a motsoako oa limatlafatsi le tlatsetso ea motsoako-hoa hlokahala ho khothaletsa tsoelo-pele ea ka moso ea phepo ea liphoofolo tsa metsing.

Buck, B., Troell, M., Krause, G., Angel, D., Grote, B., le Chopin, T. (2018, May 15). Boemo ba Bonono le Liphephetso tsa Offshore Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA). Meeli ho Saense ea Marine. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00165

Bangoli ba pampiri ena ba pheha khang ea hore ho fallisetsa lits'ebeletso tsa temo ea metsing ho ea leoatleng le bulehileng le hole le tikoloho e haufi le lebopo ho tla thusa katoloso e kholo ea tlhahiso ea lijo tsa leoatleng. Patlisiso ena e ipabola kakaretsong ea eona ea tsoelopele ea hajwale ya dithekenoloji tsa tlhapi ya lewatleng, haholoholo tshebediso ya mefuta e mengata ya mefuta e mengata (jwalo ka difinfish, oyster, sea cucumber le kelp) e lengwang mmoho ho theha mokgwa o kopanetsweng wa temo. Leha ho le joalo, ho lokela ho hlokomeloa hore temo ea metsing e ka thōko ho leoatle e ntse e ka baka kotsi ea tikoloho 'me ha e e-s'o atlehe moruong.

Duarte, C., Wu, J., Xiao, X., Bruhn, A., Krause-Jensen, D. (2017). Na Temo ea Seaweed e ka ba le Seabo Phokotsong ea Phetoho ea Tlelaemete le ho Ikamahanya le maemo? Frontiers in Marine Science, Moq. 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00100

Seaweed aquaculture ha se feela karolo e holang ka potlako ea tlhahiso ea lijo lefatšeng ka bophara empa ke indasteri e khonang ho thusa ho fokotsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo le mehato ea ho ikamahanya le maemo. Seaweed aquaculture e ka sebetsa e le sink ea carbon bakeng sa tlhahiso ea biofuel, ea ntlafatsa boleng ba mobu ka ho sebetsa e le sebaka sa manyolo a maiketsetso a silafatsang, le ho fokotsa matla a maqhubu ho sireletsa mabōpo. Leha ho le joalo, indasteri ea hajoale ea temo ea leoatleng e lekantsoe ke boteng ba libaka tse loketseng le tlholisano bakeng sa libaka tse loketseng tse nang le lits'ebeliso tse ling, litsamaiso tsa boenjiniere tse khonang ho sebetsana le maemo a thata a kantle ho naha, le tlhokahalo e ntseng e eketseha ea 'maraka ea lihlahisoa tsa maoatle, har'a lintlha tse ling.

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5. Temo ea Metsi le Phapano, Tekano, Kenyeletso, le Toka

FAO. 2018. Boemo ba Lefatše la Litlhapi le Aquaculture ea 2018 - Ho finyella lipakane tsa tsoelo-pele e tsitsitseng. Roma. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. http://www.fao.org/3/i9540en/i9540en.pdf

Lenaneo la Machaba a Kopaneng la 2030 la Ntlafatso e Tsoelang Pele le Lipheo tsa Tsoelo-pele e Tsoelang Pele le lumella tlhahlobo ea botšoasi ba litlhapi le liphoofolo tsa metsing tse shebaneng le polokeho ea lijo, phepo e nepahetseng, tšebeliso ea nako e telele ea lihloliloeng, 'me e nahanela maemo a moruo, sechabeng le tikolohong. Leha tlaleho e se e le lilemo tse ka bang hlano, tsepamiso ea eona ea puso e thehiloeng ho litokelo bakeng sa nts'etsopele e lekanang le e kenyeletsang e ntse e le ea bohlokoa haholo kajeno.

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6. Melawana le Melao Malebana le Tlhapi ya Metsing

Tsamaiso ea Naha ea Leoatle le Sepakapaka. (2022). Tataiso ea ho Lumella Tlhapi ea Metsing ea Metsing United States. Lefapha la Khoebo, Tsamaiso ea Naha ea Leoatle le Atmospheric. https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/2022-02/Guide-Permitting-Marine-Aquaculture-United-States-2022.pdf

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration e hlahisitse tataiso bakeng sa ba thahasellang maano a United States a temo ea metsing le tumello. Tataiso ena e reretsoe batho ba nang le thahasello ea ho etsa kopo ea tumello ea ho rua metsing le ba batlang ho ithuta haholoanyane ka mokhoa oa tumello ho kenyeletsoa le lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa tsa kopo. Le hoja tokomane ena e sa phethahala, e kenyelletsa lethathamo la melaoana ea tumello ea naha ka naha bakeng sa likhofu, li-finfish, le limela tsa leoatleng.

Ofisi ea Phethahatso ea Mopresidente. (2020, la 7 Motšeanong). Tsamaiso ea Tsamaiso ea US 13921, Ho Khothalletsa Tlholisano ea Lijo tsa Leoatleng tsa Amerika le Kholiso ea Moruo.

Mathoasong a 2020, Mopresidente Biden o ile a saena EO 13921 ea la 7 Mots'eanong 2020, ho nchafatsa indasteri ea ho ts'oasa litlhapi ea Amerika. Hantle-ntle, Karolo ea 6 e fana ka mekhoa e meraro ea ho lumella temo ea metsing: 

1. e fumanehang ka har'a EEZ le kantle ho metsi a Naha kapa Sebaka sefe kapa sefe,
2. hloka tlhahlobo ea tikoloho kapa tumello ke mekhatlo e 'meli kapa ho feta (federal), le
3. setsi seo e neng e tla ba sona se etelletseng pele se entse qeto ea hore se tla lokisa setatemente sa phello ea tikoloho (EIS). 

Mekhoa ena e reretsoe ho khothaletsa indasteri ea lijo tsa leoatleng e nang le tlholisano ho feta United States, ho beha lijo tse sireletsehileng le tse phetseng hantle litafoleng tsa Amerika, le ho kenya letsoho moruong oa Amerika. Taelo ena ea phethahatso e boetse e sebetsana le mathata a ho tšoasa litlhapi tse seng molaong, tse sa tlalehoang, le tse sa laoleheng, le ho ntlafatsa ponaletso.

FAO. 2017. Climate Smart Agriculture Sourcebook - Climate-Smart Fisheries and Aquaculture. Roma.http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture-sourcebook/production-resources/module-b4-fisheries/b4-overview/en/

Mokhatlo oa Lijo le Temo o thehile buka ea mohloli oa "ho hlakisa haholoanyane mohopolo oa temo e bohlale ea boemo ba leholimo" ho kenyelletsa le bokhoni ba eona le meeli ea ho sebetsana le litlamorao tsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo. Mohloli ona o tla ba molemo haholo bakeng sa baetsi ba melaoana maemong a naha le a naha.

MOLAO WA NATIONAL AQUACULTURE ACT OF 1980 Act of September 26, 1980, Public Law 96-362, 94 Stat. 1198, 16 USC 2801, joalo-joalo. https://www.agriculture.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/National%20Aquaculture%20Act%20Of%201980.pdf

Bongata ba maano a United States mabapi le Aquaculture a ka saloa morao ho Molao oa Naha oa Aquaculture Act oa 1980. Molao ona o ne o hloka hore Lefapha la Temothuo, Lefapha la Khoebo, Lefapha la Litaba tsa ka Hare, le Makhotla a Tsamaiso ea Litlhapi tsa Lebatooa ho theha National Aquaculture Development. Rera. Molao o ne o batla hore morero oa ho khetholla mefuta ea metsing ka tšebeliso e ka bang teng khoebong, o hlahisitse mehato e khothaletsoang e lokelang ho nkuoa ke batšehetsi ba poraefete le ba sechaba ho khothaletsa temo ea metsing le ho etsa lipatlisiso ka litlamorao tsa temo ea metsing ho tikoloho ea maoatle le tikoloho ea leoatle. E boetse e thehile Sehlopha sa Ts'ebetso sa Interagency Working Group on Aquaculture e le sebopeho sa setheo ho lumella khokahanyo har'a mekhatlo ea mmuso ea US mabapi le mesebetsi e amanang le temo ea metsing. Phetolelo e ncha ka ho fetisisa ea moralo, the Leano la Naha la Leano la Lipatlisiso tsa Federal Aquaculture (2014-2019), e entsoe ke Komiti ea Naha ea Lekhotla la Saense le Theknoloji ea Sehlopha sa Tšebetso sa Science Interagency mabapi le Aquaculture.

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7. Lisebelisoa tse Eketsehileng

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration e thehile maqephe a 'maloa a lintlha a shebaneng le likarolo tse fapaneng tsa Aquaculture United States. Lintlha tse amanang le Leqephe lena la Lipatlisiso li kenyelletsa: Litšebelisano tsa Aquaculture le Tikoloho, Tlhapi ea Aquaculture e Fana ka Litšebeletso tse Molemo tsa Ecosystem, Mamello ea Tlelaemete le Temo ea Metsing, Thuso ea Likoluoa ​​Bakeng sa Litlhapi, Marine Aquaculture ho la US, Likotsi tse ka 'nang tsa E-ba teng tsa ho Pholoha ha Aquaculture, Taolo ea Tlhapi ea Metsing ea Metsing, 'me Lijo tse Ts'oarellang tsa Tlhapi ea Metsing le Phepo ea Litlhapi.

White Papers ka The Ocean Foundation:

• Ke Hobane'ng ha Aquaculture?
• Temo ea Metsi le Tsoelopele
• Recirculating Aquaculture Systems
• Leano la Machaba la Tsoelo-pele ea Aquaculture
• Tlhapi ea Metsing ea Khale ea Moshoelella
• Boemo ba Lefatše la Litlhapi le Temo ea Metsi

KHUTLANG HO PATLISISO