Litlhapi tse ka Pelong ea Tsamaiso ea Lijo

Sengoliloeng sena se hlahile ho Limn mme se ngotsoe ke Alison Fairbrother le David Schleifer.

Ha o eso bone menhaden, empa o e jele. Le hoja ho se motho ea lutseng fatše bakeng sa poleiti ea litlhapi tsena tse silevera, tse mahlo a likokoana-hloko, tse bolelele ba maoto sebakeng sa thekiso ea lijo tsa leoatleng, menhaden e tsamaea ka har'a ketane ea lijo tsa batho haholo-holo e sa lemohuoe 'meleng ea mefuta e meng, e patiloeng salmon, nama ea kolobe, eie le. lijo tse ling tse ngata.

Limilione tsa liponto tsa menhaden li tšoasoa Leoatleng la Atlantic le Koung ea Mexico ke k'hamphani e le 'ngoe e Houston, Texas, e nang le lebitso le monate: Omega Protein. Phaello ea k'hamphani e tsoa haholo ts'ebetsong e bitsoang "phokotso," e kenyelletsang ho pheha, ho sila, le ho arola ka lik'hemik'hale mafura a menhaden ho protheine ea eona le limatlafatsi tse nyane. Likarolo tsena tsa likarolo li fetoha lisebelisoa tsa lik'hemik'hale temong ea metsing, liphoofolong tsa indasteri le temo ea meroho. Lijo tse nang le oli le protheine li fetoha lijo tsa liphoofolo. Li-micronutrients li fetoha manyolo a lijalo.

E sebetsa tjena: ho tloha ka Mmesa ho isa ho Tshitwe, torotswana e lebopong la Reedville, Virginia, e romela batshwasi ba dihlapi ba bangata Lewatleng la Chesapeake le Lewatleng la Atlantic ka dikepe tse robong tsa Omega Protein. Bakhanni ba lifofane tse nyenyane tsa Spotter ba fofa holimo, ba batla menhaden e tsoang holimo, e hlokomelehang ka moriti o mofubelu oo ba o sieang holim'a metsi ha ba ntse ba bokellana likolong tse thata tsa litlhapi tse mashome a likete.

Ha menhaden e tsejoa, setheba-monate se khanna seea-le-moea ho sekepe se haufi 'me se se lebisa sekolong. Batšoasi ba litlhapi ba Omega Protein ba romela liketsoana tse peli tse nyane, tse tšoasang sekolo ka letlooa le leholo le bitsoang purse seine. Ha litlhapi li koaletsoe, letlooa la purse seine le tiisoa ka thata joaloka khoele e hulang. Pompe ea hydraulic vacuum e ntan'o monya menhaden ho tloha letlooa ho kena ka har'a sekepe. Ho khutlela fekthering, ho fokotseha hoa qala. Ts'ebetso e tšoanang e etsahala Koung ea Mexico, moo Omega Protein e nang le lifeme tse tharo tsa phokotso.

Ho tšoasoa menhaden e ngata ho feta litlhapi tse ling kontinenteng ea United States ka bongata. Ho fihlela morao tjena, ts'ebetso ena e kholo le lihlahisoa tsa eona li ne li batla li sa laoloe ka ho feletseng, ho sa tsotellehe tšusumetso e khōlō ea tikoloho. Palo ea batho ba menhaden e fokotsehile hoo e ka bang karolo ea 90 lekholong ho tloha nakong eo batho ba qalang ho kotula menhaden ho tloha lebōpong la leoatle la Atlantic le metsing a linōka.

Omega Protein e ne e se eona ea pele ea ho lemoha bohlokoa ba menhaden. The etymology ea menhaden e bontša sebaka sa eona sa nako e telele tlhahisong ea lijo. Lebitso la eona le tsoa lentsoeng la Narragansett munnawhatteaûg, leo ka ho toba le bolelang "se ruisang naha." Lipatlisiso tsa ho epolloa ha lintho tsa khale ho Cape Cod li bontša hore Maamerika a moo a ile a pata litlhapi tseo ho lumeloang hore ke menhaden masimong a bona a poone (Mrozowski 1994: 47-62). Tlaleho e entsoeng ke William Bradford le Edward Winslow ho tloha ka 1622 ea Ma-Pilgrim a Plymouth, Massachusetts, e hlalosa bo-ralikolone ba ne ba nontša mapolasi a bona ka litlhapi “ho ea ka mokhoa oa Maindia” (Bradford le Winslow 1622).

Bo-rakhoebo khale koana lekholong la leshome le metso e robeli la lilemo ba ile ba qala ho haha ​​​​lisebelisoa tse nyane ho fokotsa menhaden ho etsa oli le lijo tse sebelisoang lihlahisoa tsa indasteri le tsa temo. Bohareng ba lekholo la mashome a mabeli la lilemo, mehaho ena e fetang makholo a mabeli e ne e le lebōpong le ka bochabela la United States le Koung ea Mexico. Boholo ba lilemo tseo, batšoasi ba litlhapi ba ne ba tšoasa menhaden ba sebelisa matlooa ao ba a hulang ka letsoho. Empa ho qala ka bo-1950, lipompo tsa hydraulic vacuum li ile tsa etsa hore ho khonehe ho monya limilione tsa menhaden ho tloha matlooa a maholo ho kena likepeng tse khōlō tsa litanka. Lilemong tse 60 tse fetileng, liponto tse limilione tse likete tse 47 tsa menhaden li 'nile tsa kotuloa Leoatleng la Atlantic.

Ha litlhapi tsa menhaden li ntse li eketseha, lifeme tse nyenyane le likepe tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi li ile tsa tsoa khoebong. Ka 2006, ho ne ho setse k'hamphani e le 'ngoe feela. Omega Protein, ntlo-khōlō e Texas, e tšoasa liponto tse pakeng tsa kotara le halofo ea bilione ea menhaden selemo le selemo ho tloha Atlantic, ’me e batla e imenne habeli ho feta Koung ea Mexico.

Hobane Omega Protein e laola indasteri, litlaleho tsa eona tsa selemo le selemo tsa batseteli li etsa hore ho khonehe ho fumana menhaden ka ketane ea lijo ea lefats'e ho tloha setsing sa eona sa phokotso se Reedville, Virginia, le lifeme tse 'maloa tse Louisiana le Mississippi.

Tumellanong le tšebeliso ea Matsoalloa a Amerika, menhaden micronutrients—haholo-holo naetrojene, phosphorus le potassium—e sebelisoa ho etsa manyolo. United States, menontsha e entsoeng ka menhaden e sebelisoa ho lema eiee Texas, blueberries Georgia, le lirosa Tennessee, har'a lijalo tse ling.

Karolo e nyenyane ea mafura e sebelisoa ho etsa li-supplement tsa phepo ea batho, e leng lipilisi tsa oli ea tlhapi tse nang le omega-3 fatty acids, tse amanang le ho fokotseha ha mabaka a mang a kotsi bakeng sa lefu la pelo. Omega-3s e fumaneha ka tlhaho merohong e meng e tala le linate. Li boetse li ka har'a algae, eo menhaden e e jang ka bongata. Ka lebaka leo, menhaden le mefuta ea litlhapi tse itšetlehileng ka menhaden bakeng sa lijo li tletse omega-3s.

Ka 2004, US Food and Drug Administration e ile ea lumella bahlahisi ho etsa likopo ho liphutheloana tsa lijo tse hokahanyang tšebeliso ea lijo tse nang le omega-3s ho fokotsa kotsi ea lefu la pelo. Hore na ho noa lipilisi tsa oli ea tlhapi ea omega-3 ho na le melemo e tšoanang le ea ho ja lijo tse nang le omega-3s e ntse e le taba ea phehisano (Allport 2006; Kris-Etherton et al. 2002; Rizos et al. 2012). Leha ho le joalo, thekiso ea lipilisi tsa oli ea tlhapi e ile ea eketseha ho tloha ho $ 100 milione ka 2001 ho ea ho $ 1.1 limilione tse likete ka 2011 (Frost & Sullivan Research Service 2008; Herper 2009; Packaged Facts 2011). Mmaraka oa li-supplement tsa omega-3 le oa lijo le lino tse matlafalitsoeng ka li-omega-3 e ne e le $ 195 milione ka 2004. Ka 2011, e ne e hakanngoa ho $13 limilione tse likete.

Bakeng sa Omega Protein, chelete ea sebele e liprotheine le mafura a menhaden, a fetohileng metsoako ea lijo tsa liphoofolo bakeng sa mesebetsi ea indasteri ea ho hōlisa metsi, likolobe le likhomo United States le linaheng tse ling. Khampani e boemong bo botle ba ho tsoela pele ho atolosa thekiso ea menhaden ho pota lefatše. Leha phepelo ea lefats'e ea mafura le liprotheine e ntse e bataletse ho tloha ka 2004, tlhoko e eketsehile haholo. Lekeno la Omega Protein ka tone le eketsehile ho feta hararo ho tloha ka 2000. Kakaretso ea lekeno e ne e le $236 milione ka 2012, e leng kakaretso ea 17.8%.

Omega Protein ea "blue chip" ea bareki bakeng sa lijo tsa liphoofolo le lisebelisoa tsa batho e kenyelletsa Whole Foods, Nestlé Purina, Iams, Land O'Lakes, ADM, Swanson Health Products, Cargill, Del Monte, Science Diet, Smart Balance, le Vitamin Shoppe. Empa lik'hamphani tse rekang lijo tsa menhaden le oli ho tsoa ho Omega Protein ha li hloke ho ngola hore na lihlahisoa tsa tsona li na le tlhapi, e leng ho etsang hore bareki ba se ke ba tseba hore na ba noa menhaden. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho nahanoa ka bongata ba ho tšoasa litlhapi le boholo ba kabo ea Omega Protein, haeba u kile ua ja salmon e ruiloeng polasing kapa ho fana ka li-bacon tsa supermarket, ho ka etsahala hore ebe u jele liphoofolo tse ruiloeng bonyane karolo ea menhaden. E ka 'na eaba u fepile liphoofolo tse ruiloeng ka menhaden ho liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng, ua metsa menhaden ka li-capsules tsa gel tse khothalletsoang ke ngaka ea hau ea pelo, kapa ua li fafatsa serapeng sa hau sa meroho se ka morao.

"Re ntlafalitse k'hamphani ha nako e ntse e ea moo u ka tsohang hoseng, ua ba le Omega-3 (fish oil) ho qala letsatsi la hau, u ka thibela tlala ea hau lipakeng tsa lijo ka protheine shake, 'me u ka lula. ho theosa lijong tsa mantsiboea ka sengoathoana sa salmon, 'me ho na le monyetla oa hore e' ngoe ea lihlahisoa tsa rona e sebelisoe ho thusa ho phahamisa salmon eo, "Mookameli oa Omega Protein Brett Scholtes o boletse puisanong ea morao tjena le Houston Business Journal (Ryan 2013).

Ke hobane'ng ha ho le bohlokoa hore tlhapi ee e nyenyane e sebelisetsoa ho matlafatsa tlhokahalo e ntseng e eketseha ea lefats'e ea liprotheine tsa liphoofolo ha meputso ea lefats'e e ntse e phahama le lijo li fetoha (WHO 2013: 5)? Hobane menhaden ha e bohlokoa feela phepelong ea lijo tsa batho, hape ke li-linchpin tsa ketane ea lijo tsa leoatle.

Menhaden e qhotsetsa leoatleng, empa boholo ba litlhapi li leba Kou ea Chesapeake ho ea tsofala metsing a matsoai a leoatle le leholo la naha. Ho ea ka nalane, Kou ea Chesapeake e ne e tšehetsa palo e kholo ea batho ba menhaden: tšōmo e bolela hore Captain John Smith o ile a bona banna ba bangata ba tletse Chesapeake Bay ha a fihla ka 1607 hoo a neng a ka ba tšoara ka pane e halikiloeng.

Sebakeng sena sa bana, menhaden e hola le ho atleha likolong tse kholo pele e fallela holimo le tlase lebopong la Atlantic. Likolo tsena tsa menhaden li fana ka lijo tsa bohlokoa, tse nang le phepo bakeng sa libatana tse ngata tsa bohlokoa, tse kang libass tse metsero, weakfish, bluefish, spiny dogfish, li-dolphin, maruarua a humpback, liqibi tsa likepe, osprey, loons le tse ling.

Ka 2009, bo-rasaense ba litlhapi ba tlaleha hore palo ea batho ba Atlantic menhaden e fokotsehile ho ea ho karolo ea 10 lekholong ea boholo ba eona ba pele. Bo-rasaense ba indasteri ba pheha khang ea hore litlhapi tse nyenyane tse jang liphoofolo tse kang menhaden, sardine le herring li ikatisa ka potlako ho lekana hore li nkele tse nkiloeng letotong la lijo tsa leoatle ka ho tšoasa litlhapi tsa khoebo. Empa litsebi tse ngata tsa tikoloho, bo-rasaense ba mmuso le ba thuto, le baahi ba lebōpong la leoatle ba pheha khang ea hore ho tšoasa litlhapi menhaden ho senya tikoloho, ho siea menhaden e fokolang haholo ka metsing ho ikarabella bakeng sa tlhokahalo ea liphoofolo tse jang liphoofolo.

Li-bass tse hlabang esale e le se seng sa libata tse mpe ka ho fetisisa tsa menhaden Lebopong le ka Bochabela. Kajeno, li-bass tse ngata tse metsero Chesapeake Bay li tšoeroe ke mycobacteriosis, lefu le neng le sa tloaeleha le bakang liso le amanang le khaello ea phepo e nepahetseng.

Osprey, sebata se seng sa menhaden, ha se e-s'o tsoele pele hantle. Lilemong tsa bo-1980, karolo e fetang 70 lekholong ea lijo tsa osprey e ne e le menhaden. Ka 2006, palo eo e ne e theohetse ho liphesente tse 27, 'me ho phela ha li-osprey nestlings Virginia ho ne ho theohetse boemong bo tlaase ka ho fetisisa ho tloha lilemong tsa bo-1940, ha sebolaea-likokoanyana sa DDT se ne se hlahisoa sebakeng seo, se ileng sa felisa li-osprey tse nyenyane. 'Me bohareng ba lilemo tsa bo-2000, bafuputsi ba ile ba qala ho fumana hore weakfish, e leng tlhapi ea bohlokoa moruong e jang litlhapi Leoatleng la Atlantic, e ne e shoa ka bongata. Ha ho se na li-menhaden tse ngata tse phetseng hantle tseo li ka fepang ka tsona, li-bass tse metsero li ne li ja lihlapi tse nyenyane tse fokolang 'me li fokotsa palo ea tsona haholo.

Ka 2012, sehlopha sa litsebi tsa maoatleng se tsejoang e le Lenfest Forage Fish Task Force se hakantse hore boleng ba ho siea litlhapi tse furung leoatleng e le mohloli oa lijo bakeng sa liphoofolo tse jang libatana e ne e le $11 bilione: habeli ho feta $5.6 bilione e hlahisitsoeng ke ho tlosa mefuta e kang menhaden. ho tloha leoatleng le ho li hatella ka har'a li-pellets tsa lijo tsa tlhapi (Pikitch et al, 2012).

Kamora mashome a lilemo a bobuelli bo entsoeng ke mekhatlo ea tikoloho, ka Tšitoe 2012, setsi sa taolo se bitsoang Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission se ile sa kenya tšebetsong molao oa pele oa lebopo lohle oa ho tšoasa litlhapi oa menhaden. Khomishene e ile ea fokotsa kotulo ea menhaden ka liperesente tse 20 ho tloha maemong a fetileng molemong oa ho sireletsa baahi hore ba se fokole le ho feta. Taolo ena e ile ya kenngwa tshebetsong sehleng sa ho tshwasa ditlhapi sa 2013; hore na e amme palo ea batho ba menhaden ke potso eo bo-rasaense ba 'muso ba lekang ho e araba.

Ho sa le joalo, lihlahisoa tsa menhaden li ntse li le bohlokoa tlhahisong ea lefatše ea litlhapi le nama tse theko e tlaase. Tsamaiso ea lijo tsa indasteri e itšetlehile ka ho ntša limatlafatsi 'meleng oa liphoofolo tse hlaha. Re ja menhaden ka mokhoa oa nama ea kolobe, sefuba sa khoho le tilapia. 'Me ka ho etsa joalo, mekhoa ea rona ea ho ja e lebisa lefung la linonyana le litlhapi tse jang liphoofolo tse sa feteng melomong ea rona.
Alison Fairbrother ke molaoli ea ka sehloohong oa Public Trust Project, mokhatlo o sa eeng ka letho, o sa etseng phaello o etsang lipatlisiso le ho tlaleha ka liphatlalatso tse fosahetseng tsa mahlale ke likoporasi, mmuso le boralitaba.

David Schleifer o etsa lipatlisiso le ho ngola ka lijo, tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle, theknoloji le thuto. Hape ke setho se phahameng sa liphuputso ho Public Agenda, mokhatlo o sa nkeng lehlakore, o sa etseng phaello le mokhatlo oa boitlamo. Maikutlo a hlalositsoeng mona ha se hakaalo hore a tsoa ho Public Agenda kapa bafani ba eona ba lichelete. 

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