UMmangaliso we-8 weHlabathi: iMgrogriso yezeMigodi kwiLifa leMveli leNkcubeko elingaphantsi kwamanzi

ukusuka iingxowa zeplastiki ukuba izidalwa zaselwandle ezisanda kufunyanwa, umgangatho ongaphantsi kolwandle uzele bubomi, ubuhle, nezinto ezenzekayo ebomini bomntu.

Amabali abantu, izithethe, kunye neenkolelo ziphakathi kwale mikhondo , ukongeza kukwaphukelwa yinqanawa ngokwasemzimbeni, iintsalela zabantu, kunye nezinto zakudala zakudala ezilele phezu kolwandle. Ukutyhubela imbali, abantu baye batyhutyha ulwandle njengabantu abahamba ngolwandle, besenza iindlela ezintsha eziya kumazwe akude yaye beshiya ngasemva ukophuka kweenqanawa ngenxa yemozulu, iimfazwe, kunye nexesha elinqumla iAtlantiki lobukhoboka baseAfrika. Iinkcubeko kwihlabathi jikelele ziye zaphuhlisa ubudlelwane obusondeleyo kunye nezinto eziphilayo zaselwandle, izityalo kunye nomoya wolwandle. 

kwi 2001, uluntu lwehlabathi lwadibana ukuze luqaphele ngokusesikweni kwaye luphuhlise inkcazo kunye nokukhusela le mbali yoluntu. Ezo ngxoxo, kunye neminyaka engama-50 yomsebenzi ohlangeneyo, zibangele ukuvunywa kunye nokusekwa kwegama elithi "Ilifa leNkcubeko yeNkcubeko eNgaphantsi kwamanzi," elidla ngokufutshane libe yi-UCH.

Iingxoxo malunga ne-UCH ziyakhula enkosi Ishumi leminyaka le-UN leSayensi yoLwandle kuPhuhliso oluZinzileyo. Imiba ye-UCH ifumene ukuqondwa ngenxa yeNkomfa ye-UN yoLwandle lwe-UN ka-2022 kunye nokunyuka komsebenzi ojikeleze imigodi enokubakho yolwandle kumanzi ezizwe ngezizwe - eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Deep Seabed Mining (DSM). Kwaye, UCH yaxoxwa kulo lonke 2023 Matshi IGunya loLwandle lweLwandle iintlanganiso njengoko amazwe exoxa ngekamva lemigaqo yeDSM.

kunye Umyinge wama-80% wolwandle olungenamaphu, I-DSM ibeka uluhlu olubanzi lwezoyikiso kwi-UCH eyaziwayo, elindelekileyo, nengaziwayo elwandle. Ubungakanani obungaziwayo bomonakalo kwimekobume yaselwandle ngoomatshini borhwebo be-DSM nabo basongela i-UCH efumaneka kumanzi amazwe ngamazwe. Ngenxa yoko, ukukhuselwa kwe-UCH kuye kwavela njengesihloko esixhalabisayo kubantu basePacific Island Indigenous - abaneembali ezininzi zokhokho kunye nokudibanisa kweenkcubeko kulwandle olunzulu kunye iipolyps zekorale abahlala apho - ukongeza kwinzala yaseMelika kunye neAfrika IXesha leTransatlantic lobukhoboka baseAfrika, phakathi kwamanye amaninzi.

Yintoni i-Deep Seabed Mining (DSM)? Uthini umthetho weminyaka emibini?

Jonga ibhlog yethu yentshayelelo kunye nephepha lophando ngolwazi olungakumbi!

Intshayelelo yeDSM

Iphepha loPhando leDSM

I-UCH okwangoku ikhuselwe phantsi kweNgqungquthela ye-2001 yeZizwe eziManyeneyo zezeMfundo, ezeNzululwazi kunye neNkcubeko (UNESCO) kuKhuseleko lweLifa leMveli leNkcubeko elingaphantsi kwamanzi.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, amazwe angama-71 ayamkele le ndibano, evuma:

• kuthintelwe ukuthengiswa kunye nokusasazwa kweLifa leMveli leNkcubeko eNgaphantsi kwamanzi;
• isiqinisekiso sokuba eli lifa lemveli liya kugcinelwa ikamva kwaye libe kwindawo yalo yokuqala, efunyenweyo;
• ukuncedisa ishishini lezokhenketho elibandakanyekayo;
• vumela ukuxhotyiswa ngolwazi kunye notshintshiselwano ngolwazi; kwaye
• yenza intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe esebenzayo njengoko kubonwa kwi Ingqungquthela yeUNESCO umbhalo.

The Ishumi leminyaka le-UN leNzululwazi yoLwandle, 2021-2030, yaqala ngokuvunywa kwe Inkqubo yeSikhokelo seLifa leNkcubeko (CHFP), Ishumi leminyaka le-UN inyathelo ejolise ekudibaniseni unxibelelwano lwezembali nenkcubeko nolwandle kwinzululwazi nomgaqo-nkqubo. Enye yeeprojekthi zokuqala ezibanjwe yi-CHFP kwi-Decade iphanda i-UCH ye Iintsimbi zeStone Tidal, uhlobo lwendlela yokubambisa intlanzi esekelwe kulwazi lwendalo lwendalo olufumaneka eMicronesia, eJapan, eFransi naseTshayina. 

Le misinga ngumzekelo nje omnye we-UCH kunye neenzame zehlabathi zokuvuma imbali yethu yangaphantsi kwamanzi. Njengamalungu e-International Seabed Authority (ISA) esebenzela ukufumanisa indlela yokukhusela i-UCH, inyathelo lokuqala kukuqonda into ewela kudidi olubanzi lweLifa leMveli leNkcubeko ePhantsi kwamanzi. 

I-UCH ikhona kwihlabathi jikelele nakulwandle lonke.

*Qaphela: ulwandle olunye lwehlabathi ludityanisiwe kunye nolwelo, kwaye nganye yezi lwandle zilandelayo isekelwe kwimbono yabantu yeendawo. Ukudibana phakathi kwezitya "zolwandle" ezibiziweyo kulindeleke.

IAtlantic Ocean

ipacific Ocean

Ulwandlekazi lwaseIndiya

Iindlela zokurhweba zaseYurophu

Ukusukela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithandathu, amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, ekhokelwa ngamaPhuthukezi namaDatshi, aphuhlisa i-East India Trading Companies kwaye aqhuba urhwebo kuwo wonke ummandla wePasifiki. Ezi iinqanawa zazilahleka maxa wambi elwandle. Ubungqina bolu hambo ngolwandle busasazeke kulwandle lweAtlantiki, kuMazantsi, kuLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya nolwePasifiki.

kuLwandle oluMazantsi

Ukuhlola i-Antarctic

Ukwaphuka kweenqanawa, iintsalela zabantu, kunye nezinye iimpawu zembali yoluntu yinxalenye esisiseko yokuhlolwa kwamanzi e-Antarctic. Ngaphakathi kwi-Antarctic Territory yaseBritani kuphela, 9+ ukuphukelwa kwenqanawa kunye nezinye iisayithi ze-UCH ezinomdla zifunyenwe kwiinzame zokuhlola. Ukongeza, iNkqubo yeSivumelwano se-Antarctic iyayivuma Ukuqhekeka kweSan Telmo, inqanawa yaseSpain eyaphukelwa yinqanawa ukususela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1800 kungekho mntu usindileyo, njengendawo eyimbali.

Ulwandlekazi lweArctic

Iindlela ezihamba kwi-Arctic Ice

Ngokufana ne-UCH efunyenwe kwaye ilindeleke kuLwandle lwaseMzantsi kunye namanzi ase-Antarctic, imbali yoluntu kwi-Arctic Ocean ibophelelwe ekunqumeni iindlela zokufikelela kwamanye amazwe. Iinqanawa ezininzi yaba ngumkhenkce, yatshona, akwabikho namnye usindileyo ngelixa uzama ukuhamba kwiNortheast kunye neNorthwest passages phakathi kwe-1800s-1900s. Zingaphezu kwe-150 iinqanawa zokuloba iminenga ezilahlekileyo ngeli xesha.

Le mizekelo ibonisa iqhezu nje lelifa lemveli, imbali, kunye nenkcubeko ebonisa unxibelelwano phakathi kolwandle noluntu, uninzi lwale mizekelo lunyanzeleke kuphando olugqitywe ngelensi yaseNtshona kunye nombono. Ngaphakathi kweencoko ezijikeleze i-UCH, ukubandakanya ukuhlukahluka kophando, imvelaphi, kunye neendlela zokubandakanya ulwazi lwemveli kunye nolwazi lwaseNtshona lubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukufikelela ngokulinganayo kunye nokukhuselwa kwabo bonke. Ininzi yale UCH ifumaneka emanzini ngamazwe kwaye isengozini evela kwi-DSM, ngakumbi ukuba i-DSM iqhubeka ngaphandle kokuvuma i-UCH kunye namanyathelo okukhusela. Abathunywa abakwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe ba ngoku sixoxa njani ukwenza njalo, kodwa indlela eya phambili ihlala ingacacanga.

I-Ocean Foundation ikholelwa ukuba uphuhliso lolawulo olujikeleze i-DSM kufuneka lungakhawuleziswa, ngakumbi ngaphandle kokubonisana okanye uthethathethwano zonke abachaphazelekayo. I-ISA ikwadinga ukusebenzisana ngokukhutheleyo nabachaphazelekayo kwangaphambili abanolwazi, ngakumbi abantu boMthonyama basePasifiki, ukuze baqonde kwaye bakhusele ilifa labo njengenxalenye yelifa lemveli loluntu. Sixhasa unqumamiso ngaphandle kokuba kwaye de imimiselo ikhusela njengomthetho wesizwe.  

Ukumiswa kwe-DSM kuye kwafumana i-traction kunye nesantya kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, kunye namazwe ali-14 avumelanayo kuhlobo oluthile lokunqumama okanye ukuvalwa komsebenzi. Uthethathethwano nabachaphazelekayo kunye nokudityaniswa kolwazi lwemveli, ngokukodwa kumaqela eMveli kunye nonxibelelwano olwaziwayo lweminyanya ukuya elwandle, kufuneka lubandakanywe kuzo zonke iincoko ezijikeleze i-UCH. Sidinga ukuvunywa ngokufanelekileyo kwe-UCH kunye nokudibanisa kwayo kuluntu emhlabeni wonke, ukuze sikwazi ukukhusela ilifa eliqhelekileyo loluntu, izinto eziphathekayo, uxhulumaniso lwenkcubeko, kunye nobudlelwane bethu obuhlangeneyo nolwandle.