Ikhabhoni eBlue

Ikhabhoni eluhlaza yikharbon dayokhsayidi ethinjwa lulwandle lwehlabathi kunye nendalo eselunxwemeni. Le khabhoni igcinwa ngohlobo lwebhayomass kunye nentlenga evela kwimangrove, imigxobhozo yamaza kunye namadlelo engca yolwandle. Ikhabhoni eluhlaza yeyona ndlela isebenzayo, kodwa ingathathelwa ngqalelo, indlela yokubamba ixesha elide kunye nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni. Okubaluleke ngokulinganayo, utyalo-mali kwikhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lubonelela ngeenkonzo ezixabisekileyo ze-ikhosistim enegalelo kubuchule babantu bokunciphisa nokuziqhelanisa neempembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu.

Apha siye saqulunqa ezinye zezona zixhobo zibalaseleyo kwesi sihloko.

AmaPhepha oNyaniso kunye neeflaya

INgxowa-mali yeKhabhoni eBlue – Ulwandle olulingana neREDD yokuthinjwa kwekhabhoni kumazwe aselunxwemeni. (Iflaya)
Esi sisishwankathelo esiluncedo nesifinyeziweyo sengxelo ye-UNEP kunye ne-GRID-Arendal, kubandakanywa nendima ebalulekileyo edlalwa lulwandle kwimozulu yethu kunye namanyathelo alandelayo okubandakanya kwii-ajenda zokutshintsha kwemozulu.   

Ikhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: Imephu yeBali evela kwi-GRID-Arendal.
Incwadi yamabali esebenzisanayo kwisayensi yekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye neengcebiso zomgaqo-nkqubo wokukhuselwa kwayo kwi-GRID-Arendal.

I-AGEDI. 2014. Ukwakha iiProjekthi zeKhabhoni zeBlue - Isikhokelo sokuQala. AGEDI/EAD. Ipapashwe ngu-AGEDI. Iveliswe ngu-GRID-Arendal, iZiko eliBambisana ne-UNEP, eNorway.
Le ngxelo sisishwankathelo senzululwazi yeBlue Carbon, umgaqo-nkqubo kunye nolawulo ngentsebenziswano neNkqubo yokuSingqongileyo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. Impembelelo yemali kunye neziko le-Blue carbon kunye nokwakhiwa kwezakhono kwiiprojekthi ziyaphononongwa. Oku kubandakanya izifundo zezehlo e-Australia, eThailand, e-Abu Dhabi, eKenya naseMadagascar.

Pidgeon, E., Herr, D., Fonseca, L. (2011). Ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kweKhabhoni kunye nokuNciphisa ukuThathwa kweKhabhoni kunye nokuGcina ngengca yolwandle, iTidal Marshes, iMangroves-Iingcebiso ezivela kwiQela eliSebenzayo laMazwe ngaMazwe kwiCoastal Blue Carbon
Ibalaselisa imfuneko yoku-1) ukomeleza iinzame zophando zesizwe nezamazwe ngamazwe zokuthinjwa kwekhabhoni yaselunxwemeni, 2) ukuphuculwa kwamanyathelo olawulo lwasekhaya nolwengingqi olusekwe kulwazi lwangoku lokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo ezivela kwi-ikhosistim eyonakalisiwe yonxweme kunye 3) nokwandiswa kokwamkelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kwe-carbon ecosystem. Eli phetshana lifutshane lifuna inyathelo elikhawulezileyo ekukhuseleni ingca yolwandle, imigxobhozo kunye neemangrove. 

Buyisela Amachweba aseMelika: Ikhabhoni eBlue Blue: Ithuba elitsha loLondolozo loNxweme
Esi sikhokelo sibandakanya ukubaluleka kwekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye nenzululwazi ngasemva kogcino kunye nokuthinjwa kweegesi zegreenhouse. Ukubuyisela Amachweba aseMelika kuphonononga umgaqo-nkqubo, imfundo, iiphaneli kunye namahlakani asebenza kuwo ukuqhubela phambili icarbon eluhlaza yonxweme.

Ukukhutshwa kwamaphephandaba, iiNkcazelo, kunye neeNgcaciso zoMgaqo-nkqubo

iBlue Climate Coalition. 2010. Izisombululo zeKhabhoni eziBlue zoTshintsho lweMozulu - iNgxelo eVulekileyo kubathunywa beCOP16 yiBlue Climate Coalition.
Le nkcazo ibonelela ngeziseko zekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kubandakanywa nexabiso layo elibalulekileyo kunye nezoyikiso zayo ezinkulu. I-Blue Climate Coalition icebisa i-COP16 ukuba ithathe inyathelo ekubuyiseleni nasekukhuseleni le mixokomelwano ibalulekileyo yonxweme. Isayinwe ngabachaphazelekayo baselwandle abangamashumi amahlanu anesihlanu abavela kumazwe alishumi elinesithoba amele iBlue Climate Coalition.

IiNtlawulo zeKhabhoni eBlue: Enokubanakho ukuKhusela iiNdawo zeNdalo eziseMngciphekweni. UBrian C. Murray, W. Aaron Jenkins, uSamantha Sifleet, uLinwood Pendleton, no-Alexis Baldera. Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions, kwiDyunivesithi yaseDuke
Eli nqaku liphonononga ubungakanani, indawo, kunye nezinga lelahleko kwiindawo zokuhlala eziselunxwemeni kunye nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni kwezo zixokelelwano zendalo. Ukuqwalasela ezo zinto, impembelelo yemali kunye nengeniso enokubakho evela kukhuseleko lwekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ihlolwe phantsi kwesifundo sokuguqulwa kwe-mangrove kwiifama ze-shrimp eMzantsi-mpuma Asia.

Pew Fellows. San Feliu De Guixols Ocean Carbon Declaration
I-Pew Fellows ezingamashumi amabini anesithoba kuLondolozo lwaseLwandle kunye nabaCebisi, bekunye besuka kumazwe alishumi elinesibini batyikitye isindululo kubaqulunqi bomgaqo-nkqubo ukuba (1) Baquke ugcino lwenkqubo yendalo yaselwandle kunye nokubuyiselwa kwizicwangciso zokunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu. (2) Inkxaso-mali ekujoliswe kuyo kuphando ukuze siphucule ukuqonda kwethu igalelo lezinto eziphilayo zonxweme kunye nolwandle oluvulekileyo lwe-ecosystem kumjikelo wekhabhoni kunye nokususwa ngempumelelo kwekhabhoni emoyeni.

INkqubo yokuSingqongileyo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo (UNEP). Iilwandle eziphilileyo Isitshixo esitsha sokuLwa noTshintsho lweMozulu
Le ngxelo icebisa ukuba ingca yolwandle kunye nemigxobhozo yetyuwa yeyona ndlela ixabisa kakhulu yokugcina ikhabhoni nokubamba. Kufuneka kuthathwe amanyathelo angxamisekileyo ukubuyisela iisinki zekhabhoni njengoko zilahlekile ngesantya esiphindwe kasixhenxe ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-50 eyadlulayo.

Usuku lweCancun Oceans: Ibalulekile kuBomi, iBalulekile kwiMozulu kwiNkomfa yeshumi elineSithandathu yamaQela kwiNgqungquthela yeNkqubo-sikhokelo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngoTshintsho lweMozulu. NgoDisemba 4, 2010
Ingxelo sisishwankathelo sobungqina obukhulayo besayensi malunga nemozulu kunye neelwandle; iilwandle kunye nomjikelo wekhabhoni kumanxweme; utshintsho lwemozulu kunye neentlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo zaselwandle; ukuziqhelanisa nonxweme; inkxaso-mali yokutshintsha kwemozulu kwiindleko kunye nabemi beziqithi; kunye nezicwangciso ezidibeneyo. Iqukumbela ngesicwangciso sokusebenza samanqaku amahlanu se-UNFCCC COP 16 kwaye siqhubela phambili.

iingxelo

I-Florida Roundtable kwi-Ocean Acidification: Ingxelo yeNtlanganiso. I-Mote Marine Laboratory, eSarasota, FL ngoSeptemba 2, 2015
NgoSeptemba ka-2015, i-Ocean Conservancy kunye ne-Mote Marine Laboratory zasebenzisana ukubamba itheyibhile engqukuva kwi-acidification yolwandle eFlorida eyilelwe ukukhawulezisa ingxoxo yoluntu malunga ne-OA eFlorida. I-ecosystems yengca yolwandle idlala indima enkulu eFlorida kwaye ingxelo indulula ukukhuselwa kunye nokubuyiselwa kwamadlelo engca yolwandle 1) iinkonzo ze-ecosystem 2) njengenxalenye yepotfoliyo yemisebenzi eqhubela ummandla ekunciphiseni iimpembelelo zokwenziwa kweasidi yolwandle.

Ingxelo yeCDP 2015 v.1.3; EyoMsintsi 2015. Ukubeka ixabiso emngciphekweni: Amaxabiso eKhabhoni kwilizwe lamaqumrhu
Le ngxelo iphonononga ngaphezulu kwewaka leenkampani kwihlabathi jikelele ezipapasha amaxabiso azo ekukhutshweni kwekhabhoni okanye zicwangcisele kule minyaka mibini izayo.

Chan, F., et al. 2016. Iphaneli ye-West Coast Ocean Acidification kunye ne-Hypoxia Science: iZiphumo eziPhambili, iiNgcebiso, kunye namaNyathelo. California Ocean Science Science Trust.
Iphaneli yezenzululwazi enamalungu angama-20 ilumkisa ngelokuba ukwanda kokukhutshwa kwekharbhon diokside kumhlaba wonke kungamanzi enza iasidi kuNxweme lwaseMntla Merika ngesantya esikhawulezayo. I-West Coast OA kunye ne-Hypoxia Panel icebisa ngokukhethekileyo ukuhlola iindlela ezibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwengca yolwandle ukususa ikharbon diokside kumanzi olwandle njengeyeza lokuqala le-OA kunxweme olusentshona. Fumana ushicilelo lweendaba apha.

2008. Imilinganiselo yoQoqosho yeeCoral Reefs, iMangroves, kunye neengca zolwandle: I-Global Compilation. Iziko leSayensi yeZilwanyana eziSetyenzisiweyo, i-Conservation International, i-Arlington, i-VA, i-USA.

Le ncwadana iqulunqa iziphumo zophononongo olubanzi lokuxatyiswa kwezoqoqosho kwiitropikhi zaselwandle kunye neendawo ezihlala elunxwemeni kwihlabathi jikelele. Ngelixa lapapashwa ngo-2008, eli phepha lisabonelela ngesikhokelo esiluncedo kwixabiso le-ecosystems yaselunxwemeni, ngakumbi kumxholo wezakhono zabo zokuthatha ikhabhoni eluhlaza.

Crooks, S., Rybczyk, J., O'Connell, K., Devier, DL, Poppe, K., Emmett-Mattox, S. 2014. UVavanyo lweThuba leKhabhoni eNxweme leSnohomish: IiNzuzo zeMozulu zokuBuyiselwa kweChweba . INgxelo yabaNxulumene neNzululwazi yokusiNgqongileyo, iYunivesithi yaseWestern Washington, i-EarthCorps, kunye noBuyiselo lwamachweba eMelika. NgoFebruwari 2014. 
Ingxelo iphendula ekuncipheni ngokukhawuleza kwemigxobhozo eselunxwemeni ngenxa yempembelelo yabantu. Izenzo zicaciswe ukwazisa abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo ngobungakanani bokukhutshwa kwe-GHG kunye nokususwa okunxulumene nolawulo lweendawo ezisezantsi eziselunxwemeni phantsi kweemeko zokutshintsha kwemozulu; kunye nokuchonga iimfuno zolwazi kuphando lwenzululwazi lwexesha elizayo ukuphucula ubungakanani bokuguquguquka kweGHG nolawulo lwemigxobhozo yonxweme.

I-Emmett-Mattox, S., Crooks, S. Coastal Blue Carbon njengeNkuthazo yoLondolozo loNxweme, uBuyiselo kunye noLawulo: iTemplate yokuqonda iiNdlela zokuKhetha
Olu xwebhu luya kunceda ukukhokela abaphathi bonxweme kunye nabaphathi bemihlaba ekuqondeni iindlela ukukhusela nokubuyisela ikhabhoni ezuba elunxwemeni kunokunceda ukufikelela kwiinjongo zolawulo lonxweme. Ibandakanya ingxoxo yezinto ezibalulekileyo ekwenzeni oku kuzimisela kwaye ichaza amanyathelo alandelayo okuphuhlisa amanyathelo e-blue carbon.

Gordon, D., Murray, B., Pendleton, L., Victor, B. 2011. IiNketho zokuxhasa ngemali kwiBlue Carbon Opportunities kunye neZifundo ezivela kumava eREDD +. Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions Report. IYunivesithi yaseDuke.

Le ngxelo ihlalutya iinketho ezikhoyo kunye nezinokwenzeka kwiintlawulo zokunciphisa i-carbon njengomthombo wenkxaso-mali ye-carbon blue. Iphonononga ngokunzulu inkxaso-mali yeREDD+ (UkuNcitshiswa kokuKhutshwa kokuThuthwa kwamahlathi kunye noKuthotywa kweHlathi) njengemodeli enokubakho okanye umthombo ekuza kusungulwa kuwo inkxaso-mali yekhabhoni eluhlaza. Le ngxelo isebenza ekuncedeni abachaphazelekayo bahlole izikhewu zenkxaso-mali kwinkxaso-mali yekhabhoni kwaye iqondise izibonelelo kuloo misebenzi eya kubonelela ngeyona nzuzo inkulu yekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. 

Herr, D., Pidgeon, E., Laffoley, D. (eds.) (2012) Isakhelo soMgaqo-nkqubo weBlue Carbon 2.0: Ngokusekelwe kwingxoxo yeQela eliSebenzayo loMgaqo-nkqubo weBlue Carbon. IUCN kunye ne-Conservation International.
Iingcamango ezivela kwiiworkshops ze-International Blue Carbon Policy Working Group ezazibanjwe ngoJulayi 2011. Eli phepha liluncedo kwabo bafuna inkcazo ecacileyo kunye neyongezelelweyo ye-blue carbon kunye namandla ayo kunye nendima yayo kumgaqo-nkqubo.

Herr, D., E. Trines, J. Howard, M. Silvius kunye no-E. Pidgeon (2014). Yigcine intsha okanye inetyuwa. Isikhokelo sokuxhasa ngemali iinkqubo zekhabhoni yomgxobhozo kunye neeprojekthi. IGland, eSwitzerland: IUCN, CI kunye neWI. iv + 46pp.
Imigxobhozo ingundoqo ekuthotyweni kwekhabhoni kwaye kukho inani leendlela zezimali zemozulu ukujongana nombandela. Iprojekthi yekhabhoni yomgxobhozo inokuxhaswa ngemali ngentengiso yekhabhoni yokuzithandela okanye kumxholo wemali yezityalo nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo.

Howard, J., Hoyt, S., Isensee, K., Pidgeon, E., Telszewski, M. (eds.) (2014). Ikhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka engaseluNxwemeni: Iindlela zokuvavanya izitokhwe zekhabhoni kunye nezinto ezikhutshwayo kwimangrove, imigxobhozo yetyuwa elwandle, kunye namadlelo engca yolwandle. I-Conservation International, i-Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission ye-UNESCO, iManyano yaMazwe ngaMazwe yoLondolozo lweNdalo. Arlington, eVirginia, eU.SA.
Le ngxelo iphonononga iindlela zokuvavanya izitokhwe zekhabhoni kunye nezinto ezikhutshwayo kwimangrove, imigxobhozo yetyuwa elwandle, kunye namadlelo engca yolwandle. Iquka indlela yokuqikelela ukukhutshwa kwekharbon diokside, ulawulo lwedatha kunye nemephu.

uKollmuss, uAnja; iZinki Helge; Cli ord Polycarp. Matshi 2008. Ukwenza ingqiqo ngeMarike yeCarbon yokuzithandela: Uthelekiso lweMigangatho yeCarbon Offset
Le ngxelo iphonononga imarike ye-carbon offset, kubandakanywa iintengiselwano kunye nokuzithandela ngokuchasene neemarike zokuthotyelwa. Iyaqhubeka nokujonga ngokubanzi izinto eziphambili zemigangatho yokulinganisa.

Laffoley, D.d'A. & Grimsditch, G. (eds). 2009. Ulawulo lweesinki zekhabhoni elunxwemeni lwendalo. IUCN, eGland, eSwitzerland. 53 iphe
Le ncwadi inika amagqabantshintshi ngokucokisekileyo kodwa alula ngokutshona kwekhabhoni elunxwemeni. Yapapashwa njengomthombo kungekuphela nje ukucacisa ixabiso leekhostim ekuhluthweni kwekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kodwa nokuqaqambisa imfuno yolawulo olusebenzayo nolufanelekileyo ekugcineni loo khabhoni ithinjiweyo emhlabeni.

Laffoley, D., Baxter, JM, Thevenon, F. kunye no-Oliver, J. (abahleli). 2014. Ukubaluleka kunye noLawulo lweeVenkile zeKhabhoni zeNdalo kuLwandlekazi oluVulekileyo. Ingxelo epheleleyo. Gland, eSwitzerland: IUCN. 124 iphe.Le ncwadi yapapashwa kwiminyaka emi-5 kamva liqela elinye njenge Uphononongo lwe-IUCN, Ulawulo lweesinki zekhabhoni elunxwemeni lwendalo, idlulela ngaphaya kwemixokomelwano yendalo eselunxwemeni kwaye ijonge ixabiso lekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kulwandlekazi oluvulekileyo.

Lutz SJ, uMartin AH. 2014. Ikhabhoni yeentlanzi: Ukuphonononga iiNkonzo zeKhabhoni ye-Marine Vertebrate. Ipapashwe ngu-GRID-Arendal, Arendal, Norway.
Ingxelo ibonakalisa iindlela ezisibhozo zebhayoloji zezilwanyana zaselwandle ezenza ukuba kubanjwe ikhabhoni yomoya kunye nokubonelela ngesithintelo esinokubakho ngokuchasene neasidi yolwandle. Yapapashwa njengempendulo kwikhwelo leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo lokufuna izisombululo ezitsha zokutshintsha kwemozulu.

Murray, B., Pendleton L., Jenkins, W. kunye neSifleet, S. 2011. IiNtlawulo eziLuhlaza kwiiNkuthazo zoQoqosho zeKhabhoni eBlue zokuKhusela iindawo zokuhlala eziseMngciphekweni eziselunxwemeni. Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions Report.
Le ngxelo ijolise ekudibaniseni ixabiso lemali lekhabhoni ezuba kwinkuthazo yezoqoqosho eyomeleleyo ngokwaneleyo ukucutha amazinga akhoyo elahleko yendawo yokuhlala yaselunxwemeni. Ifumanisa ukuba ngenxa yokuba imixokomelwano yendalo engaselunxwemeni igcina isixa esikhulu sekhabhoni kwaye isongelwa kakhulu luphuhliso lonxweme, inokuba yeyona nto kujoliswe kuyo kwinkxaso-mali yekhabhoni – efana neREDD+.

Nellemann, C., Corcoran, E., Duarte, CM, Valdés, L., De Young, C., Fonseca, L., Grimsditch, G. (Eds). 2009. Ikhabhoni eBlue. UVavanyo lweMpendulo eKhawulezayo. Inkqubo yokusiNgqongileyo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, GRID-Arendal, www.grida.no
Ingxelo entsha yoVavanyo lweeMpendulo eziKhawulezayo ekhutshwe ngomhla we-14 kweyeDwarha ka-2009 kwiNkomfa yeDiversitas, iZiko leNkomfa laseKapa, ​​eMzantsi Afrika. Ihlanganiswe ziingcali e-GRID-Arendal kunye ne-UNEP ngentsebenziswano ne-UN Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) kunye ne-UNESCO International Oceanographic Commissions kunye namanye amaziko, le ngxelo igxininisa indima ebalulekileyo yeelwandle kunye ne-ecosystems yolwandle ekugcineni imozulu yethu kunye nokuncedisa. abaqulunqi bemigaqo-nkqubo babandakanye i-ajenda yolwandle kumanyathelo okutshintsha kwemozulu yesizwe neyehlabathi. Fumana inguqulelo ye-e-book esebenzayo apha.

I-Pidgeon E. Ukuthinjwa kweCarbon ngeendawo zokuhlala zaselwandle eziselunxwemeni: Iisinki ezibalulekileyo ezingekhoyo. Ku: Laffoley DdA, Grimsditch G., abahleli. ULawulo lweeSinki zeNdalo zoNxweme lweKhabhoni. eGland, eSwitzerland: IUCN; 2009. iphepha 47-51.
Eli nqaku liyinxalenye yoku ngasentla Laffoley, et al. IUCN 2009 upapasho. Inika ukucazululwa kokubaluleka kwee-carbon carbon sinks kwaye iquka imizobo eluncedo ethelekisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeesinki zekhabhoni zasemhlabeni kunye nolwandle. Ababhali baqaqambisa ukuba umahluko omkhulu phakathi kweendawo zokuhlala eziselunxwemeni kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezisemhlabeni kukukwazi kweendawo zokuhlala zaselwandle ukwenza ukuthathwa kwekhabhoni ixesha elide.

Amanqaku eendaba

I-Ezcurra, P., Ezcurra, E., Garcillán, P., Costa, M., kunye no-Aburto-Oropeza, O. 2016. "Iimeko zomhlaba ezingaselunxwemeni kunye nokuqokelelwa kwe-mangrove peat kwandisa ukuhluthwa kwekhabhoni kunye nokugcinwa" Iinkqubo zeNational Academy of Sciences yaseMelika yaseMelika.
Olu phononongo lufumanisa ukuba iimangrove kwindawo eyomileyo yaseMexico kumntla-ntshona, zihlala ngaphantsi kwe-1% yendawo esemhlabeni, kodwa zigcina malunga ne-28% yetotali engaphantsi kwekhabhoni pool yommandla wonke. Nangona zincinci, i-mangrove kunye ne-organic sediments imele ukungahambelani nokuthathwa kwekhabhoni yehlabathi kunye nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni.

I-Fourqurean, J. et al 2012. I-ecosystems yengca yolwandle njengesitokhwe sekhabhoni esibalulekileyo kwihlabathi. I-Nature Geoscience 5, 505-509.
Olu phononongo luqinisekisa ukuba ingca yolwandle, ngoku yenye yezona zinto zisesichengeni sendalo esingqongileyo, sisisombululo esibalulekileyo kutshintsho lwemozulu ngobuchule bayo bokugcina ikhabhoni eluhlaza.

I-Greiner JT, uMcGlathery KJ, uGunnell J, uMcKee BA (2013) Ukubuyiselwa kwe-Seagrass Buyisela i-"Blue Carbon" yokuBanjwa kuManzi oNxweme. PLoS ENYE 8(8): e72469. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072469
Olu lolunye lwezifundo zophononongo lokuqala olubonelela ngobungqina obubambekayo bokubuyiswa kwendawo yokuhlala ingca yolwandle enokubakho ukuze kuphuculwe ukuthinjwa kwekhabhoni kummandla wonxweme. Ababhali batyala ingca yolwandle kwaye bafunda ukukhula kwayo kunye nokuhluthwa kwayo ixesha elide.

UMartin, S., et al. Umbono weeNkonzo ze-Ecosystem kwi-Oceanic Eastern Tropical Pacific: UShishino loRhwebo, uGcino lweKhabhoni, ukuLoba ngoLonwabo, kunye neBiodiversity
Ngaphambili. Mar. Sci., 27 April 2016
Upapasho lwekhabhoni yeentlanzi kunye namanye amaxabiso olwandle aqikelela ixabiso lokuthunyelwa kwekhabhoni kulwandle olunzulu kulwandlekazi lwaselwandle lwePasifiki yeTropiki yePasifiki ibe yi-12.9 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngonyaka, nangona uthutho lwe-geophysical kunye nebhayoloji yokugcinwa kwekhabhoni kunye nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni kuluntu lwezilwanyana zaselwandle.

McNeil, Ukubaluleka kwe-CO2 ye-oceanic yokutshona kwiiakhawunti zekhabhoni zelizwe. Ibhalansi yeCarbon kunye noLawulo, 2006. I: 5, doi: 10.1186/1750-0680-I-5
Phantsi kweNgqungquthela yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngomthetho wolwandle (1982), ilizwe ngalinye elithatha inxaxheba ligcina amalungelo awodwa kwezoqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo phakathi kommandla wolwandlekazi nokwandisa i-200 nm ukusuka kunxweme lwayo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Ingxelo ihlalutya ukuba i-EEZ ayikhankanywanga kwiProtocol yaseKyoto ukujongana nokugcinwa kwe-CO2 ye-anthropogenic kunye nokuthathwa.

Pendleton L, Donato DC, Murray BC, Crooks S, Jenkins WA, et al. 2012. Ukuqikelela ''iBlue Carbon'' Ekhutshwayo kwiGuqulo kunye nokuthotywa kweNdalo yoNxweme olunezityalo. PLoS ENYE 7(9): e43542. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043542
Olu phononongo lusondela kuqikelelo lwekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukusuka kwimbono “yexabiso elilahlekileyo”, lijongana nempembelelo yendalo eselunxwemeni eyonakeleyo kunye nokubonelela ngoqikelelo lwehlabathi lwekhabhoni eluhlaza ekhutshwa minyaka le ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kwendawo yokuhlala.

uRehdanza, uKatrin; uJung, uMartina; uTola, uRichard SJ; kunye noWetzelf, uPatrick. IiSinki zeCarbon zaseLwandle kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo weMozulu weHlabathi. 
Iisinki zolwandle azilungiswanga kwiSivumelwano saseKyoto nangona zingaphononongwanga kwaye zingaqinisekanga njengoko zazinjalo iisinki zomhlaba ngexesha lothethathethwano. Ababhali basebenzisa imodeli yemarike yamazwe ngamazwe yokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni dioksidi ukuvavanya ukuba ngubani oza kuzuza okanye aphulukene nokuvumela ukucwiliswa kwekhabhoni yolwandle.

Sabine, CL et al. 2004. Isinki yolwandle ye-anthropogenic CO2. Inzululwazi 305: 367-371
Olu phononongo luphonononga ukufunxwa kolwandle lwe-anthropogenic carbon dioxide ukususela kwi-Industrial Revolution, kwaye luqukumbela ukuba ulwandle lolona luziko lukhulu lwekhabhoni emhlabeni. Isusa i-20-35% yokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ye-atmospheric.

Spalding, MJ (2015). Ingxaki yeLagoon yaseSherman – kunye noLwandlekazi lweHlabathi. IForam yokusiNgqongileyo. 32(2), 38-43.
Eli nqaku ligxininisa ubunzima be-OA, impembelelo yayo kwiwebhu yokutya kunye nemithombo yabantu yeprotheni, kunye nenyaniso yokuba yingxaki ekhoyo kwaye ibonakala. Umbhali, uMark Spalding, uphela ngoluhlu lwamanyathelo amancinci anokuthi athathwe ukuze ancede ukulwa ne-OA - kubandakanywa nenketho yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni elwandle ngendlela yekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Camp, E. et al. (2016, ngo-Epreli 21). Iibhedi zeMangrove kunye nengca yolwandle zibonelela ngeeNkonzo ezahlukeneyo zeBiogeochemical kwiiCoral ezisesichengeni ngenxa yoTshintsho lweMozulu. Imida kwiNzululwazi yaseLwandle. Ifunyenwe kwi https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2016.00052/full.
Olu phononongo luvavanya ukuba ingaba ingca yolwandle kunye neemangrove zinokusebenza njenge-refugia enokubakho kwinguquko yemozulu eqikelelweyo ngokugcina iimeko zeekhemikhali ezifanelekileyo kunye nokuvavanya ukuba umsebenzi wemetabolism yeekorale ezibalulekileyo zokwakha ulwalwa zizinzileyo.

Amanqaku eemagazini kunye namaphephandaba

I-Ocean Foundation (2021). "Ukuqhubela phambili izisombululo eziSekwe kwiNdalo ukuKhuthaza ukuZinzisa iMozulu ePuerto Rico." Umba oKhethekileyo we-Eco Magazine wokuKhuphuka kweeLwandle.
Umsebenzi we-Ocean Foundation we-Blue Resilience Initiative eJobos Bay uquka ukuphuhlisa ingca yolwandle kunye nesicwangciso esilingwayo sokubuyisela iprojekthi yokubuyiselwa kweprojekthi ye-Jobos Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (JBNERR).

U-Luchessa, Scott (2010) Ulungile, uSeti, ulungelelanise, Hamba!: Ukusebenzisa iNdalo yoMgxobhozo, uBuyiselo, kunye noLondolozo lokuPhuhlisa iCarbon Offsets.
Imigxobhozo inokuba yimithombo kunye nokutshona kweegesi ze-greenhouse, ijenali iphonononga imvelaphi yenzululwazi kulo mba kunye namanyathelo ehlabathi, esizwe nawengingqi okujongana neenzuzo zemigxobhozo.

IYunivesithi yaseSan Francisco State (2011, Oktobha 13). Indima yokutshintsha kwePlankton kwindawo yokugcina ikhabhoni yolwandle ijongiwe. ScienceDaily. Ibuyiselwe ngo-Oktobha 14, 2011, ukusuka http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111013162934.htm
Utshintsho oluqhutywa yimozulu kwimithombo yenitrogen kunye namanqanaba ekhabhon diokside emanzini anokusebenza ngokudibeneyo ukwenza i-Emiliania huxleyi (iplankton) ibe yiarhente engasebenziyo kangako yokugcina ikharbhon kweyona ndawo isinki yekhabhoni inkulu emhlabeni, ulwandle olunzulu. Utshintsho kule carbon sink inkulu kunye namanqanaba e-anthropogenic atmospheric carbon dioxide ingaba nefuthe elibalulekileyo kwimozulu yexesha elizayo kwimozulu yexesha elizayo yesijikelezi-langa. 

Wilmers, uChristopher C; Estes, uYakobi A; Edwards, uMateyu; ULaidre, uKristin L;, kunye noKonar, uBrenda. Ngaba i-trophic cascades ichaphazela ukugcinwa kunye nokuhamba kwekhabhoni ye-atmospheric? Uhlalutyo lwe-otter yolwandle kunye namahlathi e-kelp. Front Ecol Environ 2012; doi:10.1890/110176
Iingcali zenzululwazi ziqokelele idatha kwiminyaka eyi-40 edlulileyo ukuqikelela imiphumo engathanga ngqo ye-otters yolwandle kwimveliso yekhabhoni kunye nokufikelela kwisitoreji kwizinto eziphilayo eMntla Melika. Baphetha ngokuthi i-otters yolwandle inefuthe elinamandla kumacandelo kumjikelezo wekhabhoni onokuchaphazela izinga le-carbon flux.

Ntaka, Winfred. "Iprojekthi ye-African Wetlands: Impumelelo yeMozulu kunye naBantu?" Imekobume yaseYale 360. Np, 3 Nov. 2016.
ESenegal nakwamanye amazwe asakhasayo, iinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zityala imali kwiinkqubo zokubuyisela amahlathi e<em>mangrove neminye imigxobhozo ehlutha ikharbon. Kodwa abagxeki bathi la manyathelo akufuneki agxininise kwiinjongo zemozulu yehlabathi ejongela phantsi ubomi babantu balapha.

iintetho

Buyisela Amachweba aseMelika: Ikhabhoni eBlue Blue: Ithuba elitsha lolondolozo lwemigxobhozo
Umboniso we-Powerpoint ophonononga ukubaluleka kwekhabhoni eluhlaza kunye nesayensi emva kokugcinwa, ukuhluthwa kunye neegesi ze-greenhouse. Ukubuyisela Amachweba aseMelika kuphonononga umgaqo-nkqubo, imfundo, iiphaneli kunye namahlakani asebenza kuwo ukuqhubela phambili icarbon eluhlaza yonxweme.

I-Poop, iingcambu kunye ne-Deadfall: Ibali le-Blue Carbon
Inkcazo enikwe nguMark Spalding, uMongameli we-Ocean Foundation, echaza i-carbon eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, iintlobo zokugcinwa konxweme, iindlela zokuhamba ngebhayisikili kunye nesimo somgaqo-nkqubo kulo mbandela. Cofa ikhonkco elingasentla kwinguqulelo yePDF okanye ubukele oku ngezantsi.

Amanyathelo onokuwathatha

Sebenzisa yethu SeaGrass Khulisa Carbon Calculator ukubala ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yakho kwaye unikele ukuze unciphise impembelelo yakho ngekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka! Ikhartyhuleyitha yaphuhliswa yi-Ocean Foundation ukunceda umntu okanye umbutho ukubala ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 yonyaka, ukumisela ubungakanani bekhabhoni ebhlowu eyimfuneko ukuyiphelisa (iihektare zengca yolwandle ekufuneka ibuyiselwe okanye ilingane). Ingeniso evela kwindlela yokuthenga ngetyala eblue carbon ingasetyenziselwa ukuxhasa ngemali iinzame zokubuyiswa, nto leyo eya kuthi ivelise amatyala amaninzi. Iinkqubo ezinjalo zivumela impumelelo ezimbini: ukudalwa kweendleko ezinokulinganiswa kwiinkqubo zehlabathi zemisebenzi yokukhupha i-CO2 kunye, okwesibini, ukubuyisela amadlelo engca yolwandle ayinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yokuphilisana kwendalo engaselunxwemeni kwaye ifuna kakhulu ukuphinda ibuyiselwe.

BUYELA KUPHANDO