Ikhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka

Ikhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka i-carbon dioxide ethathwe ulwandle kanye nemvelo yasogwini lomhlaba. Le khabhoni igcinwa isesimweni se-biomass kanye nezinsalela ezivela emihlumeni, emaxhaphozini asolwandle kanye nezimfunda zasolwandle. Ikhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka iyindlela ephumelela kakhulu, kodwa enganakiwe, yokuthathwa kwekhabhoni isikhathi eside nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni. Ngokubaluleka okulinganayo, ukutshalwa kwezimali kukhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunikeza izinsiza ezibalulekile ze-ecosystem ezifaka isandla emandleni abantu okunciphisa nokuzivumelanisa nemithelela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Lapha sihlanganise ezinye zezinsiza ezihamba phambili kulesi sihloko.

AmaSpredishithi Amaqiniso namaflaya

I-Blue Carbon Fund – I-ocean elingana ne-REDD yokuthathwa kwekhabhoni ezifundazweni ezisogwini. (Iflaya)
Lesi isifinyezo esiwusizo nesifingqiwe sombiko we-UNEP kanye ne-GRID-Arendal, okuhlanganisa indima ebalulekile edlalwa ulwandle esimweni sezulu sethu kanye nezinyathelo ezilandelayo zokusifaka ezinhlelweni zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu.   

Ikhabhoni Eluhlaza: Imephu Yendaba evela ku-GRID-Arendal.
Incwadi yezindaba esebenzisanayo ngesayensi yekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nezincomo zenqubomgomo yokuvikelwa kwayo ku-GRID-Arendal.

I-AGEDI. 2014. Ukwakha Amaphrojekthi Ekhabhoni Eluhlaza - Umhlahlandlela Oyisingeniso. AGEDI/EAD. Ishicilelwe ngabakwa-AGEDI. Ikhiqizwe ngabakwa-GRID-Arendal, Isikhungo Esisebenzisana ne-UNEP, eNorway.
Lo mbiko uwuhlaka lwesayensi yeBlue Carbon, inqubomgomo kanye nokuphatha ngokubambisana ne-United Nations's Environmental Programme. Umthelela weBlue carbon wezezimali kanye nesikhungo kanye nokwakhiwa kwamakhono kumaphrojekthi kuyabuyekezwa. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izifundo e-Australia, Thailand, Abu Dhabi, Kenya naseMadagascar.

Pidgeon, E., Herr, D., Fonseca, L. (2011). Ukunciphisa Ukukhishwa Kwekhabhoni Kanye Nokwenyusa I-Carbon Sequestration kanye Nesitoreji Ngama-Seagrasses, Tidal Marshes, Mangroves - Izincomo ezivela ku-International Working Group on Coastal Blue Carbon
Igqamisa isidingo soku-1) semizamo yocwaningo ethuthukisiwe kazwelonke neyamazwe ngamazwe yokuthathwa kwekhabhoni yasogwini, 2) ukuthuthukiswa kwezinyathelo zokuphatha zendawo nezesifunda ezisekelwe olwazini lwamanje lwezinto ezikhishwa yizimo zemvelo zasogwini ezonakele kanye 3) nokuthuthukiswa kokuqashelwa komhlaba wonke kwe-carbon ecosystem. Leli pheshana elifushane lidinga isinyathelo esisheshayo ekuvikelweni kotshani basolwandle, amaxhaphozi nemihlume. 

Buyisela Izimila ZaseMelika: I-Coastal Blue Carbon: Ithuba elisha Lokongiwa Kwasogwini
Lesi sihloko sihlanganisa ukubaluleka kwekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nesayensi yokugcinwa kanye nokuthathwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa. I-Restore America's Estuaries ibuyekeza inqubomgomo, imfundo, amaphaneli nozakwethu abasebenza phezu kwabo ukuze bathuthukise ikhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ogwini.

Ukukhishwa kwabezindaba, izitatimende, kanye namafuphi wenqubomgomo

Blue Climate Coalition. 2010. Izixazululo Zekhabhoni Eluhlaza Zokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu - Isitatimende Esivulekile Esibhekiswe Kuzithunywa ze-COP16 yi-Blue Climate Coalition.
Lesi sitatimende sihlinzeka ngezisekelo zekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okuhlanganisa ukubaluleka kwayo okubalulekile kanye nezinsongo zayo ezinkulu. I-Blue Climate Coalition incoma i-COP16 ukuthi ithathe isinyathelo sokubuyisela nokuvikela lezi zinhlelo zemvelo zasogwini ezibalulekile. Isayinwe ababambiqhaza abangamashumi amahlanu nanhlanu bezasolwandle nezemvelo abavela emazweni ayishumi nesishiyagalolunye abamele iBlue Climate Coalition.

Izinkokhelo Zekhabhoni Eluhlaza: Amandla Okuvikela Izindawo Zasogwini Ezisengozini. UBrian C. Murray, W. Aaron Jenkins, uSamantha Sifleet, uLinwood Pendleton, no-Alexis Baldera. Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions, Duke University
Lesi sihloko sibuyekeza izinga, indawo, kanye nezinga lokulahleka ezindaweni ezihlala ogwini kanye nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni kulawo ma-ecosystem. Uma kucatshangelwa lezo zici, umthelela wemali kanye nemali engenayo engaba khona evela ekuvikelweni kwekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuhlolwa ngaphansi kocwaningo lokushintshwa komhlume ube amapulazi ezimfanzi eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.

Pew Fellows. San Feliu De Guixols Ocean Carbon Declaration
I-1 Pew Fellows in Marine Conservation and Advisors, behlangene abavela emazweni ayishumi nambili basayine isincomo kubenzi benqubomgomo ukuthi (2) Kufakwe ukongiwa kwemvelo yasogwini kanye nokubuyiselwa kumasu okunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. (XNUMX) Kuxhaswe ucwaningo oluhlosiwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqonda kwethu umnikelo wezinto eziphilayo zasogwini nezivulekile zasolwandle emjikelezweni wekhabhoni nasekukhishweni ngempumelelo kwekhabhoni emkhathini.

Uhlelo Lwezemvelo Lwezizwe Ezihlangene (UNEP). Izilwandle Ezinempilo Ukhiye Omusha Wokulwa Nokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu
Lo mbiko weluleka ngokuthi utshani basolwandle namaxhaphozi kasawoti kuyindlela ebiza kakhulu yokugcina ikhabhoni nokubamba. Kudingeka isinyathelo esiphuthumayo ukuze kubuyiselwe amasinki ekhabhoni njengoba elahleka ngezinga eliphindwe kasikhombisa kuneminyaka engu-50 edlule.

Usuku Lwezilwandle lwase-Cancun: Lubalulekile Empilweni, Lubalulekile Kusimo Sezulu Engqungqutheleni Yeshumi Nesithupha Yamaqembu Engqungquthela Ye-United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Disemba 4, 2010
Lesi sitatimende siyisifinyezo sobufakazi besayensi obukhulayo mayelana nesimo sezulu nezilwandle; umjikelezo wekhabhoni wezilwandle nogu; ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle; ukujwayela ugu; ukuxhasa ngezimali ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ngezindleko kanye nenani labantu baseziqhingini; kanye namasu adidiyelwe. Iphetha ngohlelo lokusebenza olunamaphuzu amahlanu lwe-UNFCCC COP 16 nokuqhubekela phambili.

Imibiko

I-Florida Roundtable on Ocean Acidification: Umbiko Womhlangano. I-Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL Septhemba 2, 2015
NgoSepthemba 2015, i-Ocean Conservancy kanye ne-Mote Marine Laboratory bahlanganyele ukuze babambe ithebula eliyindilinga lokugcwaliswa kwe-asidi olwandle e-Florida eklanyelwe ukusheshisa ingxoxo yomphakathi mayelana ne-OA eFlorida. I-ecosystems ye-Seagrass idlala indima enkulu e-Florida futhi umbiko uncoma ukuvikeleka nokubuyiselwa kwezimfunda zasolwandle 1) amasevisi e-ecosystem 2) njengengxenye yephothifoliyo yemisebenzi eyisa isifunda ekwehliseni imithelela ye-acidification yolwandle.

Umbiko we-CDP 2015 v.1.3; Septhemba 2015. Ukubeka intengo engcupheni: Intengo yekhabhoni emhlabeni wezinkampani
Lo mbiko ubuyekeza izinkampani ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane emhlabeni jikelele ezishicilela intengo yazo ekukhiqizweni kwekhabhoni noma ezihlela ukuwenza eminyakeni emibili ezayo.

Chan, F., et al. 2016. Iphaneli ye-West Coast Ocean Acidification kanye ne-Hypoxia Science: Okutholakele Okubalulekile, Izincomo, kanye Nezenzo. I-California Ocean Science Trust.
Iphaneli yesayensi enamalungu angu-20 ixwayisa ngokuthi ukwanda kokukhishwa kwekhabhoni dioxide emhlabeni wonke kungamanzi enza i-asidi ogwini oluseNtshonalanga Melika ngesivinini esisheshayo. I-West Coast OA kanye ne-Hypoxia Panel incoma ngokukhethekile ukuhlola izindlela ezibandakanya ukusetshenziswa kotshani basolwandle ukuze kukhishwe i-carbon dioxide emanzini olwandle njengekhambi eliyinhloko le-OA ogwini olusentshonalanga. Thola ukukhululwa kwabezindaba lapha.

2008. Amanani Omnotho Wezixhobo Zomhlaba Zamakhorali, Imihlume, Nezimila Zasolwandle: I-Global Compilation. I-Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA.

Le ncwajana ihlanganisa imiphumela yocwaningo olubanzi lokulinganisa umnotho ezindaweni ezishisayo zasolwandle nasogwini emhlabeni jikelele. Ngenkathi lishicilelwe ngo-2008, leli phepha lisahlinzeka ngomhlahlandlela owusizo wokubaluleka kwemvelo yasogwini, ikakhulukazi kumongo wamakhono azo okuthatha ikhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Crooks, S., Rybczyk, J., O'Connell, K., Devier, DL, Poppe, K., Emmett-Mattox, S. 2014. Ukuhlola Ithuba Lekhabhoni Eliluhlaza Ogwini Lechweba Lechweba Lase-Snohomish: Izinzuzo Zesimo Sezulu Zokubuyiselwa Kwechweba Lechweba . Umbiko we-Environmental Science Associates, i-Western Washington University, i-EarthCorps, kanye ne-Restore America's Estuaries. February 2014. 
Lo mbiko umayelana nokuncipha ngokushesha kwamaxhaphozi asogwini ngenxa yomthelela womuntu. Izenzo zibekwe ukwazisa abenzi benqubomgomo ngesilinganiso sokukhishwa kwe-GHG kanye nokususwa okuhlobene nokuphathwa kwezindawo eziphansi ezisogwini ngaphansi kwezimo zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu; futhi kuhlonzwe izidingo zolwazi zophenyo lwesayensi lwesikhathi esizayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lokuguquguquka kwe-GHG nokuphathwa kwamaxhaphozi asogwini.

I-Emmett-Mattox, S., Crooks, S. Coastal Blue Carbon njengesikhuthazo Sokongiwa Kogwini, Ukubuyiselwa Nokuphathwa: Isifanekiso Sokuqonda Izinketho
Lo mbhalo uzosiza ukuqondisa abaphathi basogwini nomhlaba ekuqondeni izindlela ukuvikela nokubuyisela ikhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ogwini kungasiza ukufeza izinjongo zokuphatha ugu. Kufaka phakathi ingxoxo yezinto ezibalulekile ekwenzeni lokhu kuzimisela futhi iveze izinyathelo ezilandelayo zokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Gordon, D., Murray, B., Pendleton, L., Victor, B. 2011. Izinketho Zokuxhasa Ngezimali Zamathuba Ekhabhoni Eluhlaza Nezifundo Eziphuma Kulwazi LweREDD+. Umbiko we-Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions. Duke University.

Lo mbiko uhlaziya izinketho zamanje nezingase zibe khona zezinkokhelo zokunciphisa ikhabhoni njengomthombo wezimali zekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ihlola ngokujulile ukuxhaswa ngezimali kwe-REDD+ (Ukunciphisa Ukungcola Okuvela Ekugawulweni Kwamahlathi Nokucekelwa Kwamahlathi) njengemodeli engaba khona noma umthombo lapho kuzoqalwa khona uxhaso lwe-carbon eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Lo mbiko usiza ababambiqhaza ukuthi bahlole izikhala zoxhaso lwezimali zekhabhoni futhi baqondise izinsiza kuleyo misebenzi ezohlinzeka ngezinzuzo ezinkulu zekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. 

Herr, D., Pidgeon, E., Laffoley, D. (eds.) (2012) I-Blue Carbon Policy Framework 2.0: Isekelwe engxoxweni ye-International Blue Carbon Policy Working Group. I-IUCN kanye ne-Conservation International.
Imibono evela ku-International Blue Carbon Policy Working Group workshops eyayibanjwe ngoJulayi 2011. Leli phepha liwusizo kulabo abafuna incazelo enemininingwane nebanzi ye-blue carbon namandla ayo kanye neqhaza layo kunqubomgomo.

U-Herr, D., E. Trines, J. Howard, M. Silvius no-E. Pidgeon (2014). Kugcine kusha noma kunosawoti. Umhlahlandlela oyisingeniso wokuxhasa ngezimali izinhlelo namaphrojekthi ekhabhoni ye-wetland. IGland, Switzerland: IUCN, CI kanye neWI. iv +46p.
Amaxhaphozi abalulekile ekunciphiseni ikhabhoni futhi kunenqwaba yezindlela zezimali zesimo sezulu ukubhekana nalesi sihloko. Iphrojekthi ye-Wetland carbon ingaxhaswa ngemakethe yekhabhoni yokuzithandela noma ngokwesimo sezimali zezinhlobonhlobo zemvelo.

Howard, J., Hoyt, S., Isensee, K., Pidgeon, E., Telszewski, M. (edits.) (2014). I-Coastal Blue Carbon: Izindlela zokuhlola isitokwe sekhabhoni nezinto ezikhishwayo emihlumeni, emaxhaphozini anosawoti olwandle, nezimfunda zasolwandle. I-Conservation International, I-Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission ye-UNESCO, i-International Union for Conservation of Nature. Arlington, Virginia, USA.
Lo mbiko ubuyekeza izindlela zokuhlola isitokwe sekhabhoni kanye nezici zokukhishwa kwekhabhoni emihlumeni, emaxhaphozini anosawoti olwandle, nasezindaweni ezinotshani basolwandle. Ihlanganisa indlela yokulinganisa ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide, ukuphathwa kwedatha kanye nokwenza imephu.

Kollmuss, Anja; Zinki; I-Helge; Itholakala ku-Polycarp. Mashi 2008. Ukwenza Umqondo Ngemakethe Yekhabhoni Yokuzithandela: Ukuqhathaniswa Kwamazinga E-Carbon Offset
Lo mbiko ubuyekeza imakethe ye-carbon offset, okuhlanganisa ukuthengiselana kanye nezimakethe zokuzithandela eziqhathaniswa nokuthobela imithetho. Iqhubeka nokubukeza izici ezibalulekile zamazinga we-offset.

Laffoley, D.d'A. & Grimsditch, G. (eds). 2009. Ukuphathwa kwamasinki emvelo ekhabhoni ogwini. I-IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 53 iphe
Le ncwadi inikeza uhlolojikelele oluphelele nokho olulula lwamasinki e-carbon ogwini. Yanyatheliswa njengensiza hhayi kuphela ukuveza ukubaluleka kwalezi zimiso zemvelo ekuthathweni kwekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kodwa futhi nokugqamisa isidingo sokuphatha okusebenzayo nokufanelekile ekugcineni leyo khabhoni ehlutshiwe isemhlabeni.

U-Laffoley, D., Baxter, JM, Thevenon, F. no-Oliver, J. (abahleli). 2014. Ukubaluleka Nokuphathwa Kwezitolo Zemvelo Zekhabhoni Olwandle Oluvulekile. Umbiko ogcwele. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 124 iphe.Le ncwadi yanyatheliswa eminyakeni emi-5 kamuva yiqembu elifanayo ne Ucwaningo lwe-IUCN, Ukuphathwa kwamasinki emvelo ogwini lwekhabhoni, idlula i-ecosystem yasogwini futhi ibheka inani lekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka olwandle oluvulekile.

Lutz SJ, Martin AH. 2014. Ikhabhoni Yezinhlanzi: Ukuhlola Amasevisi Ekhabhoni Ye-Marine Vertebrate. Ishicilelwe ngu-GRID-Arendal, Arendal, Norway.
Umbiko wethula izindlela eziyisishiyagalombili zebhayoloji zezilwane ezinomgogodla zasolwandle ezivumela ukubanjwa kwekhabhoni yasemkhathini futhi zinikeze isivimbeli esingaba khona ngokumelene ne-asidi yolwandle. Yanyatheliswa kusabela ikhwelo leNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene lezixazululo ezintsha zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

I-Murray, B., Pendleton L., Jenkins, W. kanye ne-Sifleet, S. 2011. Izinkokhelo Eziluhlaza Zezikhuthazi Zezomnotho Eziluhlaza Kabhoni Zokuvikela Izindawo Zasogwini Ezisengcupheni. Umbiko we-Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions.
Lo mbiko uhlose ukuxhumanisa inani lemali lekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nezisusa zezomnotho ezinamandla ngokwanele ukuze kuncishiswe amazinga amanje okulahleka kwendawo ehlala ogwini. Ithola ukuthi ngenxa yokuthi i-ecosystem yasogwini igcina inani elikhulu lekhabhoni futhi isongelwa kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kogu, ingaba inhloso ekahle yokuxhasa ngezimali ikhabhoni - efana neREDD+.

Nellemann, C., Corcoran, E., Duarte, CM, Valdés, L., De Young, C., Fonseca, L., Grimsditch, G. (Eds). 2009. Ikhabhoni Eluhlaza. Ukuhlolwa Kwempendulo Esheshayo. I-United Nations Environment Programme, GRID-Arendal, www.grida.no
Umbiko omusha we-Rapid Response Assessment okhishwe mhla ziyi-14 kuMfumfu wezi-2009 ku-Diversitas Conference, eKapa Conference Centre, eNingizimu Afrika. Uhlanganiswe ochwepheshe bakwa-GRID-Arendal kanye ne-UNEP ngokubambisana ne-UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) kanye ne-UNESCO International Oceanographic Commissions nezinye izikhungo, lo mbiko ugqamisa indima ebalulekile yezilwandle nemvelo yasolwandle ekugcineni isimo sezulu sethu nokusiza. abenzi benqubomgomo ukuthi bafake i-ajenda yezilwandle ezinhlelweni kazwelonke nezamazwe ngamazwe zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Thola inguqulo ye-e-book esebenzayo lapha.

Ukuthathwa kwe-Pidgeon E. Ikhabhoni ngezindawo ezihlala olwandle: Osinki ababalulekile abangekho. Ku: Laffoley DdA, Grimsditch G., abahleli. Ukuphathwa Kwezisinki Zekhabhoni Yemvelo Yasogwini. IGland, eSwitzerland: IUCN; 2009. amakhasi 47-51.
Lesi sihloko siyingxenye yalokhu okungenhla Laffoley, et al. I-IUCN 2009 ukushicilelwa. Ihlinzeka ngemininingwane yokubaluleka kokucwila kwekhabhoni yolwandle futhi ihlanganisa imidwebo ewusizo eqhathanisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zamasinki ekhabhoni yasemhlabeni nasolwandle. Ababhali bagqamisa ukuthi umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezindawo ezihlala ogwini zasogwini nezasemhlabeni yikhono lezindawo ezihlala olwandle lokuthatha ikhabhoni isikhathi eside.

Journal Articles

I-Ezcurra, P., Ezcurra, E., Garcillán, P., Costa, M., kanye no-Aburto-Oropeza, O. 2016. "Izindawo zasogwini kanye nokuqoqwa kwe-mangrove peat kukhulisa ukudliwa kwekhabhoni nokugcinwa" Izinqubo ze-National Academy of Sciences wase-United States of America.
Lolu cwaningo luthola ukuthi imihlume endaweni eyomile esenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Mexico, ithatha ngaphansi kwe-1% yendawo yasemhlabeni, kodwa igcina cishe u-28% yenani eliphelele elingaphansi kwe-carbon pool yaso sonke isifunda. Naphezu kokuthi mincane, imihlume kanye nezinsalela zayo eziphilayo zimelela ngokungafani nokuthathwa kwekhabhoni emhlabeni wonke kanye nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni.

I-Fourqurean, J. et al 2012. I-Seagrass ecosystems njengesitokwe sekhabhoni esibalulekile emhlabeni wonke. I-Nature Geoscience 5, 505–509.
Lolu cwaningo luqinisekisa ukuthi utshani basolwandle, okwamanje obungenye yezinto eziphilayo ezisengozini enkulu emhlabeni, buyisixazululo esibalulekile sokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngamakhono abo okugcina ikhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

I-Greiner JT, McGlathery KJ, Gunnell J, McKee BA (2013) Ukubuyiselwa Kwe-Seagrass Kuthuthukisa Ukuthunjwa Kwe-"Blue Carbon" Emanzini Asogwini. I-PLoS ONE 8(8): e72469. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072469
Lolu ngolunye lwezifundo zokuqala olunikeza ubufakazi obuphathekayo bamandla okubuyiselwa kwendawo yokuhlala utshani basolwandle ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukudliwa kwekhabhoni endaweni yogu. Ababhali empeleni batshala utshani basolwandle futhi bafunda ukukhula nokuthathwa kwabo isikhathi eside.

UMartin, S., et al. Umbono Wamasevisi E-Ecosystem we-Oceanic Eastern Tropical Pacific: Commercial Fisheries, Carbon Storage, Recreational Fishing, and Biodiversity
Ngaphambili. Mar. Sci., 27 April 2016
Ushicilelo olumayelana nekhabhoni yezinhlanzi namanye amanani olwandle olulinganisela inani lokuthunyelwa kwekhabhoni ekujuleni kolwandle olwandle lwaseMpumalanga yeTropical Pacific ukuba libe ngu-$12.9 wezigidigidi ngonyaka, nakuba ukuthuthwa kwe-geophysical kanye nebhayoloji yokugcinwa kwekhabhoni nekhabhoni kumanani ezilwane zasolwandle.

McNeil, Ukubaluleka kokucwila kwe-CO2 yolwandle kuma-akhawunti ekhabhoni kazwelonke. Ibhalansi Yekhabhoni Nokuphathwa, 2006. I:5, doi:10.1186/1750-0680-I-5
Ngaphansi kweNgqungquthela yeZizwe Ezihlangene ngomthetho wolwandle (1982), izwe ngalinye elibambe iqhaza ligcina amalungelo akhethekile ezomnotho nawemvelo endaweni yolwandle enweba u-200 nm ukusuka ogwini lwayo, olwaziwa nge-Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Umbiko uhlaziya ukuthi i-EEZ ayishiwongo ku-Kyoto Protocol ukuze kubhekwane nokugcinwa nokuthathwa kwe-CO2 ye-anthropogenic.

Pendleton L, Donato DC, Murray BC, Crooks S, Jenkins WA, et al. 2012. Ukulinganisa Ukukhishwa Kwe-'Blue Carbon'' Emhlabeni Wonke Okuvela Ekuguqulweni Nokwehliswa Kwezimila Eziphila Ngasogwini. I-PLoS ONE 7(9): e43542. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043542
Lolu cwaningo lusondela ekubalweni kwekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngombono “wenani elilahlekile”, kubhekwana nomthelela wezinto eziphilayo zasogwini ezonakele kanye nokuhlinzeka ngesilinganiso somhlaba wonke sekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ekhishwa minyaka yonke ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwendawo yokuhlala.

Rehdanza, Katrin; Jung, Martina; uTola, uRichard SJ; kanye noWetzelf, uPatrick. Amasinki e-Ocean Carbon kanye neNqubomgomo Yesimo Sezulu Yamazwe Ngamazwe. 
Ukucwila kolwandle akubhekwana nayo ku-Kyoto Protocol nakuba kungakahlolisiswa futhi kungaqinisekile njengoba kwakunjalo ngokucwila komhlaba ngesikhathi sezingxoxo. Ababhali basebenzisa imodeli yemakethe yamazwe ngamazwe yokukhipha isikhutha ukuze bahlole ukuthi ubani ongazuza noma alahlekelwe ngokuvumela ukucwila kwekhabhoni yolwandle.

Sabine, CL et al. 2004. Ukucwila kolwandle lwe-anthropogenic CO2. Isayensi 305: 367-371
Lolu cwaningo luhlola ukuthi ulwandle luthatha kanjani i-anthropogenic carbon dioxide kusukela ngeNguquko Yezimboni, futhi luphetha ngokuthi ulwandle luwumthombo wekhabhoni omkhulu kakhulu emhlabeni. Isusa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni yasemkhathini okungama-20-35%.

Spalding, MJ (2015). Inkinga Yechibi LaseSherman - Kanye Nolwandle Lomhlaba. Isithangami Sezemvelo. 32(2), 38-43.
Lesi sihloko sigqamisa ubukhali be-OA, umthelela wayo kuwebhu yokudla nasemithonjeni yabantu yamaprotheni, kanye neqiniso lokuthi iyinkinga ekhona futhi ebonakalayo. Umbhali, u-Mark Spalding, uphetha ngohlu lwezinyathelo ezincane ezingathathwa ukusiza ukulwa ne-OA - okuhlanganisa inketho yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni olwandle ngendlela ye-carbon eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Camp, E. et al. (2016, Ephreli 21). Imibhede ye-Mangrove ne-Seagrass Ihlinzeka Ngezinsizakalo Ezihlukene Ze-Biogeochemical Yamakhorali Asongelwa Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu. Imingcele Yesayensi Yasolwandle. Kubuyiswe kusuka https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2016.00052/full.
Lolu cwaningo luhlola ukuthi ingabe utshani basolwandle kanye nemihlume kungasebenza njenge-refugia engenzeka ekubikezelweni kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngokugcina izimo zamakhemikhali ezivumayo kanye nokuhlola ukuthi ingabe umsebenzi wokugaya umzimba wamakhorali abalulekile akha izixhobo uyasimama yini.

Izihloko Zomagazini Namaphephandaba

I-Ocean Foundation (2021). "Ukuthuthukisa Izixazululo Ezisekelwe Emvelweni Zokuthuthukisa Ukusimama Kwesimo Sezulu ePuerto Rico." I-Eco Magazine's Special Issue Rising Seas.
Umsebenzi we-Ocean Foundation's Blue Resilience Initiative eJobos Bay uhlanganisa nokwakha utshani basolwandle kanye nepulani elilingayo lokubuyisela iphrojekthi yokuvuselela i-Jobos Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (JBNERR).

Luchessa, Scott (2010) Ready, Set, Offset, Go!: Ukusebenzisa Indalo Emanzi, Ukubuyisela, kanye Nokulondolozwa Kokuthuthukisa I-Carbon Offsets.
Amaxhaphozi angaba yimithombo kanye nosinki wamagesi abamba ukushisa, leli phephabhuku libuyekeza isizinda sesayensi mayelana nalesi simo kanye nemizamo yamazwe ngamazwe, kazwelonke neyesifunda yokubhekana nezinzuzo zamaxhaphozi.

I-San Francisco State University (2011, Okthoba 13). Indima eshintshayo ye-Plankton ekugcinweni kwekhabhoni yolwandle ekujuleni ihloliwe. ScienceDaily. Ibuyiswe ngo-Okthoba 14, 2011, kusukela ku-http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111013162934.htm
Izinguquko eziqhutshwa isimo sezulu emithonjeni ye-nitrogen namazinga e-carbon dioxide emanzini olwandle zingasebenza ngokubambisana ukuze zenze i-Emiliania huxleyi (i-plankton) i-ejenti engasebenzi kahle kakhulu yokugcina ikhabhoni kusinki wekhabhoni omkhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, ulwandle olujulile. Izinguquko kulo sinki omkhulu wekhabhoni kanye namazinga e-anthropogenic atmospheric carbon dioxide angaba nomthelela omkhulu esimweni sezulu esizayo esimweni sezulu esizayo seplanethi. 

Wilmers, uChristopher C; Estes, uJames A; Edwards, uMathewu; Laidre, Kristin L;, no-Konar, Brenda. Ingabe i-trophic cascades ithinta ukugcinwa nokugeleza kwekhabhoni yasemkhathini? Ukuhlaziywa kwama-sea otters namahlathi e-kelp. I-Front Ecol Environ 2012; doi:10.1890/110176
Ososayensi baqoqe idatha kusukela eminyakeni engu-40 edlule ukuze balinganisele imiphumela engaqondile ye-sea otter ekukhiqizeni ikhabhoni kanye nokufinyelela kwesitoreji kuma-ecosystems eNyakatho Melika. Baphethe ngokuthi ama-sea otter anomthelela onamandla ezingxenyeni zomjikelezo wekhabhoni ezingaba nomthelela kwizinga le-carbon flux.

Inyoni, Winfred. "I-African Wetlands Project: Impumelelo Yesimo Sezulu kanye Nabantu?" Yale Environment 360. Np, 3 Nov. 2016.
E-Senegal nakwamanye amazwe asathuthuka, izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zitshala izimali ezinhlelweni zokuvuselela amahlathi omhlume namanye amaxhaphozi athatha ikhabhoni. Kodwa abagxeki bathi lezi zinhlelo akufanele zigxile ezinhlosweni zesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke ngokulahlekelwa yimpilo yabantu bendawo.

Ukwethulwa

Buyisela Izimila ZaseMelika: I-Coastal Blue Carbon: Ithuba elisha lokongiwa kwamaxhaphozi
Isethulo se-Powerpoint esibuyekeza ukubaluleka kwekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nesayensi yokugcinwa, ukuthathwa kanye namagesi abamba ukushisa. I-Restore America's Estuaries ibuyekeza inqubomgomo, imfundo, amaphaneli nozakwethu abasebenza phezu kwabo ukuze bathuthukise ikhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ogwini.

I-Poop, Roots kanye ne-Deadfall: Indaba ye-Blue Carbon
Isethulo esinikezwe u-Mark Spalding, uMongameli we-The Ocean Foundation, echaza ikhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, izinhlobo zezindawo zokugcina ugu, izindlela zamabhayisikili kanye nesimo senqubomgomo odabeni. Chofoza isixhumanisi esingenhla ukuze uthole inguqulo ye-PDF noma ubuke ngezansi.

Izenzo Ongazithatha

Sebenzisa yethu I-SeaGrass Khulisa I-Carbon Calculator ukubala ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni yakho futhi unikele ukuze unciphise umthelela wakho ngekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka! Isibali sithuthukiswe yi-The Ocean Foundation ukusiza umuntu noma inhlangano ukubala ukukhishwa kwayo kwaminyaka yonke kwe-CO2 ukuze, yona, ithole inani lekhabhoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka edingekayo ukuze kuqedwe (amahektha otshani basolwandle azobuyiselwa noma okulingana nawo). Imali engenayo evela kumshini wekhredithi yecarbon eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ingasetshenziselwa ukuxhasa imizamo yokubuyisela, okubuye kukhiqize amakhredithi engeziwe. Izinhlelo ezinjalo zivumela ukuzuza okubili: ukwakhiwa kwezindleko ezingalinganiswa ezinhlelweni zomhlaba wonke zemisebenzi yokukhipha utshani be-CO2 futhi, okwesibili, ukubuyiselwa kwezimfunda zasolwandle ezakha ingxenye ebalulekile yemvelo yasogwini futhi enesidingo esikhulu sokubuyiselwa.

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