Isimangaliso Sesi-8 Somhlaba: Usongo Lwezimayini Emagugu Amasiko Angaphansi Kwamanzi

Kusukela izikhwama zepulasitiki kuya izidalwa zasolwandle ezisanda kutholwa, phansi olwandle kugcwele ukuphila, ubuhle, nemikhondo yokuphila komuntu.

Izindaba zabantu, amasiko, kanye nezinkolelo kuphakathi kwalokhu kulandelelwa , ngaphezu kokuphahlazeka komkhumbi okungokoqobo, izinsalela zabantu, nezinto zobuciko zemivubukulo etholakala phansi kolwandle. Kuwo wonke umlando, abantu baye badabula ulwandle njengabantu abahamba olwandle, benza izindlela ezintsha eziya emazweni akude futhi beshiya imikhumbi ephihlizeka ngenxa yesimo sezulu, izimpi, kanye nenkathi ewela i-atlantic yokugqilazwa kwe-Afrika. Amasiko emhlabeni wonke athuthukise ubuhlobo obuseduze nezilwane zasolwandle, izitshalo, nomoya wolwandle. 

In 2001, imiphakathi yomhlaba yahlangana ukuze ibone ngokusemthethweni futhi ithuthukise incazelo nokuvikela kwalo mlando wabantu ohlangene. Lezo zingxoxo, kanye neminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50 yomsebenzi wezizwe eziningi, kwaphumela ekuvunyweni nasekusungulweni kwegama elithi “Underwater Cultural Heritage,” elivame ukufushaniswa libe yi-UCH.

Izingxoxo ezimayelana ne-UCH ziyakhula ngenxa ye Iminyaka Eyishumi Ye-UN Yesayensi Yasolwandle Yentuthuko Esimeme. Izinkinga ze-UCH zithole ukuqashelwa ngenxa yeNgqungquthela Yasolwandle Ye-UN ka-2022 kanye nokunyuka komsebenzi ophathelene nokumbiwa kwezimayini ezingaphansi kolwandle emanzini omhlaba - owaziwa nangokuthi yi-Deep Seabed Mining (DSM). Futhi, i-UCH kwaxoxwa ngayo kulo lonke 2023 March International Seabed Authority imihlangano njengoba amazwe edingida ikusasa lemithetho ye-DSM.

With Amaphesenti angama-80 olwandle olungenamephu, I-DSM ibeka izinsongo eziningi ku-UCH eyaziwayo, elindelwe, nengaziwa olwandle. Izinga elingaziwa lomonakalo endaweni yasolwandle ngemishini yezohwebo ye-DSM liphinde lisongela i-UCH etholakala emanzini aphesheya. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuvikelwa kwe-UCH kuye kwavela njengesihloko sokukhathazeka kubantu base-Pacific Island Indigenous - abanomlando obanzi wokhokho kanye nokuxhumana kwamasiko olwandle olujulile kanye ama-coral polyps abahlala lapho - ngaphezu kwenzalo yaseMelika kanye ne-Afrika I-Transatlantic Era Yokugqilazwa Kwase-Afrika, phakathi kwamanye amaningi.

Yini i-Deep Seabed Mining (DSM)? Uthini umthetho weminyaka emibili?

Bheka ibhulogi yethu yesingeniso kanye nekhasi locwaningo ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe!

Isingeniso se-DSM

Ikhasi Lokucwaninga le-DSM

I-UCH okwamanje ivikelwe ngaphansi kweNgqungquthela yeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yezemfundo, Ezesayensi Nezamasiko (i-UNESCO) ka-2001 yokuVikelwa kweGugu leSiko elingaphansi kwamanzi.

Kuze kube manje, amazwe angama-71 aseyivumile le ngqungquthela, evuma:

• ukuvimbela ukuxhashazwa kwezentengiselwano kanye nokuhlakazwa kweGugu Lezamasiko Angaphansi Kwamanzi;
• isiqinisekiso sokuthi leli gugu lizogcinelwa ikusasa futhi libekwe endaweni yalo yokuqala, etholakele;
• ukusiza imboni yezokuvakasha ethintekayo;
• sikwazi ukwakha amakhono kanye nokushintshisana ngolwazi; futhi
• vumela ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe okuphumelelayo njengoba kubonakala ku I-UNESCO Convention umbhalo.

The Iminyaka Eyishumi Yesayensi Yasolwandle, 2021-2030, iqale ngokugunyazwa kwe Uhlelo lwe-Cultural Heritage Framework (CHFP), Ishumi leminyaka le-UN Action okuhloswe ngayo ukuhlanganisa ukuxhumana komlando namasiko nolwandle kusayensi nenqubomgomo. Enye yamaphrojekthi esingethwe yi-CHFP yokuqala Yeshumi Leminyaka iphenya i-UCH ye I-Stone Tidal Weirs, uhlobo lwendlela yokubamba izinhlanzi ngokusekelwe olwazini lwendabuko lwemvelo olutholakala eMicronesia, eJapane, eFrance naseShayina. 

Lezi zindawo ezinyakazayo ziyisibonelo esisodwa se-UCH kanye nemizamo yomhlaba wonke yokuvuma umlando wethu ongaphansi kwamanzi. Njengoba amalungu e-International Seabed Authority (ISA) esebenzela ukuthola ukuthi ingavikelwa kanjani i-UCH, isinyathelo sokuqala ukuqonda ukuthi yini ewela esigabeni esibanzi se-Underwater Cultural Heritage. 

I-UCH ikhona emhlabeni jikelele naphesheya kolwandle.

*Qaphela: ulwandle olulodwa lomhlaba wonke luxhumekile futhi luwuketshezi, futhi ulwandle ngalunye kwezilandelayo lusekelwe ekuboneni komuntu izindawo. Ukugqagqana phakathi kwezitsha eziqanjwe “zolwandle” kulindeleke.

I-Atlantic Ocean

i-Pacific Ocean

Indian Ocean

Imizila Yokuhweba YaseYurophu

Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesithupha, amazwe amaningi aseYurophu, eholwa amaPutukezi namaDashi, athuthukisa Izinkampani Zokuhweba zase-East India futhi ahweba kuso sonke isifunda sasePacific. Lezi imikhumbi ngezinye izikhathi yayilahleka olwandle. Ubufakazi balolu hambo lwemikhumbi bugcwele phansi oLwandle i-Atlantic, eNingizimu, e-Indian nasePacific.

I-Southern Ocean

Ukuhlola i-Antarctic

Ukuphahlazeka kwemikhumbi, izinsalela zabantu, nezinye izimpawu zomlando womuntu kuyingxenye ejulile yokuhlolwa kwamanzi ase-Antarctic. Ngaphakathi kweBritish Antarctic Territory kuphela, 9+ ukuphahlazeka komkhumbi kanye namanye amasayithi e-UCH athakaselayo atholwe kusukela emizamweni yokuhlola. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Antarctic Treaty System iyakuvuma lokhu ukuphahlazeka kweSan Telmo, umkhumbi waseSpain owaphahlazeka kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1800 kungekho muntu osindile, njengendawo yomlando.

I-Arctic Ocean

Izindlela ezidlula e-Arctic Ice

Ngokufanayo ne-UCH etholwe futhi ilindelwe emanzini aseNingizimu ne-Antarctic, umlando wabantu e-Arctic Ocean uboshelwe ekunqumeni imizila yokufinyelela kwamanye amazwe. Imikhumbi eminingi labanda futhi lacwila, kungashiyi muntu ngenkathi sizama ukuhamba eNyakatho-mpumalanga naseNyakatho-ntshonalanga phakathi kweminyaka yama-1800s-1900s. Imikhumbi edoba imikhomo engaphezu kuka-150 yalahleka ngalesi sikhathi.

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ingxenye encane nje yamagugu, umlando, namasiko abonisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu nolwandle, iningi lalezi zibonelo liphishekele ocwaningweni oluqedelwe ngelensi yaseNtshonalanga kanye nombono. Ezingxoxweni ezizungeze i-UCH, okuhlanganisa ukwehlukahlukana kocwaningo, isizinda, nezindlela zokufaka kokubili ulwazi lwendabuko nolwaseNtshonalanga kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukufinyelela okulinganayo nokuvikelwa kwabo bonke. Ingxenye enkulu yale UCH itholakala emanzini ngamazwe futhi isengozini evela ku-DSM, ikakhulukazi uma i-DSM iqhubeka ngaphandle kokuvuma i-UCH kanye nezinyathelo zokuyivikela. Izithunywa ezisesigabeni samazwe ngamazwe zi okwamanje kuxoxwa kanjani ukwenza kanjalo, kodwa indlela eya phambili ihlala ingacacile.

I-Ocean Foundation ikholelwa ukuthi intuthuko yokulawula ezungeze i-DSM akumele isheshiswe, ikakhulukazi ngaphandle kokubonisana noma ukuxoxisana konke ababambiqhaza. I-ISA idinga futhi ukuxhumana ngokukhuthele nababambe iqhaza abanolwazi ngaphambili, ikakhulukazi abantu boMdabu basePacific, ukuze baqonde futhi bavikele amagugu abo njengengxenye yefa elivamile lesintu. Sisekela ukumiswa ngaphandle uma futhi kuze kube yilapho imithethonqubo ivikela okungenani njengomthetho kazwelonke.  

Ukumiswa kwe-DSM bekulokhu kuthola amandla kanye nesivinini eminyakeni embalwa edlule, namazwe ayi-14 evumelana ngendlela ethile yokumisa isikhashana noma ukuvinjelwa ukwenza. Ukusebenzelana nababambiqhaza kanye nokufakwa kolwazi lwendabuko, ikakhulukazi emaqenjini aboMdabu abanolwazi oluxhumene nokhokho olwandle, kufanele kufakwe kuzo zonke izingxoxo ezise-UCH. Sidinga ukuqashelwa okufanele kwe-UCH nokuxhumana kwayo nemiphakathi emhlabeni wonke, ukuze sikwazi ukuvikela ifa elivamile lesintu, izinto zobuciko ezibonakalayo, ukuxhumana kwamasiko, kanye nobudlelwano bethu obuhlangene nolwandle.