KOMA GA BINCIKE

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1. Gabatarwa
2. Inda za a Fara Koyo game da Deep Seabed Mining (DSM)
3. Barazana Mai Zurfin Teku ga Ma'adinai
4. La'akari da Hukumar Teku ta Duniya
5. Zurfafa Ma'adinai da Bambance-bambancen Teku, Daidaituwa, Haɗawa, da Adalci
6. La'akarin Kasuwar Fasaha da Ma'adanai
7. Bayar da Kuɗi, La'akari da ESG, da Abubuwan da ke damun Greenwashing
8. La'akari da Alhaki da ramuwa
9. Zurfafa Ma'adinan Teku da Al'adun Karkashin Ruwa
10. Lasisin zamantakewa (Kira na Tsayawa, Hani na Gwamnati, da Sharhi na Yan Asalin)

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1. Gabatarwa

Menene Deep Seabed Mining?

Ma'adinai mai zurfi (DSM) wata yuwuwar masana'antar kasuwanci ce wacce ke ƙoƙarin haƙa ma'adinan ma'adinai daga bene, a cikin bege na hako ma'adanai masu mahimmanci na kasuwanci kamar su manganese, jan karfe, cobalt, zinc, da ƙananan ƙarfe na ƙasa. Koyaya, wannan haƙar ma'adinan an shirya shi ne don lalata haɓakar haɓakar halittu masu alaƙa da haɗin kai wanda ke ɗaukar nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu masu ban mamaki: zurfin teku.

Ana samun ma'adinan ma'adinai na sha'awa a wurare uku da ke kan teku: filayen abyssal, teku, da iska mai ruwa. Filayen Abyssal fa]i ne na babban bene mai zurfin teku wanda aka lulluɓe cikin laka da ma'adinan ma'adinai, wanda kuma ake kira nodules polymetallic. Waɗannan su ne ainihin manufar DSM na yanzu, tare da mai da hankali kan yankin Clarion Clipperton (CCZ): yanki na filayen abyssal mai faɗi kamar nahiyar Amurka, wanda ke cikin ruwa na ƙasa da ƙasa kuma ya taso daga yammacin gabar tekun Mexico zuwa tsakiyar Tekun Pasifik, kudu da tsibiran Hawai.

Ta Yaya Deep Seabed Mining Mining Zai Yi Aiki?

Kasuwancin DSM bai fara ba, amma kamfanoni daban-daban suna ƙoƙarin tabbatar da hakan. A halin yanzu hanyoyin da aka tsara na nodule ma'adinai sun haɗa da ƙaddamar da abin hawan ma'adinai, yawanci babban inji mai kama da tarakta dogo mai hawa uku, zuwa bakin teku. Da zarar a kan tekun, abin hawa zai shafe saman inci huɗu na saman teku, aika da laka, duwatsu, dakakken dabbobi, da nodules har zuwa wani jirgin ruwa da ke jira a saman. A kan jirgin, an jera ma'adinan kuma sauran ɗimbin ruwan datti na laka, ruwa, da na'urori masu sarrafawa ana mayar da su cikin teku ta hanyar zubar da ruwa.

Ana sa ran DSM zai yi tasiri ga dukkan matakan teku, daga sharar da aka zubar a cikin tsakiyar ruwa zuwa ma'adinai na zahiri da kuma karkatar da benen teku. Hakanan akwai haɗari daga yuwuwar slurry mai guba (slurry = cakuda mai yawa) ruwan da aka zubar a saman teku.

Yaya Deep Seabed Mining Barazana ga Muhalli?

Ba a san ƙanƙanta ba game da wurin zama da yanayin yanayin zurfin teku. Don haka, kafin a gudanar da kima mai kyau na tasiri, da farko ana buƙatar samun tarin bayanan asali gami da bincike da taswira. Ko da babu wannan bayanin, kayan aikin za su haɗa da ƙwanƙwasa bakin teku, haifar da ɗigon ruwa a cikin ginshiƙi na ruwa sannan kuma sake zama a cikin kewayen. Girgizar kasa da aka yi don fitar da nodules zai lalata wuraren zurfin teku na nau'ikan magudanar ruwa da kuma al'adun gargajiya a yankin. Mun san cewa tudun ruwa mai zurfi yana ɗauke da rayuwar ruwa waɗanda ke da mahimmanci musamman. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan sun dace da rashin hasken rana kuma babban matsin ruwa mai zurfi na iya zama mai mahimmanci ga bincike da haɓaka magunguna, kayan kariya, da sauran mahimman amfani. Ba a sami isasshen sani ba game da waɗannan nau'ikan, mazauninsu, da sauran abubuwan da ke da alaƙa don kafa ingantaccen tushe wanda za a iya samun ingantaccen kimanta muhalli, da rage haɓaka matakan kare su da lura da tasirin hakar ma'adinai.

Bakin teku ba shine kawai yankin tekun da zai ji tasirin DSM ba. Ruwan ruwa (wanda kuma aka sani da guguwar ƙurar ƙura a ƙarƙashin ruwa), da hayaniya da gurɓataccen haske, zai shafi yawancin ginshiƙin ruwa. Ruwan daskarewa, duka daga mai tarawa da ruwan sharar da aka fitar bayan haka, na iya yaduwa kilomita 1,400 a wurare da yawa. Ruwan sharar gida mai ɗauke da karafa da guba na iya shafar yanayin yanayin tsakiyar ruwa ciki har da kifi da abincin teku. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, aikin hakar ma'adinan zai dawo da slurry na laka, masu sarrafawa, da ruwa zuwa teku. Ba a san kadan ba game da illar wannan slurry a kan muhalli, gami da: irin karafa da na'urorin sarrafa kayan da za a gauraya a cikin slurry idan slurry zai zama mai guba, da abin da zai faru da kewayon dabbobin ruwa da za a iya fallasa ga plums.

Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don fahimtar ainihin tasirin wannan slurry akan yanayin zurfin teku. Bugu da ƙari, ba a san tasirin abin hawan mai tarawa ba. An gudanar da wani kwaikwayi na hakar ma'adinan teku a gabar tekun Peru a cikin shekarun 1980 kuma lokacin da aka sake duba wurin a cikin 2020, rukunin yanar gizon bai nuna alamun farfadowa ba. Don haka duk wani tashin hankali yana iya haifar da dadewa sakamakon muhalli.

Hakanan akwai Al'adun Karkashin Ruwa (UCH) cikin haɗari. Nazarin kwanan nan ya nuna al'adun gargajiya iri-iri iri-iri a cikin Tekun Pasifik da kuma cikin yankunan da aka tsara na hakar ma'adinai, gami da kayan tarihi da muhallin da suka shafi al'adun ƴan asalin ƙasar, cinikin Manila Galleon, da yakin duniya na biyu. Sabbin abubuwan da suka faru don hakar ma'adinan teku sun haɗa da ƙaddamar da bayanan wucin gadi da ake amfani da su don gano ma'adanai. Har yanzu AI ba ta koyi daidai gano wuraren da ke da mahimmancin tarihi da al'adu ba wanda zai iya haifar da lalata al'adun gargajiya na karkashin ruwa (UCH). Wannan yana da matukar damuwa musamman idan aka yi la'akari da yadda ake samun karuwar yarda da UCH da Tsararru ta Tsakiya da kuma yiwuwar lalata wuraren UCH kafin a gano su. Duk wani wurin tarihi ko al'adun gargajiya da aka kama a kan hanyar waɗannan injinan hakar ma'adinai kuma za a iya lalata su.

masu bayar da shawarwarin

Ƙungiyoyi masu girma a halin yanzu suna aiki don yin shawarwari don kare zurfin teku. The Hadin gwiwar kiyaye Teku mai zurfi (wanda Gidauniyar Ocean memba ce) ta ɗauki matsaya gabaɗaya ta sadaukar da kai ga ƙa'idar taka tsantsan kuma tana magana cikin sautunan da aka daidaita. Gidauniyar Ocean Foundation ita ce rundunar kasafin kudi ta Gangamin Ma'adinai na Teku (DSMC), aikin da ke mayar da hankali kan yiwuwar tasirin DSM akan yanayin ruwa da na bakin teku da kuma al'ummomi. Ana iya samun ƙarin tattaunawa na manyan 'yan wasa nan.

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2. Inda za a Fara Koyo game da Deep Seabed Mining (DSM)

Gidauniyar Adalci ta muhalli. Zuwa cikin rami: Yadda gaggawar haƙar ma'adinai mai zurfi ke barazana ga mutane da duniyarmu. (2023). An dawo da Maris 14, 2023, daga https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpJL_1EzAts

Gidauniyar Adalci ta muhalli. (2023, Maris 7). Zuwa cikin rami: Yadda gaggawar haƙar ma'adinai mai zurfi ke barazana ga mutane da duniyarmu. Gidauniyar Justice Environmental. An dawo da Maris 14, 2023, daga https://ejfoundation.org/reports/towards-the-abyss-deep-sea-mining

Rahoton fasaha daga Gidauniyar Adalci na Muhalli, tare da wannan bidiyon da ke sama, ya nuna yadda zurfin hakar ma'adinan teku ke haifar da lalata yanayin yanayin ruwa na musamman.

IUCN (2022). Takaitaccen Batutuwa: Haƙar ma'adinai mai zurfi-teku. Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kare Halitta. https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-brief/deep-sea-mining

Wani ɗan gajeren rahoto game da DSM, hanyoyin da aka tsara a halin yanzu, yankuna na amfani da kuma bayanin manyan tasirin muhalli guda uku, gami da hargitsi na tekun teku, laka, da gurɓatawa. Takaitaccen bayanin ya hada da shawarwarin manufofi don kare wannan yanki, gami da dakatarwa bisa ka'idar yin taka tsantsan.

Imbler, S., & Corum, J. (2022, Agusta 29). Arziki mai zurfi-teku: Haƙar ma'adanai mai nisa. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/08/
29/duniya/zurfin-teku-arzikin-ma'adinai-nodules.html

Wannan labarin mai mu'amala yana ba da haske game da bambancin halittun teku mai zurfi da kuma tasirin da ake tsammani na hakar ma'adinan teku mai zurfi. Hanya ce mai ban sha'awa don taimakawa fahimtar yadda yawancin yanayin teku zai shafa ta hanyar hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi ga wadanda suka saba da batun.

Amon, DJ, Levin, LA, Metaxas, A., Mudd, GM, Smith, CR (2022, Maris 18) Zuwa ga zurfin ƙarshen ba tare da sanin yadda ake iyo ba: Shin muna buƙatar ma'adinai mai zurfi a cikin teku? Duniya Daya. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2022.02.013

Sharhi daga ƙungiyar masana kimiyya akan madadin hanyoyin magance sauyin yanayi ba tare da yin amfani da DSM ba. Takardar ta karyata hujjar cewa ana buƙatar DSM don canjin makamashi mai sabuntawa da batura, yana ƙarfafa canji zuwa tattalin arzikin madauwari. Ana kuma tattauna dokokin duniya na yanzu da hanyoyin shari'a na gaba.

Yakin DSM (2022, Oktoba 14). Yanar Gizo Mai Haruffa Bidiyo. https://dsm-campaign.org/blue-peril.

Luick, J. (2022, Agusta). Bayanin Fasaha: Tsarin Tsarin Teku na Benthic da Midwater Plums An Hasashen don Zurfafa Ma'adinai da Kamfanin Karfe ya Shirya a Yankin Clarion Clipperton na Tekun Pacific, https://dsm-campaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Blue-Peril-Technical-Paper.pdf

Bayanan fasaha daga Blue Peril Project, tare da gajeren fim na Blue Peril. Wannan bayanin kula yana bayyana bincike da ƙirar ƙira da aka yi amfani da su don kwaikwayi nau'in ma'adinai da aka gani a cikin fim ɗin Blue Peril.

GEM. (2021). Community Pacific, Geoscience, Energy da Maritime Division. https://gem.spc.int

Sakatariya na Community Pacific, Geoscience, Energy, da Maritime Division yana ba da kyakkyawan tsari na kayan da ke haɗa abubuwan ƙasa, teku, tattalin arziki, shari'a, da yanayin muhalli na SBM. Takardun samfuran haɗin gwiwar Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai / Pacific Community ne.

Leal Filho, W.; Abubakar, IR; Nuni, C.; Platje, J.; Ozuyar, PG; Zan, M.; Naji, GJ; Al-Amin, AQ; Hunt, JD; Li, C. Ma'adinai mai zurfi mai zurfi: Bayani akan Wasu Mahimmanci da Hatsari ga Cirar Ma'adinan Mai Dorewa daga Tekuna. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 521. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9050521

Cikakken bita na wallafe-wallafen DSM na zamani da ke kallon kasada, tasirin muhalli, da tambayoyin shari'a har zuwa buga takarda. Takardar ta gabatar da nazarin shari'o'i guda biyu game da haɗarin muhalli kuma yana ƙarfafa bincike da hankali kan ma'adinai mai dorewa.

Miller, K., Thompson, K., Johnson, P. da Santillo, D. (2018, Janairu 10). Bayanin Haƙar ma'adinai na Teku wanda ya haɗa da Halin Ci gaba na Yanzu, Tasirin Muhalli, da Matsalolin Ilimi a Kimiyyar Ruwa. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00418

Tun daga tsakiyar 2010s, an sami sake dawowar sha'awar gano albarkatun ma'adinai da ke kan teku. Duk da haka, yawancin yankunan da aka gano don hakar ma'adinan teku a nan gaba an riga an gane su a matsayin yanayin yanayin ruwa masu rauni. A yau, an riga an fara gudanar da wasu ayyukan hakar ma'adanai na gaɓar teku a tsakanin yankunan nahiyoyi na jahohin ƙasa, gabaɗaya a cikin zurfin zurfi, da kuma wasu a matakai na ci gaba. Wannan bita ya ƙunshi: halin da ake ciki na ci gaban DSM na yanzu, yiwuwar tasiri a kan muhalli, da rashin tabbas da gibi a cikin ilimin kimiyya da fahimtar da ke ba da asali da kuma tasiri kimantawa musamman wuya ga zurfin teku. Yayin da labarin yanzu ya haura shekaru uku, yana da mahimmanci bita na manufofin DSM na tarihi kuma yana nuna yunƙurin zamani na DSM.

IUCN. (2018, Yuli). Takaitaccen Batutuwa: Haƙar ma'adinan Teku mai zurfi. Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kare Halitta. PDF. https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/deep-sea_mining_issues_brief.pdf

Yayin da duniya ke fuskantar raguwar ma'adinan ƙasa na ma'adanai da yawa suna neman zuwa zurfin teku don samun sabbin tushe. Duk da haka, zubar da ruwa na teku da kuma gurɓataccen tsarin aikin hakar ma'adinai na iya shafe dukkanin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i). Taskar gaskiyar ta yi kira da a kara yin nazari na asali, kimanta tasirin muhalli, ingantaccen tsari, da haɓaka sabbin fasahohi waɗanda ke rage cutar da yanayin da haƙar ma'adinan teku ke haifarwa.

Cuyvers, L. Berry, W., Gjerde, K., Thiele, T. da Wilhem, C. (2018). Ma'adinai mai zurfi a teku: ƙalubalen muhalli mai tasowa. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN da Gallifrey Foundation. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.16.en. PDF. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/ files/documents/2018-029-En.pdf

Tekun ya ƙunshi ɗimbin albarkatun ma'adinai, wasu cikin ma'auni na musamman. Matsalolin shari'a a shekarun 1970 da 1980 sun kawo cikas ga bunkasuwar hakar ma'adinan teku mai zurfi, amma bayan lokaci da yawa daga cikin wadannan tambayoyi na shari'a an magance su ta hanyar Hukumar Kula da Teku ta Duniya da ke ba da damar haɓaka sha'awar hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi. Rahoton na IUCN ya yi nuni da tattaunawar da ake yi a halin yanzu dangane da yuwuwarta na ci gaban masana'antar hakar ma'adanai ta teku.

MIDAS. (2016). Sarrafa Tasirin amfani da albarkatu mai zurfi-teku. Shirin Tsarin Bakwai na Tarayyar Turai don bincike, haɓaka fasaha da nunawa, Yarjejeniyar Tallafawa No. 603418. MIDAS ta kasance mai haɗin gwiwa ta Seascape Consultants Ltd. http://www.eu-midas.net/

Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Deep-seAMIDAS) Ayyukan da ke aiki daga 2013-2016 wani shiri ne na bincike da yawa wanda ke bincikar tasirin muhalli na fitar da albarkatun ma'adinai da makamashi daga yanayin zurfin teku. Yayin da MIDAS ba ta da aiki, binciken su yana da fa'ida sosai.

Cibiyar Bambancin Halittu. (2013). FAQ mai zurfi-Sea Mining. Cibiyar Bambancin Halittu.

Lokacin da Cibiyar Bambancin Halittu ta shigar da ƙara tana ƙalubalantar izinin Amurka kan haƙar ma'adinai sun kuma ƙirƙiri jerin tambayoyi masu shafuffuka uku na akai-akai akan Ma'adinan Teku. Tambayoyi sun haɗa da: Nawa ne darajar karafa masu zurfin teku? (kimanin dala tiriliyan 150), Shin DSM tana kama da tsiri ma'adinai? (Iya). Ashe, zurfin teku ba kufai ba ne, ba shi da rai? (A'a). Da fatan za a lura amsoshin da ke shafin sun fi zurfin zurfi kuma sun fi dacewa da masu sauraro da ke neman amsoshin matsalolin matsalolin DSM da aka shimfida ta hanyar da ke da sauƙin fahimta ba tare da ilimin kimiyya ba. Ana iya samun ƙarin bayani kan karar da kanta nan.

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3. Barazana Mai Zurfin Teku ga Ma'adinai

Thompson, KF, Miller, KA, Wacker, J., Derville, S., Laing, C., Santillo, D., & Johnston, P. (2023). Ana buƙatar kima na gaggawa don kimanta tasirin da zai iya haifar da cetaceans daga ma'adinai mai zurfi na teku. Iyaka a Kimiyyar Ruwa, 10, 1095930. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1095930

Ayyukan hakar ma'adinan Teku mai zurfi na iya ba da babbar haɗari kuma ba za a iya jurewa ba ga yanayin yanayi, musamman ga dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa. Sautunan da aka samar daga ayyukan hakar ma'adinai, waɗanda aka shirya ci gaba da ci gaba da sa'o'i 24 a rana a cikin zurfafa daban-daban, sun mamaye mitoci da cetaceans ke sadarwa. Kamfanonin hakar ma'adinan sun yi shirin yin aiki a yankin Clarion-Clipperton, wanda ke zama wurin zama ga yawancin cetaceans da suka hada da baleen da hakora. Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don tantance illolin akan dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa kafin duk wani ayyukan DSM na kasuwanci ya fara. Marubutan sun lura cewa wannan shine ɗayan binciken farko da ke bincikar wannan tasirin, kuma suna ƙarfafa buƙatar ƙarin bincike kan gurɓataccen hayaniya na DSM akan whales da sauran cetaceans.

Hitchin, B., Smith, S., Kröger, K., Jones, D., Jaeckel, A., Mestre, N., Ardron, J., Escobar, E., van der Grient, J., & Amaro, T. (2023). Ƙofa a cikin hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi: Maƙasudin ci gaban su. Manufar Ruwa, 149, 105505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105505

Ƙafafun za su zama wani ɓangare na ƙaƙƙarfan dokoki da ƙa'idodi na kima ma'adinai ma'adinai mai zurfi. Ƙofa ita ce adadi, matakin, ko iyakar ma'aunin nuni, ƙirƙira kuma ana amfani da shi don taimakawa wajen guje wa canjin da ba a so. A cikin mahallin kula da muhalli, madaidaicin yana ba da iyaka wanda, lokacin da aka kai, yana nuna cewa haɗari zai - ko ana tsammanin - ya zama mai cutarwa ko mara lafiya, ko bayar da gargaɗin farko na irin wannan abin da ya faru. Ƙofar DSM ya kamata ya zama SMART (Takamaiman, Ma'auni, Mai yiwuwa, Mai dacewa, Lokaci-lokaci), a gabatar da shi a fili kuma mai fahimta, ba da damar gano canji, danganta kai tsaye ga ayyukan gudanarwa da manufofin / manufofin muhalli, haɗa da matakan da suka dace, samar da don matakan yarda/na tilastawa, kuma ku kasance tare.

Carreiro-Silva, M., Martins, I., Riou, V., Raimundo, J., Caetano, M., Bettencourt, R., Rakka, M., Cerqueira, T., Godinho, A., Morato, T ., & Colaço, A. (2022). Illar injina da toxicological na laɓar haƙar ma'adinan teku mai zurfi tana faɗuwa a kan ƙaƙƙarfan octocoral-ruwa mai sanyi. Iyaka a Kimiyyar Ruwa, 9, 915650. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.915650

Nazarin kan tasirin da aka dakatar da tsatsauran ra'ayi daga DSM akan murjani na ruwan sanyi, don tantance injina da tasirin toxicological na laka. Masu binciken sun gwada martanin murjani don fallasa ga barbashi sulfide da quartz. Sun gano cewa bayan tsawaita bayyanarwa, murjani sun sami damuwa ta jiki da gajiyawar rayuwa. Hankali na murjani zuwa sediments yana nuna buƙatun wuraren kariya na ruwa, wuraren da aka keɓe, ko yankunan da ba na ma'adinai ba.

Amon, DJ, Gollner, S., Morato, T., Smith, CR, Chen, C., Christensen, S., Currie, B., Drazen, JC, TF, Gianni, M., et al. (2022). Kimanta gibin kimiyya da ke da alaƙa da ingantaccen kula da muhalli na ma'adinai mai zurfi. Mar. Siyasa. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105006.

Don fahimtar yanayin zurfin teku da tasirin hakar ma'adinai a rayuwa, marubutan wannan binciken sun gudanar da nazarin wallafe-wallafen da aka yi nazari akan DSM. Ta hanyar nazari na yau da kullun na fiye da labaran 300 da aka bita tun daga 2010, masu bincike sun ƙididdige yankuna na teku a kan ilimin kimiyya don gudanar da tushen shaida, gano cewa kawai 1.4% na yankuna suna da isasshen ilimi don irin wannan gudanarwa. Suna jayayya cewa rufe gibin kimiyya da ke da alaƙa da hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi wani babban aiki ne mai mahimmanci don cika babban nauyi don hana mummunan cutarwa da tabbatar da kariya mai inganci kuma zai buƙaci fayyace jagora, albarkatu masu yawa, da haɗin kai mai ƙarfi da haɗin gwiwa. Marubutan sun kammala labarin ta hanyar ba da shawarar babban taswirar ayyukan da suka shafi ayyana manufofin muhalli, kafa tsarin isa ga kasa da kasa don samar da sabbin bayanai, da hada bayanan da ake da su don rufe manyan gibin kimiyya kafin a yi la’akari da duk wani amfani.

van der Grient, J., & Drazen, J. (2022). Ƙimar ƙayyadaddun al'ummomin cikin zurfin teku ga masu haƙar ma'adinai ta hanyar amfani da bayanan ruwa mara zurfi. Kimiyya na Jimillar Muhalli, 852, 158162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022. 158162.

Haƙar ma'adinan ruwa mai zurfi na iya yin tasiri mai yawa a kan al'ummomin da ke cikin teku daga tarin-motoci da fitar da ruwa. Bisa binciken da aka yi na hakar ma'adinan ruwa mara zurfi, waɗannan dakaru da aka dakatar da su na iya sa dabbobi su shaƙa, lalata ƙullun su, canza halayensu, ƙara yawan mace-mace, rage hulɗar nau'in, kuma yana iya sa waɗannan dabbobi su zama gurbatawa da karafa a cikin zurfin teku. Saboda ƙarancin yanayin da aka dakatar da shi a cikin mahalli mai zurfi na teku, ƙananan haɓakawa a cikin cikakkiyar ma'aunin da aka dakatar da shi zai iya haifar da sakamako mai tsanani. Marubutan sun gano cewa kamanni a cikin nau'i da kuma jagorancin martanin dabba don ƙara yawan adadin da aka dakatar da shi a cikin wuraren zama na ruwa mai zurfi yana nuna irin wannan martani a cikin wuraren da ba a bayyana ba, ciki har da zurfin teku.

R. Williams, C. Erbe, A. Duncan. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science. abo2804

Binciken kimiyya game da tasirin hayaniya daga ayyukan hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi a kan yanayin yanayin teku mai zurfi.

DOSI (2022). "Menene Zurfin Teku Ya Yi muku?" Takaitaccen Siyasar Ƙaddamarwa ta Deep Ocean Stewardship. https://www.dosi-project.org/wp-content/uploads/deep-ocean-ecosystem-services- brief.pdf

Takaitaccen taƙaitaccen manufofi game da sabis na tsarin halittu da fa'idodin teku mai lafiya a cikin mahallin yanayin yanayin teku mai zurfi da tasirin ɗan adam akan waɗannan mahallin.

Paulus E., (2021). Zubar da Haske akan Rayayyun halittu masu zurfi-Teku - Wuri Mai Mahimmanci a Fuskar Canjin Anthropogenic, Ƙarfi a Kimiyyar Ruwa, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.667048

Bita na hanyoyin tantance rayayyun halittu masu zurfi na teku da kuma yadda wannan tsangwama na ɗan adam zai shafi wannan nau'in halittu kamar hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi, kifin kifaye, gurɓataccen filastik, da sauyin yanayi.

Miller, KA; Brigden, K; Santillo, D; Kuri, D; Johnston, P; Thompson, KF, (2021). Ƙalubalen Buƙatar Haƙar Ma'adinan Teku Mai Zurfi Daga Ma'anar Buƙatar Ƙarfe, Rarraba Halittu, Sabis na Ƙa'ida, da Rarraba Fa'ida, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.706161.

A cikin shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, hako ma'adinai daga cikin tekun na zurfin teku yana kara sha'awar masu zuba jari da kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai. Kuma duk da cewa babu wani aikin hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi na sikelin kasuwanci da aka yi, akwai matsananciyar matsin lamba don hakar ma'adanai don zama hujjar gaskiyar tattalin arziki. Marubucin wannan takarda ya duba ainihin bukatun ma’adinan teku masu zurfi, da kasadar da ke tattare da bambance-bambancen halittu da ayyukan halittu da kuma rashin raba fa’ida ta gaskiya ga al’ummar duniya a yanzu da kuma al’ummomi masu zuwa.

Muñoz-Royo, C., Peacock, T., Alford, MH et al. Yawan tasirin ma'adinin nodule mai zurfi na tsakiyar ruwa yana tasiri ta hanyar lodin ruwa, tashin hankali da ƙofa. Muhalli na Duniya 2 ga Nuwamba, 148 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00213-8

Ayyukan binciken hakar ma'adinan nodule mai zurfi-teku ya karu sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, amma ana iya kafa matakin tasirin muhallin da ake sa ran. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke damun muhalli shine zubar da ruwa mai ruwa a cikin tsakiyar ruwa. Mun yi nazarin filin da aka keɓe ta amfani da sinadari daga yankin Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone. An saka idanu tare da bin diddigin plume ta amfani da kafaffen kayan aiki da na zamani, gami da ma'aunin sauti da tashin hankali. Nazarin filin mu ya nuna cewa yin ƙirar ƙira na iya dogaro da dogaro da hasashen kaddarorin ɗigon ruwa na tsakiyar ruwa a kusa da fitarwa kuma tasirin tara ruwa ba su da mahimmanci. Ana amfani da samfurin plume don fitar da simintin ƙididdiga na aiki na sikelin kasuwanci a cikin Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone. Mahimman hanyoyin da za a ɗauka shine cewa girman tasirin tulun yana da tasiri sosai ta ƙimar matakan da ake yarda da muhalli, da adadin da aka fitar, da kuma rikice-rikice a cikin Yankin Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone.

Muñoz-Royo, C., Peacock, T., Alford, MH et al. Yawan tasirin ma'adinin nodule mai zurfi na tsakiyar ruwa yana tasiri ta hanyar lodin ruwa, tashin hankali da ƙofa. Muhalli na Duniya 2 ga Nuwamba, 148 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00213-8. PDF.

Nazarin kan tasirin muhalli na laka mai ruɗi daga zurfin teku na polymetallic nodule ma'adinai. Masu bincike sun kammala gwajin filin da aka sarrafa don sanin yadda tsatsauran ra'ayi ke daidaitawa da kuma kwaikwayi wani laka mai kama da wanda zai faru yayin hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi na kasuwanci. Sun tabbatar da amincin software ɗin su na ƙirar ƙira kuma sun ƙirƙira ƙirar ƙira na aikin sikelin ma'adinai.

Hallgren, A.; Hansson, A. Labarun masu cin karo da juna na Ma'adinan Teku mai zurfi. dorewa 2021, 13, 5261. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095261

An yi nazari da kuma gabatar da labarai guda huɗu game da hakar ma'adinan teku mai zurfi, ciki har da: yin amfani da DSM don ci gaba mai dorewa, raba riba, gibin bincike, da barin ma'adanai kadai. Marubutan sun yarda cewa labari na farko shine mafi rinjaye a yawancin tattaunawa na DSM da rikice-rikice tare da wasu labarun da ke ciki, ciki har da raguwar bincike da barin ma'adanai kadai. Barin ma'adinan kawai an ba da haske a matsayin tambaya na ɗabi'a da kuma wanda zai taimaka ƙara samun damar yin amfani da tsarin tsari da tattaunawa.

van der Grient, JMA, da JC Drazen. "Tsarin Matsala mai yuwuwar Tsakanin Kamun Kifi na Manyan Teku da Haƙar ma'adinan Teku a cikin Ruwa na Duniya." Manufar Marine, vol. 129, Yuli 2021, p. 104564. Kimiyya Direct, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104564.

Binciken da ke bitar ɗimbin kwangiloli na DSM tare da wuraren kiwon kifi na tuna. Binciken yana ƙididdige tasirin mummunan tasirin DSM akan kama kifi ga kowane RFMO a cikin yankuna tare da kwangilar DSM. Marubutan sun yi gargaɗin cewa haƙar ma'adinai da fitarwa na iya shafar ƙasashen tsibirin Pacific da farko.

de Jonge, DS, Stratmann, T., Lins, L., Vanreusel, A., Purser, A., Marcon, Y., Rodrigues, CF, Ravara, A., Esquete, P., Cunha, MR, Simon- Lledó, E., van Breugel, P., Sweetman, AK, Soetaert, K., & van Oevelen, D. (2020). Samfurin gidan yanar gizon abinci na Abyssal yana nuna dawo da kwararar carbon da ke da lahani da gurɓataccen madauki tsawon shekaru 26 bayan gwajin damuwa. Ci gaba a cikin Oceanography, 189, 102446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102446

Saboda buƙatun da ake hasashen nan gaba na ƙarafa masu mahimmanci, a halin yanzu ana sa ran filayen abyssal da aka lulluɓe da nodules na polymetallic don hakar ma'adinai mai zurfin teku. Don ƙarin koyo game da tasirin hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi a cikin teku, marubutan wannan takarda sun dubi tasirin dogon lokaci na gwajin 'DISturbance and ReCOLonization' (DISCOL) a cikin Basin na Peru wanda ya ga gwajin garma na harrow akan teku bene a 1989. Mawallafa sa'an nan gabatar da lura da benthic abinci yanar gizo da aka yi a uku daban-daban sites: a cikin 26 shekaru garma waƙoƙi (IPT, hõre kai tsaye tasiri daga garma), a waje da garma waƙoƙi (OPT, fallasa zuwa daidaitawa). na resupended sediment), kuma a wuraren tunani (REF, babu wani tasiri). Binciken da aka gano cewa duka kiyasin jimillar kayan aikin tsarin da kuma hawan keken ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta sun ragu sosai (da 16% da 35%, bi da bi) a cikin waƙoƙin garma idan aka kwatanta da sauran sarrafawa guda biyu. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa aikin gidan yanar gizon abinci, musamman madauki na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, ba su farfaɗo ba daga hargitsin da aka yi a wurin abyssal shekaru 26 da suka wuce.

Alberts, EC (2020, Yuni 16) "Ma'adinai mai zurfi-teku: Maganin muhalli ko bala'i mai zuwa?" Labaran Mongabay. An dawo daga: https://news.mongabay.com/2020/06/deep-sea-mining-an-environmental-solution-or-impending-catastrophe/

Duk da yake ba a fara aikin hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi a kowane yanki na duniya ba, kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai na kasa da kasa 16 suna da kwangila don gano bakin tekun don ma'adanai a cikin yankin Clarion Clipperton (CCZ) a Gabashin Tekun Fasifik, kuma wasu kamfanoni suna da kwangila don gano nodules. a cikin Tekun Indiya da Yammacin Tekun Pasifik. Wani sabon rahoto na Kamfen ɗin Ma'adinai na Teku mai zurfi da Mining Watch Canada ya nuna cewa hakar ma'adinan nodule na polymetallic zai haifar da mummunan tasiri ga yanayin muhalli, nau'ikan halittu, kamun kifi, da yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin ƙasashen tsibirin Pacific, kuma wannan ma'adinai na buƙatar hanyar taka tsantsan.

Chin, A., da Hari, K., (2020). Hasashen tasirin hakar ma'adinan polymetallic nodules mai zurfi a cikin Tekun Fasifik: Bita na wallafe-wallafen Kimiyya, Gangamin Ma'adinai na Teku mai zurfi da MiningWatch Canada, shafuka 52.

Ma'adinin teku mai zurfi a cikin Pacific yana da sha'awar masu zuba jari, kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai, da wasu tattalin arzikin tsibirin, duk da haka, kadan ba a san ainihin tasirin DSM ba. Rahoton ya yi nazari kan batutuwan kimiyya sama da 250 da aka yi bitar takwarorinsu inda suka gano cewa tasirin hakar ma'adinan polymetallic nodules mai zurfi zai yi yawa, mai tsanani, kuma ya dawwama ga tsararraki, yana haifar da asarar nau'ikan nau'ikan da ba za a iya jurewa ba. Binciken ya gano hakar ma'adinan teku mai zurfi zai yi tasiri mai tsanani kuma mai dorewa a kan gadajen teku kuma yana iya haifar da babban hadari ga yanayin tekun da kuma kan kamun kifi, al'ummomi, da lafiyar ɗan adam. Dangantakar mazauna tsibirin Pasifik da teku ba ta da kyau sosai cikin tattaunawa na DSM kuma ba a san tasirin zamantakewa da al'adu ba yayin da fa'idodin tattalin arziki ya kasance abin tambaya. Ana ba da shawarar wannan albarkatun ga duk masu sauraro masu sha'awar DSM.

Drazen, JC, Smith, CR, Gjerde, KM, Haddock, SHD et al. (2020) Dole ne a yi la'akari da yanayin muhallin tsakiyar ruwa lokacin da ake kimanta haɗarin muhalli na hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi. PNAS 117, 30, 17455-17460. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2011914117. PDF.

Bita na tasirin hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi a cikin teku a kan yanayin tsakiyar ruwa. Tsarin muhallin tsakiyar ruwa ya ƙunshi kashi 90 cikin ɗari na ɗimbin halittu da kifin kifin don kamun kifi na kasuwanci da amincin abinci. Abubuwan da za su iya haifar da DSM sun haɗa da laka mai laushi da karafa masu guba da ke shiga sarkar abinci a yankin tekun mesopelagic. Masu bincike suna ba da shawarar inganta ƙa'idodin muhalli don haɗa nazarin yanayin yanayin tsakiyar ruwa.

Christiansen, B., Denda, A., & Christiansen, S. Abubuwan da za a iya yi na hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi a kan pelagic da benthopelagic biota. Manufar Ruwa 114 ga Nuwamba, 103442 (2020).

Mai yiwuwa haƙar ma'adinai mai zurfi a cikin teku za ta yi tasiri ga ƙwayoyin cuta, amma tsananin da sikelin ba a bayyana ba saboda ƙarancin ilimi. Wannan binciken ya fadada fiye da nazarin al'ummomin benthic (macroinvertibrates irin su crustaceans) kuma yana duban ilimin halin yanzu na yanayin pelagic (yankin da ke tsakanin tekun teku da kuma kawai a saman bene na teku) yana lura da cutar da halittun da zasu iya faruwa, amma ba zai iya zama ba. annabta a wannan lokacin saboda karancin ilimi. Wannan rashin ilimin ya nuna cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin bayani don fahimtar tasirin gajeren lokaci da dogon lokaci na DSM akan yanayin teku.

Orcutt, BN, et al. Tasirin hakar ma'adinan ruwa mai zurfi a kan ayyukan halittu masu rairayi. Limnology da Oceanography 65 (2020).

Wani bincike kan ayyukan yanayin halittu da al'ummomin zurfin teku ke bayarwa a cikin mahallin ma'adinai mai zurfi na teku da sauran tsangwama ga ɗan adam. Marubutan sun tattauna asarar al'ummomin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a magudanar ruwa, da illolin da ke tattare da iyawar carbon sequestration na filayen nodule, kuma suna nuna buƙatar ƙarin bincike kan al'ummomin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin tekun karkashin ruwa. Ana ba da shawarar ƙarin bincike don kafa tushen tushen halittun halittu don ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kafin gabatar da ma'adinai mai zurfi a cikin teku.

B. Gillard et al., Kaddarorin jiki da na hydrodynamic na ma'adinan teku mai zurfi da aka samar, abyssal sediment plumes a cikin Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (gabashin tsakiyar Pacific). Elementa 7, 5 (2019), https://online.ucpress.edu/elementa/article/ doi/10.1525/elementa.343/112485/Physical-and-hydrodynamic-properties-of-deep-sea

Nazarin fasaha akan tasirin ɗan adam na haƙar ma'adinai mai zurfi na teku, ta amfani da samfuri don nazarin fitar da ruwan laka. Masu bincike sun gano abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da hakar ma'adinai sun haifar da ɓarkewar ruwa da ke haifar da manyan tari, ko gizagizai, wanda ya ƙaru da girma tare da mafi girman adadin plume. Suna nuna cewa laka yana sauri ya sake ajiyar gida zuwa yankin tashin hankali sai dai idan igiyoyin teku masu rikitarwa.

Cornwall, W. (2019). Duwatsun da ke ɓoye a cikin zurfin teku wurare ne masu zafi na halitta. Shin hakar ma'adinai zai lalata su? Kimiyya. https://www.science.org/content/article/ mountains-hidden-deep-sea-are-biological-hot-spots-will-mining-ruin-them

Takaitaccen labarin kan tarihi da ilimin halin yanzu na tsaunukan teku, ɗaya daga cikin wuraren rayuwa mai zurfi na teku mai zurfi da ke cikin haɗari don hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi. Matsalolin bincike kan tasirin hakar ma'adinai a kan tudun ruwa sun haifar da sabbin shawarwari da bincike, amma ilimin halittun teku ya ci gaba da yin nazari sosai. Masana kimiyya suna aiki don kare abubuwan da ke kan teku don dalilai na bincike. Kashe kifin ya riga ya yi lahani ga ɗimbin halittu na yawancin tudun ruwa marasa zurfi ta hanyar cire murjani, kuma ana sa ran kayan aikin hakar ma'adinai za su dagula matsalar.

The Pew Charitable Trusts (2019). Haƙar ma'adinin Teku mai zurfi akan iska mai iska na Hydrothermal yana Barazana ga bambancin halittu. Pew Charitable Trusts. PDF

Taskar gaskiya da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da tasirin hakar ma'adinan teku mai zurfi a kan magudanar ruwa mai zafi, ɗaya daga cikin matsugunan halittun ƙarƙashin ruwa guda uku da ke fuskantar barazanar hakar ma'adinan teku mai zurfi na kasuwanci. Masana kimiyya sun bayar da rahoton cewa haƙar ma'adinai masu aiki za su yi barazana ga ɗimbin halittu da ba kasafai ba kuma suna iya yin tasiri ga muhallin maƙwabta. Matakan da aka ba da shawara na gaba don kare iska mai zafi sun haɗa da ƙayyadaddun ma'auni don tsarin iska mai aiki da mara aiki, tabbatar da gaskiyar bayanan kimiyya ga masu yanke shawara na ISA da kuma sanya tsarin gudanarwa na ISA don magudanar ruwa mai aiki.

Don ƙarin bayani na gaba ɗaya akan DSM, Pew yana da shafin yanar gizon da aka keɓe na ƙarin takaddun gaskiya, bayyani na ƙa'idodi, da ƙarin labarai waɗanda zasu iya zama taimako ga waɗanda sababbi ga DSM da sauran jama'a gaba ɗaya: https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/projects/seabed-mining-project.

D. Aleynik, ME Inall, A. Dale, A. Vink, Tasirin eddies daga nesa akan tarwatsawa a wuraren hakar ma'adinai na abyssal a cikin Pacific. Sci. Wakili 7, 16959 (2017) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-16912-2

Binciken tasirin tasirin igiyoyin ruwa na teku (eddies) akan yuwuwar tarwatsewar ma'adinan ma'adinai da laka mai zuwa. Saɓani na yanzu ya dogara ne akan abubuwa daban-daban da suka haɗa da igiyoyin ruwa, iska mai ƙarfi, da eddies. Ana samun karuwar kwarara daga magudanar ruwa don yadawa da tarwatsa ruwa, da yuwuwar ruwan leda, da sauri a kan manyan nisa.

JC Drazen, TT Sutton, Cin abinci a cikin zurfin: Ilimin yanayin ciyar da kifin zurfin teku. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 9, 337-366 (2017) doi: 10.1146/anurev-marine-010816-060543

Bincike kan haɗin sararin samaniya na zurfin teku ta hanyar ciyar da kifin zurfin teku. A cikin sashin "Tasirin Anthropogenic" na takarda, marubutan sun tattauna yiwuwar tasirin hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi na iya haifar da kifin teku mai zurfi saboda yanayin da ba a sani ba na ayyukan DSM. 

Gangamin Ma'adinan Ruwan Teku. (2015, Satumba 29). Shawarwari mai zurfi na farko a duniya ya yi watsi da sakamakon tasirinsa akan tekuna. Sakin watsa labarai. Gangamin Haƙar Ma'adinan Teku, Masanin Tattalin Arziki a Manyan, MiningWatch Canada, EarthWorks, Oasis Earth. PDF

Kamar yadda masana'antar hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi ta kori masu saka hannun jari a taron ma'adinai na tekun Pacific na Asiya, sabon zargi da Gangamin Ma'adinan Teku mai zurfi ya bayyana kurakuran da ba za a iya karewa ba a cikin Binciken Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Zamantakewa na aikin Solwara 1 wanda Nautilus Minerals ya ba da izini. Nemo cikakken rahoton anan.

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4. La'akari da Hukumar Teku ta Duniya

International Seabed Authority. (2022). Game da ISA. International Seabed Authority. https://www.isa.org.jm/

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ce ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Teku ta Duniya, wacce ke kan gaba a kan gabar teku a duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku ta 1982 (UNCLOS) da kuma gyara ta hanyar yarjejeniyar 1994 na UNCLOS. Tun daga shekarar 2020, ISA tana da kasashe membobi 168 (ciki har da Tarayyar Turai) kuma tana rufe kashi 54% na teku. An ba da izinin ISA don tabbatar da ingantaccen kariyar muhallin ruwa daga illolin cutarwa da ka iya tasowa daga ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da teku. Gidan yanar gizon Hukumar Tekun Duniya yana da makawa ga takaddun hukuma da takaddun kimiyya da tattaunawar bita waɗanda ke da tasiri mai ƙarfi akan yanke shawara na ISA.

Morgera, E., & Lily, H. (2022). Shigar da jama'a a Hukumar Kula da Teku ta Duniya: Nazarin dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya. Bita na Turai, Kwatanta & Dokokin Muhalli na Duniya, 31 (3), 374-388. https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12472

Binciken shari'a kan haƙƙin ɗan adam a tattaunawar game da ƙa'idar hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi a cikin Hukumar Kula da Teku ta Duniya. Labarin ya lura da rashin halartar jama'a kuma yana jayayya cewa ƙungiyar ta yi watsi da wajibcin haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin tarurrukan ISA. Marubutan sun ba da shawarar jerin matakai don haɓakawa da ƙarfafa sa hannun jama'a wajen yanke shawara.

Woody, T., & Halper, E. (2022, Afrilu 19). Gasar zuwa ƙasa: A cikin gaggawar haƙar ma'adinan teku don ma'adanai da ake amfani da su a batir EV, wa ke neman yanayi? Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-04-19/gold-rush-in-the-deep-sea-raises-questions-about-international-seabed-authority

Wani labarin da ke nuna hannun Michael Lodge, babban sakataren hukumar kula da teku ta duniya, tare da Kamfanin Metals, daya daga cikin kamfanonin da ke da sha'awar hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi.

Bayanin da lauya na Hukumar Kula da Teku ta Duniya ya bayar. (2022, Afrilu 19). Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/ 2022-04-19/statements-provided-by-attorney-for-international-seabed-authority

Tarin martani daga wani lauya mai alaƙa da ISA akan batutuwan da suka haɗa da: 'yancin kai na ISA a matsayin ƙungiya a wajen Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, bayyanar Michael Lodge, babban sakatare na ISA a cikin bidiyon tallatawa na Kamfanin Metals (TMC) , da kuma damuwar masana kimiyya cewa ISA ba za ta iya tsarawa da shiga cikin hakar ma'adinai ba.

A cikin 2022, NY Times ta buga jerin labarai, takardu, da kwasfan fayiloli akan alakar da ke tsakanin Kamfanin Metals, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka yi gaba don yin hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi a cikin teku, da Michael Lodge, babban sakatare-janar na Hukumar Kula da Tekun Duniya na yanzu. Abubuwan da ke biyowa sun ƙunshi binciken New York Times game da hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi a cikin teku, manyan 'yan wasan da ke matsawa don samun damar nawa, da kuma alakar da ake tambaya tsakanin TMC da ISA.

Lipton, E. (2022, Agusta 29). Bayanan sirri, ƙananan tsibirai da neman taska a kan benen teku. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/29/world/ deep-sea-mining.html

Nutse mai zurfi cikin kamfanonin da ke jagorantar ƙoƙarin hakar ma'adinan teku mai zurfi ciki har da Kamfanin Metals (TMC). An tattauna dangantakar kut da kut ta TMC na tsawon shekaru da Michael Lodge da Hukumar Kula da Teku ta Duniya da kuma damuwar daidaito game da masu cin gajiyar irin waɗannan ayyukan idan ana hakar ma'adinai. Labarin ya bincika tambayoyi game da yadda wani kamfani na Kanada, TMC, ya zama na gaba a cikin tattaunawar DSM lokacin da aka fara ba da shawarar hakar ma'adinai don ba da taimakon kuɗi ga matalautan ƙasashen tsibirin Pacific.

Lipton, E. (2022, Agusta 29). Bincike ya kai ga kasan Pacific. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/29/insider/ mining-investigation.html

Wani ɓangare na jerin NY Times "Race to Future", wannan labarin ya ƙara yin nazarin dangantakar da ke tsakanin Kamfanin Metals da jami'ai a cikin Hukumar Kula da Tekun Duniya. Labarin ya ba da cikakken bayani game da tattaunawa da hulɗa tsakanin ɗan jarida mai bincike da manyan jami'ai a TMC da ISA, bincike da yin tambayoyi game da tasirin muhalli na DSM.

Kittroeff, N., Reid, W., Johnson, MS, Bonja, R., Baylen, LO, Chow, L., Powell, D., & Wood, C. (2022, Satumba 16). Alkawari da hadari a kasan teku. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/16/ podcasts/the-daily/electric-cars-sea-mining-pacific-ocean.html

Podcast na mintuna 35 yana hira da Eric Lipton, ɗan jarida mai binciken NY Times wanda ke bin alakar da ke tsakanin Kamfanin Metals da Hukumar Kula da Tekun Duniya.

Lipton, E. (2022) Takaddun Zaɓaɓɓen Ma'adinai na Teku. https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/ 22266044-seabed-mining-selected-documents-2022

Takaddun takaddun da NY Times ta adana suna tattara bayanan farkon hulɗar tsakanin Michael Lodge, sakatare-janar na ISA na yanzu, da Nautilus Minerals, kamfani wanda TMC ta samu tun daga 1999.

Ardron JA, Ruhl HA, Jones DO (2018). Haɗa gaskiya cikin gudanar da aikin hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi a cikin yankin da ya wuce ikon ƙasa. Mar. Pol. 89, 58-66. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2017.11.021

Wani bincike na 2018 na Hukumar Kula da Teku ta Duniya ya gano cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin haske don inganta alƙawarin, musamman dangane da: samun damar bayanai, bayar da rahoto, sa hannun jama'a, tabbatar da inganci, bayanan yarda da amincewa, da kuma ikon yin bita da yanke shawara.

Lodge, M. (2017, Mayu 26). Hukumar Kula da Teku ta Duniya da Ma'adinan Ruwa mai zurfi. Tarihin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Juzu'i na 54, Fitowa ta 2, shafi na 44 – 46. https://doi.org/10.18356/ea0e574d-en https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/journals/15643913/54/2/25

Ƙasar teku, kamar duniyar ƙasa, tana da siffofi na musamman na yanki da kuma gida ga manyan ma'adinan ma'adanai, sau da yawa a cikin nau'i mai wadata. Wannan taƙaitaccen rahoto kuma mai sauƙin fahimta ya ƙunshi abubuwan da suka shafi hakar ma'adinan teku daga mahangar yarjejeniyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan Dokokin Teku (UNCLOS) da kuma kafa gwamnatocin da suka dace don cin gajiyar waɗannan albarkatun ma'adinai.

International Seabed Authority. (2011, Yuli 13). Tsarin kula da muhalli na yankin Clarion-Clipperton, wanda aka amince da Yuli 2012. Hukumar Kula da Teku ta Duniya. PDF

Tare da ikon doka da Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku ta ba da izini, ISA ta tsara tsarin kula da muhalli na yankin Clarion-Clipperton, yankin da mafi yawan ma'adinai mai zurfi a cikin teku zai iya faruwa da kuma inda mafi yawan izini. domin an bayar da DSM. Takardar ita ce ta gudanar da binciken nodule na manganese a cikin Pacific.

International Seabed Authority. (2007, Yuli 19). Yanke shawara na Majalisar dangane da ƙa'idoji akan bincike da bincike don nodules na polymetallic a yankin. Hukumar Kula da Teku ta Duniya, Ta Ci gaba da zama na goma sha uku, Kingston, Jamaica, 9-20 Yuli ISBA/13/19.

A ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2007 Hukumar Kula da Teku ta Duniya (ISA) ta sami ci gaba kan ka'idojin sulfide. Wannan takarda tana da mahimmanci domin ta gyara take da tanade-tanaden ƙa'ida ta 37 domin ƙa'idodin bincike yanzu sun haɗa da abubuwa da wuraren tarihi na kayan tarihi ko na tarihi. Takardar ta kuma yi bayani kan matsayin kasashe daban-daban da suka hada da ra'ayoyi kan wuraren tarihi daban-daban kamar cinikin bayi da bayar da rahotanni da ake bukata.

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5. Zurfafa Ma'adinai da Bambance-bambancen Teku, Daidaituwa, Haɗawa, da Adalci

Tilot, V., Willaert, K., Guilloux, B., Chen, W., Mulalap, CY, Gaulme, F., Bambridge, T., Peters, K., da Dahl, A. (2021). 'Ma'auni na Gargajiya na Gudanar da Albarkatun Teku a cikin Ma'anar Ma'adinan Teku mai zurfi a cikin Tekun Pasifik: Koyo Daga Haɗin Haɗin Haɗin Haɗin Haɗin Haɗin Muhalli da Muhalli Tsakanin Al'ummomin Tsibirin da Yankin Tekun', Gaba. Mar, Sci. 8: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.637938/full

Binciken kimiyya game da wuraren zama na ruwa da sanannun al'adun gargajiya na karkashin ruwa a cikin tsibiran Pasifik da ake tsammanin DSM zai yi tasiri. Wannan bita yana tare da nazarin shari'a na tsarin shari'a na yanzu don ƙayyade mafi kyawun ayyuka don kiyayewa da kare muhalli daga tasirin DSM.

Bourrel, M., Thiele, T., Currie, D. (2018). Gadon gama gari na ɗan adam a matsayin hanyar tantancewa da haɓaka daidaito a cikin haƙar ma'adinan ruwa mai zurfi. Manufar Marine, 95, 311-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.07.017. PDF.

Yin la'akari da ƙa'idodin gama gari na ɗan adam a cikin mahallinsa da amfaninsa a cikin UNCLOS da ISA. Marubuta sun gano tsarin mulki da matsayin shari'a na gadon ɗan adam da kuma yadda ake amfani da shi a zahiri a ISA. Marubutan sun ba da shawarar jerin matakai da za a aiwatar a kowane mataki na dokar teku don inganta daidaito, adalci, yin taka tsantsan, da kuma sanin al'ummomi masu zuwa.

Jaeckel, A., Ardron, JA, Gjerde, KM (2016) Rarraba fa'idodin al'adun al'adun mutane - Shin tsarin hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi a teku ya shirya? Manufar Marine, 70, 198-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.03.009. PDF.

Ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na gado na gama gari na ɗan adam, masu binciken sun gano wuraren ingantawa ga ISA da ƙa'idodi dangane da gadon ɗan adam. Waɗannan fannonin sun haɗa da bayyana gaskiya, fa'idodin kuɗi, Kasuwancin, canja wurin fasaha da haɓaka iya aiki, daidaito tsakanin tsararraki, da albarkatun halittu na ruwa.

Rosembaum, Helen. (2011, Oktoba). Daga Zurfin Mu: Haƙar ma'adinai a Tekun Papua New Guinea. Mining Watch Canada. PDF

Rahoton ya ba da cikakken bayani game da mummunan tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa da ake tsammani sakamakon hakar ma'adinan teku da ba a taɓa gani ba a Papua New Guinea. Yana ba da haske mai zurfi a cikin Nautilus Minerals EIS kamar rashin isasshen gwajin da kamfanin ke yi a cikin gubar tsarin sa akan nau'in iska, kuma bai yi la'akari da illa mai guba akan kwayoyin halitta a cikin sarkar abinci na ruwa ba.

Cuyvers, L. Berry, W., Gjerde, K., Thiele, T. da Wilhem, C. (2018). Ma'adinai mai zurfi a teku: ƙalubalen muhalli mai tasowa. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN da Gallifrey Foundation. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.16.en. PDF. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/ files/documents/2018-029-En.pdf

Tekun ya ƙunshi ɗimbin albarkatun ma'adinai, wasu cikin ma'auni na musamman. Matsalolin shari'a a shekarun 1970 da 1980 sun kawo cikas ga bunkasuwar hakar ma'adinan teku mai zurfi, amma bayan lokaci da yawa daga cikin wadannan tambayoyi na shari'a an magance su ta hanyar Hukumar Kula da Teku ta Duniya da ke ba da damar haɓaka sha'awar hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi. Rahoton na IUCN ya yi nuni da tattaunawar da ake yi a halin yanzu dangane da yuwuwarta na ci gaban masana'antar hakar ma'adanai ta teku.

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6. La'akarin Kasuwar Fasaha da Ma'adanai

Ƙaddamarwar yanayi mai launin shuɗi. (Oktoba 2023). Batura na EV na gaba suna Kawar da Buƙatar Haƙar ma'adinan Teku mai zurfi. Ƙaddamarwar yanayi mai launin shuɗi. An dawo da Oktoba 30, 2023
https://www.blueclimateinitiative.org/sites/default/files/2023-10/whitepaper.pdf

Ci gaba a fasahar batir abin hawa (EV), da haɓaka ɗaukar waɗannan fasahohin, suna haifar da maye gurbin batirin EV wanda ya dogara da cobalt, nickel, da manganese. A sakamakon haka, haƙar ma'adinan teku mai zurfi na waɗannan karafa ba lallai ba ne, mai fa'ida a fannin tattalin arziki, ko buƙatun muhalli.

Moana Simas, Fabian Aponte, da Kirsten Wiebe (Masana'antar SINTEF), Tattalin Arziki da Ma'adanai masu Mahimmanci don Canjin Kore, shafi na 4-5. https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/ downloads/the_future_is_circular___sintef mineralsfinalreport_nov_2022__1__1.pdf

Wani binciken da aka yi a watan Nuwamba na 2022 ya gano cewa "ɗaukar da nau'ikan sinadarai daban-daban don batir abin hawa na lantarki da kuma nisantar da batirin lithium-ion don aikace-aikacen tsayayye na iya rage yawan buƙatun cobalt, nickel, da manganese da kashi 40-50% na yawan buƙatun tsakanin 2022 da 2050 idan aka kwatanta da fasahar zamani da yanayin kasuwanci-kamar yadda aka saba.

Dunn, J., Kendall, A., Slattery, M. (2022) Batir lithium-ion abin hawa na lantarki da aka sake yin fa'ida ga ma'aunin abun ciki don Amurka - hari, farashi, da tasirin muhalli. Albarkatu, Kiyayewa da sake amfani da su 185, 106488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022. 106488.

Hujja ɗaya don DSM ita ce haɓaka canji zuwa kore, tsarin sake amfani da madauki x.

Miller, KA; Brigden, K; Santillo, D; Kuri, D; Johnston, P; Thompson. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.706161

Wannan labarin ya bincika manyan rashin tabbas da ke akwai dangane da hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi a cikin teku. Musamman, muna ba da hangen nesa kan: (1) muhawarar cewa ana buƙatar hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi don samar da ma'adanai don juyin juya halin makamashi na kore, ta yin amfani da masana'antar batirin abin hawa lantarki a matsayin misali; (2) haxari ga bambancin halittu, aikin yanayin muhalli da sabis na tsarin halittu masu alaƙa; da (3) rashin raba fa'ida daidai gwargwado ga al'ummar duniya a yanzu da kuma na gaba.

Gangamin Ma'adinan Teku mai zurfi (2021) Shawarar masu hannun jari: Haɗin kasuwancin da aka gabatar tsakanin Kamfanin Samar da Dama mai Dorewa da DeepGreen. (http://www.deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org/ wp-content/uploads/Advice-to-SOAC-Investors.pdf)

Samar da Kamfanin Karfe ya kawo hankalin Gangamin Ma'adinai na Teku mai zurfi da sauran kungiyoyi kamar The Ocean Foundation, wanda ya haifar da wannan shawarwarin masu hannun jari game da sabon kamfani da aka kafa daga Kamfanin Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition Corporation da haɗin gwiwar DeepGreen. Rahoton ya tattauna rashin dorewa na DSM, yanayin hasashe na hakar ma'adinai, alhaki, da haɗarin da ke tattare da haɗuwa da saye.

Yu, H. da Leadbetter, J. (2020, Yuli 16) Kwayoyin Chemolihoautotrophy ta Manganese Oxidation. Yanayi. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2468-5 https://scitechdaily.com/microbiologists-discover-bacteria-that-feed-on-metal-ending-a-century-long-search/

Sabbin shaidu sun nuna cewa kwayoyin cutar da ke cinye karfe da najasar wannan kwayoyin cuta na iya bayar da bayani daya kan yawan ma'adinan da ke cikin teku. Labarin ya yi nuni da cewa akwai bukatar a karasa nazari kafin a hako bakin teku.

Tsarin Ayyukan Tattalin Arziki na Da'ira: Don mafi tsafta da gasa a Turai (2020) Tarayyar Turai. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/pdf/circular-economy/new_circular_economy_action_plan. pdf

Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta dade tana kokarin aiwatar da tsarin tattalin arziki. Wannan rahoton yana ba da rahoton ci gaba da ra'ayoyi don ƙirƙirar tsarin manufofin samfur mai ɗorewa, jaddada mahimman sarƙoƙi na ƙimar samfur, amfani da ƙarancin sharar gida da haɓaka ƙimar, da haɓaka haɓakar tattalin arzikin madauwari ga kowa.

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7. Bayar da Kuɗi, La'akari da ESG, da Abubuwan da ke damun Greenwashing

Shirin Kudi na Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (2022) Abubuwan Haɓaka Ruwa masu lahani: Fahimtar kasada & tasirin tallafin masana'antun da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba. Geneva. https://www.unepfi.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Harmful-Marine-Extractives-Deep-Sea-Mining.pdf

Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) ta fitar da wannan rahoto da aka yi niyya ga masu sauraro a fannin hada-hadar kudi, kamar bankuna, masu inshora, da masu saka hannun jari, kan kudi, nazarin halittu, da sauran hadurran hako ma'adinai mai zurfi a cikin teku. Ana sa ran za a yi amfani da rahoton a matsayin hanya ga cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi don yanke shawara kan zuba jari mai zurfi a cikin teku. Ya ƙare ta hanyar nuna cewa DSM ba ta daidaita ba kuma ba za a iya daidaita shi da ma'anar tattalin arziki mai dorewa ba.

WWF (2022). Deep Seabed Mining: Jagorar WWF don cibiyoyin kuɗi. https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/ wwf_briefing_financial_institutions_dsm.pdf

Asusun Duniya na Duniya (WWF) ne ya ƙirƙira, wannan taƙaitaccen bayanin ya bayyana haɗarin da DSM ke gabatarwa kuma yana ƙarfafa cibiyoyin kuɗi don yin la'akari da aiwatar da manufofi don rage haɗarin saka hannun jari. Rahoton ya nuna cewa ya kamata cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi su bayar da himma a bainar jama'a cewa ba za su saka hannun jari a kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai na DSM ba, su shiga harkar, masu zuba jari, da kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai wadanda za su iya bayyana sha'awar yin amfani da ma'adinan don hana DSM. Rahoton ya kara ba da jerin sunayen kamfanoni, kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, da cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi wadanda, kamar yadda rahoton, suka sanya hannu kan dakatarwa da/ko kirkiro manufofin kerar DSM daga ma’aikatun su.

Shirin Kudi na Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (2022) Abubuwan Kayayyakin Ruwa masu lahani: Fahimtar kasada & tasirin ba da kuɗaɗen masana'antun da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba. Geneva. https://www.unepfi.org/publications/harmful-marine-extractives-deep-sea-mining/;/;

Binciken tasirin zamantakewa da muhalli don saka hannun jari da cibiyoyin kuɗi da haɗarin DSM ga masu saka jari. Takaitaccen bayanin yana mai da hankali kan yuwuwar haɓakawa, aiki, da rufewar DSM kuma ya ƙare tare da shawarwarin sauye-sauye zuwa madadin mai dorewa, yana jayayya cewa ba za a iya samun hanyar yin taka-tsantsan don kafa wannan masana'antar ba saboda ƙarancin tabbacin kimiyya.

Binciken Bonitas, (2021, Oktoba 6) TMC the metals co. https://www.bonitasresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2021/10/ BonitasResearch-Short-TMCthemetalsco-Nasdaq-TMC-Oct-6-2021.pdf?nocookies=yes

Bincike kan Kamfanin Metals da mu'amalarsa kafin da bayan shigar da hannun jari a matsayin kamfani na jama'a. Takardar ta nuna cewa TMC ya ba da ƙarin biyan kuɗi ga masu ciki da ba a bayyana ba don Tonga Offshore Mining Limited (TOML), hauhawar farashi na wucin gadi na ayyukan bincike, aiki tare da lasisin doka na TOML.

Bryant, C. (2021, Satumba 13). Dala Miliyan 500 na Kuɗin SPAC sun ɓace ƙarƙashin Teku. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/ 2021-09-13/tmc-500-million-cash-shortfall-is-tale-of-spac-disappointment-greenwashing?leadSource=uverify%20wall

Bayan fara kasuwancin hannun jari na haɗin gwiwar DeepGreen da Dorewa Opportunities Acquisition, ƙirƙirar Kamfanin Metals da aka yi ciniki a bainar jama'a, kamfanin ya fuskanci damuwa da wuri daga masu saka hannun jari waɗanda suka janye tallafin kuɗi.

Sikeli, H., Steeds, O. (2021, Yuni 1). Kalli Drift ɗinmu Kashi na 10: Haƙar ma'adinan ruwa mai zurfi. Nekton Ofishin Jakadancin Podcast. https://catchourdrift.org/episode10 deepseamining/

Shirin faifan podcast na minti 50 tare da baƙi na musamman Dokta Diva Amon don tattauna abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli na ma'adinai mai zurfi na teku, da kuma Gerrard Barron, Shugaba da Shugaba na Kamfanin Metals.

Singh, P. (2021, Mayu) . Deep Seabed Mining and Sustainable Development Goal 14, W. Leal Filho et al. (eds.), Rayuwa a Ƙarƙashin Ruwa, Encyclopedia na Manufofin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71064-8_135-1

Bita akan mahadar ma'adinai mai zurfi ta teku tare da Maƙasudin ci gaba mai dorewa 14, Rayuwa a ƙarƙashin Ruwa. Marubucin ya nuna bukatar daidaita DSM tare da muradun ci gaba mai dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, musamman Goal 14, da raba cewa "haka ma'adinai mai zurfi a cikin teku na iya kawo karshen ayyukan hakar ma'adinan ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da mummunan sakamako da ke faruwa a lokaci ɗaya a kan ƙasa da teku." (shafi na 10).

BBVA (2020) Tsarin Muhalli da Zamantakewa. https://shareholdersandinvestors.bbva.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Environmental-and-Social-Framework-_-Dec.2020-140121.pdf.

Tsarin Muhalli da Zamantakewa na BBVA yana nufin raba ka'idoji da jagororin saka hannun jari a cikin ma'adinai, kasuwancin noma, makamashi, kayayyakin more rayuwa, da sassan tsaro tare da abokan ciniki da ke shiga cikin tsarin banki da saka hannun jari na BBVA. Daga cikin ayyukan hakar ma'adinai da aka haramta, BBVA ya lissafa ma'adinan teku, yana nuna rashin son tallafawa abokan ciniki ko ayyukan da ke sha'awar DSM.

Levin, LA, Amon, DJ, da Lily, H. (2020) ., Kalubale ga dorewar haƙar ma'adinai mai zurfi na teku. Nat. Dorewa 3, 784-794. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0558-x

Bita na bincike na yanzu game da ma'adinai mai zurfi na teku a cikin mahallin ci gaba mai dorewa. Marubutan sun tattauna abubuwan da suka motsa don hakar ma'adinan teku mai zurfi, abubuwan dorewa, abubuwan da suka shafi doka da la'akari, da kuma ɗabi'a. Labarin ya ƙare tare da marubuta don tallafawa tattalin arzikin madauwari don guje wa haƙar ma'adinai mai zurfi a cikin teku.

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8. La'akari da Alhaki da ramuwa

Proelss, A., Steenkamp, ​​RC (2023). Alhaki Karkashin Sashe na XI UNCLOS (Ma'adinin Ruwa mai zurfi). A cikin: Gailhofer, P., Krebs, D., Proelss, A., Schmalenbach, K., Verheyen, R. (eds) Alhaki na kamfani don cutar da muhalli mai iyaka. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13264-3_13

Wani babin littafi na Nuwamba 2022 wanda ya gano cewa, “[g]aps a cikin dokokin cikin gida na yanzu na iya haifar da rashin bin [UNCLOS] Mataki na ashirin da 235, wanda ke haifar da gazawar wajibcin ƙwazo na Jiha kuma yana da yuwuwar fallasa Jihohi ga abin alhaki. ” Wannan yana da mahimmanci saboda a baya an tabbatar da cewa kawai ƙirƙirar dokar cikin gida don gudanar da DSM a yankin zai iya kare jihohi masu ɗaukar nauyi. 

Ƙarin shawarwarin sun haɗa da labarin Alhaki da Alhaki don Lalacewar da ke tasowa Daga Ayyuka a Yanki: Halayen Lamuni, kuma ta Tara Davenport: https://www.cigionline.org/publications/ responsibility-and-liability-damage-arising-out-activities-area-attribution-liability/

Craik, N. (2023). Ƙayyade Ma'auni don Alhaki don Cutar da Muhalli daga Ayyukan Ma'adinai mai zurfi na Teku, shafi. 5 https://www.cigionline.org/publications/ determining-standard-liability-environmental-harm-deep-seabed-mining-activities/

Cibiyar Haɓaka Ma'adinai ta Duniya (CIGI), Sakatariyar Commonwealth da Sakatariyar Hukumar Kula da Teku ta Duniya (ISA) ce ta haɓaka Batutuwan Alhaki don Ma'adinai na Deep Seabed don taimakawa wajen fayyace batutuwan shari'a na alhakin da abin alhaki waɗanda ke haifar da haɓaka cin zarafi. dokoki don zurfin teku. CIGI, tare da haɗin gwiwar Sakatariyar ISA da Sakatariyar Commonwealth, a cikin 2017, ta gayyaci manyan ƙwararrun masana shari'a don samar da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Shari'a akan Alhaki don Cutar da Muhalli daga Ayyuka a Yankin (LWG) don tattauna abin da ya shafi lalacewar muhalli, tare da burin. na samar da Hukumar Shari'a da Fasaha, da kuma membobin ISA tare da zurfafa nazarin batutuwan shari'a da hanyoyi.

Mackenzie, R. (2019, Fabrairu 28). Alhakin Shari'a don Cutar da Muhalli daga Ayyukan Ma'adinai Mai Zurfi: Ma'anar Lalacewar Muhalli. CIGI. https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/

Batutuwan Alhaki don Ma'adinan Ma'adinan Teku mai zurfi sun ƙunshi haɗaɗɗiya da bayyani, da kuma nazarin batutuwa masu zurfi guda bakwai. Cibiyar Innovation ta Duniya (CIGI), Sakatariyar Commonwealth da Sakatariyar Hukumar Kula da Teku ta Duniya (ISA) ne suka kirkiro aikin don taimakawa wajen fayyace batutuwan shari'a na alhakin da alhaki da ke karkashin ci gaban ka'idojin amfani da zurfin teku. CIGI, tare da haɗin gwiwar Sakatariyar ISA da Sakatariyar Commonwealth, a cikin 2017, ta gayyaci manyan ƙwararrun masana shari'a don samar da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Shari'a akan Alhaki don Ciwon Muhalli daga Ayyuka a yankin don tattauna abin da ya shafi lalacewar muhalli, tare da manufar samar da Hukumar Shari'a da Fasaha, da kuma membobin ISA tare da zurfafa nazarin batutuwan shari'a da hanyoyin da za su iya yiwuwa.") 

Don ƙarin bayani game da Al'amuran Alhaki masu alaƙa da Ma'adinan Ruwa na Teku, da fatan za a duba jerin Cibiyar Gudanar da Innovation ta Duniya (CIGI) mai taken: Abubuwan Alhaki na Tsarin Ma'adinai na Teku mai zurfi, waɗanda za a iya isa ga: https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/

Davenport, T. (2019, Fabrairu 7). Hakki da Alhaki na Lalacewar da ke Tashi Daga Ayyukan Aiki a Yankin: Ma'abota Ƙarfafawa da Taro Mai yiwuwa. CIGI. https://www.cigionline.org/series/liability-issues-deep-seabed-mining-series/

Wannan takarda ta binciko batutuwa daban-daban da suka shafi tantance masu da'awar da ke da isasshiyar maslaha ta shari'a don kawo da'awar barnar da ta taso daga ayyukan da ke faruwa a yankin da ya wuce ikon kasa (tsayawa) da kuma ko irin wadannan masu da'awar suna da damar shiga dandalin sasantawa don yanke hukunci irin wannan da'awar. , zama kotun kasa da kasa, kotun koli ko kotunan kasa (shigarwa). Takardar ta yi nuni da cewa, babban kalubalen da ke tattare da hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi a cikin teku shi ne, barna na iya yin tasiri ga daidaiku da muradun al'ummomin duniya baki daya, tare da yanke shawarar ko wane dan wasa ne ke da aiki mai sarkakiya.

Rukunin Rigingimun Seabed na ITLOS, Nauyi da Wajibai na Jihohi masu Tallafawa Mutane da Hukumomi tare da mutunta Ayyuka a Yankin (2011), Ra'ayin Shawara, No 17 (Ra'ayin Shawarar SDC 2011) https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents /cases/case_no_17/17_adv_op_010211_en.pdf

Wani ra'ayi bai ɗaya wanda aka saba ambata kuma mai tarihi daga kotun ƙasa da ƙasa don shari'ar rigingimun teku, wanda ke bayyana haƙƙoƙin da alhakin ɗaukar nauyin jihohi. Wannan ra'ayi shine mafi girman ma'auni na ƙwazo gami da wajibcin doka don aiwatar da taka tsantsan, mafi kyawun ayyukan muhalli, da EIA. Mahimmanci, ya kayyade cewa kasashe masu tasowa suna da wajibai iri daya game da kare muhalli kamar yadda kasashen da suka ci gaba suke da su don gujewa sayayyar dandalin tattaunawa ko yanayin “tutar dacewa”.

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9. Ma'adinan Teku da Al'adun Karkashin Ruwa

Yin amfani da ruwan tabarau na halitta don gina pilina (Dangantaka) zuwa kai lipo (Ecosystems Deep Sea) | Ofishin Sanctuaries na ruwa na kasa. (2022). An dawo da Maris 13, 2023, daga https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/education/ teachers/utilizing-a-biocultural-lens-to-build-to-the-kai-lipo.html

Webinar ta Hōkūokahalelani Pihana, Kainalu Steward, da J. Hauʻoli Lorenzo-Elarco a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin Gidauniyar Wuri Mai Tsarki ta Amurka a Babban Monument na Ƙasa na Marine na Papahānaumokuākea. Jerin yana da niyya don nuna buƙatun haɓaka Haɓaka ƴan asalin ƙasar a cikin kimiyyar teku, STEAM (Kimiyya, Fasaha, Injiniya, Art, da Math), da kuma sana'o'i a waɗannan fagagen. Masu jawabai sun tattauna aikin taswirar teku da bincike a cikin Monument da Johnston Atoll inda ƴan asalin Hawaii suka shiga a matsayin ƙwararru.

Tilot, V., Willaert, K., Guilloux, B., Chen, W., Mulalap, CY, Gaulme, F., Bambridge, T., Peters, K., da Dahl, A. (2021). 'Ma'auni na Gargajiya na Gudanar da Albarkatun Teku a cikin Ma'anar Ma'adinan Teku mai zurfi a cikin Fasifik: Koyo Daga Haɗin Haɗin Haɗin Haɗin Haɗin Haɗin Muhalli da Muhalli Tsakanin Al'ummomin Tsibirin da Yankin Tekun', Gaba. Mar, Sci. 8: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fmars.2021.637938/full

Binciken kimiyya game da wuraren zama na ruwa da sanannun al'adun gargajiya na karkashin ruwa a cikin tsibiran Pasifik da ake tsammanin DSM zai yi tasiri. Wannan bita yana tare da nazarin shari'a na tsarin shari'a na yanzu don ƙayyade mafi kyawun ayyuka don kiyayewa da kare muhalli daga tasirin DSM.

Jeffery, B., McKinnon, JF da Van Tilburg, H. (2021). Gadon al'adun karkashin ruwa a cikin Pacific: Jigogi da kwatance na gaba. Jarida ta Duniya na Nazarin Asiya Pacific 17 (2): 135-168: https://doi.org/10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.6

Wannan labarin ya gano abubuwan al'adun karkashin ruwa da ke cikin Tekun Pasifik a cikin nau'ikan al'adun gargajiya na asali, cinikin Manila Galleon, da kuma kayan tarihi na yakin duniya na biyu. Tattaunawa akan waɗannan nau'ikan guda uku suna bayyana fa'idar lokaci da sararin samaniya iri-iri na UCH a cikin Tekun Pasifik.

Turner, PJ, Cannon, S., DeLand, S., Delgado, JP, Eltis, D., Halpin, PN, Kanu, MI, Sussman, CS, Varmer, O., & Van Dover, CL (2020). Tunawa da Wurin Tsakiyar Kan Tekun Atlantika a Yankunan da Ya Wuce Ikon Ƙasa. Manufar Ruwa, 122, 104254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104254

A cikin goyan bayan amincewa da adalci ga shekaru goma na kasa da kasa don mutanen Afirka (2015-2024), masu bincike suna neman hanyoyin tunawa da girmama wadanda suka fuskanci daya daga cikin balaguron 40,000 daga Afirka zuwa Amurka a matsayin bayi. An riga an fara binciken albarkatun ma'adinai a kan tekun duniya ("Yankin") a cikin Tekun Atlantika, wanda Hukumar Kula da Tekun Duniya (ISA) ke gudanarwa. Ta hanyar yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku (UNCLOS), Membobin ISA suna da alhakin kare abubuwa na kayan tarihi da tarihi da aka samu a yankin. Irin waɗannan abubuwa na iya zama mahimman misalan al'adun gargajiya na ƙarƙashin ruwa kuma ana iya ɗaure su da su gadon al'adu marasa ma'ana, kamar yadda aka tabbatar ta hanyar alaƙa da addini, al'adun al'adu, fasaha da adabi. Wakoki na zamani, kiɗa, fasaha, da adabi suna isar da mahimmancin tekun Atlantika a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar al'adun ƙasashen waje na Afirka, amma har yanzu ISA ba ta gane wannan al'adun gargajiyar ba. Marubutan sun ba da shawarar tunawa da hanyoyin da jiragen ruwa suka ɗauka a matsayin al'adun duniya. Wadannan hanyoyi sun ratsa yankunan tekun Atlantika inda ake da sha'awar hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi a cikin teku. Marubutan sun ba da shawarar sanin Ƙaddamarwa ta Tsakiya kafin ba da damar DSM da amfani da ma'adinai ya faru.

Evans, A da Keith, M. (2011, Disamba). La'akari da Rukunan Archaeological a Ayyukan Haƙon Mai da Gas. http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/ MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/Amanda%20M. %20Evans_Paper_01.pdf

A cikin Amurka, Gulf of Mexico, ma'aikatan masana'antar mai da iskar gas suna buƙatar Ofishin Kula da Makamashi na Tekun don samar da kimar kayan tarihi na yuwuwar albarkatu a yankin aikin su a matsayin yanayin aiwatar da aikace-aikacen izini. Yayin da wannan takarda ta mayar da hankali kan binciken mai da iskar gas, takardar za ta iya zama tsarin izini.

Bingham, B., Foley, B., Singh, H., da Camilli, R. (2010, Nuwamba). Kayayyakin Robotic don Zurfafa Ruwan Archaeology: Binciko Wani Tsohuwar Jirgin Ruwa tare da Motar Ƙarƙashin Ruwa Mai Cin Hanci. Jaridar Filin Robotics DOI: 10.1002/rob.20359. PDF.

Amfani da motocin karkashin ruwa masu cin gashin kansu (AUV) wata babbar fasaha ce da ake amfani da ita don ganowa da kuma nazarin wuraren tarihi na al'adun karkashin ruwa kamar yadda binciken cibiyar Chios a Tekun Aegean ya nuna cikin nasara. Wannan yana nuna ƙarfin fasahar AUV da za a yi amfani da shi ga binciken da kamfanonin DSM suka yi don taimakawa wajen gano mahimman wuraren tarihi da al'adu. Duk da haka, idan ba a yi amfani da wannan fasaha a fagen DSM ba to akwai yuwuwar yiwuwar lalata waɗannan shafuka kafin a gano su.

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10. Lasisin zamantakewa (Kira na Tsayawa, Hani na Gwamnati, da Sharhi na Yan Asalin)

Kaikonen, L., & Virtanen, EA (2022). Aikin hakar ma'adinan ruwa mara zurfi yana lalata manufofin dorewar duniya. Trends a cikin Lafiyar Qasa da Juyin Halitta, 37(11), 931-934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2022.08.001

Ana haɓaka albarkatun ma'adinai na bakin teku a matsayin zaɓi mai dorewa don biyan buƙatun ƙarfe. Koyaya, hakar ma'adinan ruwa mara zurfi ya saba wa kiyayewa da manufofin dorewa na duniya kuma har yanzu ana ci gaba da aiwatar da dokokin sa. Yayin da wannan labarin ke magana game da hakar ma'adinan ruwa mai zurfi, hujjar cewa babu wasu dalilai da ke goyon bayan hakar ma'adinan ruwa za a iya amfani da su a cikin teku mai zurfi, musamman ma game da rashin kwatanta ayyukan hakar ma'adinai daban-daban.

Hamley, GJ (2022). Abubuwan da ke tattare da hakar ma'adinan teku a yankin ga 'yancin ɗan adam na kiwon lafiya. Bita na Turai, Kwatanta & Dokokin Muhalli na Duniya, 31 (3), 389-398. https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12471

Wannan bincike na doka ya gabatar da buƙatar yin la'akari da lafiyar ɗan adam a cikin tattaunawar da ke tattare da hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi. Marubucin ya lura cewa yawancin tattaunawa a cikin DSM sun mayar da hankali kan abubuwan da suka shafi kudi da muhalli na aikin, amma lafiyar ɗan adam ta kasance a bayyane. Kamar yadda aka yi jayayya a cikin takarda, "'yancin ɗan adam na kiwon lafiya, ya dogara ne akan nau'in halittu na ruwa. A bisa haka ne Jihohin kasar ke karkashin wani ginshiki na wajibci a karkashin hakkin kiwon lafiya dangane da kare rayayyun halittun ruwa...Binciken daftarin tsarin mulki na amfani da hako ma'adinan teku ya nuna cewa, ya zuwa yanzu, Jihohin sun kasa sauke nauyin da ya rataya a wuyansu. hakkin zaman lafiya." Marubucin ya ba da shawarwari don hanyoyin haɗa lafiyar ɗan adam da haƙƙin ɗan adam cikin tattaunawa a kusa da haƙar ma'adinai mai zurfi a cikin ISA.

Hadin gwiwar kiyaye Teku mai zurfi. (2020). Haƙar ma'adinai mai zurfi-teku: Kimiyya da Tasirin Tasirin Factsheet 2. Hadin gwiwar kiyaye Teku mai zurfi. http://www.deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org/ wp-content/uploads/02_DSCC_FactSheet2_DSM_ science_4pp_web.pdf

Tsayawa kan hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi yana da mahimmanci idan aka ba da damuwa game da raunin yanayin yanayin teku mai zurfi, rashin bayani game da tasiri na dogon lokaci, da ma'auni na ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a cikin zurfin teku. Taswirar gaskiyar shafi guda huɗu ta ƙunshi barazanar muhalli na haƙar ma'adinai mai zurfi a kan filayen abyssal, tudun ruwa, da magudanar ruwa.

Mengerink, KJ, et al., (2014, Mayu 16). Kira don Kula da Deep-Ocean. Dandalin Siyasa, Tekuna. AAAS. Kimiyya, Vol. 344. PDF

An riga an yi barazana ga zurfin teku daga wasu ayyukan ɗan adam da kuma hakar ma'adinan teku wata babbar barazana ce da za a iya dakatar da ita. Don haka ƙungiyar manyan masana kimiyyar ruwa sun yi sanarwar jama'a don yin kira ga kula da zurfin teku.

Levin, LA, Amon, DJ, da Lily, H. (2020) ., Kalubale ga dorewar haƙar ma'adinai mai zurfi na teku. Nat. Dorewa 3, 784-794. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0558-x

Gidauniyar Ocean Foundation ta ba da shawarar yin bitar kuɗaɗen dokoki na yanzu, gami da Dokar Rigakafin Ma'adinai na Seabed ta California, da Washington's Game da hana haƙar ma'adanai masu ƙarfi a teku, da kuma kwangilar Haramtacciyar kwangilar Oregon don binciken ma'adanai masu ƙarfi. Wadannan na iya taimakawa wajen jagorantar wasu wajen samar da doka don iyakance barnar da hako ma'adinan teku ke haifarwa wanda ke nuna muhimman abubuwan da hakar ma'adinan teku ba su dace da bukatun jama'a ba.

• California - https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/ billCompareClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB1832& showamends=false
• Washington - https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?BillNumber=5145&Initiative=false &Year=2021
• Oregon - https://oregon.public.law/statutes/ors_ 274.610

Haɗin gwiwar Kare Deepsea. (2022). Juriya ga haƙar ma'adinan Teku mai zurfi: gwamnatoci da 'yan majalisa. https://www.savethehighseas.org/voices-calling-for-a-moratorium-governments-and-parliamentarians/

Tun daga watan Disamba na 2022, jihohi 12 sun dau matakin adawa da Ma'adinin Tekun Ruwa. Jihohi hudu sun kulla kawance don tallafa wa dakatarwar DSM (Palau, Fiji, Tarayyar Tarayyar Micronesia, da Samoa, jihohi biyu sun bayyana goyon bayan dakatarwar (New Zealand da The French Polynesia Assembly. Jihohi shida sun goyi bayan dakatarwa (Jamus, Jamus). Costa Rica, Chile, Spain, Panama, da Ecuador), yayin da Faransa ta ba da shawarar dakatarwa.

Haɗin gwiwar Kare Deepsea. (2022). Juriya ga haƙar ma'adinan Teku mai zurfi: gwamnatoci da 'yan majalisa. https://www.savethehighseas.org/voices-calling-for-a-moratorium-fishing-sector/

Hadaddiyar Kungiyar Kare Deepsea ta tattara jerin kungiyoyi a cikin masana'antar kamun kifi suna kira da a dakatar da DSM. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun EU, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, Ƙungiyar Kifi ta Norwegian, Ƙungiyar Tuna ta Afirka ta Kudu, da Ƙungiyar Hake Long Line ta Afirka ta Kudu.

Thaler, A. (2021, Afrilu 15). Manyan Sana'o'i Sun Ce A'a Don Haƙar Ma'adinan Teku mai zurfi, na ɗan lokaci. DSM Observer. https://dsmobserver.com/2021/04/major-brands-say-no-to-deep-sea-mining-for-the-moment/

A cikin 2021, manyan manyan fasaha da kamfanonin kera motoci da yawa sun ba da sanarwa cewa sun goyi bayan dakatarwar DSM a halin yanzu. Waɗannan kamfanoni da suka haɗa da Google, BMW<Volvo, da Samsung SDI duk sun rattaba hannu kan Kamfen Moratorium na Ma'adinan Ma'adinai na Duniya mai zurfi don Nature's World Wide Fund For Nature's Global Deep-Sea Mining Moratorium. Duk da cewa dalilai na nishi sun bambanta, an lura cewa waɗannan kamfanoni za su iya fuskantar ƙalubale ga matsayinsu na dorewa, ganin cewa ma'adinan ruwa mai zurfi ba za su magance matsalar illolin da hakar ma'adinai ke haifarwa ba, kuma da wuya hakar ma'adinai mai zurfi ta rage matsalolin da ke tattare da su. ma'adinai na ƙasa.

Kamfanoni sun ci gaba da sanya hannu kan Kamfen, ciki har da Patagonia, Scania, da Bankin Triodos, don ƙarin bayani duba. https://sevenseasmedia.org/major-companies-are-pledging-against-deep-sea-mining/.

Gwamnatin Guam (2021). I MINA'TRENTAI SAIS NA LIHESLATURAN GUÅHAN HUKUNCI. Majalisar Guam ta 36 - Dokokin Jama'a. (2021). daga https://www.guamlegislature.com/36th_Guam _Legislature/COR_Res_36th/Res.%20No.% 20210-36%20(COR).pdf

Guam ya kasance shugaban masu fafutukar ganin an dakatar da hako ma'adinai kuma ya yi kira ga gwamnatin tarayyar Amurka da ta kafa dokar hana zirga-zirga a yankinsu na musamman na tattalin arziki, da kuma hukumar kula da teku ta kasa da kasa da ta kafa dokar hana hako ma'adinai.

Oberle, B. (2023, Maris 6). Budaddiyar wasikar da Darakta Janar na IUCN ga membobin ISA kan hakar ma'adinan ruwa mai zurfi. Rahoton da aka ƙayyade na IUCN DG. https://www.iucn.org/dg-statement/202303/iucn-director-generals-open-letter-isa-members-deep-sea-mining

A taron IUCN na 2021 a Marseille, Membobin IUCN sun kada kuri'ar amincewa NUMuduri 122 yana kira da a dakatar da hakar ma'adinan cikin teku sai dai idan har sai an fahimci kasada sosai, an gudanar da bincike mai tsauri da gaskiya, an aiwatar da ka'idar biya mai gurbata muhalli, tabbatar da daukar tsarin tattalin arziki madauwari, jama'a sun shiga hannu, da kuma ba da tabbacin gudanar da mulki. na DSM a bayyane yake, mai lissafi, mai haɗawa, tasiri, da alhakin muhalli. An sake tabbatar da wannan ƙuduri a cikin wata wasiƙar da Darakta Janar na IUCN, Dr. Bruno Oberle ya rubuta don gabatar da shi a gaban taron Hukumar Kula da Tekun Duniya na Maris 2023 da aka gudanar a Jamaica.

Hadin gwiwar kiyaye Teku mai zurfi (2021, Nuwamba 29). A Cikin Zurfi: Gaskiyar Kudin Haƙar Ma'adinan Teku. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OuUjDkcINOE

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