Teku da Sauyin yanayi
KOMA GA BINCIKE
Teburin Abubuwan Ciki
1. Gabatarwa
2. Tushen Canjin Yanayi da Teku
3. Hijira na Nauyin Teku da Teku saboda Sauyin yanayi
4. Hypoxia (Yankin Matattu)
5. Illolin Ruwan Dumi
6. Asarar Rayayyun halittun ruwa saboda Sauyin yanayi
7. Illar Canjin Yanayi Akan Murjani Reefs
8. Illar Sauyin Yanayi Akan Arctic da Antarctic
9. Cire Carbon Dioxide Mai Tushen Teku
10. Canjin yanayi da Bambance-bambance, Daidaituwa, Haɗawa, da Adalci
11. Siyasa da Buga na Gwamnati
12. Magance Magani
13. Neman Ƙari? (Ƙarin Albarkatun)
Tekun A matsayin Abokin Magance Sauyin yanayi
Koyi game da namu #A tuna The Teku yakin neman zabe.
1. Gabatarwa
Teku yana da kashi 71% na duniya kuma yana ba da sabis da yawa ga al'ummomin ɗan adam daga rage matsananciyar yanayi zuwa samar da iskar oxygen da muke shaka, daga samar da abincin da muke ci zuwa adana wuce haddi na carbon dioxide da muke samarwa. Sai dai kuma illar da ke haifar da karuwar hayaki mai gurbata muhalli na barazana ga muhallin bakin teku da na ruwa ta hanyar sauye-sauyen yanayin teku da narkar da kankara, wanda hakan ke shafar magudanar ruwa, yanayin yanayi, da matakin teku. Kuma, saboda karfin iskar carbon da ke cikin teku ya wuce gona da iri, muna kuma ganin canjin sinadarai na tekun saboda hayakin da muke fitarwa. A haƙiƙa, ɗan adam ya ƙara yawan acidity na tekunan mu da kashi 30 cikin ɗari a cikin ƙarni biyu da suka gabata. (An rufe wannan a cikin Shafin Bincike akan Amincewa da Ocean). Ruwan teku da sauyin yanayi suna da alaƙa da juna.
Teku yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage sauyin yanayi ta hanyar yin hidima a matsayin babban zafi da kuma nutsewar carbon. Haka kuma tekun na da tasirin sauyin yanayi, kamar yadda sauye-sauyen yanayin zafi da magudanar ruwa da kuma hawan teku ke tabbatar da hakan, wadanda dukkansu ke shafar lafiyar nau'in magudanar ruwa, na kusa da teku da kuma zurfin teku. Yayin da damuwa game da sauyin yanayi ke ƙaruwa, dangantakar dake tsakanin teku da sauyin yanayi dole ne a gane, fahimta, kuma a shigar da su cikin manufofin gwamnati.
Tun lokacin juyin juya halin masana'antu, adadin carbon dioxide a cikin yanayin mu ya karu da fiye da 35%, da farko daga konewar man fetur. Ruwan teku, dabbobin teku, da wuraren zama na teku duk suna taimaka wa tekun wajen ɗaukar wani muhimmin yanki na hayaƙin carbon dioxide daga ayyukan ɗan adam.
Tuni dai tekun duniya ke fuskantar gagarumin tasirin sauyin yanayi da tasirinsa. Sun haɗa da yanayin zafi da iska da ruwa, canje-canje na yanayi a cikin nau'in, murjani bleaching, hawan matakin teku, ambaliya a bakin teku, zaizayar teku, cutar algal blooms, hypoxic (ko matattu) zones, sababbin cututtuka na ruwa, asarar dabbobi masu shayarwa, canje-canje a matakan hazo, da raguwar kamun kifi. Bugu da ƙari, za mu iya sa ran ƙarin abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi (fari, ambaliya, hadari), wanda ya shafi wuraren zama da nau'i iri ɗaya. Don kare muhallinmu na ruwa masu mahimmanci, dole ne mu yi aiki.
Maganin gaba ɗaya ga teku da sauyin yanayi shine rage yawan hayaƙin hayaki mai gurbata yanayi. Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta baya-bayan nan don magance sauyin yanayi, yarjejeniyar Paris, ta fara aiki a cikin 2016. Cimma maƙasudin yarjejeniyar Paris zai buƙaci aiwatar da matakan kasa da kasa, na ƙasa, na gida, da na al'umma a duniya. Bugu da ƙari, blue carbon na iya samar da hanya don dogon lokaci da kuma ajiyar carbon. “Carbon Blue Carbon” shine iskar carbon dioxide da tekunan duniya suka kama. Ana adana wannan carbon a cikin nau'in biomass da sediments daga mangroves, tidal marshes, da ciyawa na teku. Ƙarin bayani game da Carbon Blue zai iya zama samu a nan.
A lokaci guda, yana da mahimmanci ga lafiyar teku - da mu - cewa an guje wa ƙarin barazanar, kuma ana sarrafa yanayin yanayin tekun mu cikin tunani. Har ila yau, a bayyane yake cewa ta hanyar rage matsalolin nan da nan daga ayyukan ɗan adam, za mu iya ƙara ƙarfin jinsunan teku da kuma yanayin muhalli. Ta wannan hanyar, za mu iya saka hannun jari a lafiyar teku da "tsarin rigakafi" ta hanyar kawar da ko rage ɗimbin ƙananan cututtuka da ke fama da su. Maido da yalwar nau'in teku - na mangroves, na ciyawa na teku, na murjani, dazuzzukan kelp, na kamun kifi, na duk rayuwar teku - zai taimaka wa tekun ya ci gaba da ba da hidimar da duk rayuwa ta dogara da su.
Gidauniyar Ocean Foundation tana aiki a kan tekuna da batutuwan sauyin yanayi tun 1990; a kan Ocean Acidification tun 2003; da kuma kan batutuwan "blue carbon" masu dangantaka tun 2007. Gidauniyar Ocean Foundation ta karbi bakuncin Blue Resilience Initiative wanda ke neman ci gaba da manufofin da ke inganta ayyukan da yanayin bakin teku da na teku ke takawa a matsayin iskar carbon na halitta, watau blue carbon da kuma saki na farko-bayan Blue Carbon Offset Kalkuleta a cikin 2012 don samar da fa'idodin carbon na sadaka ga masu ba da gudummawa, tushe, kamfanoni, da abubuwan da suka faru ta hanyar maidowa da kiyaye mahimman wuraren zama na bakin teku waɗanda ke keɓancewa da adana carbon, gami da ciyawa ciyawa, gandun daji na mangrove, da wuraren ciyawa na gishiri. Don ƙarin bayani, da fatan za a duba Initiative na Blue Resilience Initiative na The Ocean Foundation don bayani kan ayyukan da ke gudana da kuma koyan yadda za ku iya kashe sawun carbon ɗinku ta amfani da Kalkuletatar Kasuwar Carbon Kaya ta TOF.
Ma'aikatan Gidauniyar Ocean Foundation suna aiki a hukumar ba da shawara ga Cibiyar Haɗin kai don Teku, Yanayi da Tsaro, kuma Gidauniyar Ocean memba ce ta Tsarin Teku & Yanayi. Tun da 2014, TOF ta ba da shawarwarin fasaha mai gudana a kan Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya (GEF) Ƙungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya wanda ya ba da damar GEF Blue Forests Project don samar da kima na farko na duniya game da dabi'un da ke hade da carbon na bakin teku da sabis na muhalli. A halin yanzu TOF tana jagorantar aikin gyare-gyaren ciyawar teku da mangrove a Gidan Bincike na Esturine na Jobos Bay tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Sashen Albarkatun Halitta da Muhalli na Puerto Rico.
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2. Tushen Canjin Yanayi da Teku
Tanaka, K., da Van Houtan, K. (2022, Fabrairu 1). Daidaita Kwanan nan na Tarihi na Heat Extremes. Yanayin PLOS, 1 (2), e0000007. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000007
Aquarium na Monterey Bay ya gano cewa tun shekara ta 2014 fiye da rabin yanayin zafin saman teku a duniya ya zarce madaidaicin yanayin zafi na tarihi. A cikin 2019, kashi 57% na ruwan saman tekun duniya sun sami matsanancin zafi. A kwatankwacin, a lokacin juyin juya halin masana'antu na biyu, kashi 2% ne kawai na saman ke yin rikodin irin yanayin zafi. Wadannan matsananciyar zafi da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa suna barazana ga yanayin ruwa da kuma yin barazana ga karfinsu na samar da albarkatu ga al'ummomin da ke bakin teku.
Garcia-Soto, C., Cheng, L., Kaisar, L., Schmidtko, S., Jewett, EB, Cheripka, A., … & Abraham, JP (2021, Satumba 21). Bayanin Manufofin Canjin Yanayi na Teku: Yanayin Yanayin Teku, Abun Ciki na Teku, Ruwan Ruwan Teku, Narkar da Tsarin Oxygen, Tsawon Kankara na Tekun Arctic, Kauri da Girma, Matsayin Teku da Ƙarfin AMOC (Ma'anar Juyin Juyawa na Atlantic). Ƙarfafa a Kimiyyar Ruwa. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.642372
Alamun canjin yanayi na teku guda bakwai, Yanayin yanayin Teku, Abun Zafin Teku, Ruwan pH, Narkar da Oxygen Concentration, Tsawon Kankara na Tekun Arctic, Kauri, da Girman, da Ƙarfin Tsarin Jujjuyawar Tsarin Tekun Atlantika sune mahimman matakan auna canjin yanayi. Fahimtar alamomin canjin yanayi na tarihi da na yanzu yana da mahimmanci don tsinkayar abubuwan da ke faruwa a nan gaba da kuma kare tsarin ruwan mu daga tasirin sauyin yanayi.
Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya. (2021). 2021 Jihar Ayyukan Yanayi: Ruwa. Duniya meteorological kungiyar. PDF.
Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya tana kimanta isa da damar masu ba da sabis na yanayi masu alaƙa da ruwa. Cimma manufofin daidaitawa a ƙasashe masu tasowa zai buƙaci ƙarin ƙarin kudade da albarkatu don tabbatar da cewa al'ummominsu za su iya dacewa da tasirin ruwa da ƙalubalen sauyin yanayi. Dangane da binciken rahoton ya ba da shawarwari shida dabaru don inganta ayyukan yanayi na ruwa a duniya.
Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya. (2021). Haɗaɗɗen Kimiyya 2021: Ƙungiya Mai Girma Tari na Sabbin Bayanan Kimiyyar Yanayi. Duniya meteorological kungiyar. PDF.
Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya (WMO) ta gano cewa sauye-sauye na baya-bayan nan a cikin tsarin yanayi ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tare da fitar da hayaki da ke ci gaba da kara ta'azzara hatsarin lafiya kuma yana iya haifar da matsanancin yanayi (duba bayanan da ke sama don samun mahimman bayanai). Cikakken rahoton ya tattara mahimman bayanan lura da yanayin da ke da alaƙa da hayaƙin iskar gas, hauhawar zafin jiki, gurɓataccen iska, matsanancin yanayin yanayi, hawan matakin teku, da tasirin teku. Idan hayaki mai gurbata yanayi ya ci gaba da hauhawa biyo bayan yanayin da ake ciki a halin yanzu, mai yuwuwa hawan ruwan teku a duniya zai kasance tsakanin mita 0.6-1.0 da 2100, wanda ke haifar da bala'i ga al'ummomin da ke bakin teku.
Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa. (2020). Canjin Yanayi: Sabunta Shaida da Dalilai 2020. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi.org/10.17226/25733.
Kimiyya a bayyane take, mutane suna canza yanayin duniya. Haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Ƙasar Amurka da rahoton Royal Society na UK sun yi iƙirarin cewa canjin yanayi na dogon lokaci zai dogara ne akan adadin CO.2 - da sauran iskar gas (GHGs) - suna fitarwa saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Mafi girman GHGs zai haifar da zafi mai zafi, hawan matakin teku, narkewar ƙanƙarar Arctic, da ƙara yawan zafin rana.
Yozell, S., Stuart, J., da Rouleau, T. (2020). Fihirisar Haɗarin Yanayi da Teku. Yanayi, Haɗarin Teku, da Aikin Juriya. Cibiyar Stimson, Shirin Tsaron Muhalli. PDF.
Indexididdigar Halin Haɗarin Yanayi da Teku (CORVI) kayan aiki ne da ake amfani da shi don gano haɗarin kuɗi, siyasa, da muhalli waɗanda canjin yanayi ke haifarwa ga biranen bakin teku. Wannan rahoto ya shafi tsarin CORVI zuwa garuruwan Caribbean guda biyu: Castries, Saint Lucia da Kingston, Jamaica. Castries ta samu nasara a masana'antarta ta kamun kifi, ko da yake tana fuskantar ƙalubale saboda dogaro da ita kan yawon buɗe ido da kuma rashin ingantaccen tsari. Garin na samun ci gaba amma akwai bukatar a kara kaimi domin inganta tsarin birnin musamman na ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa. Kingston yana da tattalin arziƙi iri-iri da ke tallafawa haɓaka dogaro, amma haɓakar birni cikin sauri ya yi barazana ga yawancin alamomin CORVI, Kingston yana da kyau a sanya shi don magance sauyin yanayi amma zai iya firgita idan batutuwan zamantakewa tare da ƙoƙarin rage sauyin yanayi ba a magance su ba.
Figueres, C. da Rivett-Carnac, T. (2020, Fabrairu 25). Makomar Mu Zaɓa: Tsira da Rikicin Yanayi. Bugawa na Vintage.
Makomar da Muka Zaba labari ne na taka tsantsan game da makomar duniya guda biyu, yanayin farko shine abin da zai faru idan muka kasa cimma manufofin yarjejeniyar Paris kuma labari na biyu yayi la'akari da yadda duniya zata kasance idan burin iskar carbon ya kasance. hadu. Figueres da Rivett-Carnac sun lura cewa a karon farko a cikin tarihi muna da babban birnin kasar, fasaha, manufofi, da ilimin kimiyya don fahimtar cewa mu a matsayinmu na al'umma dole ne rabin abubuwan da muke fitarwa a shekara ta 2050. Al'ummomin da suka gabata ba su da wannan ilimin kuma zai makara ga ‘ya’yanmu, lokacin daukar mataki ya yi.
Lenton, T., Rockström, J., Gaffney, O., Rahmstorf, S., Richardson, K., Steffen, W. da Schellnhuber, H. (2019, Nuwamba 27). Matsalolin Sauye-sauyen Yanayi - Yayi Haɗari don Yin Fare: Sabunta Afrilu 2020. Mujallar yanayi. PDF.
Mahimman bayanai, ko abubuwan da tsarin Duniya ba zai iya murmurewa daga gare su ba, suna da yuwuwar mafi girma fiye da tunanin da zai iya haifar da canje-canjen da ba za a iya jurewa na dogon lokaci ba. Rushewar ƙanƙara a cikin cryosphere da Tekun Amundsen a Yammacin Antarctic wataƙila sun riga sun wuce wuraren da za su iya kaiwa hari. Sauran wuraren da za a iya kaiwa hari - irin su sare gandun daji na Amazon da kuma abubuwan da suka faru na bleaching a kan Babban Barrier Reef na Ostiraliya - suna gabatowa da sauri. Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don haɓaka fahimtar waɗannan canje-canjen da aka lura da kuma yuwuwar tasirin cascading. Lokacin da za a yi aiki yanzu shine kafin Duniya ta wuce ma'anar ba komowa.
Peterson, J. (2019, Nuwamba). Sabuwar Teku: Dabarun Magance Guguwar Ruwa da Tashin Ruwa. Tsibirin Latsa.
Sakamakon guguwa mai ƙarfi da tashin teku ba za su taɓa yiwuwa ba kuma ba za a yi watsi da su ba. Lalacewa, asarar dukiya, da gazawar ababen more rayuwa saboda guguwar gabar teku da hauhawar teku ba za a iya kaucewa ba. Koyaya, kimiyya ta sami ci gaba sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kuma ana iya yin ƙari idan gwamnatin Amurka ta ɗauki matakan daidaitawa cikin hanzari da tunani. Gabar tekun na canzawa amma ta hanyar haɓaka iya aiki, aiwatar da tsare-tsare masu wayo, da ba da kuɗin shirye-shirye na dogon lokaci ana iya sarrafa haɗarin kuma ana iya hana bala'o'i.
Kulp, S. da Strauss, B. (2019, Oktoba 29). Sabbin Ƙididdiga Mai Girma Sau Uku na Rashin Lalacewar Duniya zuwa Hawan Teku da Ambaliyar Ruwa. Sadarwar yanayi 10, 4844. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12808-z
Kulp da Strauss sun ba da shawarar cewa hayakin da ke da alaƙa da sauyin yanayi zai haifar da haɓakar matakin teku fiye da yadda ake tsammani. An kiyasta cewa mutane biliyan daya ne za su fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa a shekara ta 2100, daga cikinsu, miliyan 230 sun mamaye kasa a cikin mita daya na manyan layukan ruwa. Yawancin alkaluma sun sanya matsakaicin matakin teku a mita 2 a cikin karni na gaba, idan Kulp da Strauss sun yi daidai to nan ba da jimawa ba daruruwan miliyoyin mutane za su kasance cikin hadarin rasa gidajensu a teku.
Powell, A. (2019, Oktoba 2). Tutoci na jan tutoci sun tashi akan ɗumamar yanayi da Tekuna. Harvard Gazette. PDF.
Rahoton kungiyar Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) akan Tekuna da Cryosphere - wanda aka buga a cikin 2019 - yayi gargadi game da illolin sauyin yanayi, duk da haka, farfesa na Harvard sun amsa cewa wannan rahoton na iya yin watsi da gaggawar matsalar. Yawancin mutane yanzu sun bayar da rahoton cewa sun yi imani da sauyin yanayi duk da haka, bincike ya nuna cewa mutane sun fi damuwa da al'amuran da suka fi dacewa a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum kamar ayyukan yi, kiwon lafiya, magunguna, da dai sauransu. Ko da yake a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata sauyin yanayi ya zama yanayi. fifiko mafi girma yayin da mutane ke fuskantar yanayin zafi mai girma, ƙarin guguwa mai ƙarfi, da gobara da yawa. Labari mai dadi shine akwai ƙarin wayar da kan jama'a a yanzu fiye da kowane lokaci kuma akwai haɓaka "ƙasa" motsi na canji.
Hoegh-Goldberg, O., Caldeira, K., Chopin, T., Gaines, S., Haugan, P., Hemer, M., …, & Tyedmers, P. (2019, Satumba 23) Tekun a matsayin Magani zuwa Canjin Yanayi: Dama guda biyar don Aiki. Babban Babban Kwamitin don Dorewar Tattalin Arzikin Teku. An dawo daga: https://dev-oceanpanel.pantheonsite.io/sites/default/files/2019-09/19_HLP_Report_Ocean_Solution_Climate_Change_final.pdf
Ayyukan yanayi na tushen teku na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage sawun carbon a duniya da ke isar da kashi 21 cikin 14 na rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi a shekara kamar yadda yarjejeniyar Paris ta yi alkawari. Babban kwamitin da ke kula da tattalin arzikin teku mai dorewa ne ya buga, kungiyar shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatoci XNUMX a taron koli na ayyukan sauyin yanayi na Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wannan rahoto mai zurfi ya nuna alakar da ke tsakanin teku da yanayi. Rahoton ya ba da damammaki guda biyar da suka hada da makamashin da ake sabunta ta hanyar teku; sufuri na tushen teku; yanayin yanayin bakin teku da na ruwa; kamun kifi, kiwo, da abinci masu canzawa; da kuma ajiyar carbon a cikin teku.
Kennedy, KM (2019, Satumba). Sanya Farashi akan Carbon: Ƙimar Farashin Carbon da Manufofin Maɗaukaki don Duniyar 1.5 Celsius. Cibiyar Albarkatun Duniya. An dawo daga: https://www.wri.org/publication/evaluating-carbon-price
Wajibi ne a sanya farashi akan carbon don rage fitar da iskar carbon zuwa matakan da yarjejeniyar Paris ta tsara. Farashin Carbon wani caji ne da ake yi wa ƙungiyoyin da ke samar da hayakin iskar gas don canja farashin canjin yanayi daga al'umma zuwa hukumomin da ke da alhakin fitar da hayaƙi yayin da kuma ke ba da ƙwarin gwiwa don rage hayaƙi. Ƙarin tsare-tsare da shirye-shirye don ƙarfafa ƙirƙira da kuma sanya madadin carbon-carbon na cikin gida mafi kyawun tattalin arziƙi suma wajibi ne don cimma sakamako na dogon lokaci.
Maccreadie, P., Anton, A., Raven, J., Beaumont, N., Connolly, R., Friess, D., …, & Duarte, C. (2019, Satumba 05) Makomar Kimiyyar Carbon Blue. Sadarwar yanayi, 10(3998). An dawo daga: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-11693-w
Matsayin Carbon Carbon, ra'ayin cewa ciyayi masu ciyayi a bakin teku suna ba da gudummawar da ba ta dace ba na isar da iskar carbon ta duniya, tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita sauyin yanayi na duniya da daidaitawa. Kimiyyar Carbon Carbon ta ci gaba da girma cikin tallafi kuma yana da yuwuwar fadada iyawa ta hanyar ƙarin ingantattun ingantattun abubuwan dubawa da gwaje-gwaje da ƙarin masana kimiyyar fannoni daban-daban daga ƙasashe daban-daban.
Heneghan, R., Hatton, I., & Galbraith, E. (2019, Mayu 3). Canjin yanayi yana tasiri akan yanayin yanayin ruwa ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na girman bakan. Batutuwa masu tasowa a cikin Kimiyyar Rayuwa, 3(2), 233-243. An dawo daga: http://www.emergtoplifesci.org/content/3/2/233.abstract
Sauyin yanayi wani lamari ne mai sarkakiya da ke haifar da sauye-sauye marasa adadi a fadin duniya; musamman ya haifar da sauye-sauye mai tsanani a cikin tsari da aikin yanayin yanayin ruwa. Wannan labarin yana nazarin yadda ruwan tabarau mara amfani na nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i)) zai iya samar da sabon kayan aiki don sa ido kan daidaitawar yanayin muhalli.
Woods Hole Oceanographic Cibiyar. (2019). Fahimtar Hawan Teku: Zurfafa nazarin abubuwa uku da ke ba da gudummawa ga hawan teku a gabar Tekun Gabashin Amurka da kuma yadda masana kimiyya ke nazarin lamarin. An samar da shi cikin Haɗin gwiwa tare da Christopher Piecuch, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Woods Hole (MA): WHOI. DOI 10.1575/1912/24705
Tun a karni na 20 matakan teku sun haura inci shida zuwa takwas a duniya, kodayake wannan adadin bai yi daidai ba. Bambance-bambancen hawan matakin teku yana yiwuwa saboda koma baya na bayan-glacial, sauye-sauye ga zagayawan Tekun Atlantika, da narkar da takardar kankara ta Antarctic. Masana kimiyya sun yarda cewa matakan ruwa na duniya zai ci gaba da karuwa har tsawon shekaru aru-aru, amma ana bukatar karin nazari don magance gibin ilimi da kuma hasashen girman matakin teku a nan gaba.
Rushe, E. (2018). Tashi: An aika daga Sabon Tekun Amurka. Kanada: Milkweed Editions.
An fada ta hanyar fahimtar mutum ta farko, marubuciya Elizabeth Rush ta tattauna sakamakon da al'ummomin da ke da rauni ke fuskanta daga canjin yanayi. Labarin irin na jarida ya haɗa labaran gaskiya na al'ummomin Florida, Louisiana, Rhode Island, California, da New York waɗanda suka fuskanci mummunar tasirin guguwa, matsanancin yanayi, da hawan igiyar ruwa saboda sauyin yanayi.
Leiserowitz, A., Maibach, E., Roser-Renouf, C., Rosenthal, S. da Cutler, M. (2017, Yuli 5). Canjin Yanayi a Hankalin Amurka: Mayu 2017. Shirin Yale akan Sadarwar Canjin Yanayi da Cibiyar Sadarwar Canjin Yanayi ta Jami'ar George Mason.
Wani bincike na hadin gwiwa da jami'ar George Mason da Yale suka gudanar ya gano kashi 90 cikin 70 na Amurkawa ba su da masaniyar cewa akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin al'ummar kimiyya cewa sauyin yanayi da dan Adam ke haifarwa gaskiya ne. Koyaya, binciken ya yarda cewa kusan kashi 17% na Amurkawa sun yi imanin cewa canjin yanayi yana faruwa zuwa wani lokaci. Kashi 57% na Amurkawa ne kawai suke "damuwa sosai" game da sauyin yanayi, XNUMX% suna "damuwa da ɗan damuwa," kuma mafi yawancin suna ganin dumamar yanayi a matsayin barazana mai nisa.
Goodell, J. (2017). Ruwan zai zo: Tekuna masu tasowa, Biranen da ke nutsewa, da sake fasalin Duniyar wayewa. New York, New York: Ƙananan, Brown, da Kamfani.
An fada ta hanyar ba da labari, marubuci Jeff Goodell yayi la'akari da tashin magudanar ruwa a duniya da kuma abubuwan da ke faruwa a nan gaba. Guguwar Sandy da ke New York ta yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, binciken Goodell ya ɗauke shi a duk faɗin duniya don yin la'akari da aikin ban mamaki da ake buƙata don daidaitawa da tashin ruwa. A cikin gabatarwar, Goodell ya faɗi daidai cewa wannan ba littafin ba ne ga waɗanda ke neman fahimtar alaƙar yanayi da carbon dioxide, amma abin da ɗan adam zai yi kama da matakan teku.
Laffoley, D., & Baxter, JM (2016, Satumba). Bayanin Dumamar Teku: Dalilai, Sikeli, Tasiri, da Sakamako. Cikakken Rahoton. Gland, Switzerland: Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kare Halitta.
Kungiyar kare dabi'a ta kasa da kasa ta gabatar da cikakken rahoto kan yanayin teku. Rahoton ya gano cewa zafin saman teku, nahiyar zafin teku, hawan matakin teku, narkar da glaciers da zanen kankara, CO2 hayaki da kuma yanayin yanayi na karuwa a cikin hanzari tare da gagarumin sakamako ga bil'adama da nau'in ruwa da kuma yanayin yanayin teku. Rahoton ya ba da shawarar amincewa da tsananin lamarin, da aiwatar da manufofin hadin gwiwa na hadin gwiwa don samar da cikakkiyar kariya ta teku, sabunta kimanta hadarin, magance gibin kimiyya da bukatun iyawa, yin aiki cikin sauri, da cimma gagarumin raguwa a cikin iskar gas. Batun dumamar teku lamari ne mai sarkakiya wanda zai yi tasiri mai fadi, wasu na iya zama masu fa'ida, amma galibin tasirin zai zama mara kyau ta hanyoyin da ba a fahimce su ba tukuna.
Poloczanska, E., Burrows, M., Brown, C., Molinos, J., Halpern, B., Hoegh-Goldberg, O., …, & Sydeman, W. (2016, Mayu 4). Martanin Halittun Ruwa zuwa Canjin Yanayi a fadin Teku. Ƙarfafa a Kimiyyar Ruwa. An dawo daga: doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00062
Nau'in na ruwa suna mayar da martani ga illolin hayakin iskar gas da sauyin yanayi ta hanyoyin da ake sa ran. Wasu martanin sun haɗa da juzu'i mai zurfi da sauye-sauye na rarrabawa, raguwar ƙididdigewa, ƙara yawan nau'in ruwan dumi, da asarar duk yanayin halittu (misali murjani reefs). Bambancin amsawar rayuwar marine ga canje-canje a cikin ƙididdiga, ƙididdiga, yawa, rarrabawa, phenology yana iya haifar da sake fasalin yanayin yanayin da canje-canje a cikin aikin da ke buƙatar ƙarin bincike.
Albert, S., Leon, J., Grinham, A., Church, J., Gibbes, B., da C. Woodroffe. (2016, Mayu 6). Ma'amala Tsakanin Hawan Teku da Bayyanar Wave akan Tsibirin Reef a Tsibirin Solomon. Haruffa Binciken Muhalli Vol. 11 Na 05.
Tsibirai biyar (mai girman hekta daya zuwa biyar) a cikin tsibiran Solomon sun yi asara sakamakon hawan teku da zaizayar kasa. Wannan ita ce shaidar kimiyya ta farko na illolin sauyin yanayi a bakin teku da mutane. An yi imanin cewa makamashin igiyar ruwa ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin zaizayar tsibirin. A wannan lokacin wasu tsibiran rafuka guda tara sun lalace sosai kuma suna iya ɓacewa cikin shekaru masu zuwa.
Gattuso, JP, Magnan, A., Billé, R., Cheung, WW, Howes, EL, Joos, F., & Turley, C. (2015, Yuli 3). Sabanin makoma ga teku da al'umma daga yanayi daban-daban na hayaki na CO2. Kimiyya, 349(6243). An dawo daga: doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4722
Domin daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi na ɗan adam, teku dole ne ta canza fasalin kimiyyar lissafi, sinadarai, ilimin halittu, da sabis. Hasashen fitar da hayaki na yanzu zai canza da sauri da kuma canza yanayin yanayin da mutane suka dogara da su. Zaɓuɓɓukan gudanarwa don magance canjin teku saboda canjin yanayi ya ragu yayin da tekun ke ci gaba da dumi da acidity. Labarin ya yi nasarar haɗa sauye-sauye na baya-bayan nan da na gaba ga teku da yanayin muhallinsa, da kuma kayayyaki da sabis ɗin da mahalli ke bayarwa ga ɗan adam.
Cibiyar ci gaba mai dorewa da huldar kasa da kasa. (2015, Satumba). Tekun Maɗaukaki da Yanayi: Abubuwan Tattaunawar Yanayin Yanayi na Ƙasashen Duniya. Yanayi - Tekuna da Yankunan Gabas: Takaitaccen Siyasa. An dawo daga: https://www.iddri.org/en/publications-and-events/policy-brief/intertwined-ocean-and-climate-implications-international
Da yake ba da taƙaitaccen bayani game da manufofin, wannan taƙaitaccen ya zayyana yanayin haɗin kai na teku da sauyin yanayi, yana mai kira da a gaggauta rage hayaƙin CO2. Labarin ya bayyana mahimmancin waɗannan canje-canjen da suka shafi yanayi a cikin teku tare da yin jayayya don rage yawan hayaki a matakin kasa da kasa, saboda karuwar carbon dioxide zai zama da wuya a magance.
Stocker, T. (2015, Nuwamba 13). Ayyukan shiru na tekun duniya. Kimiyya, 350(6262), 764-765. An dawo daga: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/350/6262/764.abstract
Teku yana ba da ayyuka masu mahimmanci ga ƙasa da mutane waɗanda ke da mahimmanci a duniya, waɗanda duk suna zuwa tare da haɓakar farashin da ayyukan ɗan adam ke haifar da haɓakar iskar carbon. Marubucin ya jaddada cewa akwai bukatar mutane su yi la'akari da tasirin sauyin yanayi a cikin teku yayin da ake la'akari da daidaitawa da rage sauyin yanayi na ɗan adam, musamman ta ƙungiyoyin gwamnatoci.
Levin, L. & Le Bris, N. (2015, Nuwamba 13). Ruwa mai zurfi a ƙarƙashin canjin yanayi. Kimiyya, 350(6262), 766-768. An dawo daga: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/350/6262/766
Bakin teku mai zurfi, duk da mahimman ayyukan muhallinsa, galibi ana yin watsi da su a fagen sauyin yanayi da ragewa. A zurfin mita 200 zuwa ƙasa, tekun yana ɗaukar iskar carbon dioxide mai yawa kuma yana buƙatar kulawa ta musamman da ƙarin bincike don kare mutuncinsa da ƙimarsa.
Jami'ar McGill. (2013, Yuni 14) Nazarin Tekun Tekun da suka gabata yana haifar da damuwa game da makomarsu. KimiyyaDaily. An dawo daga: sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130614111606.html
Mutane suna canza adadin nitrogen da ake samu don kifi a cikin teku ta hanyar ƙara adadin CO2 a cikin yanayin mu. Bincike ya nuna cewa zai dauki shekaru aru-aru kafin teku ta daidaita zagayowar nitrogen. Wannan yana haifar da damuwa game da halin yanzu na CO2 yana shiga cikin yanayin mu kuma yana nuna yadda teku zata iya canza sinadarai ta hanyoyin da ba za mu yi tsammani ba.
Labarin da ke sama yana ba da taƙaitaccen gabatarwa game da alaƙar acidification na teku da sauyin yanayi, don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai don Allah a duba shafukan albarkatun ƙasa na The Ocean Foundation a kan. Tekun Acidification.
Fagan, B. (2013) Tekun Hare-hare: Tsohon, Yanzu, da Suture na Hawan Matakan Teku. Bloomsbury Press, New York.
Tun lokacin da ya gabata matakan teku na Ice Age sun tashi mita 122 kuma za su ci gaba da tashi. Fagan yana ɗaukar masu karatu a duk faɗin duniya daga Doggerland na tarihi a cikin abin da yake a yanzu Tekun Arewa, zuwa tsohuwar Mesopotamiya da Masar, Portugal masu mulkin mallaka, China, da Amurka ta zamani, Bangladesh, da Japan. Ƙungiyoyin mafarauta sun fi wayar tafi-da-gidanka kuma suna iya sauƙin ƙaura ƙauyuka zuwa tudu mai tsayi, duk da haka sun fuskanci ƙara rugujewa yayin da jama'a suka ƙaru. A yau miliyoyin mutane a duniya na iya fuskantar ƙaura a cikin shekaru hamsin masu zuwa yayin da ruwan teku ke ci gaba da hauhawa.
Doney, S., Ruckelshaus, M., Duffy, E., Barry, J., Chan, F., Turanci, C., …, & Talley, L. (2012, Janairu). Tasirin Canjin Yanayi akan Tsarin Ruwan Ruwa. Bita na Shekara-shekara na Kimiyyar Ruwa, 4, 11-37. An dawo daga: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-marine-041911-111611
A cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa, canjin yanayi yana da alaƙa da sauye-sauyen yanayin zafi, wurare dabam dabam, rarrabuwa, shigar da abinci mai gina jiki, abun ciki na oxygen, da acidification na teku. Hakanan akwai alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin yanayin yanayi da rarraba nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu, phenology, da alƙaluma. Waɗannan za su iya yin tasiri a ƙarshe gabaɗayan tsarin muhalli da ayyuka da ayyukan da duniya ta dogara da su.
Vallis, GK (2012). Yanayi da Tekun. Princeton, New Jersey: Jami'ar Princeton Press.
Akwai ƙaƙƙarfan dangantaka mai alaƙa tsakanin yanayi da teku wanda aka nuna ta hanyar bayyananniyar harshe da zane-zane na ra'ayoyin kimiyya gami da tsarin iska da igiyoyin ruwa a cikin teku. An ƙirƙira shi azaman firam ɗin da aka kwatanta, Yanayi da Tekun yana aiki azaman gabatarwa cikin rawar teku a matsayin mai daidaita tsarin yanayin duniya. Littafin yana ba masu karatu damar yin nasu hukunce-hukuncen, amma tare da ilimin fahimtar gabaɗaya kimiyyar da ke bayan yanayin.
Spalding, MJ (2011, Mayu). Kafin Faɗuwar Rana: Canza Kimiyyar Teku, Albarkatun Ruwa na Duniya, da Iyakar Kayan Aikinmu na Shari'a don magance cutarwa. Jaridar Majalisar Dokokin Muhalli ta Duniya, 13(2). PDF.
Carbon dioxide yana shiga cikin teku kuma yana shafar pH na ruwa a cikin wani tsari da ake kira ocean acidification. Dokokin kasa da kasa da dokokin gida a Amurka, a lokacin rubuce-rubuce, suna da yuwuwar haɗawa da 'yan sanda na acidification na teku, gami da Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin yanayi, Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokokin Teku, Yarjejeniyar London da yarjejeniya. da Dokar Bincike da Kula da Acidification na Tekun Tarayyar Amurka (FOARAM). Kudin rashin aiki zai wuce nisa farashin tattalin arziƙin yin aiki, kuma ana buƙatar ayyukan yau da kullun.
Spalding, MJ (2011). Canjin Teku Mai Rushewa: Abubuwan Al'adun Karkashin Ruwa a cikin Teku suna fuskantar Canje-canjen Sinadarai da Jiki. Sharhin Al'adu da Fasaha, 2(1). PDF.
Ana fuskantar barazana ga wuraren tarihi na al'adun karkashin ruwa ta hanyar acidity na teku da sauyin yanayi. Canjin yanayi yana ƙara canza sinadarai na teku, haɓakar matakan teku, ɗumamar yanayin teku, motsin igiyoyin ruwa da haɓaka yanayin yanayi; dukkansu sun shafi adana wuraren tarihi da suka nutse. Akwai yuwuwar cutar da ba za a iya daidaitawa ba, duk da haka, maido da yanayin yanayin bakin teku, rage gurɓacewar ƙasa, rage hayaƙin CO2, rage damuwa na ruwa, ƙara sa ido kan wuraren tarihi da haɓaka dabarun doka na iya rage barnar wuraren tarihi na al'adun ƙarƙashin ruwa.
Hoegh-Goldberg, O., & Bruno, J. (2010, Yuni 18). Tasirin Sauyin Yanayi Akan Tsarin Ruwa na Duniya. Kimiyya, 328(5985), 1523-1528. An dawo daga: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523
Fitowar hayakin da ake fitarwa cikin sauri yana kai tekun zuwa yanayin da ba a gani ba tsawon miliyoyin shekaru kuma yana haifar da bala'i. Ya zuwa yanzu, sauyin yanayi na anthropogenic ya haifar da raguwar yawan amfanin teku, da canjin yanayin yanar gizo na abinci, rage yawan nau'in halittar muhalli, canza nau'in rarraba, da kuma yawaitar cututtuka.
Spalding, MJ, & de Fontaubert, C. (2007). Ƙimar rikici don magance Canjin Yanayi tare da Ayyukan Canjin Teku. Labari da Nazari na Bitar Dokar Muhalli. An dawo daga: https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/ocean_climate_3.pdf
Akwai daidaito a hankali tsakanin sakamakon gida da fa'idodin duniya, musamman idan aka yi la'akari da illar ayyukan iskar da makamashin igiyar ruwa. Akwai buƙatar aiwatar da hanyoyin magance rikice-rikice don aiwatar da ayyukan bakin teku da na ruwa waɗanda ke da yuwuwar yin lahani ga muhallin gida amma ya zama dole don rage dogaro da mai. Dole ne a magance sauyin yanayi kuma wasu daga cikin hanyoyin za su faru a cikin yanayin ruwa da na bakin teku, don magance tattaunawar rikice-rikice dole ne a haɗa da masu tsara manufofi, ƙungiyoyin gida, ƙungiyoyin jama'a, da kuma a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa don tabbatar da cewa za a ɗauki mafi kyawun ayyuka.
Spalding, MJ (2004, Agusta). Canjin yanayi da Teku. Ƙungiya mai ba da shawara kan bambancin Halittu. An dawo daga: http://markjspalding.com/download/publications/peer-reviewed-articles/ClimateandOceans.pdf
Teku yana ba da fa'idodi da yawa ta fuskar albarkatu, daidaita yanayin yanayi, da kyawun kwalliya. Duk da haka, ana hasashen fitar da iskar gas daga ayyukan ɗan adam zai canza yanayin yanayin teku da na ruwa da kuma ta'azzara matsalolin ruwa na gargajiya (fiye da kamun kifi da lalata muhalli). Duk da haka, akwai damar samun sauyi ta hanyar tallafin jin kai don haɗa teku da yanayi don haɓaka juriyar yanayin yanayin da ke cikin haɗari daga canjin yanayi.
Bigg, GR, Jickells, TD, Liss, PS, & Osborn, TJ (2003, Agusta 1). Matsayin Tekuna a Yanayin Yanayi. Jaridar Duniya na Climatology, 23, 1127-1159. An dawo daga: doi.org/10.1002/joc.926
Teku muhimmin bangare ne na tsarin yanayi. Yana da mahimmanci a cikin musayar duniya da sake rarraba zafi, ruwa, gas, barbashi, da motsi. Kasafin kudin ruwa na teku yana raguwa kuma shine mabuɗin mahimmanci ga digiri da tsawon rayuwar canjin yanayi.
Dore, JE, Lukas, R., Sadler, DW, & Karl, DM (2003, Agusta 14). Canje-canjen yanayin yanayi zuwa nutsewar yanayin yanayi na CO2 a cikin yankin Arewacin Tekun Pacific. Halitta, 424(6950), 754-757. An dawo daga: doi.org/10.1038/nature01885
Karɓar carbon dioxide ta ruwan teku na iya yin tasiri mai ƙarfi ta hanyar sauye-sauyen hazo na yanki da yanayin ƙawancewar yanayi da canjin yanayi ke haifarwa. Tun daga 1990, an sami raguwa mai yawa a cikin ƙarfin CO2 nutsewa, wanda ya faru ne saboda karuwar wani yanki na matsa lamba na sararin teku CO2 wanda ya haifar da evaporation da kuma haɗuwa da abubuwan solutes a cikin ruwa.
Revelle, R., & Suess, H. (1957). Musanya Carbon Dioxide Tsakanin Yanayi da Teku da Tambayar Ƙaruwa a cikin Yanayin CO2 a cikin Shekaru Goma da suka gabata. La Jolla, California: Cibiyar Scripps na Oceanography, Jami'ar California.
Adadin CO2 a cikin yanayi, farashin da hanyoyin CO2 na musayar tsakanin teku da iska, da kuma jujjuyawar carbon Organic na ruwa an yi nazari ne tun jim kaɗan bayan farkon juyin juya halin masana'antu. Konewar mai a masana'antu tun farkon juyin juya halin masana'antu, fiye da shekaru 150 da suka gabata, ya haifar da karuwar matsakaicin zafin teku, da raguwar abun da ke cikin carbon da kasa, da kuma canjin adadin kwayoyin halitta a cikin teku. Wannan daftarin aiki ya zama muhimmin ci gaba a cikin nazarin canjin yanayi kuma ya yi tasiri sosai kan nazarin kimiyya a cikin rabin karni tun lokacin da aka buga shi.
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3. Hijira na Nauyin Teku da Teku saboda Illar Canjin yanayi
Hu, S., Sprintall, J., Guan, C., McPhaden, M., Wang, F., Hu, D., Cai, W. (2020, Fabrairu 5). Zurfafa Zurfafa Gaggawar Zagayawan Ma'anar Tekun Duniya a Tsawon Shekaru Biyu da suka gabata. Ci gaban Kimiyya. Farashin 7727. https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/6/eaax7727
Teku ya fara tafiya da sauri cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata. Ƙarfafa ƙarfin motsin motsin igiyoyin teku ya samo asali ne saboda ƙarar iska ta sama da zafin zafi ke haifarwa, musamman a kewayen wurare masu zafi. Halin ya fi girma fiye da kowane sauye-sauyen yanayi wanda ke nuna karuwar saurin halin yanzu zai ci gaba a cikin dogon lokaci.
Whitcomb, I. (2019, Agusta 12). Dubban Sharks na Blacktip suna yin bazara a Long Island a karon farko. Kimiyyar Rayuwa. An dawo daga: livecience.com/sharks-vacation-in-hamptons.html
Kowace shekara, sharks na blacktip suna ƙaura zuwa arewa a lokacin rani don neman ruwan sanyi. A da, sharks za su yi lokacin bazara a bakin tekun Carolinas, amma saboda dumamar ruwa na teku, dole ne su yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa Long Island don samun isasshen ruwa. A lokacin da ake wallafawa, ko sharks suna yin ƙaura zuwa arewa da kansu ko kuma suna bin abin da suka gani a arewa.
Tsoro, D. (2019, Yuli 31). Canjin yanayi zai haifar da ƙuruciyar jarirai na kaguwa. Sa'an nan mahara za su tashi daga kudu su cinye su. Washington Post. An dawo daga: https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2019/07/31/climate-change-will-spark-blue-crab-baby-boom-then-predators-will-relocate-south-eat-them/?utm_term=.3d30f1a92d2e
Kaguwa masu shuɗi suna bunƙasa a cikin ɗumamar ruwa na Chesapeake Bay. Tare da yanayin dumamar yanayi a halin yanzu, nan ba da jimawa ba kaguwa mai shuɗi ba za su sake buƙatun tone a cikin hunturu don tsira ba, wanda zai haifar da haɓakar yawan jama'a. Haɓakar yawan jama'a na iya jawo wasu mafarauta zuwa sabon ruwa.
Furby, K. (2018, Yuni 14). Canjin yanayi yana motsa kifi da sauri fiye da yadda doka za ta iya ɗauka, in ji bincike. Washington Post. An dawo daga: washingtonpost.com/labarai/magana-kimiyya/wp/2018/06/14/canjin-yanayin-yana-motsawa-kifi-a kusa-da sauri-fiye da dokoki-zasu iya-karba-bincike-ya ce
Muhimman nau'ikan kifaye irin su salmon da mackerel suna ƙaura zuwa sabbin yankuna wanda ke buƙatar haɓaka haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa don tabbatar da yalwar. Labarin yana yin tunani game da rikice-rikicen da ka iya tasowa lokacin da nau'in jinsuna ke ketare iyakokin ƙasa daga mahallin hadewar doka, manufofi, tattalin arziki, nazarin teku, da kuma muhalli.
Poloczanska, ES, Burrows, MT, Brown, CJ, García Molinos, J., Halpern, BS, Hoegh-Goldberg, O., … & Sydeman, WJ (2016, Mayu 4). Martanin Halittun Ruwa Don Canjin Yanayi A Faɗin Teku. Ƙarfafa a Kimiyyar Ruwa, 62. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00062
Tasirin Bayanan Sauyin Yanayi na Marine (MCID) da Rahoton Kima na Biyar na Kwamitin Tsare-tsare na Gwamnati kan Canjin Yanayi ya binciko sauye-sauyen yanayin yanayin ruwa da canjin yanayi ke haifarwa. Gabaɗaya, martanin jinsunan canjin yanayi sun yi daidai da tsammanin, gami da sauye-sauye mai zurfi da sauye-sauye na rarrabawa, ci gaba a cikin ilimin phenology, raguwar ƙididdigewa, da haɓaka da yawa na nau'in ruwan dumi. Wurare da nau'in da ba su rubuta tasirin canjin yanayi ba, ba yana nufin ba a shafa su ba, sai dai har yanzu akwai gibi a cikin binciken.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2013, Satumba). Abubuwa Biyu Kan Canjin Yanayi A Tekun? Sabis na Tekun Ƙasa: Ma'aikatar Ciniki ta Amurka. An dawo daga: http://web.archive.org/web/20161211043243/http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2013/09/9_30_13two_takes_on_climate_change_in_ocean.html
Rayuwar ruwa a cikin dukkan sassan sarkar abinci tana jujjuyawa zuwa sanduna don zama sanyi yayin da abubuwa ke zafi kuma waɗannan canje-canje na iya haifar da babban sakamako na tattalin arziki. Nau'in da ke jujjuya sararin samaniya da lokaci ba duka suke faruwa a cikin taki ɗaya ba, don haka suna tarwatsa gidan yanar gizo na abinci da kuma yanayin rayuwa mai daɗi. Yanzu fiye da kowane lokaci yana da mahimmanci don hana kamun kifi da kuma ci gaba da tallafawa shirye-shiryen sa ido na dogon lokaci.
Poloczanska, E., Brown, C., Sydeman, W., Kiessling, W., Schoeman, D., Moore, P., …, & Richardson, A. (2013, Agusta 4). Alamar canjin yanayi a duniya akan rayuwar ruwa. Canjin Yanayi, 3, 919-925. An dawo daga: https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1958
A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, an sami yaɗuwar sauye-sauye na tsari a cikin phenology, demoography, da rarraba nau'ikan halittu a cikin yanayin teku. Wannan binciken ya haɗa duk binciken da ake da shi na abubuwan lura da muhalli na ruwa tare da tsammanin ƙarƙashin canjin yanayi; sun sami martanin nazarin halittun ruwa guda 1,735 wanda sauyin yanayi na gida ko na duniya shine tushen.
Koma baya
4. Hypoxia (Yankin Matattu)
Hypoxia ƙasa ce ko ƙarancin iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa. Yawancin lokaci ana danganta shi da haɓakar algae wanda ke haifar da raguwar iskar oxygen lokacin da algae ya mutu, nutsewa zuwa ƙasa, kuma ya bazu. Har ila yau, hypoxia yana daɗaɗawa da yawan abubuwan gina jiki, ruwan dumi, da sauran rushewar halittu saboda sauyin yanayi.
Slabosky, K. (2020, Agusta 18). Shin Tekun na iya Gushewa daga Oxygen?. TED-Ed. An dawo daga: https://youtu.be/ovl_XbgmCbw
Bidiyon mai rai yana bayyana yadda ake ƙirƙira hypoxia ko matattu a cikin Tekun Mexiko da bayansa. Gudun gina jiki na noma da taki shine babban abin da ke taimakawa ga yankunan da suka mutu, kuma dole ne a bullo da sabbin hanyoyin noma don kare magudanar ruwa da kuma barazana ga muhallin ruwa. Ko da yake ba a ambaci hakan ba a cikin bidiyon, dumamar yanayi da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa kuma na kara yawa da matattun wuraren da suka mutu.
Bates, N., da Johnson, R. (2020) Haɓakar ɗumamar Teku, Salinification, Deoxygenation da Acidification a cikin Fasahar Subtropical Arewacin Tekun Atlantika. Sadarwa Duniya & Muhalli. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00030-5
Yanayin sinadaran teku da yanayin jiki suna canzawa. Bayanan bayanan da aka tattara a cikin tekun Sargasso a cikin shekarun 2010 suna ba da mahimman bayanai don samfuran yanayin teku da ƙima-bayanan bayanai na shekaru goma zuwa shekaru goma na zagayowar carbon na duniya. Bates da Johnson sun gano cewa yanayin zafi da gishiri a cikin Tekun Atlantika na Subtropical na Arewacin Tekun Atlantika sun bambanta a cikin shekaru arba'in da suka gabata saboda sauye-sauyen yanayi da canje-canjen alkalinity. Babban darajar CO2 kuma acidification na teku ya faru a lokacin mafi raunin yanayi CO2 girma.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2019, Mayu 24). Menene Yankin Matattu? Sabis na Tekun Ƙasa: Ma'aikatar Ciniki ta Amurka. An dawo daga: oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/deadzone.html
Yankin da ya mutu shine kalmar gama gari don hypoxia kuma yana nufin raguwar matakin iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa wanda ke kaiwa ga hamadar halittu. Waɗannan shiyyoyin suna faruwa ne a zahiri, amma ayyukan ɗan adam suna haɓaka kuma suna haɓaka ta hanyar yanayin ruwan zafi da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa. Yawan abubuwan gina jiki da ke fita daga ƙasa zuwa magudanar ruwa shine babban dalilin karuwar matattun yankuna.
Hukumar Kare Muhalli. (2019, Afrilu 15). Gurbacewar Gina Jiki, Tasirin: Muhalli. Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka. An dawo daga: https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/effects-environment
Gurɓatar abinci mai gina jiki yana haifar da haɓakar cututtukan algal blooms (HABs), waɗanda ke da mummunan tasiri akan yanayin yanayin ruwa. HABs wani lokaci na iya haifar da gubar da ƙananan kifaye ke cinyewa kuma suna aiki da hanyarsu ta hanyar abinci kuma su zama masu lahani ga rayuwar ruwa. Ko da ba su haifar da guba ba, suna toshe hasken rana, suna toshe kifin kifi, kuma suna haifar da matattun wurare. Yankunan da suka mutu sune wuraren da ke cikin ruwa da ba su da iskar oxygen da ke samuwa lokacin da furannin algal ke cinye iskar oxygen yayin da suke mutuwa yana haifar da rayuwar ruwa ta bar yankin da abin ya shafa.
Blaszczak, JR, Delesantro, JM, Urban, DL, Doyle, MW, & Bernhardt, ES (2019). Cire ko shaƙewa: Tsarin yanayin rafi na birni yana karkata tsakanin hydrologic da narkar da iskar oxygen. Limnology da Oceanography, 64 (3), 877-894. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11081
Yankunan bakin teku ba su ne kawai wuraren da matattun yanayi ke karuwa ba saboda sauyin yanayi. Rafukan birni da koguna da ke fitar da ruwa daga wuraren da ake fataucinsu sosai wurare ne na gama gari ga wuraren da suka mutu, suna barin hoto mara kyau ga halittun ruwan da ke kiran hanyoyin ruwa na birni gida. Guguwa mai ƙarfi ta haifar da tafkunan abinci mai ɗauke da sinadari waɗanda ke zama mai ban tsoro har sai guguwa ta gaba ta fitar da tafkunan.
Breitburg, D., Levin, L., Oschiles, A., Grégoire, M., Chavez, F., Conley, D., …, & Zhang, J. (2018, Janairu 5). Ragewar iskar oxygen a cikin tekun duniya da ruwan teku. Kimiyya, 359(6371). An dawo daga: doi.org/10.1126/science.aam7240
Mafi yawa saboda ayyukan ɗan adam da suka ƙara yawan zafin jiki na duniya da kuma adadin abubuwan gina jiki da ake fitarwa a cikin ruwa na bakin teku, iskar oxygen da ke cikin tekun gabaɗaya yana raguwa aƙalla shekaru hamsin da suka gabata. Matsayin raguwar iskar oxygen a cikin teku yana da duka ilimin halitta da sakamakon muhalli akan ma'aunin yanki da na duniya.
Breitburg, D., Grégoire, M., & Isensee, K. (2018). Teku yana rasa numfashinsa: Ragewar iskar oxygen a cikin tekun duniya da ruwan teku. IOC-UNESCO, IOC Technical Series, 137. An dawo daga: https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/232562/1/Technical%20Brief_Go2NE.pdf
Oxygen yana raguwa a cikin teku kuma mutane ne babban dalilin. Wannan yana faruwa a lokacin da ake shan iskar oxygen fiye da cikawa inda dumama da haɓakar kayan abinci ke haifar da yawan amfani da iskar oxygen. Deoxygenation na iya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar kiwo mai yawa, wanda zai haifar da raguwar girma, sauye-sauyen halaye, karuwar cututtuka, musamman ga finfish da crustaceans. Ana hasashen iskar iskar oxygen za ta kara kamari a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, amma za a iya daukar matakai don yakar wannan barazana da suka hada da rage hayaki mai gurbata muhalli, da kuma bakar carbon da fitar da sinadarai masu gina jiki.
Bryant, L. (2015, Afrilu 9). Tekun 'yankin da suka mutu' bala'i na girma ga kifi. Phys.org. An dawo daga: https://phys.org/news/2015-04-ocean-dead-zones-disaster-fish.html
A tarihi, benayen teku sun ɗauki shekaru dubu don murmurewa daga lokutan da suka gabata na ƙarancin iskar oxygen, wanda kuma aka sani da matattun yankuna. Sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam da hauhawar yanayin zafi a halin yanzu matattun yankuna sun zama kashi 10% da haɓakar sararin tekun duniya. Amfani da agrochemical da sauran ayyukan ɗan adam yana haifar da hauhawar matakan phosphorus da nitrogen a cikin ruwa da ke ciyar da yankunan da suka mutu.
Koma baya
5. Illolin Ruwan Dumi
Schartup, A., Thackray, C., Quershi, A., Dassuncao, C., Gillespie, K., Hanke, A., & Sunderland, E. (2019, Agusta 7). Canjin yanayi da kifin kifaye suna haɓaka neurotoxicant a cikin maharban ruwa. Halitta, 572, 648-650. An dawo daga: doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1468-9
Kifi shine tushen tushen bayyanar ɗan adam ga methylmercury, wanda zai iya haifar da raunin neurocognitive na dogon lokaci a cikin yara waɗanda ke dagewa har zuwa girma. Tun daga shekarun 1970 an yi kiyasin karuwar kashi 56% na nama methylmercury a cikin tuna bluefin na Atlantic saboda karuwar yanayin ruwan teku.
Smale, D., Wernberg, T., Oliver, E., Thomsen, M., Harvey, B., Straub, S., …, & Moore, P. (2019, Maris 4). Zafin ruwan teku na barazana ga bambancin halittu na duniya da kuma samar da ayyukan muhalli. Canjin Yanayi, 9, 306-312. An dawo daga: yanayi.com/articles/s41558-019-0412-1
Tekun ya yi zafi sosai a cikin ƙarni da suka gabata. Zafin ruwan teku, lokacin matsanancin ɗumamar yanki, ya shafi nau'ikan tushe mai mahimmanci kamar murjani da ciyawa. Yayin da sauyin yanayi na ɗan adam ke ƙaruwa, ɗumamar ruwa da ɗumamar yanayi suna da ikon sake fasalin yanayin muhalli da tarwatsa samar da kayayyaki da sabis na muhalli.
Sanford, E., Sones, J., Garcia-Reyes, M., Goddard, J., & Largier, J. (2019, Maris 12). Yaɗuwar sauye-sauye a cikin biota na bakin teku na arewacin California a lokacin zafi na 2014-2016 na ruwa. Rahoton Kimiyya, 9(4216). An dawo daga: doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40784-3
Don mayar da martani ga tsawan lokacin zafi na ruwa, ana iya ganin ƙara yawan tarwatsa nau'ikan igiya da matsanancin canje-canje a yanayin zafin teku a nan gaba. Tsananin zafi na ruwa ya haifar da mace-mace masu yawa, furanni masu cutarwa, raguwar gadaje na kelp, da canje-canje masu yawa a cikin rarrabuwar jinsin.
Pinsky, M., Eikeset, A., McCauley, D., Payne, J., & Lahadi, J. (2019, Afrilu 24). Babban rauni ga ɗumamar ruwa da ectotherms na ƙasa. Halitta, 569, 108-111. An dawo daga: doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1132-4
Yana da mahimmanci a fahimci wane nau'in nau'in halittu da yanayin muhalli ne dumamar yanayi za ta fi shafa saboda sauyin yanayi don tabbatar da gudanarwa mai inganci. Matsakaicin ƙimar hankali ga ɗumama da saurin ƙudirin mulkin mallaka a cikin mahallin magudanar ruwa yana nuna cewa ɓarna za ta kasance mai yawa kuma jinsuna suna juyawa cikin sauri a cikin teku.
Morley, J., Selden, R., Latour, R., Frolicher, T., Seagraves, R., & Pinsky, M. (2018, Mayu 16). Canje-canje a cikin yanayin zafi don nau'ikan nau'ikan 686 akan shiryayye na nahiyar Amurka ta Arewa. PLOS DAYA. An dawo daga: doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196127
Saboda canjin yanayin yanayin teku, jinsuna sun fara canza rabe-rabensu zuwa sanduna. An yi hasashen jinsunan ruwa 686 da canjin yanayin tekun zai iya shafa. Hasashen canjin yanayi na gaba gabaɗaya ya kasance mai ɗorewa kuma yana bin iyakokin bakin teku kuma ya taimaka gano wane nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in halittu ne musamman masu saurin kamuwa da canjin yanayi.
Laffoley, D. & Baxter, JM (masu gyara). (2016). Bayanin Dumamar Teku: Dalilai, Sikeli, Tasiri da Sakamako. Cikakken rahoto. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 456 shafi. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2016.08.en
Dumamar teku tana sauri tana zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan barazanar zamaninmu kamar yadda IUCN ta ba da shawarar ƙara fahimtar tsananin tasiri, aiwatar da manufofin duniya, cikakkiyar kariya da gudanarwa, sabunta kimanta haɗarin haɗari, rufe giɓi a cikin bincike da buƙatun iyawa, da yin aiki da sauri don yin aiki. raguwa mai yawa a cikin fitar da iskar gas.
Hughes, T., Kerry, J., Baird, A., Connolly, S., Dietzel, A., Eakin, M., Heron, S., …, & Torda, G. (2018, Afrilu 18). Dumamar duniya tana canza tarin murjani reef. yanayi, 556, 492-496. An dawo daga: yanayi.com/articles/s41586-018-0041-2?dom=scribd&src=syn
A cikin 2016, Babban Barrier Reef ya sami rikodin rikodi na zafin teku. Binciken na fatan dinke gibin dake tsakanin ka'idar da aikin nazarin kasadar rugujewar yanayin halittu don hasashen yadda al'amuran dumamar yanayi za su iya shafar al'ummomin murjani reef. Suna ayyana matakai daban-daban, suna gano manyan direban, kuma suna kafa ƙofofin rushewar ƙididdiga.
Gramling, C. (2015, Nuwamba 13). Yadda Dumama Ruwan Ruwa Ya Fitar da Ruwan Kankara. Kimiyya, 350(6262), 728. An ɗauko daga: DOI: 10.1126/kimiyya.350.6262.728
Gilashin glacier na Greenland yana zubar da kankara na kilomita a cikin teku a kowace shekara saboda ruwan tekun mai dumi yana lalata shi. Abin da ke faruwa a ƙarƙashin ƙanƙara ya fi tayar da hankali, saboda ruwan tekun mai dumi ya lalata dusar ƙanƙara mai nisa da zai raba shi daga sill. Wannan zai sa dusar ƙanƙara ta ja da baya har ma da sauri kuma yana haifar da ƙararrawa mai girma game da yuwuwar hawan matakin teku.
Precht, W., Gintert, B., Robbart, M., Fur, R., & van Woesik, R. (2016). Mutuwar Coral Mutuwar Cutar da Ba a taɓa ganin ta ba a Kudu maso Gabashin Florida. Rahoton Kimiyya, 6(31375). An dawo daga: https://www.nature.com/articles/srep31374
Bleaching na murjani, cututtukan murjani, da abubuwan da ke faruwa na mace-macen murjani suna karuwa saboda yawan zafin ruwa da ake dangantawa da canjin yanayi. Duban manyan matakan da ba a saba gani ba na cututtukan murjani a kudu maso gabashin Florida a cikin 2014, labarin ya danganta babban matakin mace-macen murjani zuwa yankunan murjani masu tsananin zafi.
Friedland, K., Kane, J., Hare, J., Lough, G., Fratanoni, P., Fogarty, M., & Nye, J. (2013, Satumba). Matsakaicin wurin zama na thermal akan nau'in zooplankton da ke da alaƙa da kodin Atlantika (Gadus morhua) akan Shelf Continental na Amurka na Arewa maso Gabas. Ci gaba a cikin Oceanography, 116, 1-13. An dawo daga: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.05.011
A cikin yanayin muhallin Amurka na Arewa maso Gabas Continental Shelf akwai wurare daban-daban na thermal, kuma karuwar zafin ruwa yana yin tasiri ga adadin waɗannan wuraren. Yawan ɗumi, wuraren zama na saman sun ƙaru yayin da wuraren ruwan sanyi ya ragu. Wannan yana da yuwuwar rage girman adadin Atlantika kamar yadda canjin yanayin zafi ya shafa zooplankton abincin su.
Koma baya
6. Asarar Rayayyun halittun ruwa saboda Sauyin yanayi
Brito-Morales, I., Schoeman, D., Molinos, J., Burrows, M., Klein, C., Arafeh-Dalmau, N., Kaschner, K., Garilao, C., Kesner-Reyes, K. , da Richardson, A. (2020, Maris 20). Gudun Yanayi Yana Nuna Ƙarfafa Bayyanar Halittar Halittu Mai Zurfin Teku zuwa ɗumamar Gaba. Yanayi. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0773-5
Masu bincike sun gano cewa saurin yanayi na zamani - ruwan zafi - sun fi sauri a cikin zurfin teku fiye da saman. Binciken yanzu ya yi hasashen cewa tsakanin 2050 zuwa 2100 dumamar yanayi zai faru da sauri a duk matakan ginshiƙin ruwa, sai dai saman. Sakamakon dumamar yanayi, za a yi barazana ga bambancin halittu a kowane mataki, musamman a zurfin tsakanin mita 200 zuwa 1,000. Don rage yawan dumamar yanayi ya kamata a sanya a kan cin gajiyar albarkatun zurfin teku ta hanyar kamun kifi da ma'adinai, hydrocarbon da sauran ayyukan hakowa. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya samun ci gaba ta hanyar faɗaɗa hanyoyin sadarwa na manyan MPA a cikin zurfin teku.
Riskas, K. (2020, Yuni 18). Shellfish Noma Ba Ya da Kariya ga Canjin Yanayi. Kimiyyar Teku da Al'ummomin Hakai. PDF.
Biliyoyin mutane a duk duniya suna samun furotin daga yanayin ruwa, duk da haka an shimfiɗa kamun daji. Aquaculture yana ƙara cike giɓi kuma sarrafawar samarwa na iya inganta ingancin ruwa da rage yawan abubuwan gina jiki waɗanda ke haifar da furen algal mai cutarwa. Duk da haka, yayin da ruwa ya zama acidic kuma yayin da ruwan dumi ya canza girma plankton, noman kifaye da mollusk suna fuskantar barazana. Riskas ya yi hasashen cewa noman kiwo na mollusk zai fara raguwa a cikin noma a shekarar 2060, tare da wasu kasashe da abin ya shafa tun da farko, musamman kasashe masu tasowa da marasa ci gaba.
Rikodi, N., Runge, J., Pendleton, D., Balch, W., Davies, K., Pershing, A., …, & Thompson C. (2019, Mayu 3). Canje-canjen Canje-canjen Canje-canjen Canje-canjen Canje-canjen Yanayi Mai Sauƙi Barazana Kiyayewar Arewacin Atlantika Mai Haɗari. Oceanography, 32(2), 162-169. An dawo daga: doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2019.201
Canjin yanayi yana haifar da yanayin canjin yanayi cikin sauri don canza jihohi, wanda ke haifar da yawancin dabarun kiyayewa bisa tsarin tarihi marasa tasiri. Tare da yanayin zafi mai zurfi da ke ɗumamar farashin ruwa sau biyu, nau'in nau'in kamar Calanus finmarchicus, abinci mai mahimmanci ga Arewacin tekun Atlantika, sun canza tsarin ƙaura. Whales na Arewacin Atlantic suna bin ganimarsu daga hanyar ƙaura na tarihi, suna canza yanayin, don haka suna jefa su cikin haɗari don jigilar jiragen ruwa ko haɗa kayan aiki a cikin dabarun kiyayewa ba su kare su ba.
Díaz, SM, Settele, J., Brondízio, E., Ngo, H., Guèze, M., Agard, J., … & Zayas, C. (2019). Rahoton Ƙimar Duniya akan Sabis na Ƙirar Halittu da Tsarin Muhalli: Takaitawa ga Masu Manufa. IBEES. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3553579.
Tsakanin nau'in rabin miliyan da miliyan daya na fuskantar barazanar bacewa a duniya. A cikin teku, ayyukan kamun kifi marasa dorewa, sauye-sauyen amfani da ƙasa da teku, da sauyin yanayi suna haifar da asarar nau'ikan halittu. Teku na buƙatar ƙarin kariya da ƙarin ɗaukar hoto na Yankin Kariyar Ruwa.
Abreu, A., Bowler, C., Claudet, J., Zinger, L., Paoli, L., Salazar, G., da Sunagawa, S. (2019). Gargadin Masana Kimiyya akan Mu'amala Tsakanin Tekun Plankton da Canjin Yanayi. Foundation Tara Ocean.
Nazarin biyu da ke amfani da bayanai daban-daban duka sun nuna cewa tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan rarraba da adadin nau'in planktonic zai fi girma a yankunan polar. Wannan yana yiwuwa saboda yanayin zafi mafi girma (a kusa da equator) yana haifar da karuwar nau'o'in nau'in planktonic wanda zai iya zama mafi kusantar tsira daga canjin yanayin ruwa, kodayake dukkanin al'ummomin planktonic zasu iya daidaitawa. Don haka, canjin yanayi yana aiki azaman ƙarin damuwa ga nau'ikan. Lokacin da aka haɗa shi da wasu canje-canje a wuraren zama, gidan yanar gizon abinci, da nau'ikan rarraba ƙarin damuwa na canjin yanayi na iya haifar da manyan canje-canje a cikin kaddarorin halittu. Don magance wannan matsala mai girma akwai buƙatar inganta ilimin kimiyya/siyasa inda masana kimiyya da masu tsara manufofi suka tsara tambayoyin bincike tare.
Bryndum-Buchholz, A., Tittensor, D., Blanchard, J., Cheung, W., Coll, M., Galbraith, E., …, & Lotze, H. (2018, Nuwamba 8). Sauyin yanayi na ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya yana tasiri kan halittun dabbobin ruwa da tsarin yanayin yanayin raƙuman teku. Canjin Halittar Duniya, 25(2), 459-472. An dawo daga: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14512
Canjin yanayi yana shafar yanayin halittar na yau da kullun dangane da farko, zazzabi na teku, nau'in rarraba, da kuma yalwata a cikin Sikeli da na duniya. Waɗannan canje-canje suna canza tsarin yanayin yanayin ruwa da aiki sosai. Wannan binciken yana nazarin martanin halittun dabbobin ruwa don mayar da martani ga waɗannan matsalolin canjin yanayi.
Niiler, E. (2018, Maris 8). Ƙarin Sharks Masu Kauracewa Hijira na Shekara-shekara azaman Dumin Teku. National Geographic. An dawo daga: nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/03/animals-sharks-oceans-global-warming/
Maza shark sharks a tarihi sun yi ƙaura zuwa kudu a cikin watanni mafi sanyi na shekara don saduwa da mata a gabar tekun Florida. Wadannan sharks suna da mahimmanci ga yanayin yanayin bakin teku na Florida: Ta hanyar cin kifin rauni da marasa lafiya, suna taimakawa wajen daidaita matsa lamba akan raƙuman murjani da ciyawa. Kwanan nan, kifin sharks na maza sun yi nisa zuwa arewa yayin da ruwan arewa ya yi zafi. Ba tare da ƙaura zuwa kudu ba, mazan ba za su yi aure ba ko kare yanayin yanayin gabar tekun Florida.
Worm, B., & Lotze, H. (2016). Canjin Yanayi: Tasirin da Aka Gani akan Duniyar Duniya, Babi na 13 – Rarraba Halittar Ruwa da Canjin Yanayi. Sashen nazarin halittu, Jami'ar Dalhousie, Halifax, NS, Kanada. An dawo daga: sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444635242000130
Kifi na dogon lokaci da bayanan sa ido na plankton sun ba da mafi kyawun shaida don sauye-sauyen yanayi a cikin tarin nau'ikan. Babin ya ƙarasa da cewa kiyaye rayayyun halittun ruwa na iya samar da mafi kyawun kariya ga saurin sauyin yanayi.
McCauley, D., Pinsky, M., Palumbi, S., Estes, J., Joyce, F., & Warner, R. (2015, Janairu 16). Rashin mutuncin ruwa: Asarar dabba a cikin tekun duniya. Kimiyya, 347(6219). An dawo daga: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6219/1255641
Mutane sun yi matukar tasiri ga namun dajin ruwa da aiki da tsarin teku. Rage cin mutuncin ruwa, ko asarar dabbar da ɗan adam ya haifar a cikin teku, ya bayyana ne ɗaruruwan shekaru da suka wuce. Canjin yanayi na barazanar kara zage-zage a cikin ruwa a karni na gaba. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da asarar namun daji a cikin ruwa shine lalacewar muhalli saboda sauyin yanayi, wanda za'a iya kauce masa tare da sa baki da kuma maidowa.
Deutsch, C., Ferrel, A., Seibel, B., Portner, H., & Huey, R. (2015, Yuni 05). Canjin yanayi yana ƙarfafa ƙuntatawa na rayuwa akan wuraren zama na ruwa. Kimiyya, 348(6239), 1132-1135. An dawo daga: science.sciencemag.org/content/348/6239/1132
Dukansu ɗumamar teku da asarar iskar oxygen za su canza yanayin yanayin ruwa sosai. A cikin wannan karni, ana hasashen ma'aunin yanayin rayuwa na babban teku zai ragu da kashi 20% a duniya da kashi 50% a yankuna masu tsayin daka na arewa. Wannan yana tilasta ƙulla igiya da ƙanƙara a tsaye na wuraren zama na rayuwa da jeri. Ka'idar rayuwa ta ilimin halittu tana nuna cewa girman jiki da zafin jiki suna tasiri ga adadin kuzarin kwayoyin halitta, wanda zai iya yin bayanin sauye-sauye a cikin nau'ikan halittun dabbobi lokacin da yanayin zafi ya canza ta hanyar samar da mafi kyawun yanayi ga wasu kwayoyin halitta.
Marcogilese, DJ (2008). Tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan cututtuka da cututtuka na dabbobin ruwa. Binciken Kimiyya da Fasaha na Ofishin International des Epizooties (Paris), 27(2), 467-484. An dawo daga: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/219d/8e86f333f2780174277b5e8c65d1c2aca36c.pdf
dumamar yanayi za ta yi tasiri kai tsaye da kuma a kaikaice, wanda zai iya rugujewa ta gidajen abinci tare da sakamako ga dukkan halittu. Hanyoyin watsawa na ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da zafin jiki, yawan zafin jiki yana ƙara yawan watsawa. Wasu shaidun kuma suna nuna cewa virulence yana da alaƙa kai tsaye.
Barry, JP, Baxter, CH, Sagarin, RD, & Gilman, SE (1995, Fabrairu 3). Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da yanayi, canje-canjen faunal na dogon lokaci a cikin al'ummar tsakiyar dutsen California. Kimiyya, 267(5198), 672-675. An dawo daga: doi.org/10.1126/kimiyya.267.5198.672
Dabbobin da ba su da invertebrate a cikin al'ummar California rocky intertidal community sun koma arewa lokacin da aka kwatanta lokutan nazari guda biyu, ɗaya daga 1931-1933 da ɗayan daga 1993-1994. Wannan sauyi na arewa ya yi daidai da hasashen canjin da ke da alaƙa da ɗumamar yanayi. Lokacin kwatanta yanayin zafi daga lokutan nazarin biyu, matsakaicin matsakaicin yanayin bazara a cikin lokacin 1983-1993 ya kasance 2.2˚C mai zafi fiye da matsakaicin matsakaicin yanayin bazara daga 1921-1931.
Koma baya
7. Illar Canjin Yanayi Akan Murjani Reefs
Figueiredo, J., Thomas, CJ, Deleersnijder, E., Lambrechts, J., Baird, AH, Connolly, SR, & Hanert, E. (2022). Dumamar Duniya Yana Rage Haɗuwa Tsakanin Al'ummar Coral. Yanayin Canjin yanayi, 12 (1), 83-87
Haɓaka yanayin zafi na duniya yana kashe murjani da raguwar haɗin gwiwar jama'a. Haɗin murjani shine yadda ake musayar murjani guda ɗaya da kwayoyin halittarsu a tsakanin ɓangarorin ɓangarorin yanki, wanda zai iya yin tasiri sosai ga ikon murjani don murmurewa bayan rikice-rikice (kamar waɗanda ke haifar da canjin yanayi) ya dogara sosai akan haɗin reef. Don sanya kariya ta fi tasiri wurare tsakanin wuraren da aka kiyaye ya kamata a rage don tabbatar da haɗin kai.
Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN). (2021, Oktoba). Matsayi na Shida na Murjani na Duniya: Rahoton 2020. GCRMN. PDF.
Rukunin murjani na tekun ya ragu da kashi 14% tun daga shekarar 2009 musamman saboda sauyin yanayi. Wannan raguwa shine sanadin babbar damuwa yayin da murjani ba su da isasshen lokaci don murmurewa tsakanin abubuwan da suka faru na bleaching.
Principe, SC, Acosta, AL, Andrade, JE, & Lotufo, T. (2021). Canje-canjen da aka yi hasashen a cikin Rarraba Murjani na Gine-ginen Ruwan Tekun Atlantika a Fuskar Canjin Yanayi. Ƙarfafa a Kimiyyar Ruwa, 912.
Wasu nau'ikan murjani suna taka rawa ta musamman a matsayin masu ginin reef, kuma canje-canje a cikin rarraba su saboda sauyin yanayi yana zuwa tare da tasirin yanayin muhalli. Wannan binciken ya ƙunshi tsinkaya na yanzu da na gaba na nau'ikan magini na Tekun Atlantika guda uku waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga lafiyar yanayin muhalli gabaɗaya. Ruwan murjani a cikin tekun Atlantika yana buƙatar ayyukan kiyayewa cikin gaggawa da ingantaccen shugabanci don tabbatar da rayuwarsu da farfaɗowa ta hanyar canjin yanayi.
Brown, K., Bender-Champ, D., Kenyon, T., Rémond, C., Hoegh-Goldberg, O., & Dove, S. (2019, Fabrairu 20). Tasirin ɗan lokaci na ɗumamar teku da acidification akan gasar murjani-algal. Coral Reefs, 38(2), 297-309. An dawo daga: link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00338-019-01775-y
Coral reefs da algae suna da mahimmanci ga halittun teku kuma suna cikin gasa da juna saboda ƙarancin albarkatu. Sakamakon dumamar ruwa da acidity sakamakon sauyin yanayi, ana sauya wannan gasa. Don magance haɗewar tasirin ɗumamar teku da acidification, an gudanar da gwaje-gwaje, amma ko da ingantaccen photosynthesis bai isa ya daidaita tasirin ba kuma duka murjani da algae sun rage tsira, ƙididdigewa, da ikon hoto.
Bruno, J., Côté, I., & Toth, L. (2019, Janairu). Canjin Yanayi, Asarar Murjani, da Ma'anar Mahimmanci na Tsarin Kifi na Parrot: Me yasa Yankunan Kare Ruwa Ba Su Inganta Reef Ref? Bita na Shekara-shekara na Kimiyyar Ruwa, 11, 307-334. An dawo daga: annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-marine-010318-095300
Sauyin yanayi yana lalata murjani da ke gina ruwa. Don magance wannan, an kafa wuraren da aka kare ruwa, kuma an bi kariyar kifin tsiro. Sauran suna ganin cewa waɗannan dabarun ba su da wani tasiri a kan juriyar murjani gabaɗaya saboda babban abin da ke damun su shine hauhawar zafin teku. Don ajiye murjani na ginin reef, ƙoƙarin yana buƙatar wuce matakin gida. Canjin yanayi na Anthropogenic yana buƙatar magance gaba-gaba domin shine tushen ɓarkewar murjani a duniya.
Cheal, A., MacNeil, A., Emslie, M., & Sweatman, H. (2017, Janairu 31). Barazana ga murjani reefs daga mafi tsananin guguwa a ƙarƙashin canjin yanayi. Canjin Halittar Duniya. An dawo daga: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.13593
Canjin yanayi yana haɓaka ƙarfin guguwa da ke haifar da lalata murjani. Yayin da mitar guguwar ba zai iya ƙaruwa ba, ƙarfin guguwar zai kasance sakamakon ɗumamar yanayi. Ƙaruwar ƙarfin guguwar zai ƙara haɓaka rugujewar ruwan murjani da jinkirin dawowa bayan guguwar saboda guguwar ta shafe bambancin halittu.
Hughes, T., Barnes, M., Bellwood, D., Cinner, J., Cumming, G., Jackson, J., & Scheffer, M. (2017, Mayu 31). Coral reefs a cikin Anthropocene. Halitta, 546, 82-90. An dawo daga: yanayi.com/articles/nature22901
Reefs suna raguwa cikin sauri don mayar da martani ga jerin direbobin ɗan adam. Saboda haka, mayar da reefs zuwa tsarin su na baya ba zaɓi bane. Don yaƙar lalata reef, wannan labarin yana kira ga sauye-sauye masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin kimiyya da gudanarwa don tafiyar da raƙuman ruwa ta wannan zamanin yayin da suke ci gaba da aikin ilimin halitta.
Hoegh-Goldberg, O., Poloczanska, E., Skirving, W., & Dove, S. (2017, Mayu 29). Coral Reef Ecosystems ƙarƙashin Canjin Yanayi da Acidification Teku. Ƙarfafa a Kimiyyar Ruwa. An dawo daga: frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2017.00158/full
Nazarin ya fara hasashen kawar da yawancin murjani mai dumin ruwa nan da 2040-2050 (ko da yake murjani ruwan sanyi suna cikin ƙananan haɗari). Sun bayyana cewa, sai dai idan ba a samu ci gaba cikin gaggawa wajen rage fitar da hayaki ba, al'ummomin da suka dogara da rafukan murjani na rayuwa za su iya fuskantar talauci, rugujewar al'umma, da rashin tsaro a yankin.
Hughes, T., Kerry, J., & Wilson, S. (2017, Maris 16). Dumamar duniya da yawaitar bleaching na murjani. yanayi, 543, 373-377. An dawo daga: nature.com/articles/nature21707?dom=icopyright&src=syn
Abubuwan da suka faru na bleaching na yau da kullun na baya-bayan nan sun bambanta sosai cikin tsanani. Yin amfani da bincike na raƙuman ruwa na Australiya da yanayin yanayin teku, labarin ya bayyana cewa ingancin ruwa da matsa lamba na kamun kifi yana da ƙarancin tasiri akan bleaching a cikin 2016, yana nuna cewa yanayin gida yana ba da kariya kaɗan daga matsanancin zafi.
Torda, G., Donelson, J., Aranda, M., Barshis, D., Bay, L., Berumen, M., …, & Munday, P. (2017). Amsoshin saurin daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi a cikin murjani. yanayi, 7, 627-636. An dawo daga: yanayi.com/articles/nclimate3374
Ƙarfin murjani na murjani don dacewa da canjin yanayi zai zama mahimmanci don tsara makomar rafin. Wannan labarin yana nutsewa cikin filastik transgenerational tsakanin murjani da rawar epigenetics da ƙwayoyin cuta masu alaƙa da murjani a cikin tsari.
Anthony, K. (2016, Nuwamba). Coral Reefs Karkashin Canjin Yanayi da Tsabtace Teku: Kalubale da Dama don Gudanarwa da Manufa. Binciken Muhalli da Albarkatun Shekara-shekara. An dawo daga: annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085610
Idan aka yi la'akari da saurin lalacewa na murjani reefs saboda sauyin yanayi da acidification na teku, wannan labarin ya ba da shawarar ingantattun manufofi don shirye-shiryen gudanarwa na yanki da na gida wanda zai iya inganta matakan dorewa.
Hoey, A., Howells, E., Johansen, J., Hobbs, JP, Messmer, V., McCowan, DW, & Pratchett, M. (2016, Mayu 18). Ci gaba na Kwanan nan a Fahimtar Tasirin Sauyin Yanayi akan Murjani Reefs. Banbancin ra'ayi. An dawo daga: mdpi.com/1424-2818/8/2/12
Shaidu sun nuna cewa raƙuman ruwa na murjani na iya samun ɗan ƙarfin da zai iya amsa ɗumamar yanayi, amma ba a sani ba ko waɗannan gyare-gyare za su iya dacewa da saurin canjin yanayi. Koyaya, tasirin sauyin yanayi yana haɓaka ta hanyar wasu rikice-rikice iri-iri na ɗan adam waɗanda ke sa ya zama da wahala ga murjani su amsa.
Ainsworth, T., Heron, S., Ortiz, JC, Mumby, P., Grech, A., Ogawa, D., Eakin, M., & Leggat, W. (2016, Afrilu 15). Canjin yanayi yana hana kariyar bleaching na murjani akan Babban Barrier Reef. Kimiyya, 352(6283), 338-342. An dawo daga: science.sciencemag.org/content/352/6283/338
Halin yanayin zafin jiki na yanzu, wanda ke hana haɓakawa, ya haifar da ƙara yawan bleaching da mutuwar kwayoyin coral. Wadannan illolin sun kasance mafi matsananci a farkon shekarar 2016 El Nino.
Graham, N., Jennings, S., MacNeil, A., Mouillot, D., & Wilson, S. (2015, Fabrairu 05). Hasashen tsarin mulki da sauyin yanayi ke motsawa tare da yuwuwar sake dawowa a cikin murjani reefs. Halitta, 518, 94-97. An dawo daga: yanayi.com/articles/nature14140
Bleaching na murjani saboda sauyin yanayi na ɗaya daga cikin manyan barazanar da ke fuskantar tsaunukan murjani. Wannan labarin yayi la'akari da martani na dogon lokaci na reef ga manyan yanayin da ke haifar da murjani na murjani na Indo-Pacific kuma yana gano halayen raƙuman ruwa waɗanda ke son sake dawowa. Marubutan suna nufin yin amfani da bincikensu don sanar da mafi kyawun ayyukan gudanarwa na gaba.
Spalding, MD, & B. Brown. (2015, Nuwamba 13). Dumi-ruwa murjani reefs da sauyin yanayi. Kimiyya, 350(6262), 769-771. An dawo daga: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/350/6262/769
Coral reefs suna tallafawa manyan tsarin rayuwar ruwa tare da samar da ayyuka masu mahimmanci ga miliyoyin mutane. Duk da haka, sanannen barazanar kamar kifin kifaye da gurɓata yanayi suna haɗuwa da sauyin yanayi, musamman ɗumamar ruwa da acid ɗin teku don ƙara lalacewa ga raƙuman murjani. Wannan labarin yana ba da taƙaitaccen bayani game da tasirin sauyin yanayi akan raƙuman murjani.
Hoegh-Goldberg, O., Eakin, CM, Hodgson, G., Sale, PF, & Veron, JEN (2015, Disamba). Canjin Yanayi Yana Barazana Rayuwar Murjani Reefs. Bayanin Ijma'i na ISRS akan Murjani Bleaching & Canjin Yanayi. An dawo daga: https://www.icriforum.org/sites/default/files/2018%20ISRS%20Consensus%20Statement%20on%20Coral%20Bleaching%20%20Climate%20Change%20final_0.pdf
Coral reefs suna ba da kayayyaki da ayyuka masu daraja aƙalla dalar Amurka biliyan 30 a kowace shekara kuma suna tallafawa aƙalla mutane miliyan 500 a duk duniya. Sakamakon sauyin yanayi, raƙuman ruwa na fuskantar babbar barazana idan ba a ɗauki matakan daƙile hayaƙin carbon a duniya nan take ba. An fitar da wannan sanarwa a layi daya da taron sauyin yanayi na Paris a watan Disamba 2015.
Koma baya
8. Illar Sauyin Yanayi Akan Arctic da Antarctic
Sohail, T., Zika, J., Irving, D., da Church, J. (2022, Fabrairu 24). Duban Jirgin Ruwa na Poleward Tun daga 1970. Nature. Vol. 602, 617-622. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04370-w
Tsakanin 1970 da 2014 tsananin yanayin ruwan duniya ya karu da kashi 7.4%, wanda tsarin da ya gabata ya nuna kiyasin karuwar kashi 2-4%. Ana ja da ruwan dumi zuwa ga sandunan da ke canza yanayin tekunmu, abun cikin ruwa mai kyau, da gishiri. Ƙara ƙarfin sauye-sauye ga zagayowar ruwa na duniya na iya sa wuraren busassun bushewa su zama bushewa da bushewar wuri.
Moon, TA, ML Druckenmiller., Da RL Thoman, Eds. (2021, Disamba). Katin Rahoton Arctic: Sabunta don 2021. NOAA. https://doi.org/10.25923/5s0f-5163
Katin Rahoton Arctic na 2021 (ARC2021) da bidiyon da aka makala ya kwatanta cewa saurin ɗumamawa da faɗar yana ci gaba da haifar da rushewa ga rayuwar tekun Arctic. Abubuwan da ke da faɗin Arctic sun haɗa da korewar tundra, haɓaka kogin Arctic, asarar ƙarar ƙanƙara, hayaniyar teku, faɗaɗa kewayon beaver, da haɗarin glacier permafrost.
Strycker, N., Wethington, M., Borowicz, A., Forrest, S., Witharana, C., Hart, T., da H. Lynch. (2020). Kimanta Yawan Jama'a na Duniya na Chinstrap Penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica). Rahoton Kimiyya Vol. 10, Labari na 19474. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76479-3
Chinstrap penguins sun dace da yanayin Antarctic na musamman; duk da haka, masu bincike suna ba da rahoton raguwar yawan jama'a a cikin 45% na mazaunan penguin tun daga 1980s. Masu bincike sun gano ƙarin adadin 23 na chinstrap penguins da suka tafi yayin balaguro a cikin Janairu na 2020. Duk da yake ba a samun ainihin kima a wannan lokacin, kasancewar wuraren da aka yi watsi da su yana nuna raguwar ya yaɗu. An yi imanin cewa ruwan zafi yana rage ƙanƙarar teku da phytoplankton wanda krill ya dogara da abinci shine abincin farko na chinstrap penguins. An ba da shawarar cewa acidification na teku na iya shafar ikon penguin na haifuwa.
Smith, B., Fricker, H., Gardner, A., Medley, B., Nilsson, J., Paolo, F., Holschuh, N., Adusumilli, S., Brunt, K., Csatho, B., Harbeck, K., Markus, T., Neumann, T., Siegfried M., da Zwally, H. (2020, Afrilu). Babban Asarar Takardun Kankara Yana Nuna Gasar Teku da Tsarukan Yanayi. Mujallar Kimiyya. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz5845
NASA's Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite-2, ko ICESat-2, wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2018, yanzu yana ba da bayanan juyin juya hali akan narke glacial. Masu binciken sun gano cewa a tsakanin 2003 da 2009 isassun kankara ya narke don tada matakin teku da nisan milimita 14 daga filayen kankara na Greenland da Antarctic.
Rohling, E., Hibbert, F., Grant, K., Galaasen, E., Irval, N., Kleiven, H., Marino, G., Ninnemann, U., Roberts, A., Rosenthal, Y., Schulz, H., Williams, F., da Yu, J. (2019). Gudunmawar Asynchronous Antarctic da Girman Kankara na Greenland zuwa Babban Tsawon Kankara na Tekun Interglacial na Ƙarshe. Sadarwar yanayi 10:5040 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12874-3
Lokaci na ƙarshe da matakan teku suka tashi sama da matakin da suke a yanzu shine lokacin lokacin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin ƙarshe, kusan shekaru 130,000-118,000 da suka gabata. Masu bincike sun gano cewa matakin farko na matakin teku (sama da 0m) a ~ 129.5 zuwa ~ 124.5 ka da kuma matakin teku na interglacial na karshe ya tashi tare da ma'anar abin da ya faru na tashin 2.8, 2.3, da 0.6mc-1. Hashirin matakin teku na gaba na iya kasancewa ta hanyar ƙara saurin hasarar ɗimbin yawa daga Sheet Ice na Yammacin Antarctic. Akwai yuwuwar haɓaka matsananciyar hawan teku a nan gaba bisa bayanan tarihi daga lokacin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin ƙarshe.
Tasirin Canjin Yanayi akan nau'ikan Arctic. (2019) Takardun gaskiya daga Cibiyar Aspen & SeaWeb. An dawo daga: https://assets.aspeninstitute.org/content/uploads/files/content/upload/ee_3.pdf
Taswirar gaskiyar da ke nuna ƙalubalen binciken Arctic, ɗan ɗan gajeren lokacin da aka gudanar da nazarin nau'ikan nau'ikan, da kuma nuna illar asarar kankarar teku da sauran tasirin sauyin yanayi.
Kirista, C. (2019, Janairu) Canjin yanayi da Antarctic. Haɗin gwiwar Antarctic & Kudancin Tekun. An dawo daga https://www.asoc.org/advocacy/climate-change-and-the-antarctic
Wannan labarin na taƙaitaccen bayani yana ba da kyakkyawar bayyani game da tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan Antarctic da tasirinsa ga nau'in ruwa a can. Yankin Yammacin Antarctic na Yamma yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da ake ɗumamawa a Duniya, tare da wasu yankuna na Arctic Circle ne kaɗai ke fuskantar yanayin zafi da sauri. Wannan saurin dumamar yanayi yana shafar kowane matakin gidan yanar gizon abinci a cikin ruwan Antarctic.
Katz, C. (2019, Mayu 10) Ruwan Baƙi: Tekuna Maƙwabta suna Gudu a cikin Tekun Arctic mai dumama. Yale Environment 360. An dawo daga https://e360.yale.edu/features/alien-waters-neighboring-seas-are-flowing-into-a-warming-arctic-ocean
Labarin yayi magana akan "Atlantification" da "Pacification" na Tekun Arctic a matsayin ruwan zafi da ke ba da damar sababbin nau'in yin ƙaura zuwa arewa da kuma rushe ayyukan halittu da kuma yanayin rayuwa wanda ya samo asali a cikin lokaci a cikin Tekun Arctic.
MacGilchrist, G., Naveira-Garabato, AC, Brown, PJ, Juillion, L., Bacon, S., & Bakker, DCE (2019, Agusta 28). Reframing da carbon zagayowar na subpolar Kudancin Tekun. Ci gaban Kimiyya, 5(8), 6410. An karbo daga: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav6410
Sauyin yanayi na duniya yana da matuƙar kula da yanayin yanayin jiki da na halittu a cikin tekun Kudancin tekun subpolar, saboda a can ne zurfin ƙasa mai arzikin carbon da ke fitowa daga cikin tekun duniya tare da musayar carbon da yanayi. Don haka, yadda ɗaukar carbon ke aiki a can musamman dole ne a fahimci shi da kyau a matsayin hanyar fahimtar canjin yanayi na baya da na gaba. Dangane da binciken da suka yi, marubutan sun yi imanin cewa tsarin al'ada don zagayowar carbon na Kudancin Tekun Kudancin yana ba da cikakken bayani game da direbobin ɗaukar carbon na yanki. Abubuwan lura a cikin Weddell Gyre sun nuna cewa an saita ƙimar ɗaukar carbon ta hanyar yin mu'amala tsakanin kewayawar Gyre a kwance da sakewa a tsakiyar zurfin carbon carbon da aka samo daga samar da kwayoyin halitta a tsakiyar gyre.
Woodgate, R. (2018, Janairu) Ƙaruwa a cikin tekun Pacific zuwa Arctic daga 1990 zuwa 2015, da fahimtar yanayin yanayi da hanyoyin tuki daga bayanan Bering Strait na shekara-shekara. Ci gaba a cikin Oceanography, 160, 124-154 An karbo daga: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079661117302215
Tare da wannan binciken, wanda aka gudanar ta hanyar amfani da bayanai daga buoys mooring na shekara-shekara a cikin Tekun Bering, marubucin ya tabbatar da cewa kwararar ruwa ta hanyar madaidaiciya ya karu sosai fiye da shekaru 15, kuma canjin bai kasance saboda iska na gida ko wani yanayi na kowane mutum ba. abubuwan da suka faru, amma saboda ruwan dumi. Haɓakar haɓakar sufuri daga maɓuɓɓugar arewa masu ƙarfi (ba ƙarancin abubuwan da ke gudana a kudu ba), yana haifar da haɓaka 150% a cikin kuzarin motsa jiki, mai yiwuwa tare da tasiri akan dakatarwar ƙasa, gaurayawa, da zazzagewa. An kuma lura cewa zafin ruwan da ke gudana a arewa ya yi zafi sama da digiri 0 a cikin karin kwanaki nan da shekarar 2015 fiye da farkon bayanan.
Dutse, DP (2015). Canza Muhallin Arctic. New York, New York: Jami'ar Cambridge University Press.
Tun bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu, yanayin Arctic yana fuskantar sauyi da ba a taɓa gani ba saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Halin da ake ganin ba a taɓa gani ba na arctic yana kuma nuna yawan sinadarai masu guba da kuma ɗumamar ɗumamar da ta fara haifar da mummunar illa ga yanayin sauran sassan duniya. An fada ta hanyar Manzo na Arctic, marubuci David Stone yayi nazarin sa ido na kimiyya kuma ƙungiyoyi masu tasiri sun haifar da ayyukan shari'a na duniya don rage cutar da yanayin arctic.
Wohlforth, C. (2004). Whale da Supercomputer: A Arewacin Gaban Canjin Yanayi. New York: Arewa Point Press.
Whale da Supercomputer suna saka labarun sirri na masana kimiyya da ke binciken yanayi tare da abubuwan Inupiat na arewacin Alaska. Littafin ya bayyana daidai da ayyukan whaling da ilimin gargajiya na Inupiaq kamar yadda bayanai ke tafiyar da matakan dusar ƙanƙara, narkewar glacial, albedo - wato, hasken da duniya ke nunawa- da canje-canjen halittu da ake iya gani a cikin dabbobi da kwari. Bayanin al'adun biyu yana ba wa waɗanda ba masana kimiyya damar yin alaƙa da misalan farko na canjin yanayi da ke shafar muhalli.
Koma baya
9. Cire Carbon Dioxide (CDR) Na tushen Teku
Tyka, M., Arsdale, C., da Platt, J. (2022, Janairu 3). Ɗaukar CO2 ta hanyar Tuba Acidity na Surface zuwa Tekun Zurfi. Makamashi & Kimiyyar Muhalli. DOI: 10.1039/d1ee01532j
Akwai yuwuwar samun sabbin fasahohi - irin su yin famfo alkalinity - don ba da gudummawa ga tarin fasahohin Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR), kodayake suna iya yin tsada fiye da hanyoyin kan teku saboda ƙalubalen injiniyan ruwa. Mahimmanci ƙarin bincike ya zama dole don tantance yuwuwar da haɗarin da ke tattare da sauye-sauyen alkalinity na teku da sauran dabarun cirewa. Kwaikwayo da ƙananan gwaje-gwaje suna da iyakancewa kuma ba za su iya yin cikakken hasashen yadda hanyoyin CDR za su shafi yanayin yanayin teku ba yayin da aka sanya ma'aunin rage hayaƙin CO2 na yanzu.
Castañón, L. (2021, Disamba 16). Tekun Damar: Binciko Mahimman Hatsari da Ladan Maganin Tushen Tekun don Canjin Yanayi. Woods Hole Oceanographic Cibiyar. An dawo daga: https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/an-ocean-of-opportunity/
Teku wani muhimmin bangare ne na tsarin sarrafa carbon na halitta, yana watsar da iskar carbon da ya wuce kima zuwa cikin ruwa kuma a karshe ya nutsar da shi zuwa tekun. Wasu abubuwan haɗin carbon dioxide tare da duwatsu masu yanayi ko harsashi suna kulle shi zuwa wani sabon tsari, kuma algae na ruwa yana ɗaukar sauran nau'ikan carbon, haɗa shi cikin yanayin yanayin halitta. Maganin Cire Carbon Dioxide (CDR) sun yi niyya don yin kwaikwayi ko haɓaka waɗannan kewayon ajiyar carbon na halitta. Wannan labarin yana nuna haɗari da sauye-sauye waɗanda zasu shafi nasarar ayyukan CDR.
Cornwall, W. (2021, Disamba 15). Don Zana Carbon da sanyi daga Duniya, Haɗin Tekun Yana Samun Wani Kallo. Science, 374. An karbo daga: https://www.science.org/content/article/draw-down-carbon-and-cool-planet-ocean-fertilization-gets-another-look
Haɗin teku wani nau'i ne na Kawar Carbon Dioxide (CDR) da ake cajin siyasa wanda a da ake kallonsa a matsayin rashin kulawa. Yanzu, masu bincike suna shirin zuba tan 100 na ƙarfe a cikin murabba'in kilomita 1000 na Tekun Arabiya. Wata muhimmiyar tambaya da ake yi ita ce nawa ne daga cikin carbon ɗin da ke ɗauke da shi a zahiri ya sanya shi zuwa zurfin teku maimakon wasu kwayoyin halitta su cinye su kuma su sake fitar da su cikin yanayi. Masu shakkar hanyar hadi sun lura cewa binciken baya-bayan nan na gwaje-gwajen hadi guda 13 da suka gabata sun gano daya ne kawai wanda ya kara yawan sinadarin carbon na teku. Kodayake sakamakon da zai iya haifar da damuwa wasu, wasu sun yi imanin cewa ƙididdige haɗarin haɗari shine wani dalili na ci gaba da binciken.
Makarantun Kimiyya na Kasa, Injiniya, da Magunguna. (2021, Disamba). Dabarar Bincike don Cire Carbon Dioxide Mai Tushen Teku da Matsala. Washington, DC: Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi ta Kasa. https://doi.org/10.17226/26278
Wannan rahoto ya ba da shawarar Amurka ta aiwatar da shirin bincike na dala miliyan 125 da aka sadaukar don gwada fahimtar ƙalubalen hanyoyin kawar da CO2 na tushen teku, gami da cikas na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. An tantance hanyoyin kawar da Carbon Dioxide (CDR) guda shida na teku a cikin rahoton da suka haɗa da hadi mai gina jiki, haɓakar wucin gadi da saukar da ƙasa, noman ciyawa, dawo da yanayin muhalli, haɓaka alkalinity na teku, da hanyoyin lantarki. Har yanzu akwai ra'ayoyi masu karo da juna kan hanyoyin CDR a cikin al'ummar kimiyya, amma wannan rahoto ya nuna wani muhimmin mataki a cikin tattaunawar don kwakkwaran shawarwarin da masana kimiyyar teku suka shimfida.
Cibiyar Aspen. (2021, Disamba 8). Jagoran Ayyukan Cire Carbon Dioxide na Tushen Teku: Hanya don Haɓaka Ƙa'idar Da'a. Cibiyar Aspen. An Ciro Daga: https://www.aspeninstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/files/content/docs/pubs/120721_Ocean-Based-CO2-Removal_E.pdf
Ayyukan Cire Carbon Dioxide (CDR) na tushen Teku na iya zama mafi fa'ida fiye da ayyukan tushen ƙasa, saboda samun sararin samaniya, yuwuwar ayyukan haɗin gwiwa, da ayyukan haɗin gwiwa (ciki har da rage yawan acidification na teku, samar da abinci, da samar da biofuel). ). Koyaya, ayyukan CDR suna fuskantar ƙalubale waɗanda suka haɗa da tasirin muhalli mara kyau, ƙa'idodi da hukunce-hukuncen da ba su da tabbas, wahalar ayyuka, da bambancin ƙimar nasara. Ƙarin ƙananan bincike ya zama dole don ayyana da tabbatar da yuwuwar kawar da carbon dioxide, kasidar yuwuwar muhalli da abubuwan waje na al'umma, da lissafi don gudanar da mulki, kudade, da batutuwan dainawa.
Batres, M., Wang, FM, Buck, H., Kapila, R., Kosar, U., Licker, R., … & Suarez, V. (2021, Yuli). Adalci na Muhalli da Yanayi da Cire Carbon Fasaha. Jaridar Lantarki, 34 (7), 107002.
Ya kamata a aiwatar da hanyoyin kawar da Carbon Dioxide (CDR) tare da yin adalci da daidaito, kuma al'ummomin yankunan da za a iya samar da ayyukan ya kamata su kasance tushen yanke shawara. Al'ummomi sau da yawa ba su da albarkatu da ilimi don shiga da saka hannun jari a ƙoƙarin CDR. Adalci na muhalli ya kamata ya kasance a sahun gaba wajen ci gaban ayyukan don guje wa illa ga al'ummomin da tuni sun yi nauyi.
Fleming, A. (2021, Yuni 23). Fasa Gajimare da Kashe Guguwar: Yadda Tekun Geoengineering Ya Zama Gaban Rikicin Yanayi. The Guardian. An dawo daga: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jun/23/cloud-spraying-and-hurricane-slaying-could-geoengineering-fix-the-climate-crisis
Tom Green yana fatan nutsar da ton tiriliyan na CO2 zuwa kasan tekun ta hanyar zubar da yashi mai aman wuta a cikin tekun. Green yayi ikirarin cewa idan aka ajiye yashi akan kashi 2% na gabar tekun duniya zai kama kashi 100% na iskar carbon da muke fitarwa a duk shekara. Girman ayyukan CDR waɗanda suka wajaba don magance matakan fitar da mu na yanzu yana sa duk ayyukan da wahala a ƙima. A madadin haka, sake dawo da rairayin bakin teku tare da mangroves, marshes na gishiri, da ciyawa na teku duka suna dawo da yanayin muhalli kuma suna riƙe CO2 ba tare da fuskantar manyan haɗari na ayyukan CDR na fasaha ba.
Gertner, J. (2021, Yuni 24). Shin juyin juya halin Carbontech ya fara? The New York Times.
Fasahar kama carbon kai tsaye (DCC) ta wanzu, amma tana da tsada. Masana'antar CarbonTech yanzu sun fara sake siyar da carbon ɗin da aka kama ga ƴan kasuwa waɗanda za su iya amfani da shi a cikin samfuran su sannan kuma su rage sawun su na hayaƙi. Kayayyakin tsaka tsaki na carbon ko carbon-negative na iya faɗuwa ƙarƙashin babban nau'in samfuran amfani da carbon waɗanda ke sa kamawar carbon ya sami fa'ida yayin da yake neman kasuwa. Ko da yake ba za a gyara canjin yanayi tare da mats ɗin yoga na CO2 da sneakers ba, wani ƙaramin mataki ne kawai a cikin hanyar da ta dace.
Hirschlag, A. (2021, Yuni 8). Domin Yaki da Canjin Yanayi, Masu Bincike Suna So Su Ciro Carbon Dioxide Daga Tekun Su Juya Shi Dutse. Smithsonian. An dawo daga: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/combat-climate-change-researchers-want-to-pull-carbon-dioxide-from-ocean-and-turn-it-into-rock-180977903/
Wata dabarar Cire Carbon Dioxide (CDR) da aka yi niyya ita ce shigar da mesor hydroxide (kayan alkaline) da ake cajin lantarki a cikin teku don haifar da wani sinadari wanda zai haifar da duwatsun dutsen ƙasa na carbonate. Ana iya amfani da dutsen don yin gini, amma da alama duwatsun za su ƙare a cikin teku. Fitar da dutsen farar ƙasa zai iya ɓata yanayin yanayin teku na cikin gida, lalata rayuwar tsire-tsire da kuma canza wuraren zama na benen teku. Duk da haka, masu bincike sun nuna cewa ruwan da ake fitarwa zai zama dan kadan fiye da alkaline wanda ke da damar rage tasirin acidification na teku a yankin magani. Bugu da ƙari, iskar hydrogen zai zama samfur ɗin da za a iya siyar da shi don taimakawa rage farashin kuɗi. Ƙarin bincike ya zama dole don nuna fasahar da za ta iya aiki a kan babban sikelin da tattalin arziki.
Healey, P., Scholes, R., Lefale, P., & Yanda, P. (2021, Mayu). Gudanar da Cire Carbon-Sifili don Gujewa Ƙarfafa Rashin Adalci. Iyakoki a cikin Climate, 3, 38. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.672357
Fasahar Cire Carbon Dioxide (CDR), kamar sauyin yanayi, tana tattare da haɗari da rashin daidaito, kuma wannan labarin ya haɗa da shawarwari masu aiki don nan gaba don magance waɗannan rashin daidaituwa. A halin yanzu, ilimin da ke tasowa da saka hannun jari a fasahar CDR sun ta'allaka ne a arewacin duniya. Idan wannan tsari ya ci gaba, zai kara tsananta rashin adalcin muhalli a duniya da gibin samun dama yayin da ake batun sauyin yanayi da hanyoyin magance yanayi.
Meyer, A., & Spalding, MJ (2021, Maris). Binciken Mahimmanci game da Tasirin Teku na Cire Carbon Dioxide ta Hanyar Kai tsaye da Jirgin Sama da Ruwa - Shin Magani ne mai Aminci kuma Mai Dorewa?. The Ocean Foundation.
Fasalolin Cire Carbon Dioxide (CDR) masu tasowa na iya taka rawa mai goyan baya a cikin mafi girma mafita a cikin sauye-sauye daga kona burbushin man fetur zuwa mafi tsabta, daidaito, grid makamashi mai dorewa. Daga cikin wadannan fasahohin akwai kama iska kai tsaye (DAC) da kuma kama tekun kai tsaye (DOC), wadanda dukkansu suna amfani da injina wajen fitar da CO2 daga sararin samaniya ko teku da kai shi zuwa wuraren ajiyar karkashin kasa ko kuma amfani da carbon din da aka kama don kwato mai daga mabubbugar kasuwanci da ya lalace. A halin yanzu, fasahar kama carbon tana da tsada sosai kuma tana haifar da haɗari ga bambancin halittun teku, teku da yanayin bakin teku, da al'ummomin bakin teku ciki har da 'yan asali. Sauran hanyoyin da suka dogara da yanayin da suka haɗa da: Maido da mangrove, aikin noma mai sabuntawa, da sake dazuzzuka sun kasance masu fa'ida ga ɗimbin halittu, al'umma, da ajiyar carbon na dogon lokaci ba tare da yawancin haɗarin da ke tare da fasaha na DAC/DOC ba. Yayin da ake bincikar haɗari da yuwuwar fasahohin cire carbon da kyau suna ci gaba, yana da mahimmanci a "na farko, kada ku cutar da su" don tabbatar da cewa ba a haifar da illa ga ƙasarmu mai daraja da muhallin teku ba.
Cibiyar Dokokin Muhalli ta Duniya. (2021, Maris 18). Tsarin muhallin teku & Geoengineering: Bayanin gabatarwa.
Dabarun Cire Carbon Dioxide (CDR) na tushen yanayi a cikin mahallin ruwa sun haɗa da karewa da maido da mangroves na bakin teku, gadaje ciyayi, da dazuzzukan kelp. Ko da yake suna haifar da ƙarancin haɗari fiye da hanyoyin fasaha, har yanzu akwai cutar da za a iya haifar da yanayin yanayin ruwa. Hanyoyin fasaha na CDR na tushen ruwa suna neman canza sinadarai na teku don ɗaukar ƙarin CO2, gami da misalan da aka fi magana da su na hadi na teku da alkalinization na teku. Dole ne a mai da hankali kan hana hayakin carbon da ɗan adam ke haifarwa, maimakon dabarun daidaitawa marasa inganci don rage hayaƙin duniya.
Gattuso, JP, Williamson, P., Duarte, CM, & Magnan, AK (2021, Janairu 25). Mahimmanci don Ayyukan Yanayi na Tushen Teku: Fasahar Faɗakarwa Mara Kyau da Bayan Gaba. Iyakoki a cikin Climate. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2020.575716
Daga cikin nau'ikan cirewar carbon dioxide da yawa (CDR), hanyoyin farko na tushen teku guda huɗu sune: makamashin halittun ruwa tare da kamawa da adana carbon, maidowa da haɓaka ciyayi na bakin teku, haɓaka haɓakar buɗe teku, haɓaka yanayin yanayi da alkalinization. Wannan rahoto yana nazarin nau'ikan nau'ikan guda huɗu kuma yana jayayya don ƙarin fifiko don bincike da ci gaba na CDR. Dabarun har yanzu suna zuwa tare da rashin tabbas da yawa, amma suna da yuwuwar yin tasiri sosai a cikin hanyar don iyakance ɗumamar yanayi.
Buck, H., Aines, R., et al. (2021). Ra'ayoyi: Carbon Dioxide Firimiya. An Ciro Daga: https://cdrprimer.org/read/concepts
Marubucin ya ayyana cirewar Carbon dioxide (CDR) a matsayin duk wani aiki da ke cire CO2 daga sararin samaniya da kuma adana shi cikin ɗorewa a wuraren ajiyar ƙasa, ƙasa, ko teku, ko cikin samfura. CDR ya bambanta da aikin injiniya, kamar yadda, sabanin geoengineering, dabarun CDR suna cire CO2 daga yanayi, amma geoengineering kawai yana mai da hankali kan rage alamun sauyin yanayi. Akwai wasu mahimman kalmomi da yawa a cikin wannan rubutu, kuma yana aiki azaman ƙarin taimako ga mafi girman tattaunawa.
Keith, H., Vardon, M., Obst, C., Young, V., Houghton, RA, & Mackey, B. (2021). Kimanta Maganganun Tushen Dabi'a don Rage Yanayi da Tsare-tsare yana buƙatar cikakken lissafin Carbon. Kimiyya na Jimillar Muhalli, 769, 144341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144341
Hanyoyin Cire Kayayyakin Carbon Dioxide (CDR) na tushen yanayi hanya ce mai fa'ida don magance rikicin yanayi, wanda ya haɗa da hannun jari da kwararar carbon. Ƙididdigar carbon-tushen kwarara yana ƙarfafa mafita na halitta yayin da ke nuna haɗarin kona albarkatun burbushin halittu.
Bertram, C., & Merk, C. (2020, Disamba 21). Ra'ayin Jama'a game da Cire Carbon Dioxide na Tushen Teku: Rarraba Injiniya?. Iyakoki a cikin Climate, 31. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2020.594194
Yarda da jama'a na dabarun Cire Carbon Dioxide (CDR) a cikin 15 da suka gabata ya kasance ƙasa da ƙasa don ayyukan injiniyan yanayi idan aka kwatanta da mafita na tushen yanayi. Binciken hasashe ya fi mayar da hankali kan hangen nesa na duniya don hanyoyin injiniyan yanayi ko hangen nesa na gida don hanyoyin carbon shuɗi. Hanyoyi sun bambanta sosai bisa ga wuri, ilimi, samun kudin shiga, da dai sauransu. Dukansu hanyoyin fasaha da na tushen yanayi suna iya ba da gudummawa ga fayil ɗin CDR da aka yi amfani da su, don haka yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da ra'ayoyin ƙungiyoyin da za su shafa kai tsaye.
ClimateWorks. (2020, Disamba 15). Cire Carbon Dioxide (CDR). ClimateWorks. An dawo daga: https://youtu.be/brl4-xa9DTY.
Wannan bidiyo mai rairayi na mintuna huɗu yana bayyana zagayowar iskar carbon na teku da kuma gabatar da dabarun kawar da Carbon Dioxide (CDR) gama gari. Dole ne a lura cewa wannan bidiyon bai ambaci haɗarin muhalli da al'umma na hanyoyin fasaha na CDR ba, kuma baya rufe madadin hanyoyin tushen yanayi.
Brent, K., Burns, W., McGee, J. (2019, Disamba 2). Gudanar da Geoengineering Marine: Rahoton Musamman. Cibiyar Ƙirƙirar Mulki ta Duniya. An dawo daga: https://www.cigionline.org/publications/governance-marine-geoengineering/
Haɓaka fasahar geoengineering na ruwa na iya sanya sabbin buƙatu akan tsarin dokokin mu na ƙasa da ƙasa don sarrafa haɗari da dama. Wasu manufofin da ake da su kan ayyukan teku za su iya amfani da aikin injiniyan ƙasa, duk da haka, an ƙirƙiri dokokin kuma an yi shawarwari don wasu dalilai ban da geoengineering. Yarjejeniyar London, 2013 gyara akan zubar da ruwa shine aikin gona mafi dacewa ga aikin injiniyan ruwa. Ƙarin yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa sun zama dole don cike gibin da ake samu a fannin aikin injiniyan injiniyan ruwa.
Gattuso, JP, Magnan, AK, Bopp, L., Cheung, WW, Duarte, CM, Hinkel, J., da Rau, GH (2018, Oktoba 4). Maganganun Teku don Magance Canjin Yanayi da Tasirinsa Akan Tsarin Ruwan Ruwa. Ƙarfafa a Kimiyyar Ruwa, 337. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00337
Yana da mahimmanci a rage tasirin da ke da alaƙa da yanayin kan yanayin yanayin ruwa ba tare da lalata kariyar yanayin muhalli a hanyar mafita ba. Don haka marubutan wannan binciken sun yi nazarin matakan 13 na tushen teku don rage ɗumamar teku, acidification na teku, da haɓaka matakin teku, gami da hanyoyin kawar da Carbon Dioxide (CDR) na hadi, alkalinization, hanyoyin haɗin ƙasa-teku, da sake dawo da ruwa. Ci gaba, ƙaddamar da hanyoyi daban-daban a ƙaramin ma'auni zai rage haɗari da rashin tabbas da ke da alaƙa da yawan turawa.
Majalisar Bincike ta Kasa. (2015). Sashigi na Yanayi: Cire Carbon Dioxide da Amintaccen Sequestration. Jarida ta Makarantun Kasa.
Aiwatar da kowace dabarar Cire Carbon Dioxide (CDR) tana biye da rashin tabbas da yawa: inganci, farashi, mulki, waje, fa'idodin haɗin gwiwa, aminci, daidaito, da sauransu. . Wannan tushen ya haɗa da kyakkyawan bincike na farko na manyan fasahar CDR masu tasowa. Dabarun CDR ba za su taɓa yin girma don cire ɗimbin adadin CO2 ba, amma har yanzu suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tafiya zuwa net-zero, kuma dole ne a biya hankali.
Yarjejeniyar London. (2013, Oktoba 18). Kwaskwari don Daidaita Sanya Al'amura don Takin Teku da sauran Ayyukan Geoengineering na Marine. Annex 4.
Gyaran 2013 ga yarjejeniyar London ya haramta zubar da sharar gida ko wasu abubuwa a cikin teku don sarrafawa da hana hakin teku da sauran fasahohin geoengineering. Wannan gyare-gyaren ita ce gyare-gyaren ƙasa da ƙasa na farko da ke magance duk wani fasaha na geoengineering wanda zai shafi nau'ikan ayyukan kawar da carbon dioxide da za a iya gabatarwa da gwadawa a cikin muhalli.
Koma baya
10. Canjin yanayi da Bambance-bambance, Daidaituwa, Haɗawa, da Adalci (DEIJ)
Phillips, T. da King, F. (2021). Manyan Abubuwa 5 Don Haɗin gwiwar Al'umma Daga Ma'anar Deij. Ƙungiyar Aiki Diversity na Chesapeake Bay. PDF.
Ƙungiyar Aiki Diversity na Shirin Chesapeake Bay ta haɗa jagorar albarkatu don haɗa DEIJ cikin ayyukan haɗin gwiwar al'umma. Taskar gaskiyar ta ƙunshi hanyoyin haɗin kai zuwa bayanai kan adalcin muhalli, nuna son kai, da daidaiton launin fata, da ma'anar ƙungiyoyi. Yana da mahimmanci a haɗa DEIJ cikin aiki daga farkon haɓakawa don samun sa hannu mai ma'ana ga duk mutane da al'ummomin da abin ya shafa.
Gardiner, B. (2020, Yuli 16). Adalci na Tekun: Inda Daidaiton Jama'a da Yaƙin Yanayi ke haɗuwa. Hira da Ayana Elizabeth Johnson. Yale Environment 360.
Adalci na teku yana tsakiyar mahadar kiyaye teku da adalci na zamantakewa, kuma matsalolin da al'ummomi za su fuskanta na sauyin yanayi ba su tafi ba. Magance matsalar sauyin yanayi ba matsala ce ta injiniya kawai ba amma matsala ce ta al'ada wacce ke barin mutane da yawa daga tattaunawa. Ana ba da shawarar cikakkiyar hirar kuma ana samun ta a mahaɗin da ke biyowa: https://e360.yale.edu/features/ocean-justice-where-social-equity-and-the-climate-fight-intersect.
Rushe, E. (2018). Tashi: An aika daga Sabon Tekun Amurka. Kanada: Milkweed Editions.
An fada ta hanyar fahimtar mutum ta farko, marubuciya Elizabeth Rush ta tattauna sakamakon da al'ummomin da ke da rauni ke fuskanta daga canjin yanayi. Labarin irin na jarida ya haɗa labaran gaskiya na al'ummomin Florida, Louisiana, Rhode Island, California, da New York waɗanda suka fuskanci mummunar tasirin guguwa, matsanancin yanayi, da hawan igiyar ruwa saboda sauyin yanayi.
Koma baya
11. Siyasa da Buga na Gwamnati
Tsarin Teku & Yanayi. (2023). Shawarwari na manufofi don biranen bakin teku don dacewa da hawan teku. Sea'ties Initiative. 28 pp. An dawo daga: https://ocean-climate.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Policy-Recommendations-for-Coastal-Cities-to-Adapt-to-Sea-Level-Rise-_-SEATIES.pdf
Hasashen hawan teku yana ɓoye rashin tabbas da bambance-bambance a duk faɗin duniya, amma yana da tabbacin cewa al'amarin ba zai yuwu ba kuma zai ci gaba har tsawon ƙarni zuwa shekaru dubu. A duk faɗin duniya, biranen bakin teku, a kan layin gaba na hare-haren teku, suna neman hanyoyin daidaitawa. Bisa la'akari da haka, Ocean & Climate Platform (OCP) ya ƙaddamar a cikin 2020 shirin Sea'ties don tallafawa garuruwan bakin teku da ke fuskantar barazanar hawan teku ta hanyar sauƙaƙe tunani da aiwatar da dabarun daidaitawa. Ƙarshen shekaru huɗu na shirin Tekun Teku, "Shawarwari na Manufofin Ga garuruwan bakin teku don daidaitawa zuwa matakin Teku" sun zana kan ƙwarewar kimiyya da abubuwan da suka faru a kan ƙasa na sama da 230 masu aiki a taron yanki 5 da aka shirya a Arewacin Turai, Bahar Rum, Arewacin Amurka, Yammacin Afirka, da Pacific. Yanzu ana samun goyan bayan ƙungiyoyi 80 a duk duniya, shawarwarin manufofin an yi niyya ne ga masu yanke shawara na gida, na ƙasa, yanki da na duniya, kuma suna mai da hankali kan manyan abubuwan da suka fi dacewa.
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. (2015). Yarjejeniyar Paris. Bonn, Jamus: Babban Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi sakatariya, sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. An dawo daga: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement
Yarjejeniyar Paris ta fara aiki ne a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamban 2016. Manufarta ita ce hada kan kasashe a wani gagarumin kokari na takaita sauyin yanayi da kuma daidaita tasirinta. Manufar tsakiya ita ce a kiyaye yanayin zafin duniya ƙasa da digiri 2 Celsius (digiri Fahrenheit 3.6) sama da matakan masana'antu kafin a fara masana'antu da iyakance ƙarin yawan zafin jiki zuwa ƙasa da ma'aunin Celsius 1.5 (digiri 2.7 Fahrenheit). Wadannan su ne kowace jam’iyya ta tsara su tare da takamaimai na Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) wanda ke bukatar kowace jam’iyya ta rika bayar da rahoto akai-akai game da fitar da hayaki da kuma kokarin aiwatar da su. Ya zuwa yanzu, bangarori 196 sun amince da yarjejeniyar, ko da yake ya kamata a lura cewa Amurka ce ta farko da ta rattaba hannu amma ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta janye daga yarjejeniyar.
Da fatan za a lura cewa wannan takarda ita ce kawai tushen ba a cikin tsarin lokaci ba. A matsayin mafi cikakkiyar sadaukarwar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke shafar manufofin sauyin yanayi, an haɗa wannan tushen ba tare da tsarin lokaci ba.
Kwamitin Tsakanin gwamnatoci kan Canjin Yanayi, Rukunin Aiki II. (2022). Canjin Yanayi 2022 Tasiri, Daidaituwa, da Rashin Lalacewa: Takaitawa ga Masu tsara Manufofi. IPCC. PDF.
Kwamitin Tsare-tsare na Gwamnati kan Rahoton Canjin Yanayi babban taƙaitaccen mataki ne ga masu tsara manufofi na gudummawar Rukunin Aiki II zuwa Rahoton Ƙimar Na shida na IPCC. Ƙimar tana haɗa ilimi da ƙarfi fiye da kimantawa na farko, kuma yana magance tasirin sauyin yanayi, haɗari, da daidaitawa waɗanda ke bayyana a lokaci guda. Marubutan sun ba da 'mummunan gargadi' game da halin da muke ciki yanzu da kuma nan gaba.
Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. (2021). Rahoton Tazarar Fitowa 2021. United Nations. PDF.
Rahoton Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekarar 2021 ya nuna cewa alƙawuran yanayi na ƙasa a halin yanzu sun sanya duniya kan hanyar da za ta iya fuskantar hauhawar yanayin zafin duniya na digiri 2.7 a ƙarshen karni. Don kiyaye yanayin zafi a duniya kasa da ma'aunin celsius 1.5, biyo bayan manufar yarjejeniyar Paris, duniya na bukatar rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli a cikin rabin cikin shekaru takwas masu zuwa. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, rage hayaƙin methane daga burbushin man fetur, sharar gida, da noma yana da yuwuwar rage ɗumamar yanayi. Kasuwannin carbon da aka bayyana a sarari zai iya taimakawa duniya cimma burin fitar da hayaki.
Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin yanayi. (2021, Nuwamba). Yarjejeniyar Climate ta Glasgow. United Nations. PDF.
Yarjejeniyar Climate ta Glasgow ta yi kira da a ƙara ɗaukar matakan sauyin sama da yarjejeniyar yanayi ta Paris ta 2015 don kiyaye burin haɓakar zafin jiki na 1.5C kawai. Kasashe kusan 200 ne suka rattaba hannu kan wannan yarjejeniya kuma ita ce yarjejeniyar sauyin yanayi ta farko da ta fito karara ta yi shirin rage yawan amfani da kwal, kuma ta gindaya sharuddan ka’idojin kasuwar yanayi ta duniya.
Ƙungiyar Taimako don Shawarar Kimiyya da Fasaha. (2021). Tattaunawar Canjin Teku da Yanayi don La'akari da Yadda ake Ƙarfafa daidaitawa da Ayyukan Ragewa. The United Nations. PDF.
Jikin na yau da kullun don shawarwarin kimiyya da fasaha (SBSTA) shine rahoton farkon rahoton na shekara-shekara na shekara-shekara da kuma tattaunawar canjin yanayi. Rahoton buƙatu ne na COP 25 don dalilai na bayar da rahoto. An yi maraba da wannan tattaunawar ta yarjejeniyar yanayi ta Glasgow ta 2021, kuma tana nuna mahimmancin gwamnatocin su karfafa fahimtarsu da aiwatar da su kan teku da sauyin yanayi.
Hukumar Intergovernmental Oceanographic. (2021). Shekaru Goma na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Kimiyyar Teku don Ci gaba mai dorewa (2021-2030): Tsarin Aiwatarwa, Takaitawa. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000376780
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana cewa 2021-2030 ya zama Shekara Goma na Teku. A cikin shekaru goma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tana aiki fiye da karfin al'umma guda don daidaita bincike, saka hannun jari, da tsare-tsare a kan abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci a duniya. Sama da masu ruwa da tsaki 2,500 ne suka ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban shirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekaru goma na kimiyyar teku don ci gaba mai dorewa wanda ya tsara abubuwan da za su sa a gaba a kimiyyar da za su tashi tsaye kan hanyoyin kimiyyar teku don samun ci gaba mai dorewa. Ana iya samun sabuntawa kan shirye-shiryen Tekun Goma nan.
Dokar Teku da Canjin Yanayi. (2020). A cikin E. Johansen, S. Busch, & I. Jakobsen (Eds.), Dokar Teku da Canjin Yanayi: Magani da Matsaloli (pp. I-I). Cambridge: Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge.
Akwai alaka mai karfi tsakanin hanyoyin magance sauyin yanayi da tasirin dokokin yanayi na kasa da kasa da kuma dokar teku. Kodayake an haɓaka su ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin doka daban-daban, magance sauyin yanayi tare da dokokin ruwa na iya haifar da cimma manufofin haɗin gwiwa.
Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (2020, Yuni 9) Jinsi, Yanayi & Tsaro: Dorewar Zaman Lafiya Mai Haɗa kai akan Sashin Canjin Yanayi. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/gender-climate-security-sustaining-inclusive-peace-frontlines-climate-change
Sauyin yanayi yana kara ta'azzara yanayin da ke barazana ga zaman lafiya da tsaro. Ka'idojin jinsi da tsarin iko suna ba da muhimmiyar rawa a yadda mutane za su iya shafan su da kuma mayar da martani ga karuwar rikicin. Rahoton na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ba da shawarar hada wasu manufofin da suka dace, da bunkasa shirye-shiryen hade-hade, da kara samar da kudade da aka yi niyya, da fadada tushen shaida na girman jinsi na hadarin tsaro da ke da alaka da yanayi.
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ruwa. (2020, Maris 21). Rahoton Ci gaban Ruwa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 2020: Ruwa da Canjin Yanayi. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ruwa. https://www.unwater.org/publications/world-water-development-report-2020/
Sauyin yanayi zai shafi samuwa, inganci, da adadin ruwa don buƙatun ɗan adam da ke barazana ga lafiyar abinci, lafiyar ɗan adam, ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka, samar da makamashi, da haɓaka mita da girman abubuwan da suka faru kamar yanayin zafi da guguwa. Matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da ruwa da canjin yanayi ya tsananta yana ƙara haɗari ga kayan aikin ruwa, tsafta, da tsafta (WASH). Damar magance karuwar yanayi da matsalar ruwa sun hada da daidaitawa da tsare-tsare da tsare-tsare a cikin zuba jarin ruwa, wanda zai sa zuba jari da ayyukan da suka hada da su su zama abin sha'awa ga masu kudin yanayi. Sauyin yanayi zai shafi fiye da rayuwar ruwa kawai, amma kusan dukkanin ayyukan ɗan adam.
Blunden, J., da Arndt, D. (2020). Halin yanayi a cikin 2019. American Meteorological Society. Cibiyoyin Kula da Muhalli na NOAA na ƙasa.https://journals.ametsoc.org/bams/article-pdf/101/8/S1/4988910/2020bamsstateoftheclimate.pdf
NOAA ta ba da rahoton cewa 2019 ita ce shekarar da ta fi zafi a tarihi tun lokacin da aka fara rikodin a tsakiyar 1800s. 2019 kuma an ga matakan rikodin iskar gas, hauhawar matakan teku, da karuwar yanayin zafi da aka rubuta a kowane yanki na duniya. A wannan shekara ita ce karo na farko da rahoton NOAA ya haɗa da zazzafar ruwan teku da ke nuna karuwar zafin ruwan teku. Rahoton ya kara da Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society.
Ocean and Climate. (2019, Disamba) Shawarwari na Manufofin: Teku mai lafiya, yanayi mai kariya. Dandalin Teku da Yanayi. https://ocean-climate.org/?page_id=8354&lang=en
Dangane da alkawuran da aka yi a lokacin 2014 COP21 da Yarjejeniyar Paris ta 2015, wannan rahoton ya zayyana matakai don ingantaccen teku da yanayin kariya. Kasashe su fara da ragewa, sannan su daidaita, sannan su rungumi kudi mai dorewa. Ayyukan da aka ba da shawarar sun haɗa da: don iyakance hawan zafin jiki zuwa 1.5 ° C; kawo karshen tallafin da ake ba wa burbushin man fetur; haɓaka kuzarin ruwa mai sabuntawa; hanzarta matakan daidaitawa; bunkasa kokarin kawo karshen kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba, ba a ba da rahoto ba da kuma kamun kifi (IUU) nan da shekarar 2020; ƙulla yarjejeniya da doka ta doka don kiyaye gaskiya da kuma ɗorewa da sarrafa nau'ikan halittu a cikin manyan tekuna; bin manufar kashi 30% na tekun da aka karewa ta 2030; Ƙarfafa bincike-bincike na ƙasa da ƙasa kan jigogi- yanayin teku ta haɗa da yanayin zamantakewa da muhalli.
Hukumar Lafiya Ta Duniya. (2019, Afrilu 18). Lafiya, Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi WHO Dabarun Duniya kan Lafiya, Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi: Canjin da ake Bukata don Inganta Rayuwa da walwala Mai dorewa ta hanyar Muhalli masu lafiya. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, Majalisar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya ta saba'in da biyu A72/15, ajanda na wucin gadi abu 11.6.
Haɗarin muhalli da aka sani da za a iya gujewa yana haifar da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na duk mace-mace da cututtuka a duniya, adadin mutuwar mutane miliyan 13 a kowace shekara. Canjin yanayi yana ƙara ɗaukar nauyi, amma ana iya rage barazanar lafiyar ɗan adam ta canjin yanayi. Dole ne a dauki matakai da ke mai da hankali kan abubuwan da ke tabbatar da lafiya, masu tabbatar da sauyin yanayi, da muhalli a cikin hadaddiyar hanya wacce aka daidaita da yanayin gida da goyan bayan ingantattun hanyoyin gudanar da mulki.
Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. (2019). Alkawarin Yanayi na UNDP: Kare Ajandar 2030 Ta Hanyar Ayyukan Yanayi. Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. PDF.
Domin cimma burin da aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar Paris, shirin raya kasashe 100 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya zai tallafa wa kasashe XNUMX bisa tsarin hada kai cikin gaskiya da adalci wajen ba da gudummawarsu ta kasa (NDCs). Bayar da sabis ya haɗa da goyon baya don gina nufin siyasa da ikon mallakar al'umma a matakan ƙasa da na ƙasa; bita da sabuntawa ga maƙasudai, manufofi, da matakan da ake da su; haɗa sabbin sassa da ko ƙa'idodin iskar gas; tantance halin kaka da damar zuba jari; sanya ido kan ci gaba da karfafa gaskiya.
Pörtner, HO, Roberts, DC, Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., …, & Weyer, N. (2019). Rahoton Musamman akan Teku da Cryosphere a cikin Canjin Yanayi. Kwamitin Tsakanin gwamnatoci kan Canjin Yanayi. PDF
Kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi ya fitar da wani rahoto na musamman da masana kimiyya sama da 100 daga kasashe sama da 36 suka rubuta kan sauye-sauye masu dorewa a cikin teku da kuma cryosphere-daskararre sassan duniya. Babban abin da aka gano shi ne cewa manyan sauye-sauye a wuraren tsaunuka masu tsayi za su shafi al'ummomin da ke karkashin ruwa, glaciers da zanen kankara suna narkewa suna ba da gudummawa ga karuwar hauhawar matakin tekun da aka yi hasashen zai kai 30-60 cm (11.8 - 23.6 inci) da 2100 idan hayakin iskar gas ya tashi. an danne su sosai kuma 60-110cm (23.6 – 43.3 inci) idan hayaki mai gurbata yanayi ya ci gaba da hauhawa. Za a ƙara samun matsananciyar al'amuran matakin teku akai-akai, canje-canje a cikin yanayin yanayin teku ta hanyar ɗumamar teku da acidification da ƙanƙarar tekun Arctic yana raguwa kowane wata tare da narke permafrost. Rahoton ya gano cewa, rage yawan hayaki mai gurbata muhalli, da kariya da dawo da muhallin halittu da kuma kula da albarkatun kasa a hankali, ya sa a iya kiyaye tekun da cryosphere, amma dole ne a dauki mataki.
Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka. (2019, Janairu). Rahoton Sakamakon Canjin Yanayi zuwa Ma'aikatar Tsaro. Ofishin Karamin Sakataren Tsaro don Saye da Dorewa. An dawo daga: https://climateandsecurity.files.wordpress.com/2019/01/sec_335_ndaa-report_effects_of_a_changing_climate_to_dod.pdf
Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka tana la'akari da haɗarin tsaron ƙasa da ke da alaƙa da sauyin yanayi da abubuwan da suka biyo baya kamar ambaliya mai maimaitawa, fari, kwararowar hamada, gobarar daji, da narke tasirin permafrost akan tsaron ƙasa. Rahoton ya gano cewa dole ne a shigar da juriyar yanayi a cikin tsare-tsare da yanke shawara kuma ba za a iya aiki a matsayin wani shiri na daban ba. Rahoton ya gano cewa akwai gagarumin rashin tsaro daga abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi kan ayyuka da ayyuka.
Wuebbles, DJ, Fahey, DW, Hibbard, KA, Dokken, DJ, Stewart, BC, & Maycock, TK (2017). Rahoton Musamman na Kimiyyar Yanayi: Ƙimar Yanayi ta Ƙasa ta huɗu, juzu'i na I. Washington, DC, Amurka: Shirin Bincike na Canjin Duniya na Amurka.
A matsayin wani bangare na kimanta yanayin yanayi na kasa da majalisar dokokin Amurka ta ba da umarnin a gudanar da shi duk bayan shekaru hudu an tsara shi ne don ya zama kima mai inganci na kimiyar sauyin yanayi tare da mai da hankali kan Amurka. Wasu mahimman abubuwan da aka gano sun haɗa da: Ƙarni na ƙarshe shine mafi zafi a tarihin wayewa; Ayyukan ɗan adam -musamman fitar da iskar gas - shine babban dalilin dumamar yanayi; matsakaicin matakin teku a duniya ya karu da inci 7 a karnin da ya gabata; Ambaliyar ruwa tana karuwa kuma ana sa ran matakan teku za su ci gaba da hauhawa; zazzafar zafi za ta yi yawa, kamar yadda gobarar daji za ta kasance; kuma girman sauyin zai dogara ne kacokan kan yawan hayakin da ake fitarwa a duniya.
Cicin-Sain, B. (2015, Afrilu). Buri na 14—Kiyaye da Dorewa Amfani da Tekuna, Tekuna da Albarkatun Ruwa don Ci gaba mai dorewa. Labaran Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, LI(4). An dawo daga: http://unchronicle.un.org/article/goal-14-conserve-and-sustainably-useoceans-seas-and-marine-resources-sustainable/
Buri na 14 na muradun ci gaba mai dorewa na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UN SDGs) ya bayyana buƙatar kiyaye teku da kuma amfani da albarkatun ruwa mai dorewa. Babban tallafi na kula da teku ya fito ne daga ƙananan ƙasashe masu tasowa na tsibiri da ƙasashe marasa ci gaba waɗanda sakaci na teku ke fama da su. Shirye-shiryen da suka yi magana game da Buri na 14 sun kuma yi aiki don cimma wasu muradun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya bakwai na SDG da suka hada da talauci, samar da abinci, makamashi, bunkasar tattalin arziki, ababen more rayuwa, rage rashin daidaito, birane da matsugunan mutane, ci da noma mai dorewa, sauyin yanayi, bambancin halittu, da hanyoyin aiwatarwa. da haɗin gwiwa.
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. (2015). Buri na 13—Ɗauki Matakin Gaggawa don Yaƙar Sauyin Yanayi da Illarsa. Platform Ilimin Manufofin Ci Gaba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. An dawo daga: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg13
Buri na 13 na muradun ci gaba mai dorewa na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UN SDGs) ya bayyana buƙatar magance ƙarar illolin da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi ke haifarwa. Tun bayan yerjejeniyar Paris, kasashe da dama sun dauki ingantattun matakai na kudade na sauyin yanayi ta hanyar ba da gudummawar da aka cimma na kasa baki daya, har yanzu akwai bukatar daukar matakai kan sassautawa da daidaitawa, musamman ga kasashe marasa ci gaba da kuma kananan kasashen tsibirai.
Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka. (2015, Yuli 23). Tasirin Tsaron Ƙasa na Hatsarin da ke da alaƙa da Yanayi da Canjin yanayi. Kwamitin kasafin kudi na majalisar dattawa. An dawo daga: https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/150724-congressional-report-on-national-implications-of-climate-change.pdf
Ma'aikatar Tsaro tana kallon sauyin yanayi a matsayin barazanar tsaro ta yanzu tare da tasirin gani a cikin firgici da damuwa ga kasashe da al'ummomi masu rauni, gami da Amurka. Haɗarin kansu sun bambanta, amma duk suna da ƙima ɗaya game da mahimmancin canjin yanayi.
Pachauri, RK, & Meyer, LA (2014). Canjin Yanayi 2014: Rahoton Haɗin Kai. Gudunmawar Ƙungiyoyin Aiki I, II da III zuwa Rahoton Kima na Biyar na Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru. Kwamitin sulhu na gwamnatoci kan sauyin yanayi, Geneva, Switzerland. An dawo daga: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/
Tasirin dan Adam a kan tsarin yanayi a bayyane yake kuma fitar da iskar gas mai gurbata yanayi a kwanan nan shine mafi girma a tarihi. Ana samun ingantaccen karbuwa da damar ragewa a kowane babban sashe, amma martani zai dogara ne akan manufofi da matakai a cikin matakan ƙasa da ƙasa, da na ƙasa. Rahoton na 2014 ya zama ingantaccen nazari game da sauyin yanayi.
Hoegh-Goldberg, O., Cai, R., Poloczanska, E., Brewer, P., Sundby, S., Hilmi, K., …, & Jung, S. (2014). Canjin Yanayi 2014: Tasiri, Daidaituwa, da Rashin Lalacewa. Sashe na B: Halayen Yanki. Gudunmawar Ƙungiya ta Aiki II zuwa Rahoton Ƙimar Na Biyar na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Gwamnati akan Sauyin Yanayi. Cambridge, UK da kuma New York, New York Amurka: Jami'ar Cambridge Press. 1655-1731. An dawo daga: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap30_FINAL.pdf
Teku yana da mahimmanci ga yanayin duniya kuma ya sha kashi 93% na makamashin da aka samar daga ingantaccen tasirin greenhouse da kusan kashi 30% na carbon dioxide na anthropogenic daga sararin samaniya. Matsakaicin yanayin yanayin teku a duniya ya karu daga 1950-2009. Ilimin sunadarai na teku yana canzawa saboda ɗaukar CO2 yana rage pH gabaɗaya. Wadannan, tare da sauran illoli da yawa na sauyin yanayi na anthropogenic, suna da ɗimbin sakamako masu lahani a kan teku, rayuwar ruwa, muhalli, da mutane.
Da fatan za a lura wannan yana da alaƙa da Rahoton Haɗin Kan dalla-dalla a sama, amma ya keɓanta da Tekun.
Griffis, R., & Howard, J. (Eds.). (2013). Tekuna da Albarkatun Ruwa a cikin Sauyin Yanayi; Gabatarwar Fasaha zuwa Gwajin Yanayi na Ƙasa na 2013. Tshi National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Washington, DC, Amurka: Island Press.
A matsayin abokin tarayya ga rahoton Ƙididdigar Yanayi na Ƙasa na 2013, wannan takarda tana duba abubuwan fasaha da bincike na musamman ga teku da yanayin ruwa. Rahoton ya yi nuni da cewa sauyin yanayi da canjin yanayi na haifar da babbar illa, zai yi illa ga yanayin teku, don haka yanayin halittun duniya. Akwai sauran damammaki da yawa don daidaitawa da magance waɗannan matsalolin da suka haɗa da haɓaka haɗin gwiwa na ƙasa da ƙasa, damar keɓancewa, da ingantattun manufofin ruwa da gudanarwa. Wannan rahoto ya ba da daya daga cikin bincike mai zurfi game da sakamakon sauyin yanayi da tasirinsa a cikin teku wanda aka goyi bayan bincike mai zurfi.
Warner, R., & Schofield, C. (Eds.). (2012). Canjin Yanayi da Tekuna: Ƙimar Doka da Manufofin Siyasa a cikin Asiya Pacific da Bayan Gaba. Northampton, Massachusetts: Edwards Elgar Publishing, Inc.
Wannan tarin kasidu yana duba alakar mulki da sauyin yanayi a yankin Asiya da tekun Pasifik. Littafin ya fara da tattaunawa game da tasirin jiki na sauyin yanayi ciki har da tasirin halittu da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi manufofin. Yunkurin shiga cikin tattaunawa game da ikon teku a cikin Kudancin Tekun Kudancin da Antarctic ya biyo bayan tattaunawar ƙasa da iyakokin ruwa, sannan nazarin tsaro ya biyo baya. Babi na ƙarshe sun tattauna abubuwan da ke tattare da iskar gas da dama don ragewa. Sauyin yanayi yana ba da dama ga haɗin gwiwar duniya, yana nuna buƙatar sa ido da daidaita ayyukan injiniyan ruwa a teku don mayar da martani ga yunƙurin rage sauyin yanayi, da samar da martani mai daidaituwa na kasa da kasa, na yanki, da na kasa wanda ya fahimci rawar da teku ke takawa wajen sauyin yanayi.
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. (1997, Disamba 11). Ka'idar Kyoto. Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin yanayi. An dawo daga: https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol
Yarjejeniyar Kyoto alkawari ce ta kasa da kasa don saita maƙasudai masu ɗaure kai don rage fitar da iskar gas. An amince da wannan yarjejeniya a cikin 1997 kuma ta fara aiki a cikin 2005. An amince da Dokar Doha a cikin Disamba, 2012 don tsawaita yarjejeniya zuwa Disamba 31st, 2020 da kuma sake duba jerin abubuwan da ke haifar da iskar gas (GHG) wanda dole ne kowane bangare ya ba da rahoto.
Koma baya
12. Magance Magani
Ruffo, S. (2021, Oktoba). Hanyoyin Haɓaka Yanayi na Tekun. TED. https://youtu.be/_VVAu8QsTu8
Dole ne mu yi la'akari da teku a matsayin tushen mafita maimakon wani yanki na yanayin da muke buƙatar adanawa. Teku a halin yanzu shine abin da ke tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali don tallafawa bil'adama, kuma wani bangare ne na yaki da sauyin yanayi. Ana samun mafita na yanayin yanayi ta hanyar aiki tare da tsarin ruwan mu, yayin da muke rage hayakin iskar gas a lokaci guda.
Carlson, D. (2020, Oktoba 14) A cikin Shekaru 20, Hawan Matakan Teku Zasu Kashe Kusan kowace Lardi na Teku - da Lamunin su. Dorewar Zuba Jari.
Ƙara haɗarin bashi daga yawaitar ambaliya mai tsanani na iya cutar da gundumomi, batun da rikicin COVID-19 ya tsananta. Jihohin da ke da yawan al'umma a bakin teku da tattalin arzikinsu suna fuskantar haɗarin bashi na shekaru goma saboda raunin tattalin arziƙin da kuma tsadar hauhawar matakin teku. Jihohin Amurka da suka fi fuskantar hadarin sune Florida, New Jersey, da Virginia.
Johnson, A. (2020, Yuni 8). Don Ajiye Yanayi Kalli Teku. Kimiyyar Amurka. PDF.
Teku na cikin mawuyacin hali saboda ayyukan ɗan adam, amma akwai damammaki a cikin makamashin da za a iya sabuntawa a cikin teku, da sarrafa iskar carbon, algae biofuel, da noman teku na farfadowa. Teku barazana ce ga miliyoyin da ke zaune a bakin teku ta hanyar ambaliya, wanda aka azabtar da ayyukan ɗan adam, da kuma damar ceto duniyar, duk a lokaci guda. Ana buƙatar sabuwar yarjejeniya ta Blue New Deal baya ga shirin sabuwar yarjejeniyar Green New Deal don magance matsalolin yanayi da kuma mayar da teku daga barazanar zuwa mafita.
Ceres (2020, Yuni 1) Magance Yanayi azaman Haɗarin Tsari: Kira zuwa Aiki. Ceres. https://www.ceres.org/sites/default/files/2020-05/Financial%20Regulator%20Executive%20Summary%20FINAL.pdf
Sauyin yanayi hadari ne na tsari saboda yuwuwar sa na tabarbarewar kasuwannin babban birnin kasar wanda zai iya haifar da mummunan sakamako ga tattalin arziki. Ceres yana ba da shawarwari sama da 50 don mahimman ƙa'idodin kuɗi don aiki akan canjin yanayi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: amincewa da cewa sauyin yanayi yana haifar da haɗari ga kwanciyar hankali na kasuwar hada-hadar kuɗi, buƙatar cibiyoyin kuɗi don gudanar da gwaje-gwajen matsalolin yanayi, buƙatar bankuna don tantancewa da bayyana haɗarin yanayi, kamar hayaƙin carbon daga ayyukan ba da lamuni da saka hannun jari, haɗa haɗarin yanayi cikin sake saka hannun jari na al'umma. matakai, musamman a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da kuɗi, da kuma haɗa kai da ƙoƙarin haɓaka yunƙurin haɗin gwiwa kan haɗarin yanayi.
Gattuso, J., Magnan, A., Gallo, N., Herr, D., Rochette, J., Vallejo, L., da Williamson, P. (2019, Nuwamba) Dama don Haɓaka Ayyukan Teku a Takaitaccen Siyasar Dabarun Yanayi . IDDRI Cigaba Mai Dorewa & Hulɗar Ƙasashen Duniya.
An buga shi gabanin 2019 Blue COP (wanda kuma aka sani da COP25), wannan rahoton ya ba da hujjar cewa haɓaka ilimi da mafita na tushen teku na iya kiyayewa ko haɓaka sabis na teku duk da canjin yanayi. Yayin da aka bayyana ƙarin ayyukan da ke magance sauyin yanayi kuma ƙasashe suna aiki ga gudummawar da aka ƙaddara ta ƙasa (NDCs), ya kamata ƙasashe su ba da fifikon haɓaka ayyukan sauyin yanayi da ba da fifiko ga ayyuka masu mahimmanci da baƙin ciki.
Gramling, C. (2019, Oktoba 6). A cikin Rikicin Yanayi, Shin Geoengineering Ya cancanci Haɗari? Labaran Kimiyya. PDF.
Don yaƙar sauyin yanayi mutane sun ba da shawarar manyan ayyukan injiniyan injiniya don rage ɗumamar teku da kuma iskar carbon. Ayyukan da aka ba da shawarar sun haɗa da: Gina manyan madubai a sararin samaniya, ƙara iska mai iska zuwa sararin samaniya, da shukar teku (ƙara baƙin ƙarfe a matsayin taki a cikin teku don haɓaka haɓakar phytoplankton). Wasu kuma suna ba da shawarar cewa waɗannan ayyukan injiniyan ƙasa na iya haifar da matattun yankuna da kuma yin barazana ga rayuwar ruwa. Gabaɗaya yarjejeniya ita ce ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike saboda rashin tabbas kan tasirin injiniyoyin ƙasa na dogon lokaci.
Hoegh-Goldberg, O., Northrop, E., da Lubehenco, J. (2019, Satumba 27). Tekun Mabuɗin Mabuɗin Cimma Yanayin Yanayi da Manufofin Al'umma: Gabatar da Teku na iya taimakawa rufe Rage Rage Rage. Dandalin Manufofin Hankali, Mujallar Kimiyya. 265 (6460), DOI: 10.1126/kimiyya.aaz4390.
Yayin da sauyin yanayi ke yin illa ga teku, tekun kuma ya zama tushen mafita: makamashi mai sabuntawa; sufuri da sufuri; kariya da maido da yanayin gabar teku da na ruwa; kamun kifi, kiwo, da abinci masu canzawa; da kuma ajiyar carbon a cikin teku. Wadannan mafita duk an gabatar da su a baya, duk da haka kadan ne kasashe kalilan suka sanya ko da daya daga cikin wadannan a cikin gudummawar da aka kayyade na kasa (NDC) karkashin yarjejeniyar Paris. NDC takwas ne kawai sun haɗa da ma'auni masu ƙididdigewa don isar da iskar carbon, ambaton makamashin da ake sabunta tushen teku guda biyu, da kuma ɗayan da aka ambata mai dorewa. Akwai sauran damar da za a bi da manufofin da aka daure lokaci da manufofi don rage tushen teku don tabbatar da an cimma burin rage fitar da hayaki.
Cooley, S., BelloyB., Bodansky, D., Mansell, A., Merkl, A., Purvis, N., Ruffo, S., Taraska, G., Zivian, A. da Leonard, G. (2019, Mayu 23). Dabarun teku da aka yi watsi da su don magance sauyin yanayi. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101968.
Kasashe da yawa sun kuduri aniyar takaita iskar gas ta hanyar yarjejeniyar Paris. Don zama masu nasara a cikin yarjejeniyar Paris dole ne: kare teku da haɓaka buri na yanayi, mai da hankali kan CO2 ragewa, fahimta da kare ma'auni na carbon dioxide na tushen halittun teku, da kuma bin dabarun karbuwa na tushen teku.
Helvarg, D. (2019). Nitsewa cikin Tsarin Aiki na Yanayi na Teku. Diver Diver Online.
Divers suna da ra'ayi na musamman game da ƙasƙantar yanayin teku da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa. Don haka, Helvarg ya bayar da hujjar cewa ya kamata masu ruwa da tsaki su hada kai don tallafawa shirin Aiki na Yanayi na Tekun. Tsarin aikin zai ba da haske game da buƙatar sake fasalin Shirin Inshorar Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Amurka, manyan saka hannun jari na ababen more rayuwa na bakin teku tare da mai da hankali kan shingen yanayi da na bakin teku, sabbin jagorori don sabunta makamashi a cikin teku, hanyar sadarwa na wuraren kare ruwa (MPAs), taimako ga noman tashoshin jiragen ruwa da al'ummomin kamun kifi, da karuwar zuba jarin noman kiwo, da kuma tsarin farfadowar bala'o'i na kasa.
Koma baya
13. Neman Ƙari? (Ƙarin Albarkatun)
An tsara wannan shafin bincike don zama jerin abubuwan da aka tsara na albarkatun wallafe-wallafen da suka fi tasiri akan teku da yanayi. Don ƙarin bayani kan takamaiman batutuwa muna ba da shawarar mujallu, rumbun adana bayanai, da tarin abubuwa masu zuwa:
- Meyer, A. da Spalding, M. (2021, Maris). Binciken Mahimmanci game da Tasirin Teku na Cire Carbon Dioxide ta Hanyar Sama Kai Tsaye da Kama Teku- Shin Magani Mai Aminci ne Mai Dorewa? (Sashe na ƙaddamarwa na yau da kullun ga Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa, Injiniya da Magunguna don la'akari a cikin fayil ɗin samun damar jama'a don Nazarin teku na NAASEM na CDR)
- Jaridar Ocean and Climate
- Gudanar da Teku da Ruwa
- NOAA's 1991 Tekuna da Littafin Yanayi
- Tarihin Gano Dumamar Duniya
- Tarin Dokokin Duniya na Jami'ar New York masu alaƙa da Canjin Yanayi
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