Carbon e putsoa

Blue carbon ke carbon dioxide e hapiloeng ke maoatle a lefatše le tikoloho ea leoatle. K'habone ena e bolokoa ka sebopeho sa biomass le sediments ho tloha lifateng tsa mangrove, makhulo a leoatle le makhulo a leoatle. Blue carbon ke mokhoa o sebetsang ka ho fetisisa, empa o hlokomolohuoa, oa ho nka nako e telele le ho boloka carbon. Ka bohlokoa bo lekanang, letsete la khabone e putsoa le fana ka lits'ebeletso tsa bohlokoahali tsa tikoloho tse kenyang letsoho ho matla a batho a ho fokotsa le ho ikamahanya le litlamorao tsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo.

Mona re hlophisitse tse ling tsa lisebelisoa tse ntle ka ho fetisisa sehloohong sena.

Lipampiri tsa Lintlha le Lipampitšana

A Blue Carbon Fund – Lewatle le lekanang le REDD bakeng sa ho nka khabone dinaheng tse lebopong la lewatle. (Sefofane)
Ena ke kakaretso e molemo le e khutsufalitsoeng ea tlaleho ea UNEP le GRID-Arendal, ho kenyeletsoa karolo ea bohlokoa eo leoatle le e bapalang ho boemo ba leholimo ba rona le mehato e latelang ea ho e kenyelletsa mananeong a phetoho ea tlelaemete.   

Blue Carbon: 'Mapa oa Lipale ho tsoa ho GRID-Arendal.
Buka ea pale e sebetsanang le mahlale a khabone e putsoa le likhothaletso tsa leano bakeng sa ts'ireletso ea eona ho tsoa ho GRID-Arendal.

AGEDI. 2014. Ho aha Merero ea Blue Carbon - Tataiso ea Selelekela. TSOHLE/EAD. E hatisitsoe ke AGEDI. E hlahisitsoe ke GRID-Arendal, Setsi se Sebelisanang le UNEP, Norway.
Tlaleho ke kakaretso ea saense ea Blue Carbon, leano le tsamaiso ka ts'ebelisano le Lenaneo la Tikoloho la United Nations. Liphello tsa lichelete le tsa setheo tsa Blue carbon hammoho le ntlafatso ea bokhoni bakeng sa merero ea hlahlojoa. Sena se kenyelletsa lithuto tsa mohlala Australia, Thailand, Abu Dhabi, Kenya le Madagascar.

Pidgeon, E., Herr, D., Fonseca, L. (2011). Ho Fokotsa Phallo ea Khabone le ho Holisa Phallo ea Khabone le Polokelo ka Litlhapi tsa Seagrass, Tidal Marshes, Mangroves - Litlhahiso tse tsoang ho Sehlopha sa Ts'ebetso sa Machaba mabapi le Coastal Blue Carbon.
E totobatsa tlhokeho ea 1) ntlafatso ea matsapa a naha le a machaba a lipatlisiso tsa ho nkela khabone lebopong la leoatle, 2) mehato e matlafalitsoeng ea taolo ea lehae le ea tikoloho e ipapisitseng le tsebo ea hajoale ea mesi e tsoang tikolohong e senyehileng ea tikoloho ea lebopo le 3) kananelo e matlafalitsoeng ea machaba ea tikoloho ea khabone ea lebopong. Pampitšana ena e khuts'oane e hloka hore ho nkoe khato hang-hang mabapi le ho sireletsa joang ba leoatle, makhulo a leoatle le lifate tsa mangrove. 

Khutlisa Li-Estuaries tsa Amerika: Coastal Blue Carbon: Monyetla o mocha oa Paballo ea Lebopo
Pampitšana ena e akaretsa bohlokoa ba khabone e putsoa le mahlale a morao-rao a ho boloka le ho nkuoa ha likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše. Restore America's Estuaries e hlahloba leano, thuto, liphanele le balekane bao ba sebetsanang le bona ho ntšetsa pele khabone e putsoa lebopong.

Liphatlalatso, Lipolelo, le Likhutšoane tsa Leano

Blue Climate Coalition. 2010. Litharollo tsa Blue Carbon bakeng sa Phetoho ea Tlelaemete - Polelo e Bulehileng ho Baemeli ba COP16 ke Blue Climate Coalition.
Polelo ena e fana ka lintho tsa motheo tsa carbon blue, ho kenyelletsa le boleng ba eona ba bohlokoa le litšokelo tsa eona tse kholo. The Blue Climate Coalition e khothaletsa COP16 ho nka khato ho khutlisetsa le ho sireletsa tikoloho ena ea bohlokoa e lebopong la leoatle. E saennwe ke bankakarolo ba mashome a mahlano a metso e mehlano ba lewatleng le tikolohong ba tswang dinaheng tse leshome le metso e robong tse emetseng Blue Climate Coalition.

Litefiso tsa Blue Carbon: Monyetla oa ho Sireletsa Libaka tsa Mabopo tse Kotsing. Brian C. Murray, W. Aaron Jenkins, Samantha Sifleet, Linwood Pendleton, le Alexis Baldera. Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions, Univesithi ea Duke
Sengoliloeng sena se lekola boholo, sebaka, le sekhahla sa tahlehelo libakeng tse lebopong la leoatle hammoho le polokelo ea khabone tikolohong eo. Ha ho nahanoa ka lintlha tseo, tšusumetso ea lichelete hammoho le chelete e ka bang teng ho tsoa ho ts'ireletso ea khabone e putsoa li hlahlojoa tlasa boithuto ba ho fetoloa ha lifate tsa mangrove ho ba mapolasi a shrimp Asia Boroa-bochabela.

Pew Fellows. San Feliu De Guixols Ocean Carbon Declaration
Mashome a mabeli a metso e robong a Pew Fellows in Marine Conservation and Advisors, hammoho ho tsoa linaheng tse leshome le metso e 'meli ba saenetse khothaletso ho baetsi ba melaoana ea ho (1) Kenyelletsa paballo ea tikoloho ea maoatle le tsosoloso ea maano a ho fokotsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo. (2) Letlole la liphuputso tse lebisitsoeng ho ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea rona mabapi le tlatsetso ea tikoloho ea leoatle le leoatle le bulehileng potolohong ea khabone le ho tlosa khabone sepakapakeng.

Lenaneo la Machaba a Kopaneng la Tikoloho (UNEP). Maoatle a Phelang Senotlolo se Secha sa ho Loantša Phetoho ea Boemo ba Leholimo
Tlaleho ena e fana ka keletso ea hore joang bo leoatleng le mekhoabo ea letsoai ke mokhoa o theko e boima ka ho fetisisa oa ho boloka le ho tšoara carbon. Ho hlokahala hore ho nkoe khato ka potlako ho tsosolosa litšepe tsa carbon kaha li ntse li lahleha ka makhetlo a supileng ho feta lilemo tse 50 tse fetileng.

Letsatsi la Mawatle a Cancun: Le Bohlokwa Bophelong, Le Bohlokwa ho Tlelaemete Sebokeng sa Boleshome le Metso e Tsheletseng sa Mekga ya Tumellano ya Moralo wa Matjhaba a Kopaneng mabapi le Phetoho ya Tlelaemete. La 4 Tšitoe, 2010
Polelo ke kakaretso ea bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha ba saense mabapi le boemo ba leholimo le maoatle; maoatle le mabopong potoloho carbon; phetoho ea maemo a leholimo le mefuta-futa ea lintho tse phelang leoatleng; ho ikamahanya le lebopo; ho tšehetsa lichelete tsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo bakeng sa litšenyehelo le baahi ba lihlekehlekeng; le maano a kopanetsweng. E phethela ka leano la tšebetso la lintlha tse hlano bakeng sa UNFCCC COP 16 le ho hatela pele.

Reports

Florida Roundtable ka Ocean Acidification: Tlaleho ea Kopano. Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL Loetse 2, 2015
Ka Loetse 2015, Ocean Conservancy le Mote Marine Laboratory li ile tsa sebelisana ho tšoara tafole e chitja e mabapi le acidization ea leoatle Florida e etselitsoeng ho akofisa lipuisano tsa sechaba ka OA Florida. Sebaka sa tikoloho ea leoatle se bapala karolo e kholo Florida mme tlaleho e khothaletsa ts'ireletso le tsosoloso ea makhulo a joang bakeng sa 1) lits'ebeletso tsa ecosystem 2) e le karolo ea mesebetsi e tsamaisang sebaka ho fokotsa litlamorao tsa asiti ea maoatle.

Tlaleho ea CDP 2015 v.1.3; Loetse 2015. Ho beha theko kotsing: Theko ea khabone lefatšeng la khoebo
Tlaleho ena e hlahloba lik'hamphani tse fetang sekete lefatšeng ka bophara tse phatlalatsang litheko tsa tsona mabapi le mesi ea khabone kapa li rera ho li etsa lilemong tse peli tse tlang.

Chan, F., le ba bang. 2016. The West Coast Ocean Acidification and Hypoxia Science Panel: Lintlha Tse Ka Sehloohong, Likhothaletso, le Liketso. California Ocean Science Trust.
Sehlopha sa mahlale sa litho tse 20 se lemosa hore keketseho ea tlhahiso ea carbon dioxide lefatšeng ka bophara ke metsi a nang le asiti a Lebopo la Lebopo la Amerika Leboea ka sekhahla se potlakileng. West Coast OA le Hypoxia Panel e khothaletsa ka ho khetheha ho hlahloba mekhoa e kenyeletsang tšebeliso ea joang ba leoatleng ho tlosa carbon dioxide metsing a leoatle e le pheko ea mantlha ea OA lebōpong le ka bophirimela. Fumana phatlalatso ea boralitaba mona.

2008. Maemo a Moruo a Mepopotlo ea Likorale, Mangroves, le joang ba leoatle: Kopano ea Lefatše. Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA.

Bukana ena e bokella liphetho tsa mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea liphuputso tsa boleng ba moruo ka tikoloho ea tropike ea marine le mafika a lebopo lefatšeng ka bophara. Ha e ntse e phatlalalitsoe ka 2008, pampiri ena e ntse e fana ka tataiso ea bohlokoa bakeng sa boleng ba tikoloho ea lebopo, haholo-holo molemong oa bokhoni ba bona ba ho nka khabone e putsoa.

Crooks, S., Rybczyk, J., O'Connell, K., Devier, DL, Poppe, K., Emmett-Mattox, S. 2014. Tekolo ea Monyetla oa Lebōpo la Lebōpo la Carbon bakeng sa Lebōpo la Snohomish: Melemo ea Tlelaemete ea Tsosoloso ea Estuary . Tlaleho ea Environmental Science Associates, Univesithi ea Western Washington, EarthCorps, le Restore America's Estuaries. Hlakola 2014. 
Tlaleho ke karabelo ea mekhoabo e ntseng e qepha ka potlako e lebopong ho tsoa tšusumetsong ea batho. Liketso li hlalositsoe ho tsebisa baetsi ba melaoana ka tekanyo ea mesi ea GHG le ho tlosoa ho amanang le tsamaiso ea libaka tse tlaase tsa lebopo tlas'a maemo a phetoho ea tlelaemete; le ho hlwaya ditlhoko tsa tlhahisoleseding bakeng sa diphuputso tsa saense tsa kamoso ho ntlafatsa palo ya phallo ya GHG le taolo ya mawatle a metsi.

Emmett-Mattox, S., Crooks, S. Coastal Blue Carbon e le Khothatso bakeng sa Paballo ea Mabopo, Tsosoloso le Tsamaiso: Template for Understanding Options
Tokomane ena e tla thusa ho tataisa baokameli ba lebopo le ba naha ho utloisisa litsela tseo ka tsona ho sireletsa le ho khutlisetsa carbon blue blue ho ka thusang ho fihlela lipheo tsa taolo ea mabopo. E kenyelletsa puisano ea lintlha tsa bohlokoa mabapi le ho etsa qeto ena le ho hlalosa mehato e latelang ea ho theha matsapa a khabone e putsoa.

Gordon, D., Murray, B., Pendleton, L., Victor, B. 2011. Likhetho tsa Lichelete tsa Menyetla ea Blue Carbon le Lithuto tse Tsoang ho Phihlelo ea REDD +. Tlaleho ea Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Tharollo. Univesithi ea Duke.

Tlaleho ena e sekaseka mekhoa ea hajoale le e ka bang teng bakeng sa litefo tsa phokotso ea khabone joalo ka mohloli oa lichelete tsa khabone e putsoa. E hlahloba ka botebo lichelete tsa REDD+ (Ho Fokotsa Mosi o Tsoang ho Rema Meru le Ho Senyeha ha Meru) e le mohlala o ka bang teng kapa mohloli oo ho ka hlahisoang lichelete tsa carbon blue. Tlaleho ena e sebetsa ho thusa bankakarolo ho lekola likheo tsa lichelete tsa lichelete tsa khabone le ho lebisa lisebelisoa ho mesebetsi e tla fana ka melemo e meholo ea khabone e putsoa. 

Herr, D., Pidgeon, E., Laffoley, D. (eds.) (2012) Moralo oa Leano la Blue Carbon 2.0: E thehiloe puisanong ea Sehlopha sa Mosebetsi sa Machaba sa Leano la Blue Carbon. IUCN le Conservation International.
Maikutlo a tsoang ho International Blue Carbon Policy Working Group workshops e neng e tšoaretsoe ka Phupu 2011. Pampiri ena e thusa ba batlang ho fana ka tlhaloso e qaqileng le e pharaletseng ea carbon blue le bokhoni ba eona le karolo ea eona leanong.

Herr, D., E. Trines, J. Howard, M. Silvius le E. Pidgeon (2014). E boloke e le foreshe kapa e letsoai. Tataiso ea selelekela ea ho tšehetsa ka lichelete mananeo le merero ea khabone ea mobu o mongobo. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, CI le WI. iv +46pp.
Libaka tse mongobo ke senotlolo sa phokotso ea khabone 'me ho na le mekhoa e mengata ea lichelete tsa boemo ba leholimo ho rarolla taba ena. Morero oa khabone ea mobu o mongobo o ka tšehetsoa ka 'maraka oa khabone oa boithaopo kapa molemong oa lichelete tsa mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng.

Howard, J., Hoyt, S., Isensee, K., Pidgeon, E., Telszewski, M. (eds.) (2014). Coastal Blue Carbon: Mekhoa ea ho lekola khabone le lintlha tse tsoang merung ea mangrove, makhulong a letsoai le makhulo a leoatle. Conservation International, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission ea UNESCO, International Union for Conservation of Nature. Arlington, Virginia, USA.
Tlaleho ena e lekola mekhoa ea ho lekola khabone le lintho tse hlahisoang ke mesi ka har'a lifate tsa mangrove, makhulo a letsoai le makhulo a leoatle. E akaretsa mokhoa oa ho hakanya ho ntšoa ha carbon dioxide, taolo ea data le ho etsa limmapa.

Kollmuss, Anja; Zinki; Helge; Tloaelo ea Polycarp. Tlhakubele 2008. Ho utloisisa 'Maraka oa Boithaopo ba Khabone: Papiso ea Maemo a Carbon Offset
Tlaleho ena e hlahloba 'maraka oa khabone, ho kenyeletsoa litšebelisano le mebaraka ea boithaopo khahlano le melao ea tsamaiso. E tsoela pele ka kakaretso ea lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa litekanyetso tsa offset.

Laffoley, D.d'A. & Grimsditch, G. (eds). 2009. Tsamaiso ea lik'habone tsa tlhaho tsa lebopong la leoatle. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 53 maq
Buka ena e fana ka litlhaloso tse hlakileng empa tse bonolo tsa ho teba ha carbon lebōpong. E phatlalalitsoe e le mohlodi e seng feela ho hlakisa boleng ba ditikoloho tsena mabapi le tshwaetso ya carbon e putswa, empa hape le ho totobatsa tlhokeho ya taolo e hlwahlwa le e nepahetseng bakeng sa ho boloka carbon eo e hapilweng fatshe.

Laffoley, D., Baxter, JM, Thevenon, F. le Oliver, J. (bahlophisi). 2014. Bohlokoa le Tsamaiso ea Mabenkele a Tlhaho a Khabone Leoatleng le Bulehileng. Tlaleho e felletseng. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 124 maq.Buka ena e hatisitsoeng lilemo tse 5 hamorao ke sehlopha se tšoanang le sa Boithuto ba IUCN, Tsamaiso ea ho teba ha carbon lebopong la leoatle, e fetela ka nģ'ane ho tikoloho ea leoatle 'me e sheba boleng ba carbon e putsoa leoatleng le bulehileng.

Lutz SJ, Martin AH. 2014. Carbon ea Litlhapi: Ho Fuputsa Litšebeletso tsa Carbon tsa Marine Vertebrate. E hatisitsoe ke GRID-Arendal, Arendal, Norway.
Tlaleho e hlahisa mekhoa e robeli ea likokoana-hloko ea liphoofolo tse phelang metsing tse khonang ho tšoara carbon ea atmosfere le ho fana ka tšireletso e ka bang teng khahlanong le asiti ea leoatle. E ile ea hatisoa e le karabelo ea boipiletso ba Machaba a Kopaneng bakeng sa litharollo tse ncha mabapi le phetoho ea tlelaemete.

Murray, B., Pendleton L., Jenkins, W. le Sifleet, S. 2011. Litefiso tse Tala bakeng sa Litšusumetso tsa Moruo oa Blue Carbon bakeng sa ho Sireletsa Libaka tse Kotsing tsa Lebopo. Tlaleho ea Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Tharollo.
Tlaleho ena e reretse ho hokahanya boleng ba chelete ba khabone e putsoa le likhothaletso tsa moruo tse matla ka ho lekaneng ho fokotsa litekanyetso tsa hajoale tsa tahlehelo ea bolulo bo lebopong la leoatle. E fumana hore hobane tikoloho e lebopong la leoatle e boloka khabone e ngata haholo 'me e sokeloa haholo ke nts'etsopele ea lebopo, e ka ba sepheo se nepahetseng sa ho fumana lichelete tsa khabone - joalo ka REDD+.

Nellemann, C., Corcoran, E., Duarte, CM, Valdés, L., De Young, C., Fonseca, L., Grimsditch, G. (Eds). 2009. Blue Carbon. Tekolo ea Karabelo e Potlakileng. Lenaneo la Tikoloho la Machaba a Kopaneng, GRID-Arendal, www.grida.no
Tlaleho e ncha ea Tlhahlobo ea Likarabo tse Potlakileng e lokollotsoeng ka la 14 Mphalane 2009 Sebokeng sa Diversitas, Setsing sa Likopano sa Cape Town, Afrika Boroa. E hlophisitsoe ke litsebi tsa GRID-Arendal le UNEP ka tšebelisano le Mokhatlo oa UN oa Lijo le Temo (FAO) le Likhomishene tsa Machaba tsa UNESCO tsa Oceanographic le litsi tse ling, tlaleho e totobatsa karolo ea bohlokoa ea tikoloho ea maoatle le tikoloho ea maoatle ho boloka boemo ba leholimo ba rona le ho thusa. baetsi ba melaoana ho kenya lenaneo la maoatle boikitlaetsong ba naha le ba machaba ba phetoho ea maemo a leholimo. Fumana mofuta oa e-book o sebetsang mona.

Pidgeon E. Carbon sequestration by coastal marine habitats: Lisinki tsa bohlokoa tse sieo. Ho: Laffoley DdA, Grimsditch G., bahlophisi. Tsamaiso ea Lisinki tsa Khabone ea Tlhaho ea Lebopong. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN; 2009. leqepheng la 47-51.
Sehlooho sena ke karolo ea tse ka holimo Laffoley, le ba bang. IUCN 2009 phatlalatso. E fana ka karohano ea bohlokoa ba ho teba ha carbon ea leoatleng 'me e kenyelletsa litšoantšo tse thusang ho bapisa mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea lik'habone tsa lefatše le tsa leoatleng. Bangoli ba totobatsa hore phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa maoatle a leoatle le libaka tsa lefatše ke bokhoni ba libaka tsa leoatle tsa ho nka khabone ea nako e telele.

Journal Articles

Ezcurra, P., Ezcurra, E., Garcillán, P., Costa, M., le Aburto-Oropeza, O. 2016. "Libōpeho tsa naha ea lebōpong la leoatle le ho bokellana ha peat ea mangrove ho eketsa khabone le ho boloka" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ea United States of America.
Patlisiso ena e fumana hore lifate tsa mangrove tse karolong e omeletseng ea Mexico leboea-bophirima, li lula ka tlase ho 1% ea sebaka sa lefats'e, empa li boloka hoo e ka bang 28% ea kakaretso ea letamo la carbon e ka tlase ho mobu sebakeng sohle. Leha li le nyane, lifate tsa mangrove le sediment tsa tsona li emela ho se leka-lekane ha khabone ea lefats'e le polokelo ea khabone.

Fourqurean, J. et al 2012. Seagrass ecosystems e le carbon stock ea bohlokoa lefatšeng ka bophara. Nature Geoscience 5, 505–509.
Patlisiso ena e tiisa hore joang ba leoatle, boo hajoale e leng e 'ngoe ea tikoloho e kotsing ka ho fetesisa lefatšeng, ke tharollo ea bohlokoahali ea phetoho ea maemo a leholimo ka bokhoni ba bona ba ho boloka khabone e putsoa.

Greiner JT, McGlathery KJ, Gunnell J, McKee BA (2013) Tsosoloso ea Seagrass e Ntlafatsa "Blue Carbon" Sequestration Metsing a Lebōpo. PLoS ONE 8(8): e72469. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072469
Ena ke e 'ngoe ea liphuputso tsa pele tse fanang ka bopaki bo tiileng ba bokhoni ba ho khutlisa bojang ba leoatle ho matlafatsa khabone sebakeng sa lebopo la leoatle. Bangoli ba hlile ba lema joang ba leoatleng 'me ba ithuta ka kholo ea bona le ho tlosoa ha bona ka nako e telele.

Martin, S., et al. Pono ea Litšebeletso tsa Ecosystem bakeng sa Pacific ea Leoatle la Tropike la Leoatle le ka Bochabela: Litlhapi tsa Khoebo, Polokelo ea Khabone, Litlhapi tsa Boithabiso, le Mefuta-futa ea Lihloliloeng
Pele. Mar. Sci., 27 April 2016
Phatlalatso e mabapi le khabone ea tlhapi le litekanyetso tse ling tsa maoatle e hakanyang boleng ba ho romelloa ha khabone leoatleng le tebileng bakeng sa leoatle la Leoatle la Tropike la Pacific e ka ba $12.9 bilione ka selemo, leha ho le joalo ho tsamaisoa ha carbon le bioloji ho boloka k'habone ho bongata ba liphoofolo tsa leoatleng.

McNeil, Bohlokoa ba ho teba ha CO2 ea leoatle bakeng sa liakhaonto tsa khabone ea naha. Carbon Balance and Management, 2006. I:5, doi:10.1186/1750-0680-I-5
Tlas'a kopano ea Machaba a Kopaneng ea molao oa leoatle (1982), naha ka 'ngoe e nkang karolo e boloka litokelo tse khethehileng tsa moruo le tikoloho ka har'a sebaka sa leoatle se atolosang 200 nm ho tloha lebōpong la leoatle, le tsejoang e le Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Tlaleho e hlahlobisisa hore EEZ ha e boleloe ka har'a Protocol ea Kyoto ho sebetsana le polokelo ea CO2 ea anthropogenic le ho e amohela.

Pendleton L, Donato DC, Murray BC, Crooks S, Jenkins WA, et al. 2012. Ho Hakanya Mosi oa Lefatše oa ''Blue Carbon'' ho Tsoa Phetoho le Ho Senyeha ha Lihloliloeng tsa Lebopo la Meroho. PLoS ONE 7(9): e43542. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043542
Boithuto bona bo atamela boleng ba khabone e putsoa ho tsoa ponong ea "boleng bo lahlehileng", e sebetsanang le tšusumetso ea tikoloho e senyehileng ea lebopong le ho fana ka khakanyo ea lefats'e ea carbon e putsoa e lokolloang selemo le selemo ka lebaka la ho senngoa ha libaka.

Rehdanza, Katrin; Jung, Martina; Tola, Richard SJ; le Wetzelf, Patrick. Lisele tsa Carbon tsa Leoatle le Leano la Machabeng la Boemo ba Leholimo. 
Lithaba tsa maoatle ha li rarolloe Tumellanong ea Kyoto le hoja li sa hlahlojoe li bile li sa tsitsa joalo ka ha ho ne ho tebile lefatšeng nakong ea lipuisano. Bangoli ba sebelisa mohlala oa 'maraka oa machaba bakeng sa tlhahiso ea carbon dioxide ho hlahloba hore na ke mang ea tla fumana kapa a lahleheloe ke ho lumella ho teba ha carbon dioxide leoatleng.

Sabine, CL et al. 2004. Sekepe sa leoatle bakeng sa CO2 ea anthropogenic. Saense 305: 367-371
Patlisiso ena e hlahloba tsela eo maoatle a ts'oereng carbon dioxide ka eona ho tloha nakong ea Phetohelo ea Liindasteri, 'me e phethela ka hore leoatle ke lona le tebileng ka ho fetisisa la khabone lefatšeng. E tlosa 20-35% ea khabone ea sepakapaka.

Spalding, MJ (2015). Koluoa ​​​​bakeng sa Sherman's Lagoon - Le Leoatle la Lefatše. Seboka sa Tikoloho. 32(2), 38-43.
Sengoliloeng sena se totobatsa ho teba ha OA, phello ea eona marang-rang a lijo le mehloling ea batho ea protheine, le taba ea hore ke bothata bo teng hona joale le bo bonahalang. Mongoli, Mark Spalding, o qetella ka lethathamo la mehato e menyenyane e ka nkoang ho thusa ho loantša OA - ho kenyelletsa le khetho ea ho fokotsa mocheso oa carbon ka leoatleng ka mokhoa oa carbon blue.

Kampo, E. et al. (2016, April 21). Libethe tsa Mangrove le Seagrass li Fana ka Litšebeletso tse Fapaneng tsa Biogeochemical bakeng sa Likorale tse Kotsing ke Phetoho ea Boemo ba Leholimo. Meeli ho Saense ea Marine. E ntšitsoe ho https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2016.00052/full.
Phuputso ena e hlahloba hore na joang ba leoatle le lifate tsa mangrove li ka sebetsa e le monyetla oa ho thibela phetoho e boletsoeng esale pele ea tlelaemete ka ho boloka maemo a matle a lik'hemik'hale le ho lekola hore na ts'ebetso ea metabolism ea likorale tsa bohlokoa tse hahang mafika e ea tšoarella.

Lingoliloeng tsa Limakasine le Likoranta

The Ocean Foundation (2021). "Ho Ntšetsa Pele Litharollo Tse Thehiloeng Tlhaho ho Khothaletsa Maballo a Boemo ba Leholimo Puerto Rico." Makasine ea Eco Makasine e Khethehileng ea Maoatle a ntseng a phahama.
Mosebetsi oa Leano la Ocean Foundation la ho Resilience Blue ho la Jobos Bay o kenyeletsa ho theha leano la teko ea morero oa ho tsosolosa joang ba joang ba lifate tsa mangrove bakeng sa Polokelo ea Lipatlisiso ea Naha ea Estuarine ea Jobos Bay (JBNERR).

Luchessa, Scott (2010) Ready, Set, Offset, Go!: Ho Sebelisa Pōpo ea Metsi, Tsosoloso, le Paballo bakeng sa ho Hlahisa Likhabone.
Libaka tse metsi e ka ba mehloli le ho teba ha likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše, koranta e hlahloba semelo sa mahlale mabapi le ketsahalo ena hammoho le matsapa a machaba, a naha le a libaka a ho rarolla melemo ea mekhoabo.

Univesithi ea Naha ea San Francisco (2011, Mphalane 13). Karolo e fetohang ea Plankton polokelong ea khabone e tebileng ea leoatle e hlahlobiloe. ScienceDaily. E nkiloe ka la 14 Mphalane, 2011, ho tsoa ho http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111013162934.htm
Liphetoho tse susumetsoang ke boemo ba leholimo mehloling ea naetrojene le boemo ba carbon dioxide metsing a leoatle li ka sebetsa ’moho ho etsa hore Emiliania huxleyi (plankton) e be sesebelisoa se sa sebetseng hantle sa polokelo ea carbon sekoting se seholo ka ho fetisisa sa carbon lefatšeng, e leng leoatle le tebileng. Liphetoho ho siling ena e kholo ea khabone hammoho le maemo a anthropogenic atmospheric carbon dioxide li ka ba le tšusumetso e kholo ho boemo ba leholimo ba nako e tlang ho tlelaemete ea kamoso ea lefatše. 

Wilmers, Christopher C ; Estes, James A; Edwards, Mattheu; Laidre, Kristin L;, le Konar, Brenda. Na li-trophic cascades li ama polokelo le phallo ea khabone ea atmospheric? Tlhahlobo ea li-sea otters le meru ea kelp. Front Ecol Environment 2012; doi:10.1890/110176
Bo-rasaense ba ile ba bokella lintlha ho tloha lilemong tse 40 tse fetileng ho hakanya liphello tse sa tobang tsa li-sea otters tlhahisong ea khabone le phihlello ea polokelo tikolohong ea Amerika Leboea. Ba fihletse qeto ea hore li-otters tsa leoatleng li na le tšusumetso e matla likarolong tsa potoloho ea carbon tse ka amang sekhahla sa ho phalla ha carbon.

Nonyana, Winfred. "Projeke ea African Wetlands: Phepo Bakeng sa Boemo ba Leholimo le Batho?" Tikoloho ea Yale 360. Np, 3 Nov. 2016.
Senegal le linaheng tse ling tse ntseng li hōla moruong, lik’hamphani tsa lichaba tse ngata li tsetela mananeong a ho tsosolosa meru ea lifate tsa mangrove le libaka tse ling tse mongobo tse nkang carbon. Empa bahlahlobisisi ba re mehato ena ha ea lokela ho shebana le lipheo tsa boemo ba leholimo lefatšeng ka bophara ka litšenyehelo tsa mekhoa ea boipheliso ea batho ba moo.

linehelano

Khutlisa Amerika's Estuaries: Coastal Blue Carbon: Monyetla o mocha oa paballo ea mekhoabo
Tlhahiso ea Powerpoint e hlahlobang bohlokoa ba k'habone e putsoa le saense ka mor'a polokelo, ho nka le likhase tse futhumatsang lefatše. Restore America's Estuaries e hlahloba leano, thuto, liphanele le balekane bao ba sebetsanang le bona ho ntšetsa pele khabone e putsoa lebopong.

Poop, Roots le Deadfall: Pale ea Blue Carbon
Nehelano e fanoeng ke Mark Spalding, Mopresidente oa The Ocean Foundation, e hlalosang carbon e putsoa, ​​mefuta ea polokelo ea lebōpo la leoatle, mekhoa ea libaesekele le boemo ba leano tabeng ena. Tobetsa sehokelo se kaholimo bakeng sa mofuta oa PDF kapa shebella se ka tlase.

Liketso tseo U ka li Etsang

sebelisa rona SeaGrass Holisa Carbon Calculator ho bala likhase tsa hau tsa khabone le ho fana ka chelete ho fokotsa tšusumetso ea hau ka carbon e putsoa! Calculator e ntlafalitsoe ke The Ocean Foundation ho thusa motho kapa mokhatlo ho bala likhase tsa CO2 tsa selemo le selemo ho fumana hore na ke bokae ba khabone e putsoa e hlokahalang ho li felisa (lihekthere tsa joang ba leoatle bo tla khutlisoa kapa bo lekanang). Lekeno le tsoang mochining oa mokoloto oa khabone e putsoa le ka sebelisoa ho ts'ehetsa matsapa a ho khutlisa, e leng ho hlahisang mekitlane e mengata. Mananeo a joalo a lumella hore ho be le katleho e 'meli: ho theha litšenyehelo tse ka lekanyetsoang ho litsamaiso tsa lefats'e tsa ts'ebetso ea CO2-emitting, ea bobeli, tsosoloso ea makhulo a leoatle a etsang karolo ea bohlokoa ea tikoloho ea lebopo 'me e hloka ho hlaphoheloa.

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